Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ressources en eau – Télédétection'
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Scantland, Sylvie. "La télédétection et les ressources en eau : analyse du transfert de technologie." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7615.
Full textOlivera, Guerra Luis Enrique. "Suivi des ressources en eau des cultures irriguées par télédétection multi-spectrales optique/thermique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30324.
Full textIrrigated agriculture is an important pressure on water resources, consuming more than 70% of the mobilized freshwater resources at global scale. However, the information on irrigation, which is crucial for the sustainability of water resources in agricultural regions, is often unavailable. Therefore, monitoring and quantifying the crop water budget over extended areas is critical. This PhD thesis aims to integrate optical/thermal remote sensing data into a simplified crop water balance model for monitoring the water budget of irrigated agricultural areas. For this purpose, an innovative and stepwise approach is developed to estimate simultaneously the irrigation, the evapotranspiration (ET) and the root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) at crop field scale (100 m resolution) on a daily basis. In a first step, a feasibility study is carried out using in situ optical/thermal measurements collected over a winter wheat field of the Haouz plain, Morocco. A crop water stress coefficient (Ks) derived from the land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation index (NDVI) is first translated into RZSM diagnostic estimates, which is then used to estimate irrigation amounts and dates along the season. Next, the retrieved irrigations allow forcing the dual crop coefficient FAO-56 model (FAO- 2Kc) to re-analyze the daily ET and RZSM. The re-analyzed RZSM is significantly improved with respect to RZSM diagnostic estimates, reaching the same accuracy as that obtained by using actual irrigations (RMSE = 0.03 m3m-3 and R2 = 0.7). However, the approach needs to be tested using satellite data in order to demonstrate its real applicability. The next step consists in adapting the previous approach to spatially integrated but temporally sparse Landsat NDVI/LST data. For this purpose, a contextual method is first used to derive Landsat-derived estimates (crop coefficients and RZSM), which are used to re-initialize a FAO-based model and propagate this information daily throughout the season. Then, the retrieved pixel-scale irrigations are aggregated to the crop field-scale. The approach is applied to three agricultural areas (12 km by 12 km) in the semi-arid region of Haouz Plain, and validated over five winter wheat fields with different irrigation techniques (drip-, flood- and no-irrigation). The results show that the seasonal irrigation amounts over all the sites and seasons is accurately estimated (RMSE = 44 mm and R = 0.95), regardless of the irrigation techniques. Acceptable errors (RMSE = 27 mm and R = 0.52) are obtained for irrigations cumulated over 15 days, but poor agreements at daily to weekly scales are found in terms of irrigation. However, the daily RZSM and ET are accurately estimated using the retrieved irrigation and are very close to those estimated using actual irrigations (overall RMSE equal to 0.04 m3m-3 and 0.83 mm.d-1 for RZSM and ET, respectively). In a final step, an operational LST disaggregation method based on NDVI/LST and Landsat/MODIS relationships is implemented for enhancing the spatio-temporal resolution of LST as input to the irrigation retrieval approach. The disaggregation method is tested over an arid region of Chile and our study area in the Haouz Plain. Combining both disaggregated LST and Landsat LST data sets, thanks to the increase in the temporal frequency of LST data, results in a better detection of irrigation events and amounts. The overall RMSE of cumulated irrigation at different time scales is decreased from 46 to 34 mm, while the R is increased from 0.50 to 0.64. Consistently, the RZSM estimated using the disaggregated LST in addition to Landsat LST as input is improved by 26% and 14% in terms of RMSE and R, respectively
Gao, Qi. "Estimation des ressources en eau sur les surfaces continentales par télédétection micro-onde multi-capteurs." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30137.
Full textThe estimation of the water resources of the continental surfaces at a regional and global scale is fundamental for good water resources management. This estimation covers a wide range of topics and fields, including the characterisation of soils and water resources at the basin scale, hydrological modelling and flood prediction and mapping. In this context, the characterisation of the states of the continental surface, to obtain better input parameters for hydrological models, is essential to improve the precision in the simulation of flows, droughts, and floods. The estimation of the water content in the system, including the different water bodies and the free water in the soil, is especially necessary for a precise description of the hydrological processes and, in general, of the water cycle on the continental surfaces. To better characterise hydrological processes, human interventions cannot be neglected. Humans influence the water cycle, mainly through irrigation and the construction of reservoirs, which must be correctly quantified. The objective of the thesis is the improvement of the remote estimation of water resources, including the quantification of human factors, using several sensors recently launched, taking advantage of recent developments in remote sensing technology. With the arrival of the Sentinel constellations (Sentinel-1, 2, 3), we have better tools to estimate water resources, including human impacts, with greater precision and coverage. This thesis consists mainly of two parts where human interventions in the water cycle are considered: irrigation cartography (as an application of soil moisture), and the forcing of reservoirs in hydrological simulations (as an application of altimetry). Firstly, soil moisture is estimated from the statistical analysis of Sentinel-1 SAR data. Two methodologies are developed to obtain soil moisture with a spatial resolution of 100 m based on the interpretation of Sentinel-1 data collected with the VV polarization (vertical-vertical), which is combined with optical data of Sentinel-2 for the analysis of the effects of vegetation. Secondly, irrigation is mapped under various meteorological conditions, including high spatial and temporal resolution
Malbéteau, Yoann. "Suivi des ressources en eau par une approche combinant la télédétection multi-capteur et la modélisation phénoménologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30193/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to improve the spatio-temporal resolution of surface water fluxes at the land surface-atmosphere interface based on appropriate models that rely on readily available multi-sensor remote sensing data. This work has been set up to further develop (disaggregation, assimilation, energy balance modeling) approaches related to soil moisture monitoring in order to optimize water management over semi-arid areas. Currently, the near surface soil moisture data sets available at global scale have a spatial resolution that is too coarse for hydrological applications. Especially, the near surface soil moisture retrieved from passive microwave observations such as AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS) and SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) data have a spatial resolution of about 60 km and 40 km, respectively. In this context, the downscaling algorithm "DISaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale Change" (or DisPATCh) has been developed. The near surface soil moisture variability is estimate within a low resolution pixel at the targeted 1 km resolution based on an evapotranspiration model using LST (Land surface temperature) and NDVI (vegetation index) derived from MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. Within a first step, DisPATCh is applied to SMOS and AMSR-E soil moisture products over the Murrumbidgee river catchment in Southeastern Australia and is evaluated during a one-year period. It is found that the downscaling efficiency is lower in winter than during the hotter months when DisPATCh performance is optimal. However, the temporal resolution of DisPATCh data is limited by the gaps in MODIS images due to cloud cover, and by the temporal resolution of passive microwave observations (global coverage every 3 days for SMOS). The second step proposes an approach to overcome these limitations by assimilating the 1 km resolution DisPATCh data into a simple dynamic soil model forced by reanalysis meteorological data including precipitation. The original approach combines a variational scheme for root-zone soil moisture analysis and a sequential approach for the update of surface soil moisture. The performance is assessed using ground measurements of soil moisture in the Tensift-Haouz region in Morocco and the Yanco area in Australia during 2014. It is found that the downscaling/assimilation scheme is an efficient approach to estimate the dynamics of the 1 km resolution surface soil moisture at daily time scale, even when coarse scale and inaccurate meteorological data including rainfall are used. The third step presents a physically-based method to correct LST data for topographic effects in order to offer the opportunity for applying DisPATCh over mountainous areas. The approach is tested using ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer) and Landsat data over a 6 km by 6 km steep-sided area in the Moroccan Atlas. It is found that the strong correlations between LST and illumination over rugged terrain before correction are greatly reduced at ~100 m resolution after the topographic correction. Such a correction method could potentially be used as a proxy of the surface water status over mountainous terrain. This thesis opens the path for developing new remote sensing-based methods in order to retrieve water inputs -including both precipitation and irrigation- at high spatial resolution for water management
Shaban, Amin. "Etude de l'hydrogéologie du Liban occidental : utilisation de la télédétection." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12722.
Full textThe occidental part of Lebanon is an interesting region for studying water resources because it includes all elements of the water cycle. In order to make a compregensive assessment of water resources in such a large area (around 5000 km2), conventional methods alone woukd not be enough. However, the use of remote sensing together w ith those methods would be appreciated. This study treats water resources through delineating the whole water cycle. In this concer, remote sensing technique is used as a supplementary tool for data generation and extraction whenever applicable. In addition to the known methods of study including field survey, map interpretation, and water analysis and measurements, a variety of satellite images, with different resolutions, optical characteristics and of different time intervals are used; Thn, the extracted data from remote sensing and the phydical data are manipulated together int he Geographic Information System (GIS). Thus, a number of thematic maps, with detailed description and explanation is produced
Shamlou, Gholan. "Photogrammétrie et télédétection dans le domaine de l'aménagement du territoire en Iran : problème de l'eau." Paris 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010538.
Full textDewaele, Hélène. "Intégration de données satellitaires dans le modèle ISBA pour le suivi des céréales à paille pluviales et l'estimation de la réserve utile en eau du sol." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30203/document.
Full textClimate, soils and water resources are essential factors of agricultural production and affect the availability of world food resources. The need to quantify, assess and predict pressures on water resources and agricultural resources in the context of climate change is a major issue. To answer these questions, numerical models of the processes at stake over continental surfaces are developed. They simulate many natural processes such as the water cycle, the carbon cycle, vegetation growth and senescence, and the fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface. These powerful tools are widely used by the scientific community but present many uncertainties in the representation of the various biophysical processes taken into account and in the estimation of the parameters that drive them. The lack of observation data for key hydrological cycle variables or key vegetation variables of large spatial and temporal scales is a major obstacle to the validation of these models. The general objective of this thesis is to evaluate how the integration of satellite data available over the last thirty years in a generic model of continental surfaces allows a better representation of agricultural droughts at different spatial scales. The ISBA-A-gs model developed by CNRM is used. It represents the interannual variability of plant biomass in relation to soil water resources. Previous studies have shown that simulations of the soil-plant system under water stress conditions are very sensitive to the value of the soil maximum available water content, and that the representation by this type of model of the interannual variability of cereal straw is difficult. A model calibration / validation methodology based on the integration of Leaf Area Index (LAI) satellite time series observed at 1 km resolution in ISBA-A-gs was developed. The objective is to estimate the soil maximum available water content for non-irrigated straw cereal crops. The satellite LAI is first disaggregated for straw cereals. The validation of this methodology is based on a comparison of the simulated above-ground biomass with observed agricultural yields. A simple method of inverse modeling by minimizing a cost function is compared with a more complex method: sequential data assimilation. The latter allows optimal combinations of the LAI time series observed and simulated by ISBA-A-gs to provide an analysis of LAI, above-ground biomass, and soil moisture. The assimilation is based on the LDAS-Monde chain developed by CNRM. It gives more realistic results than inverse modeling in terms of simulated biomass and of soil maximum available water content. The representation of the negative impact of droughts and very wet years on yields is improved by this method. It is found that the soil maximum available water content retrieved on the French cereal areas correlates with the maximum annual values ??of satellite LAI (LAImax). A simple linear regression model can be used to estimate the soil maximum available water content directly from LAImax . The mapping of the soil maximum available water content as derived from LAImax is compared with the one millionth map of INRA over France. The possibility of using this method at a local scale is evaluated, as well as its extension to other agricultural areas in Eurasia and North America
Shamambo, Daniel Chiyeka. "Assimilation de données satellitaires pour le suivi des ressources en eau dans la zone Euro-Méditerranée." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30143.
Full textMore accurate estimates of land surface conditions are important for enhancing our ability to understand, monitor, and predict key variables of the terrestrial water cycle in various parts of the globe. In particular, the Mediterranean area is frequently characterized by a marked impact of the soil water deficit on vegetation growth. The latest IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) simulations indicate that occurrence of droughts and warm spells in the Euro-Mediterranean region are likely to increase. It is therefore crucial to improve the ways of understanding, observing and simulating the dynamics of the land surface processes in the Euro-Mediterranean region. Land surface models (LSMs) have been developed for the purpose of representing the land surface processes at various spatial scales. They are usually forced by hourly gridded atmospheric variables such as air temperature, air humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, and are used to simulate land surface states and fluxes. While LSMs can provide a continuous monitoring of land surface conditions, they still show discrepancies due to forcing and parameter errors, missing processes and inadequate model physics for particular areas or seasons. It is also possible to observe the land surface conditions from space. The modelling of land surface variables can be improved through the dynamical integration of these observations into LSMs. Remote sensing observations are particularly useful in this context because they are able to address global and continental scales. Low frequency microwave remote sensing has advantages because it can provide regular observations in all-weather conditions and at either daytime or night-time. A number of satellite-derived products relevant to the hydrological and vegetation cycles are already available from C-band radars such as the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) or Sentinel-1. Assimilating these data into LSMs permits their integration in the process representation in a consistent way. The results obtained from assimilating satellites products provide land surface variables estimates that are generally superior to the model estimates or satellite observations alone. The main objective of this thesis was to improve the representation of land surface variables linked to the terrestrial water and carbon cycles in the ISBA LSM through the assimilation of ASCAT backscatter (sigma°) observations. An observation operator capable of representing the ASCAT sigma° from the ISBA simulated variables was developed. A version of the water cloud model (WCM) was successfully implemented over the Euro-Mediterranean area. The simulated values were compared with those observed from space. A more detailed quantification of the influence of various factors on the signal was made over southwestern France. Focusing on the Klaus storm event in the Landes forest, it was shown that the WCM was able to represent abrupt changes in vegetation biomass. It was also found that the WCM had shortcomings over karstic areas and over wheat croplands. It was shown that the latter was related to a discrepancy between the seasonal cycle of microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD) and leaf area index (LAI). Finally, the direct assimilation of ASCAT sigma° observations was assessed over southwestern France
Ruelland, Denis. "Méthodes d’intégration de l’information géographique dans la modélisation des hydrosystèmes." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20180.
Full textTo meet the needs for water resources management, hydrological sciences ought to develop tools able to forecast the effects of constraints (climate, land-use, water policy) on hydrological variables (discharge, water quality). As water management is necessarily performed at the level of regional catchments, these tools need to be developed at such scales, while taking into account explicitly the spatial distribution and the temporal variability of involved phenomena. The question is investigated through the synthesis of experiments in river systems modelling. These experiences make it possible to suggest methods and techniques for integrating geographical information and leading to their consistent use in hydrological terms. Examples of applications in various geographical contexts and on different levels of scales are put forward: (i) modelling of the transfer of point and diffuse pollutions in a large man-shaped basin in a temperate environment (basin of the Seine River, France); (ii) modelling of the transfer of agricultural pollutions in a rural basin in a temperate environment (basin of the Moine River, France); (iii) modelling of the rainfall-runoff relationship in a large Sudano-Sahelian catchment (basin of the Bani River, Mali). These experiments are followed by reflections on specificities of such approaches, the requirements of their implementation and the changes of paradigms which they can involve in hydrological research
Colin, Jérôme. "Apport de la télédétection optique à la définition d'indicateurs de performance pour l'utilisation de l'eau en agriculture." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/COLIN_Jerome_2006.pdf.
Full textIn this work, we define a new methodology that allows calculating actual evaporation from high resolution remote sensing images to assess the performance of irrigation in cultivated areas. This approach is based on the SEBI concept, visible to near and thermal infrared remote sensing images to derive geometric and radiometric surface properties, and atmospheric boundary layer variables that allow estimating turbulent flux at regional scale. The main advances are: i) the new MSSEBS model allowing to map evaporative fraction and actual evaporation at a high spatial resolution and on a regional extent ; ii) a new methodology to calculate the available energy for turbulent flux (Rn-G0) from the diurnal shape of the ratio of global over net radiation, allowing to calculate actual and potential diurnal evaporation for each pixel; iii) scenarios, sensitivity analysis and information content analysis providing quantitative information on the uncertainty of MSSEBS at field and sub-field scale
Gramond, Delphine. "Dynamique de l'occupation du sol et variation des usages de l'eau en Anatolie centrale (Turquie) au cours du XXe siècle : recherches méthodologiques basées sur l'analyse diachronique de données satellitaires et statistiques." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040225.
Full textThis work proposes to highlight and to characterize - through spatial and statistical data - the recent changes in the Turkish rural landscapes of the Beyêehir and Konya basins, located at the center of the high plateaus of Southerner Central Anatolia. Using remote sensing tools and techniques, the methodology of diachronical analysis applied to a series of satellite images and field information, allowed understanding the landscape at various scales and quantifying and qualifying the spatial changes. Sensitivity of agricultural plains to different natural (dryness, endoréism, etc. ) and human (irrigation, etc. ) factors dominating the current patterns were further highlighted through an analysis of hydrological dynamics and variation of resource management praticies. Due to large climatic variations, the hydrological natural balance of the central Anatolian closed basins had always been uncertain. From the beginning of the XXth century, human pressures on resources gradually increased, and further accelerated since 1960's, causing major mutations of land uses and important changes in social structures. The objective of this thesis is to interpret the landscape changes of the central Anatolian agricultural plains and the pace of their transformations during the last decades
Leblanc, Marc. "Gestion des ressources en eau des grands bassins semi-arides à l'aide de la télédétection et des SIG : application à l'étude du bassin du lac Tchad, Afrique." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2260.
Full textBenhadj, Iskander. "Observation spatiale de l'irrigation d'agrosystèmes semi-arides et Gestion durable de la ressource en eau en plaine de Marrakech." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00431127.
Full textSrijantr, Pongsant. "Appui méthodologique à l'application d'une politique agricole : utilisation de la télédétection pour caractériser les sols en vue de la gestion des ressources en eau de la plaine centrale de Thai͏̈lande (Kamphaengsaen, province de Nakhon Pathom)." Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30046.
Full textThe objective of the present research is to find out the methodological image processings of raws data landsat thematic mapper in order to determine the soil characteristics in the central plain of thailand for water resources management prospective, and on behalf of testing the avantage of remote sensing in the framework of agricultural policy. The landsat tm image acquired during the end of dry season (08 april 1991) in the central region. The numerical data of six bands landsat tm were processed without the band tm6 and without the sampling of test areas by the principal component factors analysis (pca) for study the soil moisture behaviors. The classification of surface stages had been carried out by the stepwish discriminant analysis with the seven bands of landsat tm numerical raws data in order to classify the bare soils in particular of the soil textures and the soil moisture stages. The results of image processings were displayed in the form of classified images. It is possible to process the pca direct so as to obtain the first three linear components of a pca which explained more than 95 % of variance. The result images of the third component permitted to elaborate the soil moisture index. We can classify the various surface stages related the agro-ecological landscapes and corresponding with the spectral graphics of radiometric reflectance values of the training areas. The obtained map of surface stages show : kinds of crops cultivation, soil moisture stages, stages of crops growing, kinds of soil textures and different water surfaces. The classified images and the obtained maps may be used to determine the suitable areas of rice production, and to mark off the hydromorphic soils with high moisture retension. These images and informations can contribute a improvement soil maps, a water resources management, a soil management and provided a better orientation and organization of new agricultural policy of thai government
Ogilvie, Andrew. "Caractérisation des ressources et usages de multiples hydro-sociosystèmes : les retenues collinaires du bassin du Merguellil (Tunisie centrale)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS092/document.
Full textSmall reservoirs and other water and soil conservation techniques have become increasingly widespread across semi-arid regions, due to their ability to reduce transportation of eroded soil and harvest scarce and unreliable rainfall for local users. Revealing diverse but often limited levels of agricultural water use, the reasons behind these were explored based on assessments of water availability, practices and associated drivers upscaled across 50 small reservoirs in the Upper Merguellil catchment (Central Tunisia). MNDWI on 546 treated Landsat images over 1999-2014 were used in combination with extensive field data to develop and validate water availability assessments for all reservoirs. An Ensemble Kalman Filter approach was used to combine remotely sensed surface area with a GR4J-water balance model and notably reduce runoff uncertainties arising from highly variable and localised rainfall intensities. These notably reduced mean annual availability RMSE to the order of 10 000 m3 on lakes where initial capacities vary between 20 000 m3 and over 1 000 000 m3, and identified the potential of each lake to support agriculture during the dry season.In parallel, rapid surveys, quantitative questionnaires and semi directed interviews were used to identify water uses and socio economic and institutional drivers influencing the smallholder livelihoods around these reservoirs. Using multi-stage samples of farmers allowed to progressively narrow and refine the analysis which were then upscaled based on typologies of lakes. Results confirmed withdrawals remained limited and focussed essentially on the occasional watering of fruit trees. On a handful of lakes, water resources were a limiting factor but rarely a sufficient factor to explain the heterogeneous water uses observed around reservoirs. Most farmers were not equipped with the suitable capabilities to increase their withdrawals as a result of problems over pumps, water access and conflicts, compounded through limited and short term government assistance. Individual successes were observed as a result of farmers possessing adequate economic resilience and/or means to secure alternate water supplies during dry spells. Faced with limited available storage capacities and prolonged droughts, small reservoirs must in this climatic context retain their supplementary irrigation focus and not strive to support widespread intensification of practices
Coudert, Benoit. "Apport des mesures de température de surface par télédétection infrarouge thermique pour la modélisation des échanges d'énergie et d'eau à l'interface sol végétation atmosphère." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151869.
Full textMarshall, Anaïs. "S'approprier le désert. Agriculture mondialisée et dynamiques socio-environnementales sur le piémont côtier du Pérou. Le cas des oasis de Viru et d'Ica-Villacuri." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00568044.
Full textAmazirh, Abdelhakim. "Monitoring crops water needs at high spatio-temporal resolution by synergy of optical/thermal and radar observations." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30101.
Full textOptimizing water management in agriculture is essential over semi-arid areas in order to preserve water resources which are already low and erratic due to human actions and climate change. This thesis aims to use the synergy of multispectral remote sensing observations (radar, optical and thermal data) for high spatio-temporal resolution monitoring of crops water needs. In this context, different approaches using various sensors (Landsat-7/8, Sentinel-1 and MODIS) have been developed to provide information on the crop Soil Moisture (SM) and water stress at a spatio-temporal scale relevant to irrigation management. This work fits well the REC "Root zone soil moisture Estimates at the daily and agricultural parcel scales for Crop irrigation management and water use impact: a multi-sensor remote sensing approach" (http://rec.isardsat.com/) project objectives, which aim to estimate the Root Zone Soil Moisture (RZSM) for optimizing the management of irrigation water. Innovative and promising approaches are set up to estimate evapotranspiration (ET), RZSM, land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation water stress through SM indices derived from multispectral observations with high spatio-temporal resolution. The proposed methodologies rely on image-based methods, radiative transfer modelling and water and energy balance modelling and are applied in a semi-arid climate region (central Morocco). In the frame of my PhD thesis, three axes have been investigated. In the first axis, a Landsat LST-derived RZSM index is used to estimate the ET over wheat parcels and bare soil. The ET modelling estimation is explored using a modified Penman-Monteith equation obtained by introducing a simple empirical relationship between surface resistance (rc) and a RZSM index. The later is estimated from Landsat-derived land surface temperature (LST) combined with the LST endmembers (in wet and dry conditions) simulated by a surface energy balance model driven by meteorological forcing and Landsat-derived fractional vegetation cover. The investigated method is calibrated and validated over two wheat parcels located in the same area near Marrakech City in Morocco. In the next axis, a method to retrieve near surface (0-5 cm) SM at high spatial and temporal resolution is developed from a synergy between radar (Sentinel-1) and thermal (Landsat) data and by using a soil energy balance model. The developed approach is validated over bare soil agricultural fields and gives an accurate estimates of near surface SM with a root mean square difference compared to in situ SM equal to 0.03 m3 m-3. In the final axis a new method is developed to disaggregate the 1 km resolution MODIS LST at 100 m resolution by integrating the near surface SM derived from Sentinel-1 radar data and the optical-vegetation index derived from Landsat observations. The new algorithm including the S-1 backscatter as input to the disaggregation, produces more stable and robust results during the selected year. Where, 3.35 °C and 0.75 were the lowest RMSE and the highest correlation coefficient assessed using the new algorithm
Paquin, Jean. "Développement d'algorithmes pour l'analyse des séries temporelles des données de production d'eau potable." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
Find full textKardache, Ramdane. "Ressources en eau des karsts du sud-est algérien." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376146931.
Full textAlachi, Ezei Kali. "La gestion durable des ressources en eau au Niger." Limoges, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIMO1004.
Full textThe Analysis of the sustainable management of water resources in Niger area reveals that the development of its contemporary water law and strategies are influenced by western legal models and water policies. Before the domination of occidental models, customary mechanisms and traditional techniques belonging to water resources management allowed sustainable use of these last ones. They still enjoy the social legitimacy and are widely applied in rural areas through all Africa. This situation involves the phenomenon of legal pluralism, because the African States, in particular French-speaking, immortalized the western legal models, instead of conceiving strategies adapted to local realities. This paradoxical situation puts not only difficulties of management for national waters and shared basins in particular Niger River and Chad Lake, but also the challenge of the effectiveness of human right for the drinking water. Indeed, national and regional water laws, basin commissions set up after African independence do not answer the requirements of sustainable, integrated water resource management for the benefit of present and future generations. Answering these incapacities and constraints implies that cultural dimensions, local knowledge in water or environment sector have to be recognized and valued by international, regional and national actions. This perspective will facilitate the elaboration of regulations adapted to local preoccupations, the consolidation of shared water committees, and the implementation of participative strategies and contribute for the durability of actions for management of water resource in Niger area
Tomini, Agnes. "Essais en économie de l'environnement et ressources en eau." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24018.
Full textThis Ph. D. Thesis aims at analyzing major water issues underlying the scarcity of the resource. Actually, this resource insures various crucial functions supporting human life as well as our economical system. Thereby, within the scarcity context, the allocation of the resource among different users and across time is a harder ask. This fact leads us to make choice which can be guided by the economic tools. Thus, given the water challenges, this Ph. D thesis aims at bringing some answers to specific topics such that the valuation of total economic value, the risk of conflict, the population migration, the exploitation of groundwater conjointly with rainwater harvesting and the virtual water concept
Kardache, Ramdane. "Ressources en eau des karsts du Sud-Est algérien." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20173.
Full textJulien, Frédéric. "Ressources hydriques et conflits interétatiques : apports et limites d'une approche quantitative." Québec : Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23473/23473.pdf.
Full textPellegris, Michel. "Les ressources en eau du bassin du Aguasvivas (Aragon) : contribution à l'étude géographique des ressources en eau de la rive droite de l'Ebre." Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30006.
Full textThe frame of this hydro-geographic study is located in the South of Aragon region, more precisely on the right bank of the Ebre. This thesis aims at studying the continental waters, in semiarid mediterranean environment, so as to account for the hydrological deficiency. The purpose is to get familiar with the hydrological systems in this northern area of the iberic mountain range, through the example of the aguasvivas catchment, witch is the most deficient of the region. The research of climatic analysis, morphological, hydrogeological, and hydrological concepts, allows us to understand how the basin works, and to assess the resources that are available. The estimation of the resources is presented to understand and to bring solutions to the problem of the water supplies, and in particular the traditional regadio (irrigated agriculture). The hydrogeographic contrast between the iberic range and the Ebre central depresion is an important point to explain. A thorough land study allows us to illustrate human and natural phenomena related to the water resources thanks to many photographs and graphics. The regional aspect in natural and human matters in Aragon is displayed on the bases of recent publications by spanish geografers, so as to expose the problem raised by this subject on a small scale. The central part of the demonstration hinges around the detailed analysis of harshness of the local climate, the understanding of the hydrological part of morpho-structural systems in semiarid conditions, and the hydric resources quantification. Indeed we wish to propose an anlytic approach which could be adapted to the other iberic catchments. The spanish vocabulary is used as much as possible in order to replace the study in its original context
Sohnle, Jochen. "Le droit international des ressources en eau douce : solidarité contre souveraineté." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR30009.
Full textConflicts on freshwater resources will increase in the 21st century. Such conflicts, based on claims of absolute State sovereignty, can be prevented and controlled by international law. For this purpose, this thesis presents the concept of solidarity which can be realised in two ways : by a broad internationalization of the object of international freshwater resources law and by sharing competences between the subjects of this law. A tendency for spatial expansion of the object is becoming manifest. Starting from the international rivers, current international law deals with larger approaches, such as the riverbasin or the transnational hydrographical system. These approaches can be extended to the management of the hydrosphere which ignores borders and includes internationalized spaces. Legal freshwater management, initially limited to quantitative and qualitative aspects, has to integrate issues such as economic development, international security and theoretical aspects of international law. The sovereignty of a State is limited by other subjects of international law. Obligations between States are becoming more concrete, especially thanks to the recent conventions on the law of the uses of international watercourses. Inter-, para- and infra-State bodies dispossess States of a part of their sovereignty. A paradigrn change results from the emergence of competences of individuals, their groups and humankind
Stéphanie, Singla. "Prévisibilité des ressources en eau à l'échelle saisonnière en France." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798280.
Full textGutierrez, Alexis. "Évaluation des ressources en eau souterraine de l'île de Malte /." Orléans : Éd. BRGM, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36162765m.
Full textDerradji, El-Fadel. "La région d'Ain Temouchent (Algérie) : ressources en eau et aménagement." Nancy 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN21031.
Full textGutierrez, Alexis. "Evaluation des ressources en eau souterraine de l'ile de malte." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066140.
Full textSingla, Stéphanie. "Prévisibilité des ressources en eau à l'échelle saisonnière en France." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/8928/1/singla.pdf.
Full textHa, Minh Cuong. "Evolution de l'humidité des sols et analyse de l'altimétrie fluviale par GNSS-R." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30201/document.
Full textWater is an integral part of life on our planet and it plays an important role in climatic changes. Water resources research is, therefore, very important for the climate communities to not only closely monitor the regional and global water supply budget, but to also understand changes in frequency of occurrence and strength of individual weather events. This is especially true for extreme weather events, which have great societal and economic impacts. Whether we will have more or more intense tropical storms, mega-snow events, or dust-bowls in the near or far future climate. This is one of the key focus areas of climate research. The aim of my PhD work is to provide some answers to assess the impact of future climate change threats on water resources. And we are trying to find the adaptive tools needed for sustainable water resources management. In an effort to optimize water resource management, it is crucial to improve soil moisture situation awareness. With the advent of remote sensing, soil moisture is systematically monitored at the global scale but at the expense of the temporal and/or spatial resolution. Recent studies suggested to take advantage of continuously emitted waves by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations, to retrieve soil moisture. This opportunistic remote sensing technique, known as GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R), consists in comparing the interference of reflected waves by the ground and those which come directly from satellites. In my thesis, I focused on GNSS-R technique base on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) recorded by conventional GNSS receiver with single antenna to retrieve soil moisture variations. Previous studies show the efficiency of this methodology for clay soil and I demonstrate for the first time, it's efficiency for sandy soil using Unwrapping phase method. This method that I propose has been successfully applied to determine local soil moisture variations of : (1) 100% of sand in Volleyball playground (Toulouse, France); and (2) >85% of sand in the Sahelian critical zone of Dahra (Senegal). In addition, accurate and continuous measurement of river water levels is an important element in water resource management, to obtain an ongoing estimate of the river's flow around the world. The accuracy of GNSS-R technique for river altimetry is useful for detection of extreme hydrological events and to show the competition between continental and oceanic water near coastal area. The two methods, Least Square and "Larson" methods, has been successfully applied to determine local variations in Vietnam of: (1) the Red river (21°02'44.04"N, 105°51'48.86"E) to identify flood events and morphological changes associated to the hydrological events (tropical storm) in 2016; and (2) the Mekong river delta (9°31'38.63"N, 106°12'2.01"E) where continental water interacts with oceanic water. My work shows that GNSS-R is a powerful alternative and a significant complement to the current measurement techniques for managing water resource by establishing a link between the different temporal and spatial resolutions currently achieved by conventional tools (in-situ sensors, remote sensing radar, etc.). This technique has a great advantage based on already-developed and sustainable GNSS satellites networks and can be applied to any GNSS geodetic station. Therefore, by installing a processing chain of the SNR acquisitions, we are able to monitor various environmental parameters i.e. height river, local slope of water surface, flooded areas, soil moisture variations and even vegetation/plant height
Fournier, Patrick. "Eaux claires, eaux troubles dans le Comtat venaissin : XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles : imaginaire, technique et politique dans un État de l'Europe méridionale /." Perpignan : Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37080132w.
Full textLeroy, Maya. "Gestion stratégique des écosystèmes du fleuve Sénégal : actions et inactions publiques internationales /." [Paris] : l'Harmattan, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40957747b.
Full textChikhr, Saïdi Fatiha. "L'eau à Alger : ressources, distribution, consommation. Etude de géographie urbaine." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20049.
Full textThe recent period of dryness in maghreb (1981-1986) attracted the attention on the rarety of water. Indispensable element to life, water is a factor limitating a country's development. So, algiers like many other mediterranean cities, is submitted to physical natural constraints characterized by interseasonal and interannual climatic variations (600 mm annual precipitations) which have consequences upon exploitable resources and, therefore, water distribution of the 2 millions citizens. The algiers's growth increases its water needs and the result is an inadequacy between the supply and demand. The water shortage, in the past arusing out, became structural. The research is divided in 3 parts. The first part (105 p) concerns the mobilization of the water resources and the distribution, the administration of the drinkable water. The absence of local water resources makes algiers a dependant zone for its supplying water of its hinterland and of the border areas. The second part (119 p), by using the available statistics, analyses the water consumption in algiers and the problem of competition for the use of water in the region. The theme of unequal distribution of water in the urban space is also treated, a theme which is more widely analysed in the third part (84 p). The survey of the consumption habits of water is realized from an inquiry upon 93 women living in 3 different parts of algiers (hydra, belfort, casbah). The purpose of this survey is to show how the households absorb water in their daily life, the consequences of water rationing and the fundamental role of women in the daily administration of water
Gerber, Fanny. "Estimation du contenu en eau de la végétation par télédétection hyperspectrale dans le infrarouge." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0006.
Full textBlanchon, David. "L'espace hydraulique sud-africain : le partage des eaux /." Paris : Karthala, 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb420019741.
Full textBibliogr. p. 265-290.
Gaonac'h, Arnaud. "Contribution a l'etude de la nature juridique de l'eau." Paris : Johanet, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37703343c.
Full textAllain-El, Mansouri Béatrice. "L'eau et la ville au Maroc : Rabat-Salé et sa périphérie /." Paris ; Montréal (Québec) ; Budapest [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37711626b.
Full textOuld, Ahmed Mahmoud Ould Ragel Ahmed. "Problèmes de gestion de l'eau en Mauritanie." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5447.
Full textComte, Eloïse. "Pollution agricole des ressources en eau : approches couplées hydrogéologique et économique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS029/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to water ressources pollution control. We especially focus on the impact of agricultural fertilizer on water quality, by combining economical and hydrogeological modeling. We define, on one hand, the spatio-temporal objective, taking into account the trade off between fertilizer use and the cleaning costs. On an other hand, we describe the pollutant transport in the underground (3D in space) by a nonlinear system coupling a parabolic partial differential equation (reaction-advection-dispersion) with an elliptic one in a bounded domain. We prove the global existence of the solution of the optimal control problem. The uniqueness is proved by asymptotic analysis for the effective problem taking into account the low concentration fertilizer. We define the optimal necessary conditions and the adjoint problem associated to the model. Some analytical results are provided and illustrated. We extend these results within the framework of game theory, where several players are involved, and we prove the existence of a Nash equilibrium. Finally, this work is illustrated by numerical results (2D in space), produced by coupling a Mixed Finite Element scheme with a nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm
MAMOU, AHMED. "Caracteristiques, evaluation et gestion des ressources en eau du sud-tunisien." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112380.
Full textHandschumacher, Pascal. "Gestion de l'eau et santé des jeunes enfants à Niakhar (Sénégal) une approche géographique en milieu rural soudano-sahélien /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605794p.
Full textBassisty, Elisabeth. "Apport de l'imagerie spatiale haute résolution (spot xs, landsat tm) à l'observation et au suivi des ressources naturelles renouvelables en zone steppique aride (sud-algérois)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30108.
Full textTrinh, Bich-Thuy. "Diversification des ressources du réseau d’eau non potable parisien : contribution à une gestion durable des ressources en eau." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1219/document.
Full textAt the scale of a city, a sustainable water management raises questions about the links between uses and resources: what water quality is needed for what purpose? The Parisian context is a favourable ground for conducting such type of reflection thanks to the existence of a non-potable water network (RENP) dating from the late nineteenth century. The network is currently supplied by summarily filtrated water from the Seine river (20%) and the canal de l’Ourcql (80%). It is mainly used for municipal purposes: Parisian streets and sewers cleaning, water supply of artificial lakes and green areas watering. An alternative model of water management at Parisian scale is today possible thanks to the decision of the City of Paris in March 2012 to maintain and rehabilitate its RENP. This decision has been confirmed by the approval by the Council of Paris in September 2015 of the master plan of the RENP and its uses (“Schéma directeur des usages et du réseau d’eau non potable de Paris”) for the period of 2015-2020. The public company Eau de Paris, responsible for the water service in Paris, is mandated to implement the decisions and orientations of the master plan. In the context of pressure reduction on natural resources, one potential evolution of the RENP management is its resources diversification. The considered potential resources are mine water, treated wastewater, rain water and swimming pool water. The research raises the following question: How and under what conditions can the RENP supply be sustainably managed on the Parisian territory? In order to answer this question, one first carries out a description of the current situation, then one identifies the potential resources and the associated risen questions. Two approaches are proposed afterwards. The first approach involves the definition of several choices of RENP resource repartition, called scenarii. These scenarii are assessed and compared through performance indicators. The second approach consists of the characterization of the actors’ positions regarding the RENP resource diversification. The characterization of the positions is achieved through conducting semi-structured interviews. Results of both approaches are finally discussed.The results of the research will enable to re-examine the question of the relationship between the water uses and the required water quality. It will highlight the brakes and levers for the valorization of alternative resources to drinking water. It will enrich the reflections on the status of drinking water in the context of sustainable water management
Garcier, Romain Bravard Jean-Paul. "La pollution industrielle de la Moselle française naissance, développement et gestion d'un problème environnemental, 1850-2000 /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2005. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr:8080/sdx/theses/lyon2/2005/garcier_r.
Full textCaiserman, Arnaud. "Adapter les stratégies agricoles aux évolutions socio-économiques et climatiques en milieu méditerranéen : comparaison de l'usage de l'eau et des choix de plantes des agriculteurs dans la plaine de la Békaa (Liban) et de Marvdasht (Iran)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3009.
Full textAccording to Köppen’s climate map, the semi-arid Mediterranean climate covers several countries in this region, including Lebanon and Iran. In order to regionalize the understanding of the water challenge of this region, two agricultural plains with similar characteristics were selected as study areas: the Bekaa plain in Lebanon and the Marvdahst plain in Iran. The Marvdasht plain is slightly drier and through climate change, the Bekaa plain will look like the present climate conditions of Marvdasht before 2100. It is therefore necessary to grasp the agricultural practices in the Marvdasht plain in order to imagine how Bekaa agriculture will look like in the future. Farmers must adapt their strategies to the local climate that is characterized by strong uncertainties (interannual variability of rainfall or frequent droughts) but also to economic uncertainties (prices’ variability). Despite (geo)political differences, some farmers in the Bekaa and Marvdasht have chosen strong water demanding crops, compared to the local renewable water resources. However, these crops are profitable on the market. In total, the water balances for the years under consideration are negative: in Marvdasht, farmers pumped 0,25 km3 of groundwater to meet the total irrigation needs, but the groundwater recharge was only 0,09 km3 in that year. In the Bekaa, this balance is also negative, but to a lesser extent: 0,15 km3 were pumped for a recharge of 0,1 km3. In both cases, irrigation needs are therefore higher than renewable water. They have therefore promoted market adaptation rather than sustainable resource management. Thus, the reasons for crop choices were closely analysed through field surveys and certain remote sensing methods to generate crop maps. The net irrigation requirements of crops are also estimated through remote sensing. Indeed, water needs determine whether or not farmers promote climate change adaptation strategies with relevant crop choices. This regional imbalance at the expense of resources stems from the productivism in the early 1950s. This paradigm is rooted on farm’s profitability and a more ambitious political objective, food self-sufficiency, especially in Iran. This causes an overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation and thus a lowering of groundwater by several tens of meters since the 1980s. Some alternatives consist of growing plants with high added value and modest water requirements: saffron, canola, quinoa and cannabis (in Lebanon). We have highlighted these alternative crops since their cultivation on large areas could save millions of water cubic meters each year. Still not widely cultivated, these plants need incentive markets to attract the interest of agricultural stakeholders. This operational part thus analyses the reasons for this lukewarm success in order to find incentive markets. Such local markets would strengthen a more sustainable agricultural policy than restrictive measures on water management that farmers always manage to circumvent
Lahlou, Abdelilah. "L'Eau dans l'agglomération de Fès (Maroc) : ressources, usages, pollutions." Toulouse 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU20035.
Full textThe richness of water resource in sais, materialised by the important aquifers and representing the flow drained by the hydrographic network of fez river, has made of fez a city of urban tradition. For a long time, water has always been a determining factor for the economic and social life of the inhabitants who have always known how to conserve the means permiting for a better domestication of this water. However, this ancient exploitation of water has been subject for a very important rise in function of the evolution of needs. This influences considerably the sensibility of the resource vis-a-vis human interventions. The succession of these dynamics, rythmed by the climatic changes, is an essential and decisive element that permits to appreciate in quantitative and qualitative terms, the present situation of water. In fact, the needs of drinking water are not satisfied mainly because of the bad use of water in diverse activities. This is accentuated by the degradation of the surface resources whose role is presently limited to the drain off of polluted waste-waters (produced by 260 factories and 550000 inhabitants) without any preliminary treatment as well as the carrying of about 180 tons day of garbage. The problems of water in the urban district of fez are examined in the light of specific constraints with respect to eac
Bordonneau, Marie-Agnès. "Regard juridique sur la double nature de l'eau." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX32063.
Full textThe subject of this research is water; more precisely the water intended for a particular use: provisioning of the public. How to provide to the public water of good quality and under conditions economically, socially and ecologically acceptable? This interrogation is the discussion thread which guides us throughout this study. And the answer which we try to bring is that it is necessary to include/understand, respect and integrate in any regulation applying to it, the double nature of water. Water has, in addition to its obvious environmental value, a social value, a medical value but also an economic value. The UE directive of October 23rd 2000 affirms with force in its very first article: “Water is not a product like the others but an inheritance which is necessary to protect, defend and treat like such”. This formulation synthesizes perfectly the double nature of water. It reminds us that water has an undeniable economic nature - a commercial product- while underlining the specificity of this good- this is not a product like the others because it is also a common inheritance -specificity which justifies a particularly protective status in order to preserve this vital resource for mankind. These are these two aspects of which we will treat respectively in the two parts of this study: water : a vital resource / water: an economic value. The water provision, the economic issues of the services of water, will then be considered like indissociable of a policy of protection of the resource, only capable to guaranty a perennial provisioning and a water of quality
Narcy, Jean-Baptiste. "Pour une gestion spatiale de l'eau : comment sortir du tuyau ? /." Bruxelles ; Bern ; Berlin [etc.] : P.I.E.-Peter Lang, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392537281.
Full textBibliogr. p. 337-342.