Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Resposta a danos e reparo no DNA'
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Teixeira, Ana Claudia. "Polimorfismos dos Genes XRCC1 e XRCC3 e a Resposta aos Danos Induzidos no DNA pelo Etoposido em Pacientes com Câncer de Mama." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-29082013-103043/.
Full textIn spite of intensive studies and substantial improvements in the understanding of the risk factors and breast cancer (BC) susceptibility, this neoplasia remains as an important cause of death among women worldwide. Age, family history of cancer, early menarche, late menopause, the first pregnancy after the age of 30 years and nulliparity are BC risk factors. Furthermore genetic polymorphisms in repair genes like XRCC1 and XRCC3 could contribute to increase BC risk. The aims of the present study were to evaluate, by Micronucleus Test and Comet Assay, the basal damage and the cellular response to DNA damage induced by Etoposide, in vitro, in BC patients without chemotherapy treatment and in healthy women. Also establish the frequencies of polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XRCC3 genes in this sample and the association of these two polymorphisms with the susceptibility to BC. In the Micronucleus Test it was observed increased sensibility to DNA damage induced by Etoposide in patients group. Patients and healthy women exhibited the same repair capacity to DNA damage induced by Etoposide when evaluated by Comet Assay. Patients > 45 years old showed more sensibility to DNA damage induced by Etoposide (25 M) when were compared with patients 45 years old in Comet Assay. Tobacco habits contributed to increased sensibility to damage induced by Etoposide in Comet Assay in healthy women group when treated with Etoposide in 10 and 25 M. In the molecular analysis, the XRCC3 241Met allele was more frequent in patients group in both analysis (cytogenetic and molecular) suggesting a low repair capacity of DNA damage and consequently increase risk to BC. Non-smokers patients, carriers of XRCC3 241Met allele showed an increased risk to BC. The polymorphism Arg399Gln in XRCC1 gene was not associated with BC risk even if associated with risk factors like tobacco habit and family history of cancer.
Leandro, Giovana da Silva. "Alterações na Cinética de Reparo do DNA e nos Perfis de Expressão de Genes de Resposta ao Estresse em Linfócitos de Portadores da Doença de Alzheimer." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-26092011-113731/.
Full textAlzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes a high impact on public health. Although oxidative stress has been associated with the aging process and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (including AD), the literature is still scarce regarding the risk factors for the disease and the role of oxidative damage in the development of AD. The purpose of the present work was to study whether lymphocytes of AD patients display alterations in the expression levels of several genes related to stress responses, such as SOD1, TP53, ATM, ATR, FEN1, FANCG, CDKN1A, MTH1; and the genes ADAM10 and ADAM17 directly associated with the pathology. In addition, our objective was to evaluate the levels of DNA damage and repair kinetics in lymphocytes treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Blood samples were collected from AD patients (age between 65 and 80 years) and elderly individuals in order to analyze protein expression by Western blot (n=6) and transcript expression by quantitative real time PCR (n=7). The comet assay was used to investigate DNA damage and repair kinetics in lymphocytes of AD patients (n=8), elderly age-matched individuals (n=8), and young healthy individuals (n=5; age between 18 and 28 years). In order to accomplish that, lymphocytes were cultured for 47h, treated with H2O2 for 1h, and analyzed at different recovery times: 0, 0.5, 2, and 6h. The analysis of gene expression by real time qPCR showed that FANCG (implicated in cell cycle control and DNA repair) and CDKN1A (involved in the response to DNA damage stimulus) were both up-regulated in AD patients when compared to controls. In contrast, alteration in transcript profiles of ATM, ATR, FEN1, and MTH1 genes were not significantly different between groups of patients and controls. A small decrease in SOD1 protein levels was detected in AD patients; but, the proteins ADAM10 and ADAM17 expression levels was not different. Moreover, the expression of TP53 was increased in AD patients, while only low levels of TP53-phospho-Ser15 could be found; the latter is consistent with the fact that alterations in the expression levels of ATM and ATR were not observed. Regarding the analysis of DNA damage and repair kinetics, results showed significant differences between AD patients and controls, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in the oxidative DNA damage processing are different in the pathology of Alzheimers disease compared to the process of aging itself. Therefore, the results of the present study support our hypothesis that repair pathways may be compromised in AD. In addition, we showed that peripheral lymphocytes may reflect at least some alterations associated to the disease, encouraging further investigation to search for biomarkers present in these cells that might characterize AD.
Vilar, Juliana Brandstetter. "Mecanismos de reparo de DNA envolvidos com lesões induzidas por agente alquilante (Nimustina) em células humanas e sua associação com a resistência de gliomas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-24022015-105346/.
Full textThe chemoresistance of tumors is one of the most important obstacles that commonly lead to the failure of therapy. The main mechanisms that contribute to cellular resistance include efflux pumps; changes in the interaction between the drug and its target and changes in cellular responses, in particular an increased ability to repair induced DNA damages and defects in apoptotic pathways. The ability to repair DNA damage and evasion of apoptosis are of great importance, since most chemotherapy has its action based on the induction of cytotoxicity by the ability to generate DNA lesions. Thus, an important strategy for improving chemotherapy is the development of more selective mechanisms that circumvent tumor resistance approaches. In this work, through a study of genes and pathways involved in the repair, survival and damage signaling induced by nimustine (ACNU) - a cloroethylating agent commonly used in treatments of solid tumors - we aimed to identify target genes for a potentially adjuvant therapy. We demonstrated that glioma cells p53mt have less ability to repair ICLs induced by this drug then p53wt cells. Also, that the NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') pathway is not the main route of repair of these lesions, but that the NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') pathway (or specifically the gene products XPA, XPC and XPF) is very important. Interestingly, in the absence of XPA, NHEJ takes place in the repair of those lesions, probably due to an increase in the number of DSBs and saturation of other repair pathways. Likewise, we found that DNA polimerase involved in TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\') POLH (XPV) also participates in tolerance of such lesions. We also found evidence that TLS polimerases (specifically POLH and POLK) are overexpressed in gliomas samples and could play a role in the tumorigenesis and in the resistance observed in these tumor types. Finally, we performed gene silencing through RNAi teconology, which repress genes by eliminating the corresponding mRNA transcript, preventing protein synthesis. The target genes selected for silencing were XPC, XPF, POLH and POLK. The knockdown of XPC, XPF and POLH proved to significantly sensitize glioma cells, suggesting these proteins as important elements in the chemoresistance of gliomas and highlighting the inhibition of these molecules as an important strategy in the sensitization of gliomas to ACNU and probably to other chemotherapeutic agents with the same mechanisms of action.
Osaki, Juliana Harumi. "O papel de RhoA e Rac1 GTPases nas respostas celulares após danos no DNA induzidos por radiação ionizante gama." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-22092015-075415/.
Full textThe mechanism by which a cell responds to DNA damage is extremely important. This occurs by a quick activation of the DNA damage repair machinery, which consists of an intricate protein signaling network culminating in DNA repair. But if the damages are irreparable occurs there is activation of cell death mechanisms. RhoA and Rac1 belong to family of small Rho GTPases, signaling proteins that act as molecular switches cycling between the active state (GTP-bound) and inactive state (GDP-bound). Members of this family are implicated in the control of diverse cellular process such as cytoskeletal remodeling, migration, adhesion, endocytosis, cell cycle progression, and oncogenesis. However, despite Rho proteins are involved in a broad spectrum of biological activities, there is just a few information about their roles in the maintenance of genomic integrity, that is, when the cells are subjected to some kinf of genotoxic agent. To investigate the involvement of the GTPases RhoA and Rac1 in cellular responses to gamma radiation, we generated from human cervix carcinoma cells - HeLa, clonal sublines of RhoA and Rac1 mutants, exogenous and stably expressing the constitutively active RhoA (HeLa-RhoA V14), the dominant negative RhoA (HeLa-RhoA N19), the constitutively active Rac1 (HeLa-Rac1 V12) and the dominant negative Rac1 (HeLa-Rac1 N17). After all these cell lines have been exposed to different doses of gamma radiation, we found that both GTPases, RhoA and Rac1, are activated in response to the radiation effects. Furthermore, the modulation of two enzymes activity, by using the mutant clones, led to a change in cellular responses to the DNA damage, as the reduction in the capacity of repairing DNA single and double strand breaksr. On the other hand, the deficiency of RhoA or Rac1 GTPase led to a reduction of Chk1 and Chk2 activation, or on the phosphorylation of histone H2AX, respectively, hindering the mechanisms of DNA damage detection and arresting cells in the G1/S and/or G2/M checkpoints of cell cycle. These factors significantly contributed to the reduction of cell proliferation and survival, leading cells to death. Finally, cellular assays of DNA damage repair of exogenous DNA by Homologous Recombination (HR) and Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), demonstrated that RhoA inhibition significantly reduced the repair efficiency of both pathways. Thus, this work demonstrates and reinforces the existence of other biological functions of small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 in HeLa cells, by regulating cellular responses to DNA damage induced by exposure to gamma radiation, modulating the survival, proliferation and indirectly modulating the response to DNA damage repair pathway through the Homologous Recombination and Non-Homologous Recombination
Lerner, Leticia Koch. "Papel das proteínas XPD e DNA polimerase eta nas respostas de células humanas a danos no genoma." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-20102014-103732/.
Full textThe Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway is responsible for the repair of UV photoproducts and other bulky lesions that block both replication and transcription. Patients with the rare recessive disorders Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), trichothiodystrophy (TTD) and Cockayne Syndrome (CS) carry mutations in one of the 11 NER genes, linked to repair and basal transcription. Mutations in XPD lead to different phenotypes: XP, TTD, XP/CS or COFS (Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome), a rare form of CS. XP patients have high incidence of skin cancer, which does not occur in TTD or CS patients, although ther may present neurodegeneration, while all CS and TTD patients have neurodevelopmental symptoms linked to dysmielynation. The pathology of these neurological diseases is probably associated with deficient repair of DNA lesions in nervous cells, generated by endogenous processes. Many groups including ours have demonstrated the involvement of NER in the repair of these lesions, previously thought to be exclusively repaired by Base Excision Repair. In this work we show high sensitivity of both primary and transformed XP-D, XP-D/CS and TTD human fibroblasts in response to oxidative stress generated by photoactivated methylene blue, with prolonged cell cycle arrest and DNA damage signaling. The complementation of the three different cell lines with the XPD/ERCC2 gene was able to restore cell survival. We detected important differences in repair capacity/transcription resumption after damage generated by oxidative stress in plasmid DNA, besides the activation of different cell death pathways: XP-D cells have higher repair capacity and die by apoptosis, while XP-D/CS and TTD cells have little repair capacity and activate more than one death pathway (apoptosis and necrosis). We believe these differences can be related to the patients\' phenotypes. Mutations in DNA polymerase n coding gene, POLH, are associated with the variant form of XP (XP-V). Pol n is a translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase specialized in the TLS past CPD photoproducts, besides other lesions like oxidized bases, and in other processes like somatic hypermutation and DNA replication in structured regions. In this work we show XP-V human fibroblasts are sensitive to oxidative stress. We detected an induction of pol n after genotoxic stress in primary cells, associated with increased ability to deal with the stalled replication fork, and consequently to DNA replication restart and cell survival. In addition, we detected a difference in genomic stability in immunoglobulin genes in aged XP-V patients in comparison to both young patients and age-matched controls, showing the absence of this polymerase may be linked to increased genomic instability in these genes
Montaldi, Ana Paula de Lima. "Influência do Gene APE1/REF-1 nas Respostas Celulares das Linhagens de Glioblastoma ao Quimioterápico Temozolomida." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-24102013-103232/.
Full textAPE1 (Apurinic/Apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/ Redox Factor-1 - APE1/REF-1) protein is a multifunctional enzyme whose expression is often increased in gliomas. Besides presenting activity in base excision repair (BER), APE1 also acts as a reduction factor, maintaining transcription factors (TFs) in an active reduced state. The BER pathway has been implicated as a possible factor of resistance to therapies based on the use of alkylating agents such as temozolomide (TMZ). In the present study, we have been using a strategy of small interference RNA (siRNA) to down-regulate the APE1 gene under conditions of treatment with TMZ in T98G (resistant to TMZ) and U87MG (sensitive to TMZ), glioblastoma (GBM), in order to determine the effects of APE1 gene silencing on cellular responses to this drug, evaluated by several assays, as well as the effects on the transcriptional expression of target genes of TFs regulated by APE1. APE1 silencing and TMZ treatment was effective to reduce the cell proliferation and clonogenic capacity of T98G cells, in addition to interfering in the cell cycle progression (S-phase arrest). These effects were accompanied by induction of DNA damage and phosphorylation of H2AX (H2AX), which may explain the decrease in cell survival. The same effect was not observed in silenced U87MG and TMZ-treated cells, being observed a predominance of the effects caused by TMZ itself, except for a slight induction of DNA damage and H2AX. Additionally, in silenced T98G and TMZ-treated cells, there was a moderate induction of apoptosis, as observed over time (1 to 10 days), with a slight induction of caspase-3 (on day 5); for those cells, we also observed autophagic induction (3.8 fold) at day 5. However, the induction of apoptosis and autophagy in U87MG cells was very low, suggesting that other mechanisms of cell death might be involved in the elimination of GBM cells under TMZ treatment. APE1 silencing caused a marked reduction on the invasiveness of T98G cells, similarly to that observed in TMZ treated cells, while the combination (APE1 silencing and drug treatment) led to an additive effect. For U87MG, the treatment combination was effective in reducing the proportion of invasive cells, in spite of an absence of any effect produced by each isolated condition tested. Regarding to the expression profile of target genes of TFs regulated by the APE1 redox activity, it was observed that COX2 and VEGF genes, targets of FTs NFB and HIF-1, were down-regulated in T98G while VEGF gene showed induced in U87MG cells; however, such alterations in the transcriptional expression pattern were observed only in response to TMZ treatment, independently of APE1 gene silencing, indicating no change in the APE1 redox activity, possibly due to the presence of APE1 remaining proteins inside cells. In addition, NFBp65(ser563) protein expression was increased in both cell lines (silenced and treated with TMZ), probably due to the reduced cell proliferation rates. In general, the present results show that the strategy of APE1 gene knockdown was potentially viable, supporting the BER contribution of the mechanism of TMZ resistance, since under the conditions tested, there was a sensitization of GBM cells. However, this effect was restricted to the resistant cell line (T98G cells). Thus, it should be considered the genetic characteristics of each GBM cell line, since these are crucial to the cellular responses to the conditions tested in the present work.
Silva, Verônica Santana da. "Influência do Inibidor de RAD51 (RI-1) em Linhagens de Glioblastoma, M059J e M059K, Irradiadas com Raios-X." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-30102014-125051/.
Full textGlioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely aggressive and resistant tumor to conventional treatments. The agents used in chemotherapy and radiotherapy are inducers of DNA damage, since they induce single strand breaks (SSBs) and doublestrand breaks (DSBs), which are lethal to cells, but when efficiently repaired by tumor cells make them resistant to antitumoral agents. The main repair pathways for DSBs are the homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways. Proteins participating in these processes have been studied as potential molecular targets in cancer therapy. Thus, the strategy employed in this work involved the inhibition of HR repair pathway in cells already committed to the NHEJ pathway, aiming to sensitize irradiated GBM cells. An inhibitor of RAD51 (one of the major HR proteins) was used: 3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) -4 morpholinylo-1Hpyrrole- 2,5-dione, known as RI-1 (Calbiochem); this compound was tested in GBM cells, M059K and M059J (proficient and deficient for the DNA-PK, respectively) irradiated with X-rays. Various assays were performed to test the inhibitory property of RI-1 in irradiated cells and the combination of the inhibitor with X-irradiation, compared with the untreated control. The results of clonogenic survival showed that 40 M of RI-1 inhibitor exerted a higher inhibitory effect on the ability of cells to divide and form colonies. The RI-1 induced changes in cell cycle kinetics predominantly in the wild-type M059K, at 24 and 72 h. Although M059J did not show significant changes in cell cycle kinetics, these cells showed sensitivity to X-irradiation, as shown by the kinetics of DSB repair (gamma-H2AX foci), which was slower compared to M059K, demonstrating the commitment of the NHEJ repair in M059J (mutant for DNA-PK). The expression of LIG3, PARP-1 and XRCC1 proteins were analyzed at 15 min. and 24 h after irradiation. In the presence of the inhibitor RI-1, LIG 3 expression was increased in M059K cells (15 min. and 24 h) compared to the control group. M059J cells showed a high expression of XRCC1 and PARP-1 only at 15 min., compared to the control. These data indicated that a possible repair of DSBs involving these proteins may have been activated in the first minutes after DNA damage induction. The overall results of this study suggest that RI-1 inhibitor was efficient to influence cellular responses in cells committed to the NHEJ repair, i.e. M059J cell line, leading to the hypothesis that alternative repair pathways may be possibly involved in the resistance of tumor cells.
Oliveira, Ana Helena de Sales. "An?lise das mudan?as no perfil prot?ico durante o estresse oxidativo in vivo e atua??o da MutY-Glicosilase em respostas celulares." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16771.
Full textCoordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Esp?cies reativas de oxig?nio (EROs) s?o produtos do metabolismo celular capazes de reagir com biomol?culas, como prote?nas, lip?deos e ?cido nucl?ico. Essas rea??es podem causar modifica??es delet?rias para a c?lula. Fotossensibilizadores como o azul de metileno (MB), s?o capazes de produzir EROs, como o oxig?nio singlete (1O2), uma das formas mais reativas do oxig?nio molecular. O 1O2 ? capaz de oxidar guaninas, gerando les?es no DNA, como 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), o mais frequente produto da oxida??o, que durante a replica??o pode emparelhar com adenina levando ? muta??es. Foi de interesse desse estudo, caracterizar a citotoxicidade, o potencial mutag?nico e o padr?o de express?o prot?ica, durante o estresse oxidativo induzido pelo MB, usando como modelo cepas de Escherichia coli proficiente em reparo e deficientes em MutY-Glicosilase, uma enzima de reparo envolvida na corre??o de pares 8-oxoG:Adenina. Essas cepas foram tratadas com MB em presen?a ou aus?ncia de luz. O crescimento, sobreviv?ncia, a taxa de mutag?nese e padr?o de s?ntese prot?ica, foram analisados. O tratamento afetou o crescimento bacteriano, induzindo morte celular, mutag?nese, e mudan?as no padr?o de s?ntese prot?ica em ambas as cepas. Entretanto a cepa deficiente em MutY mostrou uma maior sensibilidade em rela??o a cepa proficiente. Adicionalmente, a cepa deficiente em MutY apresentou um padr?o de express?o prot?ica diferenciado quando comparado com a cepa proficiente. Esses resultados sugerem o envolvimento da MutY na corre??o de les?es de DNA n?o caracterizadas e que a aus?ncia de MutY induz altera??es no padr?o de express?o prot?ica
Ribeiro, Júnior Howard Lopes. "Expressão de genes relacionados às vias de reparo de danos em fita dupla no DNA em pacientes com síndrome mielodisplásica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17728.
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The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by cytopenia (s) peripheral (s), dysplasia of one or more myeloid cell lineages and increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia development. MDS is considered a disease of elderly people, since approximately 80% of patients are over 60 years of diagnosis. The causes of MDS are known only in 15% of cases. With respect to environmental factors such as MDS triggers may be included the use of prior chemotherapy, especially alkylating agents and purine analogs, radiation therapy and smoking. The pathogenesis of MDS involves DNA damage in hematopoietic stem cells affected probably by double-stranded damage (DSB) in the DNA and the case of joints by non-homologous ends (NHEJ) and homologous recombination main repair mechanisms necessary to ensure stability genomics of stem cells. This cohort study aimed to assess the level of expression of mRNA of the genes active in the repair mechanism of double-stranded DNA damage (BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51, operating in HR mechanism, the XRCC5, XRCC6 and LIG4 related mechanism for NHEJ and, finally, the ATM) linking the molecular findings with their polymorphic variants (rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437, rs1805388 and rs228593, respectively) and with clinical and socio-demographic of patients of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. This genotyping analysis was based on qPCR methodology, including bone marrow samples from 83 patients with MDS and 10 bone marrow samples from healthy elderly volunteers. The MDS patients were diagnosed according to the criteria proposed by the World Health Organization and stratified according to the criteria established by prognósitoc Score Index International Prognostic revised. In this study we observed that: 1. the ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 genes were significantly associated with cellularity variable bone marrow of patients with MDS; 2. the XRCC5 gene introduced is associated with the presence of ringed sideroblasts on the analysis of the bone marrow of patients with MDS; 3. The BRCA2, RAD51 and LIG4 genes correspond to potential markers of poor prognosis and progression in clonal cases of MDS de novo of high level, being associated with decreased survival and a high chance of progression to AML; 4. the XRCC6 gene is a negative prognostic factor for patients at low risk, it is evident that the decrease in expression of this gene is able to identify an unfavorable subgroup within the low-risk patients who have higher dependence transfusion and increased genomic instability and finally, 5 the results of analysis of influence of functional polymorphisms in MDS emphasize the importance of polymorphism rs228593, rs2267437 and rs1805388 in differentiating the expression levels of ATM, XRCC6 and LIG4 genes, respectively, compared to patients with clinical variables MDS representing novel targets for the study of the pathogenesis of this disease. We demonstrate that the DSBs repair related genes are also related to the pathogenesis of MDS. These results support the importance of the expression levels of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, XRCC5, XRCC6 and LIG4 genes, as well as the frequency of the respective polymorphisms (rs228593, rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437 and rs1805388) in the maintenance genomic stability of hematopoietic stem cells promoting a better understanding of the etiology, diagnosis and prognostic stratification and the process of clinical development of Myelodysplastic Syndromes.
Síndrome Mielodisplásica (SMD) é um grupo de doenças clonais das células progenitoras hematopoiéticas, caracterizadas por citopenia(s) periférica(s), displasia de uma ou mais linhagens celulares mielóides e aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de leucemia mielóide aguda. A SMD é considerada uma doença de pessoas idosas, pois aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes possuem mais de 60 anos ao diagnóstico. As causas da SMD são conhecidas em apenas 15% dos casos. Em relação aos fatores ambientais como desencadeadores da SMD, podem ser incluídos o uso de quimioterapia prévia, especialmente de agentes alquilantes e análogos da purina, radioterapia e tabagismo. A patogênese da SMD envolve danos no DNA nas células tronco hematopoéticas acometido provavelmente pelos danos de fita dupla (DSB) no DNA tendo o processo de junções por extremidades não-homólogas (JENH) e recombinação homóloga como principais mecanismos de reparo necessários para garantir a estabilidade genômica das células-tronco. Este estudo de coorte propôs avaliar o nível de expressão do mRNA dos genes atuantes no mecanismo de reparo em danos de fita dupla no DNA (BRCA1, BRCA2 e RAD51, atuantes no mecanismo de Recombinação Homóloga; o XRCC5, XRCC6 e LIG4 relacionados ao mecanismo de Junções por Extremidades não-Homólogas e, por fim, o ATM) associando os achados moleculares com suas variantes polimórficas (rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437, rs1805388 e rs228593, respectivamente) e com variáveis clínicas e sócio-demográficas de pacientes portadores de Síndrome Mielodisplásica. Esta análise de genotipagem baseou-se na metodologia de qPCR, entre amostras de medula óssea de 83 pacientes com SMD e 10 amostras de medula óssea de idosos voluntários sadios. Os pacientes com SMD foram diagnosticados de acordo com os critérios propostos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde e estratificados de acordo com os critérios prognósitoc estabelecidos pelo Índice de Score Prognóstico Internacional revisado. Com este estudo foi possível identificar que: 1. os genes ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2 e RAD51 foram associados significativamente com a variável de celularidade da medula óssea dos pacientes com SMD; 2. o gene XRCC5 apresentou-se associado com a presença de sideroblastos em anel quanto à análise da medula óssea dos pacientes com SMD; 3. os genes BRCA2, RAD51 e LIG4 correspondem a possíveis marcadores de pior prognóstico e de progressão clonal em casos de SMD de novo de alto grau, estando associados a uma diminuição da sobrevida e a uma elevada chance de evolução para LMA; 4. o gene XRCC6 é um fator de prognóstico desfavorável para os pacientes de baixo risco, sendo evidente que a diminuição da expressão deste gene é capaz de identificar um subgrupo desfavorável dentro dos pacientes de baixo risco que apresentariam maior dependência transfusional e maior instabilidade genômica e, por fim, 5. os resultados das análises de influência dos polimorfismos funcionais na SMD realçam a importância dos polimorfismos rs228593, rs2267437 e rs1805388 na diferenciação dos níveis de expressão dos genes ATM, XRCC6 e LIG4, respectivamente, frente às variáveis clínicas de pacientes com SMD, representando novos alvos para o estudo da patogênese desta doença. Demonstramos que os genes relacionados à reparação das DSBs são também relacionados a patogênese da SMD. Estes resultados suportam a importância dos níveis de expressão dos genes ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, XRCC5, XRCC6 e LIG4, como também da frequência dos seus respectivos polimorfismos (rs228593, rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437 e rs1805388) na manutenção da estabilidade genômica das células tronco hematopoiéticas promovendo um melhor entendimento da etiologia, estratificação diagnóstica e prognóstica e do processo de evolução clínica da Síndrome Mielodisplásica.
JÃnior, Howard Lopes Ribeiro. "Estudo dos genes relacionados a mecanismos de reparo em danos de DNA em sÃndrome mielodisplÃsica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14115.
Full textA SÃndrome MielodisplÃsica (SMD) à um grupo de doenÃas clonais das cÃlulas progenitoras hematopoiÃticas, caracterizadas por citopenia(s) perifÃrica(s), displasia de uma ou mais linhagens celulares mielÃides e aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de leucemia mielÃide aguda. A SMD à considerada uma doenÃa de pessoas idosas, pois aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes possuem mais de 60 anos ao diagnÃstico. SÃo raras na infÃncia, sendo observadas em menos de 5% das neoplasias hematolÃgicas que acometem pacientes com menos de 14 anos de idade. A patogÃnese da SMD envolve danos no DNA nas cÃlulas tronco hematopoÃticas acometido provavelmente pelos danos de fita dupla (DSB) no DNA tendo o processo de junÃÃes por extremidades nÃo-homÃlogas (JENH) e recombinaÃÃo homÃloga como principais mecanismos de reparo necessÃrios para garantir a estabilidade genÃmica das cÃlulas-tronco. Este estudo de coorte propÃs avaliar a associaÃÃo dos polimorfismos BRCA1 rs4793191, BRCA2 rs9567623 e RAD51 rs1801320, atuantes no mecanismo de RecombinaÃÃo HomÃloga; o XRCC5 rs3835, XRCC6 rs2267437 e LIG4 rs1805388 relacionados ao mecanismo de JunÃÃes por Extremidades nÃo-HomÃlogas e, por fim, o ATM rs228593, um sensor molecular ao dano em DSB. Esta anÃlise de genotipagem baseou-se na metodologia de PCR-RFLP, entre amostras de medula Ãssea de 60 pacientes com SMD, oriundos do Hospital UniversitÃrio Walter Cantidio, e 82 amostras de sangue perifÃrico de idosos voluntÃrios sadios. Os pacientes com SMD foram diagnosticados de acordo com os critÃrios propostos pela OrganizaÃÃo Mundial de SaÃde. Os genÃtipos dos polimorfismos estudados encontravam-se em equilÃbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p>0,05), exceto o polimorfismo rs1805388 para o gene LIG4. Nossos resultados apresentaram para o polimorfismo rs228593 do gene ATM uma associaÃÃo do genÃtipo heterozigoto A/G (p=0,008, OR 0,225, IC 0,075-0,680) com diminuiÃÃo de risco para SMD adicionada com associaÃÃo do genÃtipo A/G com as variÃveis clÃnicas de citopenia (p=0,032, OR 5,250, IC 1,151-23,937), na faixa de 0-1 citopenias no sangue perifÃrico, e com prognÃstico favorÃvel para o Ãndice prognÃstico do IPSS (p<0,001, OR 21,95, IC 29,791-16,185). Para o polimorfismo rs2267437 para o gene XRCC6 relacionamos o genÃtipo mutante C/G e C/G+G/G com a variÃvel celularidade na medula Ãssea na faixa de normocelular + hipercelular (p=0,023, OR 5,556, IC 1,270-24,239). Para o polimorfismo rs3835 do gene XRCC5 identificamos que o genÃtipo A/G està altamente associado com a diminuiÃÃo de risco para SMD (p<0,001, OR 0,100, IC 0,035-0,289). Para o polimorfismo rs1801320 do gene RAD51, associamos o genÃtipo heterozigoto mutante G/C com diminuiÃÃo de risco para SMD (p=0,053, OR 0,453, IC 0,203-1,009). Adicionalmente, associamos o genÃtipo selvagem G/G com a variÃvel idade (p<0,001, OR 24,521, IC 64,033-93,907), na faixa de maior que 60 anos de idade, e com a variÃvel citopenia (0-1 citopenias) (p<0,001, OR 16,099, IC 31,299-82,808). NÃo obtivemos associaÃÃo significante entre os polimorfismos rs 4793191, rs9567623 e rs1805388 para os genes BRCA1, BRCA2 e LIG4, respectivamente, e as variÃveis clÃnicas para os pacientes com SMD. Neste estudo demonstramos que os genes relacionados a DSB sÃo tambÃm relacionados à patogÃnese da SMD. Estes resultados suportam a importÃncia dos polimorfismos rs228593, rs3835, rs2267437 e rs1801320 para os genes ATM, XRCC5, XRCC6 e o RAD51, respectivamente, na manutenÃÃo da estabilidade genÃmica promovendo um melhor entendimento da gÃnese e etiologia da SÃndrome MielodisplÃsica.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) is a group of diseases of clonal hematopoietic progenitor cells, characterized by cytopenia (s) peripheral (s), dysplasia of one or more myeloid cell lineages and increased risk for development of acute myeloid leukemia. MDS is considered a disease of older people, because approximately 80% of patients have more than 60 years at diagnosis. Are rare in children, being observed in less than 5% of hematologic malignancies that affect patients under 14 years of age. The pathogenesis of MDS involves DNA damage in hematopoietic stem cells probably affected by Double-Strand Break (DSB) in the process of Non-homologous end join (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) repair mechanisms as key for ensuring genomic stability of cells trunk. This cohort study proposed evaluate the association between rs4793191, rs9567623 and rs1801320 polymorphisms of the BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD5 genes, acting on the HR mechanism; the rs3835, rs2267437 and rs1805388 of the XRCC5, XRCC6 and LIG4, related with NHEJ mechanism and, finally, ATM rs228593 as molecular sensor damage in DSBs. This genotyping analysis was based on the methodology of PCR-RFLP, between bone marrow samples of 60 patients with MDS, from the University Hospital Walter Cantidio, and 82 peripheral blood samples of elderly healthy volunteers with approval in the CEP / HUWC under protocol No. 027.04.12. The MDS patients were diagnosed by examination of bone marrow and bone marrow cytogenetic analysis technique by G band. The genotypes studied polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p> 0.05), except for the rs1805388 polymorphism in LIG4 gene. Our results showed for the rs228593 polymorphism of the ATM gene association with low-risk MDS for genotype A /G (p = 0.008, OR 0.225, CI 0.075 to 0.680) with added association of genotype A/G with the clinical variables of cytopenia (p = 0.032, OR 5.250, CI 1.151 to 23.937), in the range of 0-1 in peripheral blood cytopenias, and with favorable prognosis in IPSS (p <0.001, OR 21.95, CI 29.791 to 16.185). For the rs2267437 polymorphism in the gene XRCC6 relate the mutant genotype C / C and G / G + G / G with variable marrow cellularity in the range of normocellular + hypercellular (p = 0.023, OR 5.556 CI 1.270 to 24.239). For the genotypes of rs3835 polymorphism of the XRCC5 gene identify the genotype A / G is highly associated with low-risk MDS (p <0.001, OR 0.100, CI 0.035 to 0.289). Additionally, for the rs1801320 polymorphism of the gene RAD51, we associate the mutant heterozygous genotype G/C with low-risk MDS (p = 0.053, OR 0.453, CI 0.203 to 1.009). For the same polymorphism, we associate the wild genotype G / G with variable age (p <0.001, OR 24.521, CI 64.033 to 93.907), in the range of greater than 60 years old, and with the variable cytopenia (0-1 cytopenias) (p <0.001, OR 16.099, CI 31.299 to 82.808). We did not obtain significant association between polymorphisms rs 4793191, rs9567623 and rs1805388 for the genes BRCA1, BRCA2 and LIG4, respectively, and clinical variables for patients with MDS. In this study we demonstrate that genes related to DSB are also related to the pathogenesis of MDS. These results support the importance of polymorphisms rs228592, rs3835, rs2267437 and rs1801320 in the ATM, XRCC5, XRCC6 and RAD51 genes, respectively, in the maintenance of genomic stability by promoting a better understanding of the genesis and etiology of myelodisplastic syndrome.
Ribeiro, Júnior Howard Lopes. "Estudo dos genes relacionados a mecanismos de reparo em danos de DNA em síndrome mielodisplásica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11955.
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Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) is a group of diseases of clonal hematopoietic progenitor cells, characterized by cytopenia (s) peripheral (s), dysplasia of one or more myeloid cell lineages and increased risk for development of acute myeloid leukemia. MDS is considered a disease of older people, because approximately 80% of patients have more than 60 years at diagnosis. Are rare in children, being observed in less than 5% of hematologic malignancies that affect patients under 14 years of age. The pathogenesis of MDS involves DNA damage in hematopoietic stem cells probably affected by Double-Strand Break (DSB) in the process of Non-homologous end join (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) repair mechanisms as key for ensuring genomic stability of cells trunk. This cohort study proposed evaluate the association between rs4793191, rs9567623 and rs1801320 polymorphisms of the BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD5 genes, acting on the HR mechanism; the rs3835, rs2267437 and rs1805388 of the XRCC5, XRCC6 and LIG4, related with NHEJ mechanism and, finally, ATM rs228593 as molecular sensor damage in DSBs. This genotyping analysis was based on the methodology of PCR-RFLP, between bone marrow samples of 60 patients with MDS, from the University Hospital Walter Cantidio, and 82 peripheral blood samples of elderly healthy volunteers with approval in the CEP / HUWC under protocol No. 027.04.12. The MDS patients were diagnosed by examination of bone marrow and bone marrow cytogenetic analysis technique by G band. The genotypes studied polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p> 0.05), except for the rs1805388 polymorphism in LIG4 gene. Our results showed for the rs228593 polymorphism of the ATM gene association with low-risk MDS for genotype A /G (p = 0.008, OR 0.225, CI 0.075 to 0.680) with added association of genotype A/G with the clinical variables of cytopenia (p = 0.032, OR 5.250, CI 1.151 to 23.937), in the range of 0-1 in peripheral blood cytopenias, and with favorable prognosis in IPSS (p <0.001, OR 21.95, CI 29.791 to 16.185). For the rs2267437 polymorphism in the gene XRCC6 relate the mutant genotype C / C and G / G + G / G with variable marrow cellularity in the range of normocellular + hypercellular (p = 0.023, OR 5.556 CI 1.270 to 24.239). For the genotypes of rs3835 polymorphism of the XRCC5 gene identify the genotype A / G is highly associated with low-risk MDS (p <0.001, OR 0.100, CI 0.035 to 0.289). Additionally, for the rs1801320 polymorphism of the gene RAD51, we associate the mutant heterozygous genotype G/C with low-risk MDS (p = 0.053, OR 0.453, CI 0.203 to 1.009). For the same polymorphism, we associate the wild genotype G / G with variable age (p <0.001, OR 24.521, CI 64.033 to 93.907), in the range of greater than 60 years old, and with the variable cytopenia (0-1 cytopenias) (p <0.001, OR 16.099, CI 31.299 to 82.808). We did not obtain significant association between polymorphisms rs 4793191, rs9567623 and rs1805388 for the genes BRCA1, BRCA2 and LIG4, respectively, and clinical variables for patients with MDS. In this study we demonstrate that genes related to DSB are also related to the pathogenesis of MDS. These results support the importance of polymorphisms rs228592, rs3835, rs2267437 and rs1801320 in the ATM, XRCC5, XRCC6 and RAD51 genes, respectively, in the maintenance of genomic stability by promoting a better understanding of the genesis and etiology of myelodisplastic syndrome.
A Síndrome Mielodisplásica (SMD) é um grupo de doenças clonais das células progenitoras hematopoiéticas, caracterizadas por citopenia(s) periférica(s), displasia de uma ou mais linhagens celulares mielóides e aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de leucemia mielóide aguda. A SMD é considerada uma doença de pessoas idosas, pois aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes possuem mais de 60 anos ao diagnóstico. São raras na infância, sendo observadas em menos de 5% das neoplasias hematológicas que acometem pacientes com menos de 14 anos de idade. A patogênese da SMD envolve danos no DNA nas células tronco hematopoéticas acometido provavelmente pelos danos de fita dupla (DSB) no DNA tendo o processo de junções por extremidades não-homólogas (JENH) e recombinação homóloga como principais mecanismos de reparo necessários para garantir a estabilidade genômica das células-tronco. Este estudo de coorte propôs avaliar a associação dos polimorfismos BRCA1 rs4793191, BRCA2 rs9567623 e RAD51 rs1801320, atuantes no mecanismo de Recombinação Homóloga; o XRCC5 rs3835, XRCC6 rs2267437 e LIG4 rs1805388 relacionados ao mecanismo de Junções por Extremidades não-Homólogas e, por fim, o ATM rs228593, um sensor molecular ao dano em DSB. Esta análise de genotipagem baseou-se na metodologia de PCR-RFLP, entre amostras de medula óssea de 60 pacientes com SMD, oriundos do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantidio, e 82 amostras de sangue periférico de idosos voluntários sadios. Os pacientes com SMD foram diagnosticados de acordo com os critérios propostos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Os genótipos dos polimorfismos estudados encontravam-se em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p>0,05), exceto o polimorfismo rs1805388 para o gene LIG4. Nossos resultados apresentaram para o polimorfismo rs228593 do gene ATM uma associação do genótipo heterozigoto A/G (p=0,008, OR 0,225, IC 0,075-0,680) com diminuição de risco para SMD adicionada com associação do genótipo A/G com as variáveis clínicas de citopenia (p=0,032, OR 5,250, IC 1,151-23,937), na faixa de 0-1 citopenias no sangue periférico, e com prognóstico favorável para o índice prognóstico do IPSS (p<0,001, OR 21,95, IC 29,791-16,185). Para o polimorfismo rs2267437 para o gene XRCC6 relacionamos o genótipo mutante C/G e C/G+G/G com a variável celularidade na medula óssea na faixa de normocelular + hipercelular (p=0,023, OR 5,556, IC 1,270-24,239). Para o polimorfismo rs3835 do gene XRCC5 identificamos que o genótipo A/G está altamente associado com a diminuição de risco para SMD (p<0,001, OR 0,100, IC 0,035-0,289). Para o polimorfismo rs1801320 do gene RAD51, associamos o genótipo heterozigoto mutante G/C com diminuição de risco para SMD (p=0,053, OR 0,453, IC 0,203-1,009). Adicionalmente, associamos o genótipo selvagem G/G com a variável idade (p<0,001, OR 24,521, IC 64,033-93,907), na faixa de maior que 60 anos de idade, e com a variável citopenia (0-1 citopenias) (p<0,001, OR 16,099, IC 31,299-82,808). Não obtivemos associação significante entre os polimorfismos rs 4793191, rs9567623 e rs1805388 para os genes BRCA1, BRCA2 e LIG4, respectivamente, e as variáveis clínicas para os pacientes com SMD. Neste estudo demonstramos que os genes relacionados a DSB são também relacionados à patogênese da SMD. Estes resultados suportam a importância dos polimorfismos rs228593, rs3835, rs2267437 e rs1801320 para os genes ATM, XRCC5, XRCC6 e o RAD51, respectivamente, na manutenção da estabilidade genômica promovendo um melhor entendimento da gênese e etiologia da Síndrome Mielodisplásica.
Kulishev, Carina Oliveira Lopes. "Papel da resposta SOS no reparo de danos induzidos por mitomicina C e na resposta aos antibióticos beta-lactâmicos em Caulobacter crescentus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-12082014-180126/.
Full textThe SOS response controls the expression of several genes, many of which are involved in DNA repair mechanisms. Caulobacter crescentus has emerged as an alternative bacterial model for DNA repair. As aims, we will undertake a functional analysis of some of the genes regulated by the SOS response, and will investigate the SOS induction by beta-lactam antibiotics in C. crescentus. Functional analysis of the genes CC_3424 and CC_3467 showed that deletions in these genes result in a phenotype of sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC). CC_3424 has similarity to glyoxalase and CC_3467 to endonucleases. We believe that the CC_3467 gene plays a role in the repair of interstrand crosslinks in the DNA, while CC_3424 acts in MMC cellular detoxification. Studies of biological effects of SOS induction showed that subinibitory concentrations of cephalexin (CFE) induce the SOS regulon. Cells treated with CFE have higher concentrations of 8-oxoG oxidative damage. These results show that subinibitory concentrations of cephalexin leads to cellular oxidative stress in C. crescentus.
Maia, Allan Rodrigo Soares. "Expressão de genes relacionados às vias de reparo de danos em fita simples (ERCC8, ERCC6, ERCC5, XPA e XPC) no DNA em pacientes com síndrome mielodisplásica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/21654.
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Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) is a group of clonal diseases of hematopoietic progenitor cells, characterized by peripheral cytopenia (s), dysplasia of one or more myeloid cell lines and increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia. SMD is considered a disease of the elderly, as approximately 80% of patients over 60 years are diagnosed with the disease. The causes of MDS are known in only 15% of cases. Regarding environmental factors as triggers of MDS, the use of prior chemotherapy, especially of alkylating agents and purine analogs and radiotherapy may be included. The pathogenesis of SMD involves DNA damage in hematopoietic stem cells, also resulting from single stranded DNA damage (SSB) in the DNA having three mechanisms: base excision repair (BER), base pair mismatch repair (MMR), and repair By nucleotide excision (NER), as repair processes necessary to ensure the genomic stability of stem cells. This cohort study aimed to evaluate the mRNA expression level of the single-stranded DNA repair mechanism, ERCC8 (CSA), ERCC6 (CSB) acting on the transcription-linked nucleotide excision repair mechanism (TC (XPG) and XPA acting at the confluence of the GG-NER and TC-NER subunits, associating the molecular findings with clinical variables (NER), XPC acting on the nucleotide excision repair mechanism linked to the global genome (GG-NER), ERCC5 And socio- demographic characteristics of patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome. This analysis was based on the qPCR methodology, between bone marrow samples from 74 patients with MDS and 10 bone marrow samples from healthy elderly volunteers. Patients with MDS were diagnosed according to the criteria proposed by the World Health Organization and stratified according to the prognostic criteria established by the revised International Prognostic Score Index. With this study, it was possible to identify that: 1. patients diagnosed with hypocellular MDS presented increased levels of XPA and XPC gene expression and reduced ERCC8 (CSA) gene expression level; 2. Increased levels of ERCC8 (CSA), ERCC5 (XPG) and XPA gene were identified in poorer prognostic variables for MDS; 3. increased expression of the ERCC6 (CSB), ERCC5 (XPG) and XPA genes in cytopenic profiles representative of a more aggressive disease picture was observed; 4. MDS patients with increased ERCC8 (CSA) gene expression levels exhibited longer survival, and when increased expression levels of the ERCC5 (XPG), XPA and XPC genes exhibited lower survival; 5. In the analysis of correlations, the expression of the XPA gene showed a correlation of 26.8% with the expression of the ERCC5 gene (XPG), as well as, the expression of the XPA gene showed a 70.5% correlation with the expression of the XPC gene and, finally, XPC gene expression was found to have a 36.7% correlation with ERCC5 (XPG) gene expression.
A Síndrome Mielodisplásica (SMD) é um grupo de doenças clonais das células progenitoras hematopoiéticas, caracterizadas por citopenia(s) periférica(s), displasia de uma ou mais linhagens celulares mielóides e aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de leucemia mielóide aguda. A SMD é considerada uma doença de pessoas idosas, pois aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes acima de 60 anos são diagnosticados com a doença. As causas da SMD são conhecidas em apenas 15% dos casos. Em relação aos fatores ambientais como desencadeadores da SMD, podem ser incluídos o uso de quimioterapia prévia, especialmente de agentes alquilantes e análogos da purina e radioterapia. A patogênese da SMD envolve danos no DNA nas células tronco hematopoéticas, oriundas também pelos danos de fita simples (SSB) no DNA tendo três mecanismos: reparo por excisão de bases (BER), reparo de erros de emparelhamento de bases (MMR) e reparo por excisão de nucleotídeo (NER), como processos de reparo necessários para garantir a estabilidade genômica das células-tronco. Este estudo de coorte propôs avaliar o nível de expressão do mRNA dos genes atuantes no mecanismo de reparo em danos de fita simples no DNA, ERCC8 (CSA), ERCC6(CSB) atuantes no mecanismo de reparo de excisão de nucleotídeos ligado a transcrição (TC-NER), XPC atuante no mecanismo de reparo por excisão de nucleotpideos ligado ao genoma global (GG-NER), ERCC5(XPG) e XPA atuantes na confluência das subvias GG-NER e TC-NER, associando os achados moleculares com variáveis clínicas e sócio-demográficas de pacientes portadores de Síndrome Mielodisplásica. Esta análise baseou-se na metodologia de qPCR, entre amostras de medula óssea de 74 pacientes com SMD e 10 amostras de medula óssea de idosos voluntários sadios. Os pacientes com SMD foram diagnosticados de acordo com os critérios propostos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde e estratificados de acordo com os critérios prognósticos estabelecidos pelo Índice de Escore Prognóstico Internacional revisado. Com este estudo foi possível identificar que: 1. pacientes diagnosticados com SMD hipocelular apresentaram aumento nos níveis de expressão dos genes XPA e XPC e reduzido nível de expressão do gene ERCC8(CSA); 2. identificou-se que níveis de expressão aumentados do gene ERCC8(CSA), ERCC5(XPG) e XPA em variáveis de pior prognóstico para SMD; 3. foi observado um aumento de expressão dos genes ERCC6(CSB), ERCC5(XPG) e XPA em perfis de citopenias representativas de um quadro de doença mais agressiva; 4. pacientes com SMD apresentando níveis de expressão aumentados do gene ERCC8(CSA) exibiram maior sobrevida e quando apresentando níveis de expressão aumentados dos genes ERCC5(XPG), XPA e XPC exibiram menor sobrevida; 5. nas análises de correlações verificou-se que a expressão do gene XPA apresentou correlação de 26,8% com a expressão do gene ERCC5(XPG), bem como, a expressão do gene XPA exibiu correlação 70,5% com a expressão do gene XPC e, por fim, foi verificado que a expressão do gene XPC exibiu correlação de 36,7% com a expressão do gene ERCC5(XPG).
Moura, Dinara Jaqueline. "Estudo das funções da proteína Kin3 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae na resposta a danos no DNA." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26611.
Full textThe eukaryotic cells response to genotoxic stress is the activation of an intricate network of sensors, transducers and effectors involved in DNA repair pathways and cell cycle control. These regulatory pathways must be quite faithful. To reach this fidelity, there are cellular mechanisms evolutively conserved, called cell cycle checkpoints, which monitor the structure of chromosomes and coordinate DNA repair, cell cycle progression by controlling the cell's ability to stop the cell cycle in response to DNA damage, providing time for repair to occur. The DNA damage repair mechanisms are well established. However, the signaling for cell cycle arrest activation in response to these lesions is less well known. Kin3 protein is a serine/threonine kinase of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is related to the NIMA (Never-In Mitosis, gene A) protein of Aspergillus nidulans, which is involved in the response to DNA damage, regulation of G2/M phase progression and is important for orderly mitotic events. Since the majority of cell cycle regulators are conserved throughout the eukaryotic domain, in this work we show that KIN3 gene deficient cells present sensitivity and fail to arrest properly at G2/M-phase checkpoint in response to the DNA damage inducing agents MMS, cisplatin, doxorubicin and nitrogen mustard, suggesting that Kin3 can be involved in DNA strand breaks recognition or signaling. In addition, there is an increase in KIN3 gene expression in response to the mutagenic treatment, which was confirmed by the increase of Kin3 protein. We also showed that co-treatment with caffeine, a Mec1 and Tel1 signaling DNA damage proteins inhibitor, induces a slight increase in the susceptibility to genotoxic agents in kin3Δ cells and abolishes KIN3 gene expression in wild-type strain, suggesting that Kin3 protein can play a role in Tel1/Mec1-dependent pathway activation induced after genotoxic stress. In search for understanding the Kin3 action mechanism in DNA damage response, we evaluated the interaction of this protein with each component of Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 complex, since Mre11 had previously been identified as Nek1 (NIMA-related human protein) molecular partner. Taking into account that the phenotype of Kin3-deficient cells is rather similar to Nek1-deficient cells and that the MRX complex is highly conserved, we show that the Kin3 protein interacts with each protein of the MRX complex using a two-hybrid assay. These results were confirmed by the epistasis observed between KIN3 and MRX in the sensitivity to cisplatin, nitrogen mustard and photo-activated 8-methoxypsoralen. The KIN3 gene expression was upregulated in the wild type strain after mutagenic stress, in the same way, is also increased in MRX mutants demonstrated that KIN3 gene activation is independent of MRX complex formation. The data presented in this thesis demonstrate, for the first time, the involvement of Kin3 DNA adducts damage response in Tel1/Mec1 dependent pathway, by MRX complex interaction. Although progress in understanding the mechanisms of detection, signaling and repair of DNA damage has been increased, many molecular details are still waiting for answers and the study of new proteins may be important for the understanding of these gaps.
Pelegrini, Alessandra Luiza. "O silenciamento da quinase humana Nek1 altera a resposta a danos ao DNA induzidos por agente indutor de crosslinks." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/72316.
Full textNek1 is a human serine/threonine protein kinase involved in ciliogenesis, DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation. Because of its possible involvement in human diseases such as Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD), Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome Type Majewski and development of tumors, many studies have been done to understand how this kinase acts in cells. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a role for Nek1 in response to DNA damage, mainly generated by agents that induce crosslinks (ICLs), such as cisplatin, identifying pathways in which participate and how proteins interact with this kinase. To accomplish that, a stable silencing of Nek1 by shRNAi in human cell line Hek293t was employed. These cells, when compared to the wild type, showed a deficient repair of lesions induced by cisplatin and absence of double strand breaks, when analysed by comet assay and, confirmed by low levels of histone H2AX phosphorylation. However, analysis with another inducing ICLs agent, Nimustine (ACNU) demonstrated that Nek1 seems to act on mechanisms involved in repair of lesions induced by cisplatin. It suggesting that this protein might be acting on the recognition of DNA damage and even regulating checkpoint pathways, since the silenced strain showed changes in cell cycle and in signaling of Chk1 and Chk2 after exposure to cisplatin. Moreover, these cells also showed changes in signaling of proteins involved in the repair of ICLs FANCD2 and BRCA1. The study of protein interaction by mass spectrometry highlighted some repair proteins, like Fanconi pathway proteins, and protein involved in the ubiquitin-related process, suggesting a possible mechanism of action and integration with different systems. This dataset indicates the role of Nek1 as a DNA damage sensor protein that acts at the beginning of the repair pathways regulating and interacting with distinct molecules in different cellular processes such as cell cycle control, repair and death.
Matuo, Renata. "Avaliação dos mecanismos envolvidos na resposta aos danos no DNA induzidos pelo agente antitumoral 5-fluorouracil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/49288.
Full text5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antitumor drug employed in the treatment of several cancer types. Despite many studies have been conduced with this antineoplasic drug, investigations concerning on its action mechanism become necessary in order to obtain more efficient clinical protocols. Therefore, new aspects about its cytotoxicity mechanism were investigated in this work. First, DNA repair pathways involved in the repair of 5-FU-induced lesions were evaluated and compared to the effects of its active metabolite FdUMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our data showed that lesions induced by 5-FU may be processed by base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR), post-replication repair (PRR) and homologous recombination (HR), while FdUMP lesions are recognized and removed only by BER and MMR. These differences in repair pathways recruitment are related to the different lesion types induced by the antimetabolites: 5-FU induces single- and double stranded breaks (SSBs and DSBs), while FdUMP induces mainly SSBs. In the second part we investigated the participation of chromatin remodeling in the 5- FU cytotoxicity in S. cerevisiae. Together, our data suggest that ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and some histone acetyltransferases may influence 5-FU cytotoxicity, probably acting in chromatin relaxation and facilitating DNA repair process by HR and PRR. In the third part, the DNA damage response by ATR/Chk1 and ATM/Chk2 were evaluated in human tumor cells. The data showed that 5-FU activates mainly ATR/Chk1 pathway. When we investigate the effects of 5-FU in combination with AZD7762, the Chk1/2 inhibitor, we observed increased sensitivity to this antitumor agent, directly related to enhanced number of sub-G1 cells, decrease in the G2/M cells, and premature mitose induction. Our data permit a better comprehension of 5-FU action mechanisms and provide clues to improve the current therapeutics protocols.
Busatto, Franciele Faccio. "Influência de mecanismos de resposta a danos no DNA na resistência de células de leucemia ao antineoplásico Mitoxantrona." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131945.
Full textChemotherapy is one of the main cancer treatment strategies; however, tumors can show resistance, which makes the treatment partial or totally inefficient. Among the mechanisms that may be related to the resistant profile, the most studied is increased drug efflux through ABC transporter permeases. On the other hand, altered DNA repair pathways may contribute to cancer resistance, since the lesions are removed before they become toxic to cells, which reduces chemotherapy effectiveness. Among DNA repair pathways, Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) is one of the most versatile, and there are studies showing its involvement in removal of anthracyclines-induced lesions. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the contribution of DNA damage response mechanisms, focusing on NER, to the resistance to Mitoxantrone (MXT), an anthracycline analog, using the mitoxantrone-resistant leukemia cell line HL-60/MX2 as a model. After treatment with MXT and Etoposide (ETO), a topoisomerase II inhibitor, cell survival was assessed by trypan blue exclusion method; cell cycle profile and H2AX histone phosphorylation (γH2AX) were evaluated by flow cytometry; and gene expression levels of NER and efflux proteins were determined by RT-qPCR. Results indicate a different response between the resistant HL-60/MX2 and the sensitive HL-60 cells, as observed in the survival assay, cell cycle, and H2AX phosphorylation profile. Furthermore, in the resistant cells, RTqPCR analysis showed an increase in the expression of NER genes, with ERCC1 expression increased before treatments, and XPA after the treatments. Therefore, our results indicate the contribution of NER machinery in the resistance of leukemia cells to Mitoxantrone.
JÃnior, Howard Lopes Ribeiro. "ExpressÃo de genes relacionados Ãs vias de reparo de danos em fita dupla no DNA em pacientes com sÃndrome mielodisplÃsica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17153.
Full textThe myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by cytopenia (s) peripheral (s), dysplasia of one or more myeloid cell lineages and increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia development. MDS is considered a disease of elderly people, since approximately 80% of patients are over 60 years of diagnosis. The causes of MDS are known only in 15% of cases. With respect to environmental factors such as MDS triggers may be included the use of prior chemotherapy, especially alkylating agents and purine analogs, radiation therapy and smoking. The pathogenesis of MDS involves DNA damage in hematopoietic stem cells affected probably by double-stranded damage (DSB) in the DNA and the case of joints by non-homologous ends (NHEJ) and homologous recombination main repair mechanisms necessary to ensure stability genomics of stem cells. This cohort study aimed to assess the level of expression of mRNA of the genes active in the repair mechanism of double-stranded DNA damage (BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51, operating in HR mechanism, the XRCC5, XRCC6 and LIG4 related mechanism for NHEJ and, finally, the ATM) linking the molecular findings with their polymorphic variants (rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437, rs1805388 and rs228593, respectively) and with clinical and socio-demographic of patients of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. This genotyping analysis was based on qPCR methodology, including bone marrow samples from 83 patients with MDS and 10 bone marrow samples from healthy elderly volunteers. The MDS patients were diagnosed according to the criteria proposed by the World Health Organization and stratified according to the criteria established by prognÃsitoc Score Index International Prognostic revised. In this study we observed that: 1. the ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 genes were significantly associated with cellularity variable bone marrow of patients with MDS; 2. the XRCC5 gene introduced is associated with the presence of ringed sideroblasts on the analysis of the bone marrow of patients with MDS; 3. The BRCA2, RAD51 and LIG4 genes correspond to potential markers of poor prognosis and progression in clonal cases of MDS de novo of high level, being associated with decreased survival and a high chance of progression to AML; 4. the XRCC6 gene is a negative prognostic factor for patients at low risk, it is evident that the decrease in expression of this gene is able to identify an unfavorable subgroup within the low-risk patients who have higher dependence transfusion and increased genomic instability and finally, 5 the results of analysis of influence of functional polymorphisms in MDS emphasize the importance of polymorphism rs228593, rs2267437 and rs1805388 in differentiating the expression levels of ATM, XRCC6 and LIG4 genes, respectively, compared to patients with clinical variables MDS representing novel targets for the study of the pathogenesis of this disease. We demonstrate that the DSBs repair related genes are also related to the pathogenesis of MDS. These results support the importance of the expression levels of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, XRCC5, XRCC6 and LIG4 genes, as well as the frequency of the respective polymorphisms (rs228593, rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437 and rs1805388) in the maintenance genomic stability of hematopoietic stem cells promoting a better understanding of the etiology, diagnosis and prognostic stratification and the process of clinical development of Myelodysplastic Syndromes.
SÃndrome MielodisplÃsica (SMD) à um grupo de doenÃas clonais das cÃlulas progenitoras hematopoiÃticas, caracterizadas por citopenia(s) perifÃrica(s), displasia de uma ou mais linhagens celulares mielÃides e aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de leucemia mielÃide aguda. A SMD à considerada uma doenÃa de pessoas idosas, pois aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes possuem mais de 60 anos ao diagnÃstico. As causas da SMD sÃo conhecidas em apenas 15% dos casos. Em relaÃÃo aos fatores ambientais como desencadeadores da SMD, podem ser incluÃdos o uso de quimioterapia prÃvia, especialmente de agentes alquilantes e anÃlogos da purina, radioterapia e tabagismo. A patogÃnese da SMD envolve danos no DNA nas cÃlulas tronco hematopoÃticas acometido provavelmente pelos danos de fita dupla (DSB) no DNA tendo o processo de junÃÃes por extremidades nÃo-homÃlogas (JENH) e recombinaÃÃo homÃloga como principais mecanismos de reparo necessÃrios para garantir a estabilidade genÃmica das cÃlulas-tronco. Este estudo de coorte propÃs avaliar o nÃvel de expressÃo do mRNA dos genes atuantes no mecanismo de reparo em danos de fita dupla no DNA (BRCA1, BRCA2 e RAD51, atuantes no mecanismo de RecombinaÃÃo HomÃloga; o XRCC5, XRCC6 e LIG4 relacionados ao mecanismo de JunÃÃes por Extremidades nÃo-HomÃlogas e, por fim, o ATM) associando os achados moleculares com suas variantes polimÃrficas (rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437, rs1805388 e rs228593, respectivamente) e com variÃveis clÃnicas e sÃcio-demogrÃficas de pacientes portadores de SÃndrome MielodisplÃsica. Esta anÃlise de genotipagem baseou-se na metodologia de qPCR, entre amostras de medula Ãssea de 83 pacientes com SMD e 10 amostras de medula Ãssea de idosos voluntÃrios sadios. Os pacientes com SMD foram diagnosticados de acordo com os critÃrios propostos pela OrganizaÃÃo Mundial de SaÃde e estratificados de acordo com os critÃrios prognÃsitoc estabelecidos pelo Ãndice de Score PrognÃstico Internacional revisado. Com este estudo foi possÃvel identificar que: 1. os genes ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2 e RAD51 foram associados significativamente com a variÃvel de celularidade da medula Ãssea dos pacientes com SMD; 2. o gene XRCC5 apresentou-se associado com a presenÃa de sideroblastos em anel quanto à anÃlise da medula Ãssea dos pacientes com SMD; 3. os genes BRCA2, RAD51 e LIG4 correspondem a possÃveis marcadores de pior prognÃstico e de progressÃo clonal em casos de SMD de novo de alto grau, estando associados a uma diminuiÃÃo da sobrevida e a uma elevada chance de evoluÃÃo para LMA; 4. o gene XRCC6 à um fator de prognÃstico desfavorÃvel para os pacientes de baixo risco, sendo evidente que a diminuiÃÃo da expressÃo deste gene à capaz de identificar um subgrupo desfavorÃvel dentro dos pacientes de baixo risco que apresentariam maior dependÃncia transfusional e maior instabilidade genÃmica e, por fim, 5. os resultados das anÃlises de influÃncia dos polimorfismos funcionais na SMD realÃam a importÃncia dos polimorfismos rs228593, rs2267437 e rs1805388 na diferenciaÃÃo dos nÃveis de expressÃo dos genes ATM, XRCC6 e LIG4, respectivamente, frente Ãs variÃveis clÃnicas de pacientes com SMD, representando novos alvos para o estudo da patogÃnese desta doenÃa. Demonstramos que os genes relacionados à reparaÃÃo das DSBs sÃo tambÃm relacionados a patogÃnese da SMD. Estes resultados suportam a importÃncia dos nÃveis de expressÃo dos genes ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, XRCC5, XRCC6 e LIG4, como tambÃm da frequÃncia dos seus respectivos polimorfismos (rs228593, rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437 e rs1805388) na manutenÃÃo da estabilidade genÃmica das cÃlulas tronco hematopoiÃticas promovendo um melhor entendimento da etiologia, estratificaÃÃo diagnÃstica e prognÃstica e do processo de evoluÃÃo clÃnica da
Silva, Viviane Grazielle da. "Estudo do papel das proteínas MSH2 e MSH6 na resposta a danos no DNA em Trypanosoma cruzi." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8YBR3W.
Full textO Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da Doença de Chagas, apresenta uma estrutura populacional altamente heterogênea, caracterizada pela ocorrência de diferentes cepas com características morfológicas e bioquímicas distintas. Essa estrutura populacional complexa pode estar relacionada às diferentes manifestações clínicas da doença, à capacidade do parasito de infectar diferentes hospedeiros e à distribuição geográfica apresentada pelas cepas. A variabilidade intra-específica é resultante de um balanço entre a manutenção da estabilidade genômica e a geração de variabilidade genética. Diversos mecanismos estão envolvidos na manutenção deste equilíbrio, entre eles, o sistema de reparo de DNA por erros de pareamento ou MMR. Estudos iniciais sobre o MMR em T. cruzi levaram à descoberta de que o MSH2 a principal proteína do MMR existe em três isoformas diferentes no parasita, denominadas TcMSH2 A, B e C, de acordo com os dados de seqüências de Tcmsh2 presente no genoma de diferentes cepas. Evidencias experimentais indicam que cepas apresentando a isoforma TcMSH2 A apresentam um MMR mais eficiente quando comparadas a cepas que possuem as isoformas TcMSH2 B e/ou C. Essas observações nos levaram a especular que as diferenças na atividade do MMR poderiam ser responsáveis pela menor variabilidade genética encontrada em cepas pertencentes aos haplogrupos de MSH2-A. Com o objetivo de investigar o papel da proteína MSH2, foi planejada a obtenção de parasitas nocautes para este gene. Análises dos parasitas heminocautes de Tcmsh2 demonstraram que, apesar destes não apresentarem diferenças frente ao tratamento com agentes mutagênicos, estes são mais susceptíveis ao tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio e acumulam mais 8-oxoguanina no DNA mitocondrial do que parasitas selvagens. Para verificar o papel de TcMSH2 na resposta ao estresse oxidativo, no presente trabalho foram feitos experimentos buscando elucidar a localização da proteína no parasita. Para tal, anticorpos produzidos em camundongos contra uma forma recombinante de TcMSH2 foram utilizados em ensaios de imunolocalização e western blot. Esses experimentos mostraram que os soros produzidos reconhecem proteínas nativas de T. cruzi apresentando massas moleculares diferentes, e ainda que essas proteínas apresentam localização subcelular distintas. Isso nos levou a propor que a forma de menor massa molecular, localizada em extrato protéico correspondente à fração citoplasmática, estaria envolvida no reparo do DNA mitocondrial. Paralelamente, para avaliar se o papel de TcMSH2 na resposta a danos oxidativos dependia de outras proteínas da via de MMR, iniciamos a caracterização das mesmas. Para tal, foram geradas construções para deleção do gene Tcmsh6. Como estratégia adicional, a fim de elucidar o papel de TcMSH6, demos início, também, a experimentos tentando determinar a sua localização subcelular, através da sua expressão em fusão com RFP.
MOREIRA, Vanessa Ribeiro. "ANTIMONIATO DE MEGLUMINA (GLUCANTIME®) CAUSA DANOS AO DNA POR ESTRESSE OXIDATIVO E INDUZ SUPEREXPRESSÃO DE GENES ENVOLVIDOS NA DEFESA ANTIOXIDANTE E REPARO DO DNA." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1767.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T14:40:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Ribeiro Moreira.pdf: 4159897 bytes, checksum: a09b5761e215c744dd25a72b0862176f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-05
FAPEMA, CAPES
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by more than 20 species of parasites of the Leishmania genus. Pentavalent antimonials are the drugs commonly used for the treatment of leishmaniasi and among then Glucantime® is the first choice drug recommended by the World Health Organization. Its toxic effects are well known, including as genetic damage inducing. However, the mechanism of its genotoxic effect has not been elucidated yet. Given this, we investigated the mechanism by which Glucantime® causes damage to DNA in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, treated with 20mg/kg/day during 20 days. Damage to DNA have been assessed by the comet assay using peripheral blood leukocytes and for assessment of oxidative damage, the comet assay was followed by treatment with the enzymes formamidopyrimidine-DNA-glycosylase (Fpg) and endonuclease III (ENDO III), which recognize and remove oxidized purines and pyrimidines of DNA. The mutagenic potential of the drug was investigated by the micronucleus test in bone marrow cells. The consequences of the oxidative process were measured by the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). In addition, we evaluated the expression of genes related to antioxidante defense (GSS, GSTP1, GPx1, SOD1, SOD2 and CAT) and to the DNA repair system (OGG1 and MTH1). Our data demonstrated that Glucantime® causes damage to DNA in mammalian cells by oxidating the nitrogenous bases. The increased frequency of micronucleated cells in animals treated with antileishmanial revealed that the genomic instability was fixed in mutations. In addition, Glucantime® induced overexpression of genes related to the antioxidant defense, as well as the genes OGG1 and MTH1, that work in the DNA repair mechanism of damage caused by oxidation of nitrogen bases. Our data also revealed that infection by L. infantum and the treatment with antimonial significantly increased the enzymatic activity in the SOD-CAT axis, while the SOD-GPx axis was inhibited, probably by the depletion of glutathione. Thus, our data suggests that the antimonial pledges to GPx leading to saturation of the antioxidant system and causes damage to DNA through oxidative stress. These findings were supported by the reduction of genetic damage thought a treatment combined with ascorbic acid, a potent antioxidant. At last, we demonstrated that the stressfull effect of Glucantime® triggers a molecular response in mammalian cells, positively modulating the expression. Of genes related to DNA repair and antioxidant defense.
Leishmaniose é uma doença negligenciada causada por mais de 20 espécies de parasitas do gênero Leishmania. Antimoniais pentavalentes são os fármacos normalmente utilizados para o tratamento das leishmanioses e, dentre estes, o Glucantime® é a droga de primeira escolha recomendada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. São bastante conhecidos seus efeitos tóxicos, inclusive como indutor de danos genéticos. Entretanto, o mecanismo pelo qual o fármaco exerce seu efeito genotóxico ainda não está elucidado. Nesse sentido, investigamos o mecanismo pelo qual o Glucantime® causa danos ao DNA em camundongos BALB/c infectados com Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, com regime de tratamento de 20mg/kg/dia durante 20 dias. Danos ao DNA foram avaliados pelo ensaio do cometa usando leucócitos de sangue periférico e, para avaliação de danos oxidativos, o ensaio do cometa foi seguido pelo tratamento com as enzimas formamidopirimidina-DNA-glicosilase (Fpg) e endonuclease III (ENDO III), que reconhecem e retiram bases púricas e pirimídicas oxidadas do DNA. O potencial mutagênico da droga foi investigado pelo teste do micronúcleo em células de medula óssea. As consequências do processo oxidativo foram medidas pela atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). Além disso, avaliamos a expressão de genes relacionados à defesa antioxidante (GSS, GSTP1, GPx1, SOD1, SOD2 e CAT) e ao sistema de reparo do DNA (OGG1 e MTH1). Nossos dados demonstraram que o Glucantime® causa danos ao DNA em células de mamíferos pela oxidação das suas bases nitrogenadas. O aumento da frequência de células micronucleadas nos animais sob tratamento com o antileishmanial revelou que a instabilidade genômica foi fixada em mutações. Além disso, o Glucantime® induziu a superexpressão de genes relacionados a defesa antioxidante, bem como dos genes OGG1 e MTH1, que atuam no mecanismo de reparo de danos ao DNA ocasionados por oxidação de bases nitrogenadas. Os nossos dados revelaram também que a infecção por L. infantum e o tratamento com o antimonial aumentou significativamente a atividade enzimática no eixo SOD-CAT, enquanto que o eixo SOD-GPx foi inibido, provavelmente, pela depleção de glutationa. Assim, nossos dados sugerem que o antimonial Glucantime® compromete a atividade da GPx levando a saturação do sistema antioxidante e causa danos ao DNA por estresse oxidativo. Esses achados foram corroborados pela redução dos danos genéticos pelo co-tratamento com o ácido ascórbico, um potente antioxidante. Finalmente, demonstramos que o efeito estressante do Glucantime® dispara uma resposta molecular nas células de mamíferos, modulando positivamente a expressão de genes relacionados ao reparo do DNA e à defesa antioxidante.
Rocha, Raquel Paes da. "A resposta SOS de Caulobacter crescentus e relações dos mecanismos de reparo com a progressão do ciclo celular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-21102011-164953/.
Full textCaulobacter crescentus belongs to the proteobacteria group and exhibts the distinctive feature of cellular differentiation after each division. This work aimed to reveal the DNA repair mechanisms in C. crescentus. We have identified 44 genes belonging to the SOS regulon through the construction of a mutant strain to its repressor. We have functionally characterized some of its genes, like CC_2272 (that encodes an endonuclease III family protein) and CC_2433. The lexA strain showed filamentous morphology, e because of that, we have tried to discover which the genetic factors responsible for this morphology were. We have also investigated the cell cycle control processes after the introduction of damages in the DNA by the UVC light, in mutant strains deficient in different repair pathways. These experiments showed us that prokaryotic cells possess mechanisms to couple the cell cycle progression to the integrity of the genetic material. This work opens new and exciting possibilities in the field of bacterial biology.
Silva, Gisele Espinha Teixeira da. "Sinalização da GTPase RhoA nas respostas celulares após estresse genotóxico promovido por radiação ultravioleta." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-19102016-165552/.
Full textThe RhoA GTPase signaling pathway acts on many cellular processes. To evaluate this possible RhoA function after stress caused by ultraviolet radiation, mutant clones expressing RhoA in its constitutively active or dominant negative forms were generated. After exposure of the cells to ultraviolet radiation, cell lines showed a higher sensitivity and a delayed recovery capacity when the RhoA activity is reduced. The impaired repair reduced the cells proliferation and survival under RhoA deficiency. In cell lines deficient in NER pathway, we notice that these cell lines, have a further reduced ability to repair damaged DNA under RhoA inhibition.
Munari, Fernanda Mosena. "Estudo das interações do gene PSO2 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com genes da resposta a danos no DNA após tratamento com agentes indutores de pontes intercadeia." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78090.
Full textDNA is often threatened by agents that may cause structural damage on one or both strands. Bifunctional mutagenic agents that are largely used as chemotherapeutics, produce a serious damage, namely interstrand crosslink (ICL), that covalently link both DNA strands. The formation of ICLs blocks DNA replication and transcription, and their processing may cause double strand-breaks (DSBs). Cells utilize many mechanisms to repair ICLs, including the Pso2 protein, which transcription is induced specifically after the formation of this lesion in DNA. In this study, we aimed to extend the characterization of Pso2 function in ICL repair trough the identification of interacting proteins, using the two-hybrid system (THS) in yeast. In addition, the genetic interaction of PSO2 with genes involved in early stages of ICL repair was also investigated. Among the fusion proteins isolated by THS, Sak1 kinase has raised great interest for further investigation. The results showed that Sak1p interacts with the C-terminal β-CASP domain of Pso2p and is able to phosphorylate Pso2p in vitro. Pso2p and Sak1p showed epistatic interaction after treatment with ICL-inducing agents. Based on these results, we investigated the interaction of PSO2 and SAK1 genes with other genes involved in DNA DSB repair. We found that YKU70 does not interact with PSO2 after treatments with photoactivated (8-methoxypsoralen) 8-MOP+UVA and nitrogen mustard (HN2). The interactions observed for MRX genes after treatment with 8-MOP+UVA indicate that Mre11p (product of MRE11 gene) competes with Pso2p and Sak1p for the same substrate, but act in different ICL repair pathways. XRS2 gene, in turn, showed an additive interaction with SAK1 indicating that the respective proteins act in different substrates and pathways during ICL repair. On the other hand, RAD50 presents epistatic interaction with PSO2 and SAK1 genes, pointing to the participation of Rad50, Pso2 and Sak1 proteins in the same pathway for ICL repair, in exponentially growing S. cerevisiae cells. Regarding to the TEL1 and TOR1 genes, it was found no genetic interaction with PSO2 gene after exposure to 8-MOP+UVA, suggesting that Tel1 and Tor1 kinases do not participate in signaling for ICL repair in the pathway which Pso2 nuclease acts. Considering these results, we showed that Sak1 kinase plays an important role in contribution to Pso2 nuclease in the repair of ICL-induced DSBs. According to the proposed model in this work, this interaction is possibly necessary to activate Pso2 endonucleolytic activity, recently identified to the opening of hairpin structures, which are formed as a result of the DNA ICLs.
Montaldi, Ana Paula de Lima. "Avaliação da resposta celular mediada pelo quimioterápico temozolomida associada ao inibidor do reparo do DNA metoxiamina em linhagens de glioblastoma." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-02032010-154403/.
Full textGliomas represent more than 70% of primary brain tumors. Even following an aggressive therapies, the mean survival rate of patients with these tumors is less than one year after diagnosis. Chemotherapy based on alkyklating agents, such as temozolomide (TMZ) has been reported to increase the survival rate. N7-metyl-G and N3-metyl-A adducts comprise more than 80% of the DNA lesions induced by TMZ and are processed by the base excision repair process (BER). There is evidence in the literature suggesting that the resistance to TMZ could be caused, in part, by an efficient repair by BER pathway, although few studies have focused on this subject. Metoxiamine (MX) is an effective BER inhibitor, which has been investigated as a conceivable treatment for different kinds of tumor, due to its synergistic effect with antitumoral drugs, such as TMZ. In the present study, the cellular responses to TMZ treatment associated or not with MX were evaluated in giloblastoma (GBM) cell lines. Several parameters were analyzed, such as cytotoxicity (24 h), cellular survival (120 h) and clonogenic efficiency (10 days after treatment), DNA damage and repair kinetics (after 2, 6, 12 and 24 h of recovery time), apoptosis induction (24, 48 and 72 h) and alterations in gene expression (24, 48 e 72h) for genes playing role in BER pathway. The treatment with TMZ 100 -1000 M (during 24 h) was cytotoxic for all GBM cell lines tested (U87, U343, U251, U138 and T98G), as analyzed after 120 h, with the T98G cell line being be the most resistant to TMZ; besides, T98G was the only one to present significant differences (p 0,05) in survival rates measured between TMZ treatment and TMZ combined with MX. Thus, T98G cells were selected for the subsequent experiments and for the study of the pathways implicated in TMZ resistance. The clonogenic efficiency of T98G cells was reduced under TMZ treatment (100 - 800 M) with significant differences for treatments above 400 M. In addition, the combined treatment TMZ plus MX significantly increased the cytotoxic effects, even for the lowest concentration. The comet assay showed higher percentage of DNA damage for both treatment modalities (TMZ and TMZ+MX) at 2 and 6 h of recovery, with significant differences between treatments for 2 h. Following 12 and 24 h of recovery, the amount of DNA damage reached the control levels, indicating the repair of DNA breaks. Apoptosis induction in T98G cells showed the highest frequency (24.2%) at 72h for 600 M TMZ, while the highest apoptosis induction (47.7%) was observed for the same concentration combined to MX. Quantitative gene expression analysis performed for three genes, APE1, FEN1 and XRCC1, showed a reduced expression of APE1 and FEN1 for the combined treatment. Western blot analysis demonstrated that APE1 was less expressed for all kind of treatments, probably due to AP-sites blockade caused by the inhibitor MX. In addition, FEN1 showed low levels of expression at 48h and 72h, indicating the inhibition of BER pathway downstream to the AP removal by APE1. On the other hand, PCNA expression was higher for the combined treatment (24h and mainly 48h), suggesting its induction probably due to increased DNA damage. Therefore, the present results demonstrated that the association of TMZ with MX interfered with the expression of proteins involved in BER, thus, reducing the clonogenic efficiency of T98G cells, probably as a consequence of the high production of unrepaired DNA-MX adducts, leading to cell death, including apoptosis. These data show that the modulation of BER is a promising strategy for magnifying the therapeutic impact of TMZ, and in the next future, this strategy may embrace the option to establish novel and efficient therapy protocols for the treatment of gliomas with alkylating agents.
Marques, Regina Célia Pereira. "Identificação de genes de reparo de DNA em Caulobacter crescentus através da seleção de clones sensíveis a agentes genotóxicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-22092008-130133/.
Full textThis work aimed to identify genes related to DNA damage protection in C. crescentus, by means of screening a Tn5 -mutated library for clones sensitive to UV-B light and MMS. Out of 249 selected clones, we were able to identify mutations in 102 genes, classified in ten different functional categories, including DNA metabolism. In addition to genes already described as playing a role in genome defense to lesions, the results provide new potential functions to several other genes. More detailed investigation indicates also that the mutations in some of these genes may also affect cell stress and cell cycle, being potentially involved in check-point responses. Moreover, mutants for nucleotide excision repair genes were also found to be sensitive to H2O2, indicating that this DNA repair system also acts in DNA oxidative damage. These data are the first establishing a role in genome protection for several genes in C. crescentus, as well as other alpha-proteobacteria.
Borges, Flavio Fernandes Veloso. "Atividades antimutagênica, antigenotóxica e anticitotóxica de Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn e sua influência na expressão de genes de resposta a danos no DNA." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5205.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Silymarin (SM) is a standardized extract from the seeds and leaves of milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. It is composed mainly of flavonolignans, with silibinin (SB) being its principal active constituent. Known mainly as antioxidant and hepatoprotector, SM and SB were found to be clinically effective in the treatment of a variety of liver disorders, including acute and chronic viral hepatitis, toxin and drug-induced hepatitis and cirrhosis. Due to the wide biological activities presented by SM and SB, the present study aimed to evaluate their antimutagenic activities using the Ames mutagenicity test in Salmonella typhimurium, their antigenotoxic activities using the mouse bone marrow micronucleous test and the alkaline comet assay, and to assess their effect on the gene expression pattern of some genes associated with the process of carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. To assess antimutagenicity, bacterial suspensions of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100 strains) were treated with different concentrations of SM or SB simultaneously with the appropriate positive controls for each strain. To assess antigenotoxicity, Swiss mice were orally treated with different concentrations of SM or SB simultaneously with a single intraperitoneal dose of mitomycin C (MMC) for the micronucleus test, and human blood lymphocytes were cotreated with SM or SB and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) for the alcaline comet assay. To investigate the role of SM and SB in modulating gene expression, we conducted microarray analysis. The results showed that SM was not significantly effective in reducing the number of frameshift mutations in strain TA98, while SB demonstrated significant protection at higher doses (p < 0.05). Regarding strain TA 100, SM and SB significantly decreased mutagenicity (point mutations) (p < 0.05). The results of the antigenotoxic evaluation demonstrated that SM and SB significantly reduced the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) (p < 0.05). The results also indicated that SM and SB significantly attenuated MMC induced cytotoxicity (p < 0.05). In the comet assay, SM and SB significantly reduced the genotoxicity of MMS (p < 0.05), with a stronger antigenotoxic activity exerted by the extract complex (SM) than the one exerted by the isolated main active constituent (SB). The expression array analysis of five genes related to DNA damage, carcinogenesis and/or chemoprevention mechanisms demonstrated an up-regulation of PTEN and BCL2, down-regulation of BAX and ABL1 and no significant change in ETV6 expression levels.In conclusion, our results demonstrated that both SM and SB presented antimutagenic and antigenotoxic actions, as well as modulated the expression levels of genes analysed under the experimental conditions of this study.
A silimarina (SM) é um extrato padronizado obtido a partir das sementes e folhas de Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. SM é composta principalmente de flavonóides, sendo a silibinina (SB) seu principal componente ativo. Conhecidas principalmente como antioxidantes e hepatoprotetoras, SM e SB foram consideradas clinicamente eficazes no tratamento de uma variedade de doenças do fígado, incluindo hepatites virais agudas e crônicas, hepatites induzidas por toxinas e/ou drogas e cirrose. Assim, devido à ampla gama de atividades biológicas apresentadas pela SM e SB, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar suas atividades antimutagênicas utilizando o teste de Ames em Salmonella typhimurium, suas atividades antigenotóxicas pelo teste do micronúcleo em medula óssea de camundongos e pelo teste do cometa em linfócitos humanos e avaliar seus efeitos nos perfis de expressão gênica de alguns genes associados ao processo de carcinogênese e quimioprevenção. Para a avaliação da antimutagenicidade, suspensões bacterianas de Salmonella typhimurium (cepas TA98 e TA100) foram co-tratadas com diferentes concentrações de SM ou SB e os controles positivos adequados para cada cepa. Para a avaliação de antigenotoxidade, camundongos Swiss foram tratados oralmente com diferentes concentrações de SM ou SB concomitantemente a uma única dose intraperitoneal de mitomicina C (MMC) para o teste do micronúcleo, e linfócitos humanos foram tratados simultaneamente com SM ou SB e metil-metanossulfonato (MMS) para o ensaio do Cometa. Os resultados mostraram que a SM não foi significativamente efetiva em reduzir o número de mutações com deslocamento de quadro de leitura na cepa TA 98, enquanto que a SB apresentou uma proteção significativa nas doses maiores (p < 0.05). Em relação à cepa TA100, SM e SB reduziram significativamente a mutagenicidade (mudanças de pares de bases) (p < 0.05). Na avaliação de antigenotoxidade, SM e SB reduziram significativamente a frequência de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (EPCMN) (p<0,05). Os resultados também mostraram que a citotoxicidade causada pela MMC foi significativamente atenuada pela SM e SB (p<0,05). No ensaio do cometa, SM e SB reduziram significativamente a genotoxicidade provocada pelo MMS (p<0.05), com uma atividade antigenotóxica maior exercida pelo extrato complexo (SM) do que pelo principal componente ativo isolado (SB). A análise dos níveis de expressão de cinco genes relacionados ao dano no DNA, mecanismos de carcinogênese e/ou quimioprevenção demonstrou um aumento na expressão de PTEN e BCL2, diminuição na expressão de BAX e ABL1 e ausência de mudança significativa nos níveis de expressão do ETV6. Com base nesses resultados, conclui-se que a SM e a SB apresentaram ações antimutagênicas e antigenotóxicas, e também modularam os níveis de expressão dos genes analisados sob as condições experimentais deste estudo.
Silva, Acarizia Eduardo da. "Modula??o da express?o da prote?na XPA em resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno fotossensibilizado." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12567.
Full textCoordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by aerobic metabolism and react with biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. In high concentration, they lead to oxidative stress. Among ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2) is one of the main ROS involved in oxidative stress and is one of the most reactive forms of molecular oxygen. The exposure of some dyes, such as methylene blue (MB) to light (MB+VL), is able to generate 1O2 and it is the principle involved in photodynamic therapy (PDT). 1O2 e other ROS have caused toxic and carcinogenic effects and have been associated with ageing, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Oxidative DNA damage is mainly repaired by base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, recent studies have observed the involvement of nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors in the repair of this type of injury. One of these factors is the Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group A (XPA) protein, which acts with other proteins in DNA damage recognition and in the recruitment of other repair factors. Moreover, oxidative agents such as 1O2 can induce gene expression. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the response of XPA-deficient cells after treatment with photosensitized MB. For this purpose, we analyzed the cell viability and occurrence of oxidative DNA damage in cells lines proficient and deficient in XPA after treatment with MB+VL, and evaluated the expression of this enzyme in proficient and complemented cells. Our results indicate an increased resistance to treatment of complemented cells and a higher level of oxidative damage in the deficient cell lines. Furthermore, the treatment was able to modulate the XPA expression up to 24 hours later. These results indicate a direct evidence for the involvement of NER enzymes in the repair of oxidative damage. Besides, a better understanding of the effects of PDT on the induction of gene expression could be provided
Esp?cies reativas de oxig?nio (ERO) s?o produzidas durante o metabolismo aer?bico e s?o capazes de reagir com diversas biomol?culas, como lip?dios, prote?nas e DNA. Dentre as ERO, o oxig?nio singlete (1O2) e conhecido como um dos principais agentes envolvidos no estresse oxidativo. A exposi??o de alguns pigmentos, como o azul de metileno (MB) a luz e capaz de gerar 1O2, sendo essa a base da terapia fotodin?mica (TFD). Quando em excesso, o 1O2 e outras ERRO mostram efeitos t?xicos e carcinog?nicos e est?o relacionados ao envelhecimento e a etiologia de varias doen?as, incluindo artrite, doen?as degenerativas e c?ncer. A principal via de reparo de danos oxidativos ao DNA e a via por excis?o de base (BER). No entanto, estudos recentes tem observado a atua??o de fatores da via de reparo por excisao de nucleotideo (NER) na corre??o desse tipo de les?o. Um dos fatores da via NER e a prote?na Xeroderma Pigmentoso do Grupo de complementa??o A (XPA), que atua em conjunto com outras prote?nas na etapa de localiza??o dos s?tios de danos e de recrutamento de outros fatores de reparo. Ainda, agentes oxidativos como o 1O2 sao capazes de induzir a express?o g?nica. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a resposta de c?lulas deficientes em XPA ao tratamento com MB fotossensibilizado. Para isso, foram analisadas a viabilidade celular e a ocorr?ncia de danos oxidativos em linhagens proficientes e deficientes em XPA, assim como a express?o dessa enzima em c?lulas proficientes e complementadas. Nossos resultados indicam um aumento da resist?ncia ao tratamento em c?lulas complementadas com XPA e um maior n?vel de danos oxidativos em linhagens deficientes nessa enzima. Alem disso, o tratamento foi respons?vel pela modula??o da express?o dessa enzima ate 24h depois. Esses resultados indicam uma evidencia direta da participa??o de enzimas do NER no reparo de danos oxidativos e contribui para um melhor entendimento sobre os efeitos da TFD na indu??o da express?o g?nica
Momo, Leonardo Hiroyuki Santos. "Caracterização da família de reguladores de absorção de metais e resposta a estresse em Leptospira interrogans sorovar Copenhageni." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-03092015-145511/.
Full textLeptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic bacteria from the genus Leptospira, order Spirochetales. Human beings are accidental hosts, and leptospirosis outbreaks occur in large urban centers after contact with contaminated waterby rodent urine. There are few informations concerning the mechanisms employed by Leptospira sppto deal with the stress induced by the host and the environment Iron is an essential ion to most of living beings. The regulation of genes involved in its uptake and maintenance in the bacterial cell is mediated by the transcriptional regulator family proteins, Fur (ferric uptake regulators). L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni possesses four orthologues for Fur, which were the focus of this work. The characterization of Leptospira Fur genes was done through evolutive studies, determination of their expression pattern on animal model and structural modeling analysis. In parallel, some experiments presented promising results for the expression analysis of genes related to the SOS system, a bacterial response mechanism to DNA damage. Therefore, the gene expression characterization on susceptible and resistant animal model was amplified. qRT-PCR experiments of cDNA from lung, kidney and liver allowed the identification of two genes expressed almost constitutively during the infection in all organs and organisms : fur979 and recA. The others were required in specific days of the infection. Curiously, the SOS system components showed specific expression pattern in the fifth day after inoculation, in kidney. For the Fur evolutive studies, a phylogenetic tree was inferred, revealing the clustering of two Fur family sequences from Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni in closed branches with very similar sequences to Fur and Zur proteins from Escherichia coli. The other two orthologues clustered with corresponding proteins in the other Leptospira species. One of these sequences presented a specific evolutive pattern among pathogenic species. The tertiary structure modeling confirmed the evolutive pattern obtained in our phylogenetic inference.
Silva, Thayse Azevedo da. "An?lise do efeito de polimorfismos n?o-sin?nimos em genes de reparo de DNA da via BER na resposta inflamat?ria da meningite." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12651.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
In vitro and in animal models, APE1, OGG1, and PARP-1 have been proposed as being involved with inflammatory response. In this work, we have investigated if the SNPs APE1 Asn148Glu, OGG1 Ser326Cys, and PARP-1 Val762Ala are associated to meningitis and also developed a system to enable the functional analysis of polymorphic proteins. Patients with bacterial meningitis (BM), aseptic meningitis (AM) and controls (non-infected) genotypes were investigated by PIRA-PCR or PCR-RFLP. DNA damages were detected in genomic DNA by Fpg treatment. IgG and IgA were measured from plasma and the cytokines and chemokines were measured from cerebrospinal fluid samples using Bio-Plex assays. The levels of NF-?B and c-Jun were measured in CSF by dot blot assays. A significant (P<0.05) increase in the frequency of APE1 148Glu allele in BM and AM patients was observed. A significant increase in the genotypes Asn/Asn in control group and Asn/Glu in BM group was also found. For the SNP OGG1 Ser326Cys, the genotype Cys/Cys was more frequent (P<0.05) in BM group. The frequency of PARP-1 Val/Val genotype was higher in control group (P<0.05). The occurrence of combined SNPs increased significantly in BM patients, indicating that these SNPs may be associated to the disease. Increasing in sensitive sites to Fpg was observed in carriers of APE1 148Glu allele or OGG1 326Cys allele, suggesting that SNPs affect DNA repair activity. Alterations in IgG production were observed in the presence of SNPs APE1Asn148Glu, OGG1Ser326Cys or PARP-1Val762Ala. Reductions in the levels ofIL-6, IL-1Ra, MCP-1/CCL2and IL-8/CXCL8 were observed in the presence of APE1148Glu allele in BM patients, however no differences were observed in the levels of NF-?B and c-Jun considering genotypes and analyzed groups. Using APE1 as model, a system to enable the analysis of cellular effects and functional characterization of polymorphic proteins was developed using strategies of cloning APE1 cDNA in pIRES2-EGFP vector, cellular transfection of the construction obtained, siRNA for endogenous APE1 and cellular cultures genotyping. In conclusion, we obtained evidences of an effect of SNPs in DNA repair genes on the regulation of immune response. This is a pioneering work in the field that shows association of BER variant enzymes with an infectious disease in human patients, suggesting that the SNPs analyzed may affect immune response and damage by oxidative stress level during brain infection. Considering these data, new approaches of functional characterization must be developed to better analysis and interactions of polymorphic proteins in response to this context
Estudos in vitro e em modelos animais sugerem que as prote?nas de reparo de DNA da via de reparo por excis?o de bases (do ingl?s, BER) APE1, OGG1 e PARP-1 est?o envolvidas tamb?m na resposta inflamat?ria. Neste trabalho foi investigado se os SNPs APE1 Asn148Glu, OGG1 Ser326Cys e PARP-1 Val762Ala associam-se ? meningite, e foi desenvolvido um sistema para an?lise funcional destas variantes polim?rficas. Os gen?tipos de pacientes com meningite bacteriana (MB), meningite ass?ptica (MA) e n?o infectados (controles) foram investigados por PIRA-PCR ou PCR-RFLP. Danos no DNA gen?mico foram detectados por meio de tratamento com Fpg. IgG e IgA foram titulados no plasma e citocinas e quimiocinas foram mensuradas em amostras de l?quor atrav?s de ensaios em Bio-Plex. Os n?veis de NF-?B e c-Jun foram dosados no l?quor dos pacientes por meio de dot blot. Foi observado um aumento significativo (P<0.05) na frequ?ncia do alelo APE1 148Glu nos casos de MB e MA. Os gen?tipos Asn/Asn no grupo controle e Asn/Glu no grupo da MB tamb?m apresentaram relevante aumento em suas frequ?ncias (P<0.05). Para o SNP OGG1 Ser326Cys, o gen?tipo Cys/Cys esteve mais frequente (P<0.05) nos casos de MB. A frequ?ncia do gen?tipo PARP-1 Val/Val foi mais alta no grupo controle (P<0.05). A ocorr?ncia combinada dos SNPs foi significativamente alta nos pacientes com MB, indicando que estes SNPs podem estar associados ? doen?a. Os portadores do alelo APE1 148Glu ou OGG1 326Cys apresentaram um n?mero maior de s?tios sens?veis ? Fpg, sugerindo que os SNPs afetam a atividade de reparo do DNA. Altera??es na s?ntese de IgG foram observadas na presen?a dos SNPs APE1 Asn148Glu, OGG1 Ser326Cys ou PARP-1 Val762Ala. Redu??es nos n?veis de IL-6, IL-1Ra, MCP-1/CCL2 e IL-8/CXCL8 foram encontradas na presen?a do alelo APE1 148Glu em amostras de pacientes com MB, no entanto n?o foram encontradas diferen?as nos n?veis de NF-?B e c-Jun considerando os gen?tipos e os grupos analisados. Utilizando APE1 como modelo, foi desenvolvido um sistema que possibilita a express?o e caracteriza??o funcional das enzimas polim?rficas estudadas e seus efeitos na c?lula, por meio de clonagem, utilizando o vetor pIRES2-EGFP e cDNA de APE1, transfec??o celular da constru??o obtida, inibi??o por siRNA de APE1 end?gena e genotipagem de culturas celulares. Em conclus?o, foram obtidas evid?ncias de um efeito significativo dos SNPs nos genes de reparo de DNA na regula??o da resposta imunol?gica. Este ? um trabalho pioneiro na ?rea, que demonstra a associa??o de variantes das enzimas da via BER com uma doen?a infecciosa em humanos, sugerindo que os SNPs estudados podem afetar a resposta imune e o impacto do n?vel de estresse oxidativo durante a infec??o cerebral. Desta forma, novos meios de an?lise funcional devem ser desenvolvidos para estudo de prote?nas polim?rficas e suas intera??es neste contexto
2020-01-01
Takahashi, Paula. "Perfis de Expressão Gênica e Possíveis Interações entre microRNAs e mRNAs em Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 com Enfoque em Resposta ao Estresse Oxidativo e Reparo do DNA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-01072015-092915/.
Full textType 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) results from an autoimmune attack against the pancreatic cells, ceasing insulin production, which causes hyperglycemia. Although associations between oxidative stress, which can cause DNA damage, and T1DM have been demonstrated, only a few studies have reported differential expression of genes associated with response to oxidative stress and DNA repair in T1DM patients. Moreover, microRNAs (post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression) are implicated in many biological processes and pathological conditions; however, only scarce information is available in the literature concerning the expression of microRNAs in T1DM. In order to better understand the regulatory pathways involved in biological processes that are relevant to T1DM, we aimed to investigate the microRNA and mRNA transcriptional expression profiles by microarray analysis (as well as expression of selected proteins) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from T1DM patients (n=19) compared with healthy non-diabetic individuals (n=11), emphasizing genes related to response to oxidative stress and DNA repair. Microarray expression results indicated 44 differentially expressed microRNAs (35 up- and nine down-regulated) in T1DM patients, with those microRNAs possessing a discriminatory power to clearly stratify the patients from the controls, including hsa-miR-101, hsa-miR148a, hsa-miR-27b, and hsa-miR-424, whose expression data were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Functional annotation analysis performed on the predicted targets of the differentially expressed microRNAs pointed 22 and 12 annotated KEGG pathways for the overexpressed and repressed microRNAs, respectively, many of them related to cancer. Regarding mRNA microarray results, we detected 277 differentially expressed genes in T1DM patients, with 52% of them being potential targets of the differentially expressed microRNAs in T1DM patients. Among these targets, we identified candidate genes for T1DM as well as genes involved in the biological processes response to oxidative stress and DNA repair, such as UCP3, PTGS2, ATF3, FOSB, DUSP1 and TNFAIP3, whose expression data were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, out of the 49 and 55 significantly expressed/enriched gene sets in T1DM patients, respectively, five pathways related to apoptotic signaling, response to hydroperoxide, DNA repair via homologous recombination, and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress were of interest for the present work. Concerning protein expression results (western blotting), PTGS2 and ATF3 expression was not detected for either the patient or the control group, while significant difference in DUSP1 expression was not observed between the two groups, although the corresponding mRNAs of those genes were found induced. Regarding the luciferase assay, our results demonstrated that the interaction between hsa-miR-148a and DUSP1 occurs in the cellular milieu. Therefore, these findings together with those western blotting results suggest that hsa-miR-148a could play a role in DUSP1 translational repression. Altogether, our results indicate distinctive microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in PBMCs from T1DM patients relative to healthy non-diabetic individuals. Furthermore, we have provided novel data regarding microRNA-mRNA interactions in T1DM, in particular involving genes associated with response to oxidative stress and DNA repair, suggesting a perturbation in the microRNA-target network in T1DM patients.
Guimarães, Larissa Oliveira. "Caracterização de subpopulações de Leucemia Mielóide Aguda portadora do rearranjo MLL quanto à resposta diferencial ao tratamento em longo prazo com Citarabina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-07012016-115206/.
Full textThe heterogeneity of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) became a challenge for the success of the conventional chemotherapy agent Cytarabine (Ara-C), especially in leukemias with poor prognosis, as those harboring MLL rearrangement. Since AML-MLL cells are considered sensitive to Ara-C when compared with leukemias that do not carry the rearrangement, but relapse is frequent, the present dissertation proposed to study the relationship between biological characteristics related to the basis of chemoresistance to Ara-C in AML-MLL. We proposed an approach based on the selection of subpopulations of cell lines bearing MLL rearrangement submitted to the long-term treatment with Ara-C, comparing them with the cell lines that were not previously exposed to the drug. The cells were characterized according to: 1) the proliferative potential in the presence and absence of Ara-C; 2) the distribution of the cells in the cell cycle; 3) distribution of hematopoietic stem cell classic surface markers, CD34 and CD38; and, 4) global expression profile of transcribed RNAs. The long-term treatment selected cells that are more resistant to Ara-C than the cells that were not previously treated (parental cells). Besides, according to cell cycle, the cells selected by Ara-C treatment present decreased apoptosis (sub-G1 phase), accumulation in the synthesis phase (S-phase) and increase in the proliferative capability after re-exposition to the drug (G2-M phase). Regarding the hematopoietic stem cell markers, we observed that after Ara-C long-term treatment, one of the cell lines exhibited a bimodal distribution of the CD38 marker. When sorted by flow cytometry, we observed that both subpopulations with distinct levels of CD38 expression, called MV-4-11 CD38High and MV-4-11 CD38Low also showed distinct response to Ara-C. When evaluated regarding to their global gene expression profiles, we verified that MV-4-11 CD38High were more closely related to the parental cells, and MV-4-11 CD38Low made up an isolated group, distinct of the other cell populations. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that among the most representative categories of biological processes, activities associated with proliferative capability, development and response to stimuli were included. The hierarchical clustering analysis showed that: 1) the cluster HOXA of genes of development was more expressed in the MV-4-11 CD38Low than in the MV-4-11 CD38High cells, that presented increased expression of HOXB cluster; 2) the most differentially expressed HOX gene was HOXA13, which according to the literature is associated with poor prognosis in other types of cancer; 3) among the genes associated with response to stimuli, the only one related to Ara-C-metabolizing pathway that was differentially expressed between the cell lines was NME1; 4) those genes that take part in the mismatch repair, base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair pathways were more expressed in the MV-4-11 CD38High than in the MV-4-11 CD38Low cells. Additionally, several cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) were also differentially expressed between MV-4-11 CD38High and MV-4-11 CD38Low. Finally, we suggest that the in vitro model proposed in this study to mimic the situation of chemoresistance to Ara-C in subpopulations of AML-MLL, showed that the mechanisms of Ara-C response in this disease, go beyond changes in drug detoxification and metabolization, and seem more associated to proliferative and development advantages of the leukemic cells. These pathways should be explored as potential targets to Ara-C combination therapies.
Prado, Renato Paschoal [UNESP]. "Influência dos caretonóides, retinol e α-Tocoferol e dos polimorfismos dos genes CYP1A1, GSTP1, MTHFR (A1298C E C6777) E XRCC1 (194Trp E 399 Gln) sobre os níveis de danos oxidativos do DNA, de uracilas incorporadas ao DNA e da capacidade de reparo do DNA." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104583.
Full textÉ crescente o número de estudos que demonstram a importância de micronutrientes e compostos bioativos presentes nos alimentos na prevenção de diversas doenças degenerativas crônicas. Entretanto vários estudos moleculares epidemiológicos têm demonstrado que além de fatores ambientais, como a dieta, essas doenças degenerativas podem ser modulada por genes envolvidos no biometabolismo de xenobióticos, metabolismo do carbono e no reparo de DNA. Portanto, o presente estudo avaliou a possível influência do padrão alimentar e dos polimorfismos dos genes GSTP1, CYP1A1, XRCC1 e MTHFR sobre os níveis de danos oxidativos no DNA, uracilas incorporadas no DNA e eficiência do sistema de reparo de DNA em dois grupos de indivíduos residentes em Botucatu com diferentes padrões alimentares. Grupo I (GI): 87 indivíduos com alimentação rica em produtos orgânicos, grãos integrais, frutas e vegetais, e baixa ingestão de produtos industrializados; Grupo II (GII): 97 indivíduos com alimentação rica em produtos industrializados e pobres em frutas e vegetais. A quantificação do nível de danos oxidativos no DNA, uracilas incorporadas ao DNA e a eficiência do sistema reparo de DNA em linfócitos de sangue periférico, foi analisada utilizando-se o Teste do Ensaio Cometa. Os polimorfismos dos genes GSTP1, CYP1A1, XRCC1 e MTHFR foram analisados por realtime PCR. Também foi realizada a análise dos níveis de luteína, criptoxantina, -caroteno, -caroteno, licopeno, retinol e -tocoferol no plasma, pela técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (HPLC). Os indivíduos do GI apresentaram menores níveis de danos oxidativos no DNA e menores níveis de dano no DNA induzidos pela H2O2 quando comparados aos indivíduos do GII. Quanto aos subgrupos de micronutrientes: Indivíduos do subgrupo percentil 75 para todos os micronutrientes tiveram maior nível de danos no DNA do que os indivíduos...
Not available
Prado, Renato Paschoal. "Influência dos caretonóides, retinol e α-Tocoferol e dos polimorfismos dos genes CYP1A1, GSTP1, MTHFR (A1298C E C6777) E XRCC1 (194Trp E 399 Gln) sobre os níveis de danos oxidativos do DNA, de uracilas incorporadas ao DNA e da capacidade de reparo do DNA /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104583.
Full textBanca: Luis Carlos Giarola
Banca: Alaor Aparecido Almeida
Banca: Aniele Radzikoski Agner
Banca: Rodrigo Otávio Alves de Lima
Resumo: É crescente o número de estudos que demonstram a importância de micronutrientes e compostos bioativos presentes nos alimentos na prevenção de diversas doenças degenerativas crônicas. Entretanto vários estudos moleculares epidemiológicos têm demonstrado que além de fatores ambientais, como a dieta, essas doenças degenerativas podem ser modulada por genes envolvidos no biometabolismo de xenobióticos, metabolismo do carbono e no reparo de DNA. Portanto, o presente estudo avaliou a possível influência do padrão alimentar e dos polimorfismos dos genes GSTP1, CYP1A1, XRCC1 e MTHFR sobre os níveis de danos oxidativos no DNA, uracilas incorporadas no DNA e eficiência do sistema de reparo de DNA em dois grupos de indivíduos residentes em Botucatu com diferentes padrões alimentares. Grupo I (GI): 87 indivíduos com alimentação rica em produtos orgânicos, grãos integrais, frutas e vegetais, e baixa ingestão de produtos industrializados; Grupo II (GII): 97 indivíduos com alimentação rica em produtos industrializados e pobres em frutas e vegetais. A quantificação do nível de danos oxidativos no DNA, uracilas incorporadas ao DNA e a eficiência do sistema reparo de DNA em linfócitos de sangue periférico, foi analisada utilizando-se o Teste do Ensaio Cometa. Os polimorfismos dos genes GSTP1, CYP1A1, XRCC1 e MTHFR foram analisados por realtime PCR. Também foi realizada a análise dos níveis de luteína, criptoxantina, -caroteno, -caroteno, licopeno, retinol e -tocoferol no plasma, pela técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (HPLC). Os indivíduos do GI apresentaram menores níveis de danos oxidativos no DNA e menores níveis de dano no DNA induzidos pela H2O2 quando comparados aos indivíduos do GII. Quanto aos subgrupos de micronutrientes: Indivíduos do subgrupo percentil 75 para todos os micronutrientes tiveram maior nível de danos no DNA do que os indivíduos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Not available
Doutor
Damasceno, Jeziel Dener. "Caracterização molecular do envolvimento das proteínas LmHus1 e LmRad9 em mecanismos de reconhecimento e reparo de DNA no parasito Leishmania major." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17136/tde-04042013-114550/.
Full textGenome stability is a essential condition for survival and proper functioning of living organisms. However, a broad range of elements may lead to DNA damage. For instance, about 104 DNA lesions may be inflicted upon any given mammalian cell everyday. In order to maintain the genome integrity and circumvent the deleterious effects of these lesions, a molecular machinery composed of proteins specialized in detecting and repairing DNA damage has been selected in evolution. Defects of the proteins that constitute such machineries may result not only in a high mutation rate, but also in breaks in the DNA structure that can mediate gene amplification as observed in cancer cells. In an apparent opposition to such requirement for stability as an essential condition to life, the protozoan Leishmania presents a highly malleable genome and explores genome amplification as a survival and adaptation tool. Despite of the fact that the Leishmania genome plasticity can be easily demonstrated, the precise mechanisms that coordinate the molecular machineries involved in the detection and signaling of DNA damage, and in the regulation of gene amplification is still largely unknown. In order to contribute to a better understanding of these processes, we identified and studied the Leishmania major proteins that are homologues of those proteins that compose the 9-1-1 complex (Rad9-Hus1-Rad1). The proteins LmHus1 and LmRad9 present a high structural divergence when compared to its homologues from other eukaryotes and no obvious homologue of Rad1 was identified in the parasite genome. Phylogeny analysis indicated that LmHus1 and LmRad9 are closely related to heterotrimeric complexes involved in the detection of DNA damage. In accordance to that, our experiments demonstrated that altered levels of these proteins interfere with the parasite ability to deal with genotoxic stress. Moreover, LmHus1 was localized to the parasite nucleus and is a required protein for normal parasite proliferation. Besides, we showed that decreased levels of LmHus1 compromise cell cycle regulation and the maintenance of telomeres. LmRad9 was also shown to be localized to the cell nucleus and its overexpression led to growth defects and affected the L. major response to genotoxic stress. We also observed that LmHus1 and LmRad9 interact with each other to for a protein complex that is responsive to DNA damage in vivo, which strongly suggested that the 9-1-1 complex was conserved in L. major. The structural peculiarities of these proteins indicate that the possible L. major 9-1-1 complex has a different architecture when compared to the complex found in higher eukaryotes. In addition to that, other proteins, such as LmRpa1, also present a marked structural divergence. Altogether, these findings suggest that the DNA damage signaling pathway involving the 9-1-1 complex and LmRpa1 in L. major, may present a peculiar mode of action. These observations may contribute to a better understanding not only of the evolution of the signaling pathway mediated by the 9-1-1 complex in eukaryotes, but also of the molecular basis of the genome plasticity and the gene amplification phenomenon.
Duarte, Ana Isabel Afonso 1993. "The DNA damage response in terminally differentiated skeletal myotubes." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/33227.
Full textA integridade da informação genética constitui o fator mais importante do qual a vida depende. A molécula de DNA está constantemente exposta a diferentes tipos de lesões causadas por fontes endógenas, como espécies reativas de oxigénio provenientes do metabolismo, ou fontes exógenas derivadas de fatores mutagénicos, como a luz ultravioleta (UV), radiação ionizante (IR) ou agentes quimioterápico. Estima-se que diariamente as nossas células sofram mais de 100000 alterações espontâneas no DNA, 50 das quais quebras na dupla cadeia (DSB) de DNA. Independentemente da origem dos fatores mutagénicos eles podem conduzir a variadas alterações na molécula de DNA, tais como inserções, deleções, aductos, intra e intercadeia crosslink. Deste modo, a célula desenvolveu diferentes mecanismos para reparar diferentes tipos de lesões com o objetivo de manter a homeostasia, assegurar a viabilidade celular e promover a sobrevivência. Para que os mecanismos de reparação possam atuar, a célula tem de reconhecer e sinalizar a lesão. A resposta a lesões na molécula de DNA (DDR) é assim constituída pelo reconhecimentos, sinalização e reparação do DNA danificado. As modificações na cromatina representam um importante papel na DDR permitindo a sinalização das lesões, recrutando fatores de reparação e permitindo o acesso da maquinaria de reparação do local de lesão. Quando a molécula de DNA sofre uma DSB a célula pode adotar diferentes mecanismos para a reparar: reparação homóloga (HR) e a ligação das extremidades não homólogas (NHEJ). Contrariamente à via de HR que requer uma cadeia molde homóloga para restaurar a informação genética, a via de NHEJ conduz à ligação direta das extremidades de DNA da DSB, propiciando deste modo o erro. Em reposta a lesões na molécula de DNA, os dois primeiros grupos de proteínas a serem recrutados para o local de lesão serão o complexo Mre11- Rad50-NBS1 (MRN) e a família PIKK (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related protein kinase) onde se inclui ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated).O complexo MRN reconhece rapidamente o local da lesão e acumula-se nesse local, recrutando ATM que se autofosforila, permitindo a consequente fosforilação da variante de histona H2AX (γH2AX). Esta marca espalha-se por toda a região circundante promovendo a ligação de outros fatores de reparação como o MDC1. BRCA1 (breast cancer susceptibility protein 1) e 53BP1 (p53 binding protein 1) são também recrutados para o local funcionando como mediadores e impulsionadores da sinalização. O fator 53BP1 tem grande importância na determinação da via de reparação a ser adotada, favorecendo desta forma a via NHEJ. A par destes mecanismos para sinalizar e reparar as lesões na molécula de DNA, a ativação do controlo do ciclo celular é absolutamente essencial para retardar o ciclo celular e providenciar tempo para que a reparação tenha lugar, de modo a impedir que as lesões e consequentes mutações sejam transmitidas às gerações seguintes. No centro desta regulação encontram-se as quinases dependentes de ciclinas (CDK) e as ciclinas. A variação dos níveis de ciclinas por ubiquitinação e degradação no proteassoma ao longo do ciclo celular permite a manutenção das diferentes fases do ciclo celular. A ativação de p53 via Chk2 culmina na ativação de p21, um potente inibidor dos complexos ciclina-CDK, resultando na paragem do ciclo celular. A reparação as lesões na molécula de DNA em células proliferativas é então mais eficiente por estar disponível o cromatídeo irmão como molde para HR. Tendo em consideração que as células terminalmente diferenciadas podem viver décadas, é então crucial que possuam mecanismos de reparação competentes de modo a prevenir o envelhecimento e a doença. Contudo, muito pouco é conhecido sobre o modo como células pós mitóticas, como os neurónios e miofibras musculares, reparam DSB e ainda qual o papel do ciclo celular e das suas transições em resposta a lesões no DNA em miofibras musculares. Deste modo hipotetizámos que as células musculares terminalmente diferenciadas poderiam reentrar transientemente no ciclo celular em resposta a lesões, com previamente descrito para os neurónios. Com o objetivo principal de entender os eventos moleculares que têm lugar nos processos de reparação do DNA lesado em células de músculo esquelético e entender as vias de reparação que conduzem à efetiva reparação destas lesões, caracterizámos as principais proteínas ativadas em resposta às lesões induzidas e investigámos a existência de eventuais transições do ciclo celular que acompanham a reparação do DNA em miotubos, células diferenciadas percursoras de miofibras. Após a otimização do processo de diferenciação de mioblastos em miotubos, caracterizámos alguns fatores de sinalização envolvidos na DDR. Observámos que, em consequência de da indução de lesões com o radiomimético neocarzinostatina (NCS), a variante de histona H2AX é fosforilada em mioblastos e em miotubos, embora possamos concluir que nos miotubos os seus níveis basais, na ausência de tratamentos com NCS, são mais elevados, evidenciando deste modo uma maior quantidade de lesões endógenas. É ainda evidente que existe reparação das lesões induzidas uma vez que os níveis de γH2AX são repostos para os valores iniciais nos mioblastos e nos miotubos. Observámos também que em resposta às lesões existe uma eficiente ativação de ATM e 53BP1, embora esta seja mais exacerbada e prolongada, para ambas as proteínas, nos miotubos. É ainda observável uma ativação de p21 em resposta às lesões induzidas o que demonstra a ativação do controlo do ciclo celular. Por forma a avaliar o papel de ATM na fosforilação de H2AX e na ativação de p53/p21, avaliámos a cinética de γH2AX e p53/p21em resposta à indução de lesões com NCS em miotubos após inibição de ATM. Observámos que os níveis de γH2AX. p53 e p21 em resposta a lesões no DNA são significativamente inferiores nas células tratadas com o inibidor de ATM comparativamente com as condição controlo na ausência de inibidor. Este resultado sugere que a DDR em miotubos é dependente de ATM. A avaliação de formação de foci de RAD51 em resposta a lesões no DNA foi conclusiva quanto à incapacidade dos miotubos realizarem a via de HR canónica uma vez que não foi detetado foci de RAD51 em miotubos após indução de lesões. A avaliação das transições do ciclo celular com recurso ao sistema FUCCI (fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator) indiciou que os miotubos não apresentam transições no ciclo celular em resposta a danos no DNA. O estudo da dinâmica de replicação, através da incorporação de EdU, após indução de lesão também evidenciou que não há replicação de DNA após tratamento com NCS, nem nos mioblastos nem nos miotubos. Deste modo é evidente que os miotubos não apresentam transições no ciclo celular em resposta a danos no DNA e que a dinâmica de resposta e reparação, bem como as proteínas envolvidas é distinta dos seus progenitores, apontando para que os miotubos não reparem DSB pela via canónica de HR, mas sim pela via NHEJ. Estando descrito que os miotubos são mais resistentes à apoptose do que os seus progenitores, é conclusivo que estas células têm eficientes mecanismos para reparar ou sucumbir as lesões na molécula de DNA. Com o objetivo de avaliar dinâmica da cromatina durante a reparação do DNA, lesámos um único núcleo num miotubos multinucleado com recurso a radiação laser UV-A e avaliámos morfologicamente as alterações na cromatina. Denotámos, pela análise da redistribuição da histona H2B, que existe uma modulação da arquitetura da cromatina no núcleo lesado em comparação com os núcleos não lesados – condensação da cromatina em resposta a lesão extensa num único núcleo. Hipotetizámos deste modo que a modulação observada poderá ser consequência de um mecanismo de inativação/silenciamento da cromatina no núcleo danificado de modo a não comprometer a sobrevivência de toda a célula e prevenir a transcrição de genes aberrantes. Preliminarmente, a imunofluorescência para deteção da marca epigenética H3K36me3 permitiu constatar uma diminuição dos níveis desta marca no núcleo lesado em comparação com os núcleos não lesados na mesma célula, sugerindo uma diminuição na quantidade de genes transcripcionalmente ativos. Contudo, e como referido anteriormente, trata-se de um resultados preliminar que pretendemos comprovar brevemente. Adicionalmente, pretendemos testar outras marcas epigenéticas descritas como características de cromatina ativa e inativa de modo a comprovar a nossa hipótese. Todos os resultados obtidos demonstram que ambos os mioblastos e os miotubos são capazes de corretamente sinalizar e ativar a DRR. A ausência de foci de RAD51 em resposta às lesões induzidas permite excluir a hipótese de que os miotubos são capazes de utilizar a via canónica de HR para reparar DSB, enquanto a sua presença nos mioblastos indica o contrário. Os ensaios realizados para avaliar as transições no ciclo celular revelaram que os miotubos não sofrem alteração no ciclo celular e não replicam o seu DNA como mecanismo para reparar eficientemente as lesões. A ativação de p21 em resposta a lesões no DNA sugere a ativação do controlo do ciclo celular, contudo o seu papel nos miotubos tem de ser clarificado. As modificações na cromatina observadas após lesão no DNA com irradiação laser UV-A sugerem uma inativação metabólica do DNA lesado como parte de um mecanismo para inativar excessivas lesões num único núcleo sem comprometer a sobrevivência celular. Esta hipótese será futuramente testada.
The DNA damage response and the effective pathways used to repair DNA lesions have been largely studied in proliferating cells. However, less is known on how differentiated cells, like myotubes, can accurately and efficiently repair severe DNA lesions like double-strand breaks (DSB) and what role can cell cycle transitions have in this field. Our results show that differentiated myotubes cannot repair DNA DSB by the canonical homologous recombination (HR) pathway. In fact, we did not find any evidence of cell cycle re-entry upon inducing DNA lesions. Moreover, we found that, upon DNA damage of one single nucleus, myotubes do not commit to apoptosis. Instead, we observed a rearrangement of the architectural features of chromatin, which is an important aspect of the DNA damage signalling and repair. Namely, we found that DNA damage triggers a chromatin condensation state that is suggestive of a global transcriptional shut-off. Our data suggest that selective inactivation of one single nucleus with damaged DNA is part of the DNA repair toolbox of multinucleated cells. With this new tool, myotubes could prevent the transcription of aberrant genes while avoiding apoptosis to maintain cell viability.
Abrantes, Leonor Bárbara Freire. "Validação de genes alvo da via Rac1/PAK1-BCL6/STAT5 envolvidos na progressão tumoral." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/27408.
Full textO cancro colorretal é um dos tipos de cancro com maior incidência a nível mundial e também dos mais mortíferos, sendo o seu prognóstico tanto mais limitado quanto mais avançado for o estado da doença. A GTPase Rac1 encontra-se sobre-expressa em vários tipos de carcinoma, nomeadamente colorretal e a desregulação da sua sinalização celular tem sido associada à transformação maligna. Em particular, o eixo de sinalização Rac1/PAK1 encontra-se alterado em cerca de 60% dos tumores sólidos, estando esta alteração associada a tumores mais agressivos e invasivos, com prognósticos clínicos mais desfavoráveis, consequentes, muitas vezes, do desenvolvimento de resistência à quimioterapia. Para além disto, Rac1/PAK1 é também responsável pela ativação de várias vias de sinalização que conduzem à regulação da expressão génica, facto que tem adquirido cada vez mais destaque no estudo da progressão tumoral. O laboratório de acolhimento descreveu, em células de carcinoma colorretal, uma nova via de sinalização em que a ativação de Rac1/PAK1 promove um switch transcricional entre o repressor BCL6 e o ativador STAT5, levando a um aumento da expressão génica. Assim, de forma a identificar todos os locais do genoma nos quais a expressão génica poderia ser modulada por esta via, o grupo de investigação utilizou uma abordagem inovadora de análise de dados de ChIP-seq, explorando a seletividade do switch transcricional, BCL6/STAT5. No presente estudo pretendeu-se validar experimentalmente esta nova abordagem de análise de dados de ChIP-seq, procurando, entre os múltiplos “hits” encontrados, um conjunto de genes cuja modulação da expressão por esta via pudesse elucidar algumas das consequências pro-oncogénicas da sobre-ativação de Rac1 e PAK1 observada em tumores agressivos com mau prognóstico. Os nossos resultados identificaram 2402 genes que respondiam ao switch BCL6/STAT5 aquando da estimulação da via Rac1/PAK. Destes, selecionaram-se para validação experimental um conjunto de 15 genes, para os quais os picos detetados resumiam as características da totalidade dos picos identificados no que respeita a parâmetros como dimensão, amplitude, localização relativa ao respetivo gene, entre outros. Como era esperado, com base em estudos prévios, a variação na expressão dos genes identificados, em resposta à manipulação do estado de ativação da via Rac1/PAK1 é ligeira, não ultrapassando três vezes os valores basais. Curiosamente, alguns destes genes exibiam uma diminuição dos níveis de expressão aquando da ativação da via Rac1/PAK1 e o comportamento contrário na sua inibição. Uma análise mais detalhada das sequências delimitadas pelos picos correspondentes, permitiu identificar dois sub-motivos distintos para os genes que respondiam de forma positiva e negativa à ativação da via Rac1/PAK1, dentro do motivo consensus geral de ligação ao DNA dos fatores BCL6 e STAT5. Em paralelo, realizou-se uma análise de agrupamento funcional, tendo-se observado um enriquecimento dentro da lista de genes identificados de genes envolvidos na resposta e reparação de danos no DNA. Os picos correspondentes a estes genes continham o sub-domínio de resposta positiva à estimulação da via Rac1/PAK1 e a análise funcional da sua expressão demonstrou que os níveis de todos eles aumentavam em resposta à ativação da via e diminuíam aquando da inibição da via. A avaliação do impacto fisiológico da ativação destes genes em células de carcinoma colorretal (DLD1) pelo ensaio do cometa, aquando da ativação da via Rac1/PAK1, revelou que esta via confere uma proteção parcial aos danos induzidos pelo tratamento com o agente alquilante sulfonato de etil-metano (EMS), acelerando o processo de reparação dos mesmos. De notar é o facto de que a inibição desta via com o inibidor seletivo de Rac1, EHT1846, bloqueia significativamente a reparação dos danos genómicos, promovendo mesmo o seu agravamento. Este trabalho veio demonstrar que a nova estratégia de análise de ChIP-seq permite a identificação de pequenas variações transcricionais como a que advém da resposta transcricional ao switch BCL6/STAT5, modulada pela via Rac1/PAK1. Revelou, ainda, o papel da via de sinalização Rac1/PAK1-BCL6/STAT5 na resposta e reparação de danos no DNA, sugerindo que a sua inibição farmacológica poderá ter aplicação terapêutica no cancro, nomeadamente na potenciação dos efeitos de determinados agentes quimioterápicos com efeitos genotóxicos.
Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide and also one of the most deadly malignancies, with its prognosis being poorer the more advanced the state of the disease. The GTPase Rac1 is overexpressed in several types of carcinoma, namely in colorectal cancers, and the dysregulation of its cellular signaling has been tightly associated with malignant transformation. In particular, the Rac1/PAK1 signaling axis is altered in about 60% of solid tumors, this alteration being associated with more aggressive and invasive tumors, with more unfavorable clinical prognosis, often resulting from the development of resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, Rac1/PAK1 is also responsible for the activation of several signaling pathways that lead to the regulation of gene expression, an aspect that has become increasingly prominent in the study of tumor progression. The host laboratory described, in colorectal carcinoma cells, a new signaling pathway in which activation of the Rac1/PAK1 pathway promotes a transcriptional switch between the BCL6 repressor and the STAT5 activator, leading to increased gene expression. Thus, in order to identify all sites in the genome in which gene expression could be modulated by this pathway, the research group used an innovative ChIP-seq data analysis approach, exploring the selectivity of the transcriptional switch, BCL6/STAT5. In the present study, we aimed to experimentally validate this new approach of ChIP-seq data analysis, searching among the multiple hits identified for a set of genes for which the modulation of their expression by this pathway could elucidate some of the prooncogenic consequences of the Rac1/PAK1 over-activation observed in aggressive tumors with poor prognosis. Our results identified 2402 genes responding to the BCL6/STAT5 switch upon stimulation of the Rac1/PAK pathway. From these, a set of 15 genes were selected for experimental validation, since their corresponding ChIP-seq peaks summarized the characteristics of overall identified peaks with respect to parameters such as size, amplitude, location relative to the respective gene, among others. As expected, based on previous studies, the variation in expression levels of the selected genes was small in response to the manipulation of the Rac1/PAK1 pathway activity, not exceeding three times the baseline values. Interestingly, some of these genes exhibited a decrease in expression upon activation of the pathway and the opposite behavior in its inhibition. A more detailed analysis of the sequences delimited by the corresponding peaks allowed to identify two distinct DNA-binding sub-motifs for the genes that responded positively and negatively to the activation of the Rac1/PAK1 pathway, within the general DNA binding consensus factor for BCL6 and STAT5 factors. In parallel, a functional clustering analysis was performed, and enrichment in genes involved in DNA damage response and repair was observed within the identified 2402 gene list. Peaks corresponding to these genes contained the subdomain of positive response to Rac1/PAK1 pathway stimulation and the functional analysis of 4 of these for their expression levels demonstrated that all increased in response to Rac1/PAK1 pathway activation while inhibition of the pathway led to a decrease in their expression. The evaluation of the physiological impact of the activation of these genes in colorectal carcinoma cells (DLD1) by the comet assay, upon activation of the Rac1/PAK1 pathway, has shown that this pathway provides partial protection against damage induced by treatment with alkylating agents such as EMS, accelerating the process of DNA damage repair. Of note is the fact that inhibition of this pathway with the selective Rac1 inhibitor, EHT1846, significantly blocks repair of genomic damage, even increasing its severity. This work demonstrated that the new strategy for ChIP-seq data analysis allows the identification of small transcriptional variations such as that derived from the transcriptional response to the BCL6/STAT5 switch, modulated by the Rac1/PAK1 pathway. It also revealed a role of the Rac1/PAK1-BCL6/STAT5 pathway in the response to DNA damage and repair, suggesting that its pharmacological inhibition may have therapeutic application in cancer, namely in potentiating the effects of chemotherapeutic agents with genotoxic effects.