Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ressources anthropiques'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 34 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Ressources anthropiques.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Duhem, Céline. "Goélands surabondants et ressources alimentaires anthropiques : cas des colonies insulaires de Goélands leucophées du littoral provençal." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008462.
Full textArchambault, Benoît. "Modélisation du cycle de vie des ressources marines exploitées : une approche intégrée pour quantifier les effets relatifs des différentes pressions anthropiques et environnementales." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARH094.
Full textMarine fish populations are subject to various environmental and anthropic pressures, from fishing mortality to habitat degradation and global change, that impact populations at different stages of their life cycle. Improving our knowledge of the different ecological processes and a fair assessment of consequences of the environmental and anthropic pressures associated with each life history stage is required to help the sustainable management of fish populations. In the case of nursery-dependant species, hydroclimatic conditions influence the survival and the dispersal of eggs then larvae. The quality and the availabilty of nursery grounds further impact juvenile survival, determining the carrying capacity of these essential habitats and in fine the maximum size of the population. Last, fishing activities target mostly adults. This thesis ultimately aims at investigating the functioning of these nursery-dependant species through a life cycle modeling approach that integrates the different pressures in their spatial dimensions along the life cycle. The methods largely rely on hierarchical Bayesian models, which are well adapted to integrate complex ecological models within a statistical approach, accounting for various sources of information (prior knowledge and data) together with the different sources of uncertainty in the process and the observations. The first part of the thesis analyzes the relationship between the spawning biomass and the recruitment success for flatfish (Pleuronectiforms), known to concentrate in restricted nursery grounds during the juvenile stage. We propose a modeling approach which integrates two successives phases in the recruitment process: a density-independent phase corresponding to the pelagic eggs and larval stages followed by a benthic juvenile phase, where density-dependent processes occur. Using a metanalytical approach (39 populations for 12 flatfish species) centered on the analysis of the variance of this relation, we show that (i) flatfish display a lower interannual variance in the recruitment success compared to other exploited orders of marine fishes, (ii) the variance of recruitment success decreases with increasing stock level, which is consistent with the hypothesis of density-dependent process during the juvenile phase of the life cycle. In the second part of the thesis, we rely on results from the the first stage (plus expert knowledge and existing work) to develop a life cycle model for the Eastern Channel common sole which accounts for both the stage-specific pressures described previously and the spatial functioning of the population at the successives stages. The population displays a consistent spatial segregation between pool of individuals along the whole life cycle, due to the combination of (i) moderate pelagic diffusivity and larval retention, (ii) juvenile containment in nurseries, and (iii) limited adults’ movements. We compared two contrasted hypotheses about the spatial structure of the population. The first hypothesis considers that after the juvenile phase characterized by spatial segregation on specific nurseries, the adult population forms one single homogeneous pool in the Eastern Channel. This is the hypothesis used buy the ICES stock assessment Working Group. The second hypothesis considers that the spatial segregation persists after the juvenile phase, within three adults sub-components. Althought it is not possible to quantify the relative likelihood of those different hypotheses, we emphasize how changing from one hypothesis to the other impacts estimation of key population dynamics parameters. Considering these three sub-components with isolated dynamics emphasizes the importance of spatialized management scenarios. Finally, in the third part of the thesis, we rely on the model developed previously to simulate realistic scenarios on the different pressures (i. E. Hydroclimate, habitat, fishing) in order to quantify their respective and/or combined effects (e. G. Climate and fishing pressure). Results emphasize the importance of nursery habitat availability and quality for these species. Realistic restoration scenarios of the Seine estuary lead up to an increase in biomass and catch potential. Fishing however remains the main source of population depletion and adapting fishing mortality to MSY levels leads to substantial increases in biomass and catches. We also show how hydroclimatic conditions are susceptible to interact with these two “manageable” pressures, e. G. Overfishing increase the sensitivity to unfavorable hydroclimatic conditions. Overall, the thesis provides insights towards the understanding of the population dynamics of nursery-dependent species, and provides a substantial contribution to develop tools to evaluate the performance of spatialized management scenarios in a multi-pressures context
Le, Cuziat Joseph. "Contraintes environnementales et anthropiques influençant la répartition spatiale de l'outarde houbara Chlamydotis u. Undulata. Perspectives de conservation." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30032.
Full textThe objectives of this study was the identification and the assessment of environmental and human-induced constraints acting on the spatial distribution of a wild population of houbara bustards, an endangered flagship species of desert range-lands of North Africa. This will allow the definition of comprehensive conservation strategy for the species on its whole distribution area. This work focused on a 600 Km² study area located within semi-arid steppe-lands of the Eastern Morocco representative of North-Africa sub-sahelian environmental conditions. The study area was largely exploited by extensive pastoralism. The relevancy of the different suitable modelling techniques was assessed, relevant predictive variables were identified, environmental influences driving the spatial distribution of bustards on the study area have been put into a hierarchy, and existing functional links between factors and some life history traits of the species have been put into evidence
Laplaige, Clément. "Comparaison de signaux (géophysique, LiDAR) utilisés dans l'étude des dynamiques anthropiques et naturelles." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00732379.
Full textCucherousset, Julien. "Rôle fonctionnel des milieux temporairement inondés pour l’ichtyofaune dans un écosystème sous contraintes anthropiques : approches communautaire, populationnelle et individuelle." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S139.
Full textTemporary waters, transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are key habitats for many organisms. In the present study, the use of these habitats by fish has been investigated in the Brière marsh (Northwest, France). The results demonstrate that fish a restricted use, in time and space, of these habitats by fish and the role of several environmental parameters and fish individual characteristics. Regarding three crucial species of the community, the results demonstrate that temporary waters play an important role in their population functioning, and more particularly with regards to management policies. Nevertheless, the current management tools are not sufficient to efficiently manage the fish community of this threatened ecosystem. Complementary management prospects are discussed
Hassane, Saley Abdel Kader. "Évaluation des ressources en eau de l’aquifère du Continental Intercalaire/Hamadien de la Région de Tahoua (bassin des Iullemeden, Niger) : impacts climatiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS192/document.
Full textIn the region of Tahoua (Niger), which is part of the Iullemeden basin, the deep multilayer aquifer system of the Continental Intercalaire/Hamadien (CI/H) represents an essential reserve. It is exploited for the drinking-water supply for the local population, for the extractive-industry's water use and for the watering of cattle, because of the degradation of water quality and the very low flow in shallow aquifers and Upper Cretaceous aquifers. Despite some classical hydrogeological studies, this system remains poorly known, particularly with regard to the distribution of the different water bodies and their residence/renewal times. This study, mainly based on a geochemical and isotopic approach, aims to improve knowledge on the CI/H system in order to optimize its sustainable management. Data were obtained from geological maps, and data-sheets of drilling, pumping and logging test. In addition, water samples were collected from 30 boreholes regularly distributed over the study area (114 425 km2). Some parameters (pH, t and EC) were measured in situ and the samples were sent to the GEOPS laboratory where chemical (major ions) and isotopic (stable isotopes in water, 14C, 13C) analyses were performed. From geological cross-sections, the CH layer is present above the CI layers in the southern part of the region but not in the northern part. However, piezometry is continuous over the whole region. In the northern part (above 16°N), the flow lines are directed from the CI outcrops (east) to west and in the southern part (below 16°N), from the CH outcrops (east) to south-west. Stable isotope contents of water (vs V-SMOW) range from -8 to -7 ‰ for 18O and from -59 to -48 ‰ for 2H in the northern part (CI) and from -6 to -5 ‰ for 18O and -51 to -41 ‰ for 2H in the southern part (CH), showing two different water masses. All these values are much lower than those corresponding to present-day precipitation, which does not significantly contribute to recharge. This is in agreement with the groundwater "ages" (5 to 36 ka) calculated from 14C contents (1 to 57 pmC), which are also in good agreement with piezometry. Therefore, even if the continuous piezometry of the deep aquifer system of CI/H indicates that pressures are in equilibrium between the different layers, the geochemical features show noticeable differences between the southern part, where the CH layer is present, and the northern part, where it is absent. Thus, water exchanges between the different layers are very limited. In all these layers, groundwater is old (> 5ka) and was recharged under a cooler climate than at present. Probably, it is largely inherited from Upper-Pleistocene wet periods and from the "African Humid Period" (~15-5 ka) and should be managed as a fossil resource
Laplaige, Clément. "Comparaison de signaux (géophysique, LiDAR) utilisés dans l'étude des dynamiques anthropiques et naturelles." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1002/document.
Full textThe characterization of the material reality of the landscape requires to accurately identify the physical geography and to capture the interrelationships between humans and their environment. These conditions are essential to the estimation of the origins of the landscape shaping. The analysis of documentary sources offers the opportunity to determine the organization of former landscapes and to characterize a large part of their evolutions since the Modern period. However, older land settlements are not localised or symbolised on maps. Their signs are efficiently detected in present landscape through the joint implementation of various detection methods: aerial photography, recording topographic or colorimetric variations on the soil surface, and the LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) system, measuring micro-topographic variations using a laser beam. Other methods can be used to identify the elements conserved in present landscape and reflect their past uses. The measure of physical properties of soils by the geophysical methods can detected the presence of archaeological remains or structures buried while nothing is perceptible to the soil surface. It is widely supported that survey methods can provide archaeological data of the land use and / or the exploitation of the territory. Thus, they have been applied since several at the site of the ancient city of Epomanduodurum (Mandeure-Mathay, Doubs) in the north of the Franche-Comte. This city is considered by its size, urban equipment and monuments as the second behind de civitas capital of Sequani, Vesontio (Besancon). This research intends to compare, at different spatial scales, the contribution of several prospecting methods for the study of natural and anthropogenic dynamics in an area of 80 km². The study area is centred on the ancient city and combines a section of the alluvial plain of the Doubs river and the surrounding calcareous plateaus. In this study, it was possible, among other things, to develop tools for the detection of archaeological
Maloufi, Selma. "Diversité du phytoplancton et dominance des cyanobactéries : réponse aux pressions anthropiques en milieu périurbain." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0033.
Full textThe study of phytoplankton biogeographic patterns is essential to broaden our understanding of the responses of aquatic ecosystems’ to on-going environmental changes. In this context, the work presented in this thesis aimed at evaluating the spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton communities within a region exhibiting strong environmental contrasts: he Ile-de-France region. The work presented in this thesis is organized around three main objectives : 1- to characterize at local-scale (i. E. α-diversity), among individual sites (i. E. β-diversity) and at the region-scale (i. E. γ-diversity), 2- to identify the processes and drivers involved in the distribution of phytoplankton communities through modelling approaches, 3- to evaluate the impact of the dominance of phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria on their diversity
Rambaud, Maëlle. "Impact des activités anthropiques sur la dynamique et l’état de conservation d’un habitat naturel : exemple de la chenalisation des Rivières à renoncules (UE 3260)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0024.
Full textFrance must assess the state of conservation of its natural habitats in reply to Directive Habitats. We therefore looked at the impact of pressures such as channelization, on physico-chemistry and on 3 communities (birds, plants, invertebrates) of the habitat EU 3260, or “Streams with Water Crowfoot”. 17 reaches (6 control/11 channelized) in 4 rivers, were monitored seasonally in 2006-07. Channelization led to physical changes of the habitat in several spatial scales: reach, riffle-pool sequence, and microhabitat. For the 3 communities, richness was lower in channelized reaches than in control reaches. Dominant taxa were ubiquitous and resistant. Plants was an informative community because they reacted to the 3 spatial scales. Adaptive strategies of plant taxa were more diverse in channelized reaches due to the modifications of the dynamic of the EU 3260 habitat. Our study clears tools and measurements of management to preserve the state of conservation of the habitat EU 3260
Skandrani, Zina. "Gouvernance de la biodiversité en milieux anthropiques : de l'intégration des conceptions de la nature à la considération des dynamiques socio-écologiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0011.
Full textThe present Ph. D. Thesis strives to offer theoretical stimuli for handling social conflicts on biodiversity and for governance models engaged in democratic environmental conservation and the creation of spaces for nature and non-human species, in places exclusively designed for humans until recently. The general purpose of the current work is to highlight to what extent nature conceptions might impede conservation aims and through which social-ecological processes they may arise. In particular, I intend to empirically expose how conceptions about the environment and biodiversity are actively produced and spread through the manifold interaction dynamics between nature’s human and non-human components. Further, I elucidate how the resulting spheres of meaning may unknowingly generate understanding gaps and reluctance on environmental issues, particularly when changing nature representations entail landscape redefinitions, resulting in new humanbiodiversity- environment relations and spatial ascriptions. I have illustrated these hypotheses in five articles and manuscripts addressing urban areas as a crucial place for confronting socio-environmental problems. The studies constituting the Ph. D. Thesis consider urban ecosystems as social-ecological systems made of reciprocal influence dynamics among social, political/institutional and ecological variables. In this, they take inputs from theoretical frameworks for the analysis of social-ecological systems (Ostrom 2009), resilience theory (Folke 2006), actor-network theory (Latour 1994) and the theory of social representations (Moscovici 2000). Except for one study, the research uses urban pigeons (Columba livia) as a model to analyze socioenvironmental interactions. This particular type of pigeon never existed ‘in the wild’ and always had his ‘natural habitat’ among humans (Johnston and Janiga 1995). As domesticated animals, pigeons came to be endowed with symbolic meanings (of love, peace, and fertility) based on their perceived (and desirable) traits (Jerolmack 2008). Although they were utilized by humans for domestic use, they then escaped to become feral and are thus what could be called a ‘hybrid’ (sensu Latour 1993), a product of nature and society; they may even be considered a double hybrid (Jerolmack 2007). The species is thus particularly interesting for the purpose of this work, as it is not ‘just’ a natural object with an essential meaning but a good example on which social-ecological meaning production can be investigated. 1. Biodiversity’s presence in the city precedes and conditions its problematization and is a central element from which its representations will further develop and depend. However, this presence is not fortuitous. Thus in the first manuscript entitled “Environmental tolerance in urban Birds: synanthropic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity?” my colleagues and I highlighted pigeons’ agency in settling in anthropic areas from an ecological perspective. By investigating pigeons’ environmental tolerance, we demonstrated that they take advantage of their own characteristics to the same degree as of urban features to persist in cities. 2. In the article “Nuisance species: beyond the ecological perspective” we used the concept of ‘nuisance species’ and changes in pigeons’ images to demonstrate that nature and biodiversity representations are produced out of historical processes and interspecies interactions, with multiple influence factors, agencies and issues at stake. We further showed how the evolution of these conceptions or ‘socio-natures’ (Swyngedouw 2004) is at the heart of current conflicts with urban pigeons in many cities. 3. In the manuscript “Anchoring the ‘pigeon paradox’: how public context mediates interactions with ordinary biodiversity” we highlighted, using a behavioral study, discrepancies between increasing official support for nature reconnection to strengthen people’s environmental awareness and the restrictive influence of everyday normative social contexts on human-urban nature interactions. 4. In the manuscript “Greening the city, and beyond? Similar orientations but contrasted local policies in two European capitals” we move beyond the example of urban pigeons, and evidence in a comparison between Paris and Berlin, different institutional discourses that shape nature representations, from an explicit nature restoration advertisement to an implicit definition of human-nature relations in public urban park management. We suggest that mismatched explicitimplicit discourses may thwart institutional endeavors and hinder social acceptance of conservation measures in urban settings. 5. In the concluding manuscript “Modeling an urban social ecological system: towards coexistence between people and pigeons in the city” we addressed urban pigeon management and control and provided a concrete example of mediation and integrative governance in a social conflict on urban biodiversity, built by focusing on pigeon perceptions and their social and ecological influence factors
Lavie, Emilie. "Activités anthropiques et qualité de l'eau dans l'oasis de Mendoza (Argentine) : diagnostic, enjeux et durabilité." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00416438.
Full textSerhal, Hani Maillot Henri Bernard Daniel. "Influence des pressions anthropiques sur l'évolution des concentrations en nitrates dans la nappe de la craie du Nord de la France applications au Cambrésis et au nord Audomarois /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/188.
Full textN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3778. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 140-146.
Barnagaud, Jean-Yves. "L'avifaune commune face aux changements anthropiques : comprendre les facteurs de vulnérabilité à travers la structure et les variations de la niche écologique." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677223.
Full textGiazzi, Franck. "Ressources en eau, milieux naturels et aménagement des vallées d'oued en zone endoréique sub-désertique : étude des inter-relations anthropiques et naturelles dans trois vallées du sud-ouest du massif de l'Aïr (Niger)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE19022.
Full textThe first part of our study is devoted to the water resources in the agadez region, starting with an analysis of reinfall. This is based on various annual reinfall records and statistical analysis of rainfall at the agadez station. We then turn to hydrology. The hydrology regime in the south west of the air massif is of a semi-arid type, a feature being its floods. The third part of the study was devoted to water reserves. The alluvial valley, underflow aquifers constitute the main, renewable water reserves. Comparison of three valleys reveals significant variations in the amounts stored, but overall trend is towards a fall in volume. This trend suggests that development work may be r4equired. Subsequently we considered two aspects of the environment, other than water resources, which are critical in a development-orientated approach to the valleyson the one hand the geomorphological context of the valleys by the study and the neighbouring catchment areas; on the other hand the vegetation. We have conducted a diagnostic study of the relations between man and the environment on the basis of a study of the valley populations. It is apparent from this, that there are three types of natural degradation : a reduction in water resources, the concentration of flow and damage to vegetation. In conclusion, the above-mentioned facts have served as the basis for a number of ideas concerning development options, capable of ensuring or restoring the ecological balance of the valleys
Curie, Julien. "Les travertins anthropiques, entre histoire, archéologie et environnement : étude geoarchéologique du site antique de Jebel Oust (Tunisie)." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL032/document.
Full textTravertine, known as lapis tiburtinus during Roman times, are continental limestones precipitated in calcareous environments from thermal waters of hot springs (travertine) or cool waters of karstic springs (calcareous tufa). This phenomenon is well-known during Classical Antiquity and had been described by several ancient authors (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Vitruvius) who depicted a stone that forms extremely rapidly, a stone that outlines the landscape and which is largely used for construction (e.g. The Colosseum in Roma, the Greek temple at Segesta in Sicily). These deposits are widespread on Earth’s surface showing various morphologies and are great sedimentary records of climatic and hydrologic conditions. Thus they represent valuable proxies for palaeoenvironmental studies. The notion of anthropogenic travertine takes into consideration human impact on these deposits and on travertine-depositing waters. It is documented by the study of the roman site of Jebel Oust, Tunisia, where the exploitation of a hot spring is attested from the first century A.D. to the end of Late Antiquity. The site is characterized by a temple settled around the spring’s vent associated with Roman baths located downstream and supplied with hot water via an aqueduct. Our geoarchaeological approach brings to light the anthropization of the regional geosystem expressed by an entire control over the hot spring and its associated deposits. Furthermore the study of travertines preserved in the archaeological structures reveals precious and original information about water cult and bathing practices during Antiquity (thermal rooms function, water management, repair phases, states of neglect and decay). Moreover, geoarchaeology of anthropogenic travertine intends to offer a new approach of research‘s problematic dealing with water managements and integrating human impact on travertine’s development
Serhal, Hani. "Influence des pressions anthropiques sur l'évolution des concentrations en nitrates dans la nappe de la craie du Nord de la France : applications au Cambrésis et au nord Audomarois." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Serhal.pdf.
Full textLa modélisation est basée sur des données réelles fournies par les enquêtes de terrain et les données du Recensement Général Agricole (RGA). Les communes de la zone d'étude sont classées en quatre types selon leurs pratiques culturales. A chaque type j'ai attribué une rotation culturale. La modélisation, qui a débuté en 1965, s'étend jusqu'en 2003 dans le but de mieux comprendre l'influence de la variation des pratiques culturales (rotation et fertilisation) sur la variation de la qualité de l'eau alimentant la nappe. La modélisation permet de démontrer que la mise en place du programme Ferti-Mieux a déjà, dans la plupart des cas, conduit à un abaissement significatif des concentrations en nitrates dans l'eau lessivée. Dans l'arrondissement de Cambrai, j'ai réalisé un modèle intégré permettant de modéliser la transformation et le transfert des nitrates en partant de la surface du sol jusqu'à la zone saturée. J'ai pris en compte l'impact des nitrates d'origine agricole ainsi que ceux provenant des agglomérations. Le suivi des fertilisations, l'augmentation du nombre de stations d'épurations urbaines et l'amélioration de leurs performances diminuent les apports nitratés de surface. Mais l'effet de ces améliorations sur la qualité, des eaux de la craie n'est pas partout synchrone. Les comparaisons entre les piézométries mesurées et celles calculées, ainsi que les comparaisons entre les concentrations en nitrates mesurées et celles calculées m'ont permis de caler correctement les modèles hydrodynamiques et hydrodispersifs dans la zone non-saturée et dans la zone saturée. J'ai ensuite pris des hypothèses les plus vraisemblables des intrants azotés jusqu'en 2020. Cette évolution prospective de la qualité de l'eau de la craie permet à la fin de répondre à l'un des objectifs de la DCE et aussi de permettre l'optimisation de la gestion de l'aquifère de l'arrondissement de Cambrai
Hinojos, Mendoza Guillermo. "Identification des risques de perte de biodiversité face aux pressions anthropiques et au changement climatique à l’horizon 2100 : Application de la conservation dynamique au territoire des Alpes-Maritimes." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0026/document.
Full textThe work aims at understanding how the land transformation and climatic change synergy could affect the Alpes-Maritimes biodiversity. This thesis contains four chapters. In the first chapter, the purpose is to provide the conceptual basis and the framework that support the scientific foundations of this thesis and the main conceptual definitions of the studied problematic. In the second chapter, the purpose is to study the artificialization process in the French Riviera area, its probable potential dispersion, the conditions and the factors involved in the phenomenon in order to give an intuitively understanding of the landscape transformation and their principal trend. The landscape transformation of the last 40 years has been studied with the aim of identifying the spatial transition rules that have been introduced in the cellular automata model. We present a synthesis of landscape transformation in the French Riviera up to 2050 and 2100. The resulting scenarios provide information about future urban expansion according to historic behavior and the evolutionary patterns. The results of this part show that urban surfaces could double by 2050 and triplicated by 2100 compared with 2011. In the third chapter we assess the biodiversity loss according to land use dynamic and climate change. We first defined the ecosystem diversity by the landscape units. The landscape units are composed by the different ecological factors that have had an influence on ecosystems repartition like geomorphology, soil, climate, and vegetation. Then, we studied how landscape transformation could affect the biodiversity in the future by the spatial superposition of the first and second chapter results. Next, we realized a bioclimatic calibration for the landscape units with the aim of understanding the limits of ecological tolerance to the climatic conditions and the different ecological conditions like geomorphology, soil, and aspect. The bioclimatic calibration of the landscape units has allowed the definition of climatic change impact on ecosystem biodiversity for 2050 and 2100.The synergy between climatic change impact and landscape transformation shows that almost 30% (68 ecosystem expressions) of Alpes-Maritimes biodiversity could be affected at the end of the XXIst century, and at least five ecosystems expressions could disappear for 2100 due to both forces or some of these driving forces.In the fourth chapter we propose a method that allows the integration of climatic change impacts and landscape transformation on conservation process and politic assessment. Moreover, this chapter proposes the possibility to integrate both phenomena into the ecological networks structuration, especially into “Trame verte et bleue” in France
Cazalis, Victor. "Efficacité des aires protégées : la pierre angulaire de la conservation de la biodiversité permet-elle réellement de protéger la nature ?" Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG019.
Full textHumanity’s main hope to halt the ongoing dramatic biodiversity declines is to buffer and restrict human activities from some sites, called protected areas. Despite the central role that protected areas have in biodiversity conservation strategies, there have been surprisingly few studies evaluating their practical effects in terms of avoiding biodiversity loss. Measuring the difference protected areas make is challenging, as it requires substantial datasets that enable comparing biodiversity from protected versus unprotected counterfactual sites (differing only in their protection status). In this thesis, I take advantage of extensive publicly available datasets, mainly from citizen science programs, to measure the effectiveness of protected areas. In the first chapter, I use bird data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey and show that protected areas do not increase overall species richness or abundance but that they favour specialist species. In the second chapter, I focus on tropical forests from eight biodiversity hotpots and use eBird data (a global network of bird observations) to show that protected areas mitigate declines from forest-dependent, endemic, and threatened species. I additionally show that this positive effect on birds is due to the mitigating effect that protected areas have on both forest loss and forest degradation. In the third chapter, I model the sensitivity to human pressure of all bird species breeding in the Americas and explore the ability of the protected area network to conserve the most sensitive species. I show that protected area intactness is not higher where species need it the most, leaving many high-sensitivity species with null coverage of their distribution by intact protected habitats. Finally, in the fourth chapter, I question the effects that protected areas can have on human behaviours, showing that inhabitants from municipalities that are located close to natural parks in France are more likely to adopt pro-environmental behaviours. Globally, this thesis emphasises that protected areas can be an effective tool to conserve biodiversity and highlights the need to, and the complexity of, measuring their effectiveness
Collet, Julien. "Facteurs influençant les stratégies de recherche alimentaire des oiseaux marins : une approche comportementale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS025/document.
Full textIt is essential to understand how animals make foraging decisions to acquire food in order to better anticipate their responses to environmental changes. Breeding seabirds make central-place foraging trips at sea, from their colony. The deployment of small GPS devices on them reveals that they travel for tens to thousands of kilometers, in search of prey for which very little information is known. The behavioural strategies they use to increase their chances to encounter prey, and the implications of these strategies with regards to human fishing activities remain open questions. This thesis offers to examine these questions in three chapters, through theoretical simulations, empirical analyses of foraging trips of various species and populations of seabirds, and the spatiotemporal matching of seabirds and fishing vessels movements. First, our random walk simulations indicate that straight-line phases within path are not sufficient to conclude that seabirds anticipate where to find their prey, contrary to previous conclusions proposed in the literature. However it is possible and easy to analyze biases in the directions individuals follow when they forage, to infer which sources of information they use to decide where to forage. Second, we compare individual fidelity strategies between species, populations and/or ecological contexts through the use of multivariate statistical models (GLMM). Many seabirds display individual fidelity in the direction they forage from the colony, suggesting they rely on memory. Our results show that this is also the case in different species and populations of tropical seabirds, where individuals can remain faithful to a foraging direction for several consecutive days. These results are surprising and difficult to explain as the species we studied are targeting prey whose distribution is supposedly very stochastic and ephemeral. It suggests that the use of memory might be much more widespread in foraging seabirds than anticipated, at least for decisions at large spatial scales. Finally, our analyses on the responses of albatrosses to fishing boats suggest that their responses can be modulated according to species and energetic constraints, and that encounters of fishing boats during a foraging trip have little influence on the strategy used by individuals on their next foraging trip. The attraction of albatrosses to boats might be mainly a local process (at the scale of the perception range) and may be largely opportunistic. Overall, our empirical results anchored in a solid theoretical framework suggest that seabird’s foraging cannot be summarized as encountering rare and unpredictable resources, but might imply resource selection processes after resources are encountered, and/or a decision as to rely either on memory or public information. With that regard, anthropic resources may only be one type of resources among others for seabirds. Many of the analytical tools used here could be transferred to other seabirds and other central place foragers. Indeed, a wider comparative approach is necessary to understand the complex variations in behavioural plasticity observed here, and their consequences regarding future environmental changes
Paran, Frédéric. "Représentations territoriales pour la gestion équilibrée d'un patrimoine écologique et anthropique dans le domaine de l'eau." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00364286.
Full textLa négociation territoriale nécessite de considérer de manière attentive des acteurs faibles, des acteurs absents et des valeurs morales pour une décision à la fois respectueuse des hommes et des écosystèmes. La méthodologie proposée est testée sur un site d'application situé dans la Plaine du Forez (Loire, France), secteur rural et agricole en bordure du fleuve Loire, où cohabitent un industriel du granulat et une association de protection de la nature. Ce site, qui a subi de nombreuses modifications et altérations d'origine anthropique (exploitation de granulats, agriculture intensive, endiguement du fleuve, barrage hydroélectrique), fut aussi pionnier en matière d'aménagement à vocation écologique d'anciennes gravières.
L'application proposée se focalise sur la nappe phréatique de la zone et aborde le territoire en 3 dimensions. Une dimension physique prise en charge par un modèle mathématique aux différences finies d'écoulement souterrain. Une dimension biologique qui combine analyses physico-chimiques et indicateurs biologiques (invertébrés souterrains et macrophytes des gravières). Une dimension humaine qui est explorée à l'aide d'un modèle d'inspiration sociologique appelé l'acteur en 4 dimensions. Les résultats de ces 3 études spécifiques permettent d'une part d'améliorer la connaissance de la ressource en eau du territoire, notamment l'aquifère, et d'autre part d'obtenir des représentations territoriales validées et complémentaires (cartes issues de SIG). Il s'agit d'améliorer et de compléter les représentations physiques du territoire à l'aide des représentations biologiques et réciproquement. L'étude sociologique permet de connaître les représentations territoriales les plus adaptées en fonction des acteurs. Au final, ces représentations, une fois converties en argumentaires spatiaux adaptés, sont mobilisables en tant qu'outils d'aide à la négociation/médiation territoriales, par exemple, pour le choix du site d'implantation et l'aménagement d'une gravière en milieu alluvial.
Au final, ce travail a permis de mettre en oeuvre une plate-forme pédagogique informatisée qui permet de tester l'argumentation spatiale et de simuler un processus de négociation en incluant jeu de rôles (acteurs, médiateurs), outils d'aide à la négociation/médiation et représentations territoriales. La négociation simulée vise à choisir l'emplacement et le mode de réhabilitation/réaffectation d'une gravière en milieu alluvial selon un processus participatif. La simulation propose ainsi un partage des connaissances acquises dans ce travail, ainsi qu'un déroulement permettant aux apprenants (joueurs) de se familiariser avec des outils d'aide à la négociation et les processus de négociations multi-acteurs. Cette simulation a permis de tester les argumentaires spatiaux développés dans le cadre de ce travail.
Auguères, Anne-Sophie. "Régulation biotique des cycles biogéochimiques globaux : une approche théorique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30290/document.
Full textAnthropogenic activities heavily impact global biogeochemical cycles, mainly through nutrient fertilisation of ecosystems; thus it is crucial to assess the extent to which global biogeochemical cycles are regulated. Autotrophs can regulate nutrient pools locally through resource consumption, but most resources are inaccessible to them at global scales. We used theoretical models to assess how organisms respond nutrient fertilisation at global scales and how they can regulate the concentration of these nutrients when their accessibility of is limited. We further investigated the mechanisms driving the regulation of Redfield ratios in oceans, and the effects of nutrient fertilisation on total oceanic primary production. We showed that organisms cannot efficiently regulate nutrient pools. Mechanisms such as coupling of nutrient cycles and competition between functional groups can alter the strength of biotic regulation of global biogeochemical cycles, either positively or negatively. An inefficient regulation of inaccessible nutrient concentration, however, does not exclude a strong biotic regulation of nutrient ratios, as is the case with Redfield ratios in oceans. Nutrient fertilization of oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems is thus likely to have a strong impact on primary production and global nutrient cycles at both small and long timescales
Delavenne, Juliette. "Conservation des habitats marins soumis à des usages multiples : méthodes, objectifs et contraintes pour l'optimisation d'un réseau d'Aires Marines Protégées en Manche Orientale." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871864.
Full textCollet, Lila. "Capacité à satisfaire la demande en eau sous contraintes climatique et anthropique un bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20129/document.
Full textAssessing water supply capacity is crucial to meet with managers' needs, especially in the Mediterranean, one of the most vulnerable regions considering available water resources and where water demand has been increasing. The Hérault River catchment (2,500 km2, France) is a typical example of these issues as runoff strongly decreased since 1960. In this context, dynamics of water resource and demand evolution were analyzed over the past period. Then an integrated framework was developed over the last 50 years, combining a hydrological and a dam management model, water demand estimation for the domestic and agricultural sectors through a historical water use database reconstitution. This framework assessed the frequency evolution of years when water demand could not be fully supplied at the portion scale. From 1961 to 2010, the unsatisfactory year frequency decreased in upstream portions due to farmland abandonment and renovation of irrigation networks. In the downstream portion where human pressures are the highest, the decrease in runoff and increase in water demand led to a fall of water supply capacity. Runs of the modelling framework at the 2050 horizon showed that the impacts of climate variability and water uses could be equivalent, but should affect different portions. Moreover, if mean annual temperature projections (+1.2°C) are confirmed, water demand mitigation scenarios would not be able to improve water supply capacity
Delaval, Marguerite. "Impacts des perturbations d'origine anthropique sur les peuplements de chauves-souris en Guyane française." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066386.
Full textBoussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
Tissier, Grégory. "Ressource et gestion intégrée des eaux karstiques de montagne : analyse des impacts du changement climatique et de l'anthropisation des bassins versants." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808614.
Full textLecerf, Rémi Hubert-Moy Laurence Dubreuil Vincent. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Rennes : Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099/fr.
Full textLeroy, Eve. "Proposition d'interface Science-Société pour la gestion intégrée de la ressource en eau dans un contexte de changements climatiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA011/document.
Full textWater is a vital need for Human and each society have to manage it at best to meet this basic need today and in the future.Current climatic changes and especially global warming strongly impact hydrosystems and economical activities of mountainous areas, forcing these territories to adapt to these new conditions. Socio-economic development choices have also a great importance in water shortages occurrence. In this thesis a model coupling representations of water resources and and socio-economic activities was built.It allows to explore both climate change impacts and socio-economic choices impacts on water resources availability in a mountain territories at different time scales. All combinations of climate change and socio economic choices scenarios are testable.The Megève ski resort station in France was used to develop and apply the hydro-anthropic model. The latter must contribute, as a decision support tool, to climate change adaptation policies developpement. Therefore, the tricky question of knowledge transfer between Science and Society is addressed in this thesis. The scientific model developped was introduced in Serious-Games as an interface proposal. Through the C3-Alps projet which financed this thesis, others knowledge tranfers for climate change adapation in the Alps were also addressed
Yavari, Ahmad. "Allocation des ressources naturelles renouvelables et le développement rural dans les milieux montagnards de l'Iran : exemple de modalités du développement rural et la dégradation des ressources naturelles végétales de l'Alborz central." Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10277.
Full textLecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Full textMassounie, Guy. "Peuplements et paysages aux confins occidentaux du territoire des Arvernes de la protohistoire au moyen âge." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20005/document.
Full textThe opening of the window of study of Combrailles provides new insights into the power and the wealth of the city of Arvernes.The occupacy of the territory is continuous from the Protohistory to the Middle Ages, with a great development at the time of the Roman Empire.The layout of two major ways is established : the density of population along their path proves the role they played.The settlement of the habitat (including those of the elites) on the whole territory shows the economic complementarity between rural areas and the cities.The density of mining spaces and the exploitation of gold during the Gallic period certainly contribute to the richness of Arvernes
Nassica, Catherine. "Aménagement de la zone littorale européenne et ses problèmes environnementaux : pour une nouvelle typologie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040230.
Full textThis work tries to demonstrate, on the time scale, that the littoral is a domain of multiple appropriations by the human societies. It is made up of three stages: the definition of the « coast » entity, the water consideration in the management and the negative human influences. It considers the coast as a lifelike organism and an interface between land and sea worlds. It uses the multistage and geometrical approach to apprehend the morphological heterogeneity, the biological diversity and the spatial dimension. It quantifies and qualifies to characterize the natural phenomenon and the induced events by human beings and to announce the importance of the water, which has to be considered into a respectful management of the coastal environment. It analyzes and synthesizes the data from four selected sites, it brings out the specificities and the environmental problems and looking for a steady state by an enhancement of endogenous dynamics. It describes the diachronic relationship of man with this environment of transition and the awareness subsequent of the scientific community on the future of the coastal areas, face to new climatic conditions. The aim of this thesis is to prove the optimized use of « coast » resource and to valorize its plural potentialities for a sustainable development, where the management is the keystone of a new model, the bio-spatial-temporal (BST) organization. This holistic approach introduces the adaptive politics and the collective consciousness, for an evolutionary management and for a moralization of coast and of 6th continent use
Bozon, Nathalie. "Répartition et dynamique des boisements feuillus post-agricoles : analyse structurale de formations à frene, érable et merisier dans les Alpes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10113.
Full textLavaud, Jacques. "Ressources et populations, réflexions sur la notion de." Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00740816.
Full text