Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ressources marines'
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Roulette, Loïc. "Le statut des ressources minières marines françaises : pour un rattachement au patrimoine commun de la nation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0776.
Full textFrance has the second largest maritime area in the world and a real expertise in the off-shore sector. It is therefore doubly concerned by the potential of mineral resources contained in the seabed. According to several studies, maritime areas under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of France would contain many mineral deposits. These contain resources known as oil but also potential resources such as rare earth metals needed for advanced technologies. These resources are undoubtedly one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. Their exploitation nevertheless gives rise to economic and environmental claims: the local populations mean to benefit from the gains resulting from this exploitation; the environment will have to be preserved by the off-shore operators. The Mining Code cannot meet these challenges. The status of marine mineral resources must therefore be adapted to these new challenges. The thesis argues, in a word, for their attachment to the common heritage of the Nation. Indeed, the transtemporal and transpatial aspects of the notion of the common heritage of the Nation make it possible to respond to local demands as well as to the environmental issue (Part I). In addition, an integration of marine mineral resources into the common heritage of the Nation would not be contrary to the Law of the Sea (Part II). On the other hand, the special status of certain overseas territories should be taken into account (Part III)
Willemez, Alix. "Exploitation durable des ressources énergétiques et minérales marines : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D016/document.
Full textThe exploitation of terrestrial energy and mineral resources is limited by the rapid increase of the world's population. It was only after the Second World War that States realised that they had to control the ocean in order to extract its resources. 1982 marks the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The maritime are: was then divided into zones, over which coastal States most often had rights. This division allowed for a better exploitation of maritime resources. In the territorial sea, for example, States could set up electricity production systems from renewable sources. Further, in the exclusive economic zone, States could allow the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. Finally, on the continental shelf, the evolution of technology will soon allow us to exploit marine mineral resources. The central question is whether it is possible to exploit these resources in a sustainable way without destroying the marine environment. The protection of the environment cannot exist without a strong and applied legislation. It must be a bulwark against the actions of companies or States that have little regard for the long-term impact of their actions. The ocean, immense, with invisible and mysterious bottoms, is vulnerable. Its protection can only take place when the general public, States and companies understand its importance for the survival of Humanity. It is the duty of the men and women of law to render this protection effective
Guilloux, Bleuenn. "Les ressources génétiques marines, la Recherche & Développement et le droit." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT4033.
Full textAdvances in Research & Development reveal the immense diversity and potential of Marine Genetic Resources. Under International Law, no specific regime exists pertaining to these complex and paradoxical objects of Use. The Convention on the Law of the Sea sets up a framework partially unsuitable to this new category of resources. The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol cover only those within national spaces. Patents allow the holder to exercise a monopoly on a plethora of biotechnological creations with extensive claims, questioning the common nature of Biodiversity and Knowledge. They interfere with research and Biodiversity Law goals. Legal and practical rules of physical and functional access are geometrically variable. These rules focus on the economic valorization of Research, crystallizing conflicts of interests between providers and users. Sustainable Research & Development is essential for marine Biodiversity Knowledge and Protection. The legal characterization of Marine Genetic Resources as Commons, standardized contractual tools, distributed Research & Development infrastructures, the negotiation of an international agreement on the Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Marine Biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, could lift these inconsistencies
Archambault, Benoît. "Modélisation du cycle de vie des ressources marines exploitées : une approche intégrée pour quantifier les effets relatifs des différentes pressions anthropiques et environnementales." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARH094.
Full textMarine fish populations are subject to various environmental and anthropic pressures, from fishing mortality to habitat degradation and global change, that impact populations at different stages of their life cycle. Improving our knowledge of the different ecological processes and a fair assessment of consequences of the environmental and anthropic pressures associated with each life history stage is required to help the sustainable management of fish populations. In the case of nursery-dependant species, hydroclimatic conditions influence the survival and the dispersal of eggs then larvae. The quality and the availabilty of nursery grounds further impact juvenile survival, determining the carrying capacity of these essential habitats and in fine the maximum size of the population. Last, fishing activities target mostly adults. This thesis ultimately aims at investigating the functioning of these nursery-dependant species through a life cycle modeling approach that integrates the different pressures in their spatial dimensions along the life cycle. The methods largely rely on hierarchical Bayesian models, which are well adapted to integrate complex ecological models within a statistical approach, accounting for various sources of information (prior knowledge and data) together with the different sources of uncertainty in the process and the observations. The first part of the thesis analyzes the relationship between the spawning biomass and the recruitment success for flatfish (Pleuronectiforms), known to concentrate in restricted nursery grounds during the juvenile stage. We propose a modeling approach which integrates two successives phases in the recruitment process: a density-independent phase corresponding to the pelagic eggs and larval stages followed by a benthic juvenile phase, where density-dependent processes occur. Using a metanalytical approach (39 populations for 12 flatfish species) centered on the analysis of the variance of this relation, we show that (i) flatfish display a lower interannual variance in the recruitment success compared to other exploited orders of marine fishes, (ii) the variance of recruitment success decreases with increasing stock level, which is consistent with the hypothesis of density-dependent process during the juvenile phase of the life cycle. In the second part of the thesis, we rely on results from the the first stage (plus expert knowledge and existing work) to develop a life cycle model for the Eastern Channel common sole which accounts for both the stage-specific pressures described previously and the spatial functioning of the population at the successives stages. The population displays a consistent spatial segregation between pool of individuals along the whole life cycle, due to the combination of (i) moderate pelagic diffusivity and larval retention, (ii) juvenile containment in nurseries, and (iii) limited adults’ movements. We compared two contrasted hypotheses about the spatial structure of the population. The first hypothesis considers that after the juvenile phase characterized by spatial segregation on specific nurseries, the adult population forms one single homogeneous pool in the Eastern Channel. This is the hypothesis used buy the ICES stock assessment Working Group. The second hypothesis considers that the spatial segregation persists after the juvenile phase, within three adults sub-components. Althought it is not possible to quantify the relative likelihood of those different hypotheses, we emphasize how changing from one hypothesis to the other impacts estimation of key population dynamics parameters. Considering these three sub-components with isolated dynamics emphasizes the importance of spatialized management scenarios. Finally, in the third part of the thesis, we rely on the model developed previously to simulate realistic scenarios on the different pressures (i. E. Hydroclimate, habitat, fishing) in order to quantify their respective and/or combined effects (e. G. Climate and fishing pressure). Results emphasize the importance of nursery habitat availability and quality for these species. Realistic restoration scenarios of the Seine estuary lead up to an increase in biomass and catch potential. Fishing however remains the main source of population depletion and adapting fishing mortality to MSY levels leads to substantial increases in biomass and catches. We also show how hydroclimatic conditions are susceptible to interact with these two “manageable” pressures, e. G. Overfishing increase the sensitivity to unfavorable hydroclimatic conditions. Overall, the thesis provides insights towards the understanding of the population dynamics of nursery-dependent species, and provides a substantial contribution to develop tools to evaluate the performance of spatialized management scenarios in a multi-pressures context
Diop, Bassirou Masseck. "Economie écologique des ressources marines : Le cas de la pêcherie crevettière guyanaise." Thesis, Guyane, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016YANE0007/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to understand the economic behavior of fisheries and to propose resource management policies. The focus was mainly on the French Guiana shrimp fishery. First an initial analysis will be performed on a historical data basis. Initial findings have showed that this fishery was characterized by a strong decrease in its stock, its effort, its production and lead to the closure of some companies. The results have helped also to understand that the production in this fishery is highly dependent on stock and the decrease of the stock is not related to overfishing. Indeed, despite a considerable decline in fishing effort and production, the stock continued to slump suggesting that other factors may be involved. In particular the fishing zone is characterized by an Amazonian environment with significant mangrove and many rivers. The integration of mangrove in the analysis, which shows a decrease in its surface in the 90s did not explain the collapse of the stock. However, the integration of other factors such as rivers and sea surface temperatures have increased understanding of stock depletion in this sector. The French Guiana shrimp fishery is highly influenced by global change, notably increasing in temperature. Moreover, the last chapter suggests that some endogenous phenomena in the fishery, like the congestion effects between fishing vessels, make the whole fishery more sensitive to technology, exogenous economic or biological shocks, amplifying their impact on the optimal business decisions regarding fishing effort. In order to save the French Guiana shrimp fishery, it appears therefore crucial to try to limit the sources of climate change instead of deeply modifying economic practices in this sector, which may lead to misunderstandings by fishermen and local political conflicts
Le, Bras Yves. "L’éléphant de mer austral, bio-échantillonneur de la distribution des ressources marines." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS036/document.
Full textBecause of the remoteness and harsh meteorological conditions of the southern ocean, data sampling is more costly in this area. Use of electronic devices attached to marine predators (Bio-logging), such as southern elephant seals, has emerged as an interesting approach to cope with this problem. Female southern elephant seals primarily feed on small bioluminescent meso-pelagic fishes called myctophids. Because of their large abundance and of their diel vertical migration behaviour, these organisms have a major ecological importance in the southern ocean. However, the spatial distribution of the elephant seals prey, as well as the bio-physical processes affecting the dynamics of this distribution, are still poorly known. This thesis intends to investigate this issue using high sampling frequency bio-logging data collected by female southern elephant seals. This work is based on the analysis of elephant seals diving behaviour in relation to changes in the occurrence of prey encounter events detected from acceleration data. Our results suggest that (1) prey abundance decreases with depth and that their distribution tend to standardize, (2) prey are distributed into layers, (3) vertical constraints could modulate the prey density by acting on the vertical spread of these layers, (4) prey items are well dispersed in comparison to the perception range of elephant seals, and finally (5) that meso-scale eddies, notably their edges, play a structuring role in the prey distribution during the austral summer
Maneschy, Maria Cristina. "Pecheurs du littoral nord du bresil : systemes techniques et sociaux d'exploitation des ressources marines." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20064.
Full textDescription and analysis of the technical and social systems of coastal fishermen from northern brazil. Amazonian small scale fisheries have expanded after the seventies, with the developpement of regional road system. However the small scale fishermen have never controled commercialization process. Nowadays most of them can not obtain the new technical means of fishing. Field data from sao caetano de odivelas, one of the most important production areas, show the several difficulties fishermen have to face in the new economic and social environment. They had to put in practices particular forms of social organization, in order to have acces to the instruments, to adapt to seasonal variations, and to improve their technics, specially through the associations between the fishermen themselves and with the middlemen
Chambon, Danielle. "Les aires marines protégées en droit international et en droit comparé." Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE0014.
Full textGondeaux, Evelyne. "Elaboration d'une stratégie d'analyse des activités halieutiques des flottilles artisanales côtières : approche méthodologique appliquée au cas du MOR-BRAZ." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22076.
Full textLe, Hardy Magali. "Que reste-t-il de la liberté de la pêche en haute mer ? : essai sur le régime juridique de l'exploitation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer /." Paris : Pédone, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38854673q.
Full textNotice réd. d'après la couv. Bibliogr. p. 389-414. Webliogr. p. 414-415.
Pottier, Antony. "Méthodes décentralisées d'allocation des ressources dans le canal d'interférence acoustique sous-marin." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IMTA0095/document.
Full textUnderwater acoustic waves are used by many systems and biologic organisms to communicate, navigate or infer information about the environment. Future developments of human maritime activities imply an increase of the number of active acoustic sources in the oceans. The underwater environment is therefore shared by many heterogeneous sources (sonars, modems, marine mammals, ...) competing involuntarily for using the physical resources offered by the communication channel.The goal of this thesis is to provide solutions allowing autonomous and decentralized adaptation of the transmission strategies of underwater acoustic communication systems, according to the environment. To some extent, this work deals with topics that are closely related to what has motivated the first researches on cognitive radio systems. However, the specific properties of the underwater environment, the heterogeneity of interfering acoustic sources, and the absence of communication standards rise new difficulties
Sadio, Oumar. "Evaluation de l'efficacité des Aires Marines Protégées comme outil de restauration des ressources marines et de gestion des stocks halieutiques : l'expérience ouest africaine." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0090/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as restoration tools of marine resources and fish stocks management in tropical West Africa. The study involves three MPAs. The first one is the Bamboung MPA, a marine reserve located in estuarine areas (with marine influence), closed to fishing since 2004. The second is the Urok Islands MPA established in 2005 and located in the biosphere Reserve of Bijagos archipelago in the coastal part of Guinea-Bissau. It is divided into three areas and fishing is allowed there with a fishing pressure becoming stronger from the central area to peripheral area. The third MPA is the Banc d‟Arguin National Marine Park located along the coast of Mauritania. It was created in 1976 and fishing activities are restricted. Many AMP were evaluated worldwide and the results are in the main part positive. In tropical zones, the variability of environmental parameters affects the spatial and temporal organization of fish assemblage. Therefore, the MPA establishment in a tropical zone has raised questions about their effectiveness inrelation to the influence of environmental parameters. According to the AMP, spatial or temporal approach will be used to answer questions. Comparison analysis will be used. The analysis of biological data comes after those of the physicochemical parameters that show strong seasonal variability in each MPA. This result justifies the choice of seasonal analysis of biological data in order to minimize the influence of environmental variations.Regarding the Bamboung MPA, the results of global approach clearly confirm that it is an effective tool for restoring marine resources. The seasonal approach shows this role in cold season, but not in hot and wet seasons. In 9 years of protection, the Bamboung MPA contributed to attract big fish in the Bamboung bolon. The spillover effect in Bamboung MPA is not clearly demonstrated according to our results. A downward trend of biological indicators according to the distance to the MPA has been observed especially in hot season and wet season. Similarly, the analysis of indicators related to reproduction does not show that the Bamboung MPA improve fish reproduction. Regarding Urok Islands MPA and Banc d’Arguin National marine Park, the results do not confirm that these AMP are fish stock management tools (improved yields of fishing activities and fish reproduction). However, for Urok islands MPA the observed trends suggest a biomass concentration in the central area, an equilibrium role played by the intermediate area and a role of fish biomass provider of the peripheral area. For Banc d’Arguin National Marine Parc, the inside area seems to contribute to the enrichment of the external area by transferring fish biomass. Non-specific results could be explained by the small data collected in the MPAs. So the idea to conduct a short-term biological monitoring and to analyze reproduction indicators in population level has been considered for the three MPA to find clear results on their role in the management of fish stocks
Dagher-Pineri, Nesrine. "La Cour internationale de justice et le droit international de la mer : l'accès aux ressources marines biologiques, la gestion et la conservation des ressources." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32043.
Full textNoiville, Christine. "Les régimes juridiques des ressources génétiques marines : contribution à la notion d'intégration des objectifs écologiques aux objectifs économiques." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOA001.
Full textAbeidna, Mohamed. "Les ressources biologiques de la mer et le développement en Mauritanie." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE0030.
Full textMariat-Roy, Émilie. "Si les quotas m'étaient contés : les conséquences économiques et sociales des politiques islandaises de gestion des ressources marines : ethnologie de communautés littorales." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0483.
Full textMy doctoral research brings together diverse aspects -social, economic, political and symbolic - of the transformations in the system of property ownership and regulation of access to marine resources following the implementation in 1991 of individual transferable quotas (ITQ). With a view to gaining a comprehensive understanding of the organization of a system of halieutic production, as well as the conditions determining its evolution, I seek to ientify an occupational group across a wide geographical and temporal extent. The aim is to capture, on the one hand, the diversity and fullness of meaning of meaning which fishing as both an idustry and way of life embodies whilst, on the other, to chart its transformation across the past, present and envisaged future fromboth a material and an ideal perspective. With these gols in mind, I consider, firstly, the historical development of the fishing industry in order to shed lighton the process through which marine resources came to be considered as national property, one which involves a comples nexus of interrelated technical, social and economic factors. Secondly, I carry out a comparative analysis of the practices and discourses structuring the forms of mobilization as well as the individual and collective strategies of the coastal populations of seven fishing ports in response to national policies for the management of marine resources. Within this framework, I give detailed consideration to the manner in which the industry's independent fishermen, the flourishing of whom had gone hand in hand with that of commercial fishing, attempt to counteract the effects of national reforms, observing the conditions, forms and consequences of such attempts on both local and national level. This analysis seeks to give due emphasis to the individualization process of fishing and fish processing practices variations in fishing practices which varies from one region to the next, as well as on making sense of the evolution of juridical practices for the regulation of the industry in the wake of the implementation of the ITQ. I bring to light, furthermore, the fashion in which the process of the privatization and commercialization of fishing rights, initiated by public authorities and subsequently pursued by diverse members of the industry, contradicts the principals embodied in fishing laws, a contradiction the significance of which cannot be overlooked
Lescroël, Amélie. "Stratégies d'exploitation des ressources marines par des prédateurs plongeurs : Approche comparée entre colonies et implications évolutives." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LESCROEL_Amelie_2005.pdf.
Full textAn individual’s foraging strategy is a key trait of his life-history. We studied the variations of foraging behaviour, morphology and reproductive traits in coastal seabird populations facing the spatial variation of their food resources at a microgeographical scale. Using the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and the Kerguelen shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) as study models, we showed that the prey distribution, abundance and type could lead to the emergence of specific foraging strategies. In both species, the variation of foraging strategies is closely linked to large body size and body mass variations. Our results suggest that trophic factors may lead to selection pressures strong enough to drive the morphological differentiation of populations at a very small spatial scale (20 to 55 km)
Bried, Joël. "Déterminisme de la fidélité au site et au conjoint chez les oiseaux dépendant des ressources marines." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10182.
Full textHobson, Brent A. "New solutions for old problems?, Canadian naval support of sovereignty 1971-2000." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0019/MQ49366.pdf.
Full textLaurent, Luc. "Une Approche de biologie de la conservation appliquée à la population de tortue marine caretta caretta de Méditerranée." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066143.
Full textOuld, Mohamed Vall Mohamed. "Etude de la dynamique des systèmes d'exploitation et de l'écobiologie de la reproduction de trois Mugilidés : Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), Liza aurata (Perugia, 1892) et Mugil capurii (Risso,1810) : analyse de leurs stratégies d'occupations des secteurs littoraux mauritaniens et de leurs possibilités d'aménagement." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE4116.
Full textBost, Charles-André. "Variation spatio-temporelle des ressources marines et stratégies adaptatives des oiseaux côtiers : le cas du manchot papou (Pygoscelis papua)." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112201.
Full textRaffin, Coralie. "Bases biologiques et écologiques de la conservation du milieu marin en mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2020.
Full textThis study allows an approach to management and protection of the marine environment of the Iroise Sea which is based on biological and ecological knowledge gained for the whole area. This work forms part of the national and international concern for biodiversity conservation by the acquisition and synthesis of scientific knowledge and their restitution with the other interested parties of conservation management. The biological richness of this marine area is attested by the presence of flagship-species, but the benthic environment has remained largely ignored. This study provides data which complete knowledge on the sedimentology of the Iroise's bottoms and allows the specification of the sedimentary cover and its space and seasonal variability. A broad range of sediment types is represented, with a basic importance of cobbles and gravels and the organization of the sediments in superimposed layers, inducing a high habitat complexity ; moreover, space variability masks seasonal variability. Following this, the study of the benthic fauna of the soft sediment bottoms allows the definition of the habitats and communities of the marine environment of Iroise, with six main units of communities of species, each comprising several facets, of which some have great ecological and patrimonial values. The importance of the frontal zone and its influence on the benthic communities are highlighted. An analyse of the use of space and resources in the Iroise Sea is outlined, as well as an assessment concerning the biodiversity and the current state of international reflections on marine protected areas. The final synthesis identifies the interests of the habitats and communities of Iroise and the potential anthropogenic threats in the short and medium term. The priorities and solutions for the conservation of this marine environment are discussed and a multiple-use zoning plan is proposed within the context of the future National Marine Park of the Iroise Sea
Céa, Benjamin. "Rôle de la température et des ressources nutritives dans le contrôle des activités des bactéries marines hétérotrophes : approches in situ et expérimentales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4095/document.
Full textIn this work, in situ and experimental approaches have been carried out in Marseilles' Bay. Simultaneous measurements of bacterial production (BP), bacterial respiration (BR), alkaline phosphatase activity (phos) and protease activity (prot) have been performed. Kinetic temperatures (12-32°C) of these 4 activities have been also conducted. The results demonstrate that i) the optimum temperature and Q10 values vary seasonally, ii) BGE value does not necessarily decrease with increasing temperature and iii) whatever the in situ conditions, the bacterial assemblage has a in situ temperature BGE value close to its optimal temperature. Enrichments experiments in PO4 and glucose incubated at in situ temperature and in situ temperature + 3°C allow to observe that the synergistic nature of the interaction between temperature and resources. The assumption of a scenario assuming that BP, prot and phos changes during a temperature change suggests that prot:BP and phos:BP ratios decrease with a warming and increase with a cooling. Finally, these experiments show that temperature and PO4 availability are the main factors controlling heterotrophic activities. The study on OM availability and associated timing (pulsed or continuous) conducted during 4 seasonal cultures demonstrates that at different seasons and according to the delivery mode of OM, BA, BP and BR are varying significantly. However, the BA, BP and the BR does not show significant differences between the tanks with pulse OM addition and continuous OM addition suggesting that predominant bacterial communities are insensitive to the nature of nutritional disturbance whereas bacterial activities are highly dependent
Claudet, Joachim. "Aires marines protégées et récifs artificiels : méthodes d'évaluation, protocoles expérimentaux et indicateurs." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0736.
Full textMarine Protected Areas’ (MPAs) and Artificial Reef’s (ARs) management requires complex assessment and monitoring programmes, dealing with different sources of variability. We studied and developed experimental designs and analysis methods suited for the establishment of a monitoring of MPAs and ARs. This methodology is developed from existing data sets in the Northwestern Mediterranean. We build multi-criteria indicators allowing a statistically testable diagnosis of the impact of MPAs and ARs on reef fish assemblages. Using ecological performance indicators permits to monitor and to give an image of the assessed system to managers. It was possible to show the global response of the fish assemblages to the protection by a MPA. This response was evidenced by increases in abundance, species richness or diversity, gradually through space, time and among various taxonomic groups or fish individual sizes. Large fishes reacted faster to protection and shallow habitats were more sensitive to the existence of a MPA. Our results can be useful for the implementation of new MPAs or for the immersions of ARs and for the development of their management plans. Key-words : Marines Protected Areas, Artificial Reefs, Impact Assessment, Temperate Fish, Indicators, Multivariate, Habitat, Monitoring, Statistical Power, Northwestern Mediterranean, Management
Bour, William. "Biologie, écologie, exploitation et gestion rationnelle des trocas (Trochus niloticus L. ) de Nouvelle Calédonie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20022.
Full textSene, Idrissa. "Le réglement des différends relatifs à l'appropriation des espaces et des ressources maritimes." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010294.
Full textThis thesis deals with the settlement of international disputes relating to the appropriation of marin areas and resources. Thus, are treated on the one hand the problem of the existence of compulsory procedures for the settlement of this kind of disputes, and on the other hand the problem of the determination of applicalbe rule. The main scopes of this thesis are : a)- concerning the appropriation of marin areas (territorial sea, contiguous zone exclusive economique zone, continental shelf). - disputes relating to the delimitation of marin areas between to the delimitation of marin areas between states with adjacent or opposite coasts. - disputes relating to the fixation of the outer limits of marin areas under national jurisdiction. B)- concerning the appropriation of the marin resources. - disputes relating to the deep seabed hard mineral resources:. The problem of overlapping claims on minesite areas,. The problem of disputes relating to the exploration and exploitation of the deep seabed mineral resources : - disputes relatin to fishery resources
Ndoye, Ngoné. "Les accords de pêche : manifestation de la volonté des "Etats" d'une gestion équilibrée des ressources halieutiques ? : l'exemple des accords de pêche conclus entre la Communauté européenne et le Sénégal." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT3006.
Full textMensah, Tchotcho Séenam. "Le régime juridique des pêches maritimes dans les Etats riverains membres du comité des pêches de l'atlantique centre-est (COPACE)." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE0014.
Full textShortly after the december 1982 signature of the montego-bay convention about the law of the sea, the hope of developing national marine fisheries appears along with the consecration of the notion of exclusive economic zone. Therefore, it seems advisable to analyse the dispositions taken by the states (chiefly concerning development) to ensure inshore fisheries national exploitation. Starting from the national legislations about fisheries, this study tries to analyse whath has been done and what will have to be done in the cecaf region in order to give a real impulsion to the developing of fisheries. The appreciation of the national policies concerning development and the attempts to reorganize the fishing sector is elaborated according to an institutional approach : either the state on one side has the power to manage fisheries with efficiency; or on both sides, the management of marine fisheries expresses a new solidarity at the international and regional level. The national strategies will be evaluated the later on; but they already show that african governments want to make rational halieutic exploitation, the new lever of their national economic development
Martínez-Rius, Beatriz. "Making the Seafloor. French Geologists, Marine Resources, and New Deep Territories (1945-1975)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS284.
Full textEarly in the 1960s, the seafloor began to emerge as a new territory, over which imaginaries of limitless natural resources, to be explored and exploited, were projected. The oil industry became a patron for marine geosciences, whereas coastal governments hastened to ground in geophysical data their sovereign claims over underwater regions. This thesis inquiries through which mechanisms the patrons’ motivations to explore the seafloor drove the production of knowledge about it; while it explores how the seafloor emerged as a territory, shaped by concerns and priorities deriving from decolonization. Focusing on France’s oil industry and political stances interested in exploiting marine resources, I analyze the institutional and social mechanisms through which commercial motivations were articulated with marine geosciences. A singular network, weaved by a political elite, grew connecting government instances, extractive industries, and scientific laboratories, creating academic-industrial interplays to explore the seafloor in which trade secrecy dissolved. This research suggests a continuum in practices, infrastructures, and state actors from the decolonization of France’s oil-producing territories to the seafloor, in the quest for new productive grounds. In this context, geological knowledge from the seafloor increasingly became a crucial asset for the French government, which could mobilize it to negotiate international relations and foster national prestige. This thesis conveys that economic motivations to explore the seafloor and the oil industry’s patronage shall not be overlooked in our understanding of the oceans’ history
Pahor, Sandra. "L'accès des états en développement aux ressources de la zone en droit international public : évolutions contemporaines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0566.
Full textIn 1982, part XI of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea assigned the mineral resources of the area to a common heritage of mankind. Stemming from controversial negociations, the regime aims at ensuring a fair participation of all states to activities in the area. Notwithstanding a period of turmoil during the entry into force of the convention, ISA managed to produce an impressive legal corpus including a set of three regulations of exploration forming a « Mining Code ». Thirty six years after the signature of the convention, ISA is nowadays in a turning point in so far as an exploitation regulation is being developed. Yet, this new phase leads us to assess the evolutions that have come into being since the entry into force of the convention. In what extent part XI’s original ambition has been realized? The practice developed by the ISA, complemented by the 2011 ITLOS advisory opinion, shows that the regime’s initial goals have not died. Nevertheless, they are confronted to new political realities and new stakes associated with the increasing maritimisation of economic activities. The monopolization of the area’s resources, the implementation of a fair and equitable benefit sharing mecanism or the supervision of states sponsoring persons and entities are so many challenges that the ISA has to face. The relevance of the initial goals is especially questioned in light of environmental considerations. It is not excluded, in this respect, that the states’ willingness to proceed to mineral extraction will face ecological constraints. At this stage however, the impact on the common heritage of mankind concept’s purposes remains unclear
Conte, Eric. "Les Techniques de pêche pré-européennes et leurs survivances en Polynésie française : l'exploitation traditionnelle des ressources marines à Napuka (Tuamotu, Polynésie française)." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010558.
Full textThe presentation of the results obtained at napuka is organised in two big parts. The first is divided in seven chapters which present the synthetic elements of the traditional napukan society, socioeconomic organisation, knowledge on the environment and fish, and also material and immaterial means available to men for the capture of prey. Processes of transport, preparation and cooking are also described. Chapter seven deals with the analysis of the social relationships involved in the exploitation of the marine environment, the non economic aspects of this exploitation (ludic dimension, competition. . . ) and also the transformations affecting the relationship of the napukan community with the marine environment, specially after the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The conclusion underlines some perspectives for the use of data collected at napuka in other places and other periods, in the study of archaeological remains. The second part (divided in two volumes) presents the detailed description of hundred and four fishing techniques observed at napuka which are organised by their position within the annual subsistance cycle. This corpus, readily available by an analythic index, constitutes a rich data base for the setting up of an ethnoarchaeological approach
Conte, Eric. "Les Techniques de pêche pré-européennes et leurs survivances en Polynésie française l'exploitation traditionnelle des ressources marines à Napuka (Tuamotu, Polynésie française) /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612984d.
Full textBonis, Anne. "L'implantation des installations énergétiques à l'épreuve du droit : l'exemple des énergies marines renouvelables en mer." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS003S.
Full textThe first renewable marine energy projects were first presented during the so called Eole program in 1996, and then during a call for bids on offshore wind-power in 2004. Despite these initiatives and a second call for bids in 2011, only a few prototypes are being tested at the beginning of 2013. This study aims to determine if the French legislation is adapted to this emerging new activity of renewable marine energy installation implementation. The results of three-year research show that several advances have contributed to defining a legal framework favorable to the implementation of renewable marine energy production installation; yet, their legal regime has not been finalized. Nevertheless, a comparison with maritime and coastal legislations reveals solutions are worth considering and possible. As a result, an intervention from legislative or parliamentary authorities seems necessary to simplify the implementation of projects and to limit the risks of legal disputes
Anoh, Kouassi Paul. "Pêche, aquaculture et développement en Côte d'Ivoire." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3001.
Full textCaporiccio, Bertrand. "Recherche sur quelques activités biologiques d'un polysaccharide sulfate acide : extrait et caractérisé chez une algue marine Asparagopsis armata (Rhodophycee, Bonnemaisoniale)." Perpignan, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PERP0185.
Full textLe, Rhun Philippe. "Le chalutage pélagique dans les eaux territoriales bretonnes et vendéennes." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES1005.
Full textProkop, Ingrid. "La gestion des ressources marines en perliculture dans la zone pacifique : au Japon, en Australie et en Polynésie française, les leçons de l'expérience japonaise." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070049.
Full textEven though Japan is the first country to have produced cultured pearls with corporate names like Mikimoto and Tasaki becoming synonymous with the pearl industry itself, little academic work bas been done on the subject with even fewer Works being available in occidental languages. The traditional image of Japanese women divers gathering pearls from the seabed is dismantled in the face of a Japanese industry based on the latest techniques in biotechnology and generating tens of billions of yen per year. Japan's position at the center of the world pearl business bas faded due essentially to the structure of the Japanese pearl industry itself. A structure, reflecting Japan's monopoly of production and distribution, focused almost uniquely on production with an over emphasis on the akoya pearl is being forced to restructure to one recognising competitive production from abroad, a diversification of pearl products and vigorous attention to marketing and distribution in the global economy. The decline in akoya pearl production resulting from a high mortality rate of the pearl oyster reminds us that this industry is dependant upon the maintenance of a marine environment at its optimal natural condition. Production stability is inextricably connected to both the regulation of access to the sea and to the competing alternative usages of the sea which in some cases have brought about degradation of the marine environment. There is a need to readapt the whole pearl industry to a new paradigm: pearl culture is a unique process irrevocably demanding total respect for natural boundaries in the marine environment so as to produce what the market is asking for : quality pearls
Thébaud, Olivier. "Les choix collectifs de conservation des ressources marines vivantes : analyse economique appliquee aux cas des pecheries coralliennes et de l'exploitation internationale des grands cetaces." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0080.
Full textThe thesis explores collective choice issues related to the conservation of marine living resources. Adaptations of the usual economic approach to recent developments in the definition of conservation problems are investigated. The thesis is based on a comparative analysis of an international case - whaling, and a local case - reef fisheries, used throughout the discussion to illustrate the evolutions considered. It is organised in three parts. The first part presents the usual economic approach to problems of collective choice regarding the conservation of living resources. The analysis shows the central role played by the notion of authority in this approach, leading to the question of the nature and origin of the control exercised by economic agents over marine ecosystems. Following a review of the standard approach to the control of marine fisheries, the second part studies the consequences for this approach of the recent evolution of conservation issues towards a greater emphasis on the natural and social environment in which fisheries operate, at national and international levels. The analysis shows that although conventional bioeconomic tools can partly deal with these changes, they are of limited use in understanding the process by which new systems controlling access to marine ecosystems emerge. The third part investigates this procedural dimension of collective choice problems. Using tools developed for the study of sequential choice in other fields, the analysis shows the benefits of a dynamic approach to decision-making, in which conservation decisions are understood as sequences of choices determining the evolution of resource systems. Based on a comparative analysis of the emergence of control systems in the local and international situations studied, an analysis of the collective dimension of conservation decisions is also carried out
Diagne, Mbenda. "L' apport du tribunal international du droit de la mer (TIDM) aux principes juridiques dégagés en droit de la mer." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0001.
Full textThe Law of the sea constitutes one of the oldest branches of the international law. It was for long time dominated by the liberty on the sea principle before it became progressively dominated by commercial and strategic concerns. Therefore, the numerous challenges concerning these areas are subject to international jurisdiction namely the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. First specialised jurisdiction at the end of the last century, the international tribunal for the law of the sea, during its thirteen years of existence, has contributed to the maritime law development and furthermore to the international law extending to areas such as environmental law. These contribution concerns not only the procedural rules but also the content rules. The Tribunal has focused its procedural organisation on the emergency theme setting short range goals in all the phases of the juridical procedure. Moreover, it has contributed to make clear some rules of the international law by adapting them on the law of the sea. But if some rules have been specified by the Tribunal namely the Duties and Rights of all the States in the Economic Exclusive Zone, the condition for the pursue law and the use of force on sea in combating the non-compliance, but some principles namely the principle of precaution have been shyly established
Surmont, Emmanuelle. "Le front écologique maritime en action : merritorialités et aires marines protégées en France d’outre-mer et en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BOR30001.
Full textSince the end of the 2000s, measures to protect marine biodiversity have been progressively implemented in the oceans leading to the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs). States have started to take on this final frontier and began to set up MPAs in their territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. A global maritime ecofrontier has opened up under the impetus of a group of stakeholders - the eco-conquerors - who are advocating the replacement of unsustainable ocean exploitation methods with more environmentally friendly ones. This thesis focuses on France, compared with South Africa. The originality of the analysis lies, on the one hand, in the comparison between these two States, and on the other hand, in an approach of the French policy as seen from the perspective of its overseas territories, considered as socio-economically and politically marginal. The work is based on several case studies: first, carried out in the Indian Ocean, in Mayotte (Mayotte Marine Natural Park [PNMM] and National Nature Reserve [RNN] of the M'bouzi islet) and in Reunion Island (Reunion Island Marine Nature Reserve [RNMR]), and second, in South Africa, in the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area (TMNP MPA) around the Cape Peninsula and in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (iSWP) in KwaZulu Natal. These areas were complemented by an analysis of the Glorieuses Marine Natural Park (PNMG) and the French Southern Lands National Nature Reserve (RNN TAF). The thesis documents the way in which the maritime ecological front has opened up and has become sustainable at different scales and the role played by administrations, NGOs and scientist’s mobilisation. It highlights the originality of the merritorialities, the political orientations chosen by the two States and the forms of national maritime ecofrontier development. A resistance movement born from the field has led to a "dotted line" maritime ecological front made up of reduced, shifting, unstable conservation merritories based on an incomplete and dissonant governmentality. The analysis highlights the importance of the postcolonial history of the studied territories in the way national policies have been negotiated by local actors - the eco-creators – in order to produce hybrid policies and to give birth to original competing conservation merritories
Scianna, Claudia. "Les aires marines protégées méditerranéennes et la science de l'organisation : une nouvelle approche pour évaluer l'efficacité et les performances de la gestion." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4028.
Full textMarine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognized as tools for conservation and resource management purposes. MPA management effectiveness, i.e. the degree of achievement of MPA goals, is highly variable. Some MPA features (e.g. age) partially explain such variability, but part of it still remains unexplained. Other factors affecting MPA management effectiveness could be detected by applying the Organization Science (OS, discipline that studies the organizations) to MPAs. The objectives of this manuscript are to 1) assess the management effectiveness of Mediterranean MPAs, 2) explore the application of OS in MPA context, 3) use the OS framework for the assessment of MPA organizational features, management performance (i.e. the level of effort exerted to achieve MPA goals) and effectiveness. Ecological and organizational data on Mediterranean MPAs were collected through questionnaires, and from peer-reviewed and grey literature. Results show that Mediterranean MPAs are effective, but the overall variability of our outcomes was only partially explained. No previous studies applied the OS framework to MPAs. Our attempt to incorporate the OS framework in the MPA context is, therefore, novel. Results show a significant heterogeneity of Mediterranean MPAs from an organizational point of view. The studied MPAs displayed a generally low management performance, with relationships between some organizational variables and the MPA management effectiveness. The present research is an important step forward to improve MPA management effectiveness, which has multiple ecological, social and political implications
Lilette, Valérie. "Conservation et patrimonialisation de la tortue marine dans le Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2007. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/07_08_Lilette_pap.pdf.
Full textThe comparative study of conservation and heritage of marine turtle between Comoros and south-western Madagascar aims at understanding the process of convergence and divergence leading to the success or failure of projects, and the socio-economie changes they imply on a local scale. These conservation projects are based on the environmental ideology thaf focal communities mariage the new regulations. They recommend the development of eco-tourism as a solution to increase the value of natural sites or flagship species that need protection. The motivations of the different parties involved in these projects cain only be understood after reading the internal strategies an the institutions in which they lake part. The comparison of two monographs, Itsamia (Mohéli, Comoros) and Anakao (South-western Madagascar), aims at presenting the economie stakes induced by marine turties (through fishing, eco tourism valuation), and the shift that these events imply (valuation or devaluation of the animal). Maritime, economie and touristy antropology are tools that allow apprehending strategies of territorial assertion, identity reinforcement and emergence of new cultural spaces in coastal communities. The touristic value implies a distance between human and marine turties, thus making us wonder about the relationship we have with nature, locally and globally
Alban, Frédérique. "Contribution à l'analyse économique des aires marines protégées : Applications à la rade de Brest et à la mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES6003.
Full textThe expression "marine protected area" (MPA) can encompass many names, some of which are sometimes more familiar : marine reserve, fishing box, park. . . Despite the diversity of the cases, MPA usually pursue three main targets : ecosystem, preservation, fisheries management, and development of recreational activities (so-called "ecotourism"). While these three types of motivations may often conflict, they can also combine with each other. However, simultaneously implementing the various objectives implies to take into account the complexity of the effects induced by the MPA creation, and the possibility of conflicts of interests between the different stakeholders. Beside the ecosystem dynamics, it is necessary to study the dynamics of the activities as well as the institutionnal context. The aim of this thesis is to produce an economic analysis of the MPA as a mamanagement tool in the coastal zone, from the point of view of sustainable exploitation of the tempered ecosystems. After having carried out a "state of the art" on MPAs, we enlarge the usual analytical framework of bioeconomic modeling by integrating other activities that fishing. We add to this theoretical analysis an empirical approach based on two case studies : the scallop fishery in the bay of Brest and the project to create a national park in the Iroise sea, which would be the first national marine park in France. These two case studies illustrate two types of MPA resting on different logics : one strictly focused on fishing, the other with multi-use purpose
Chauvaud, Sylvain. "Cartographie par télédétection à haute résolution des biocénoses marines côtières de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique : estimation de la biomasse et de la production primaire des herbiers à Thalassia testudinum." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRES2025.
Full textTassin, Virginie J. M. "L' extension du plateau continental : consécration d'un nouveau rapport de l'État à son territoire." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010280.
Full textGoñi, Nicolas. "Habitat et écologie trophique du germon (Thunnus alalunga) dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est : variabilité, implications sur la dynamique de la population." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3033.
Full textHabitat and trophic ecology of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in the North-East Atlantic were studied through (1) the analysis of annual catch per unit of effort (CPUE), (2) sonic tracking and echosounding, (3) stomach content analysis and (4) fat content measurements. The vertical habitat of smaller individuals appears shallower, and limited by the seasonal thermocline in the case of age-2 albacore. An important geographical variability of the diet is shown, and suggests a possible geographical variability in the associated feeding behaviour. Stomach repletion appears higher, and ability to store energy lower and more variable in smaller individuals, which suggests higher energetic needs for these individuals. These results have implications on three aspects regarding the exploitation and assessment of the population: - a variability in the catchability of age-2 albacore, related to the variability of their thermal vertical habitat, can induce an important fishing mortality when their thermal habitat favours high catchabilty levels, and introduce a bias in the stock assessment if the environmental influences on catchability are not taken into account. - a geographical variability of albacore catchability by trolling and baitboat, related to the geographical variability of their feeding behaviour, could also introduce a bias in CPUE standardization. - a higher natural mortality in smaller individuals, due to important energetic needs related to their growth and to their physiological restrictions
Martin, Philippe. "L'Antarctique et le droit de la mer." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE0026.
Full textFallon, Catherine S. "Autonomie alimentaire dans les communautés côtières de l’Est du Québec : co-conception d'un prototype de site Web visant à soutenir des choix éclairés quant aux ressources comestibles du Saint-Laurent." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67792.
Full textBackground: Despite the abundance of local edible marine resources (fish, molluscs, crustaceans, algae, seashore plants, and marine mammals), people living in coastal communities along the St. Lawrence System in Eastern Quebec consume these local foods less often than they did in the past. Making informed decisions about consumption is difficult because although these foods have many health benefits, some environmental contaminants also pose health risks, especially during pregnancy and infancy. Within a community-based food sovereignty project, Sustenance from our St. Lawrence (Manger notre Saint-Laurent), members of participating communities (three non-Indigenous and one Indigenous) identified a need for a web-based decision tool to help them make informed consumption choices bringing together health, sustainability, food safety, and the pleasure of eating. We aimed to co-design a web-based prototype that facilitates informed decisions about consuming local edible marine resources. Method: Guided by a user-centered design methodological framework, we co-designed a prototype website by engaging a variety of community members, regional stakeholders, and experts in user experience design and web development, all co-designers of the prototype. We conducted a total of 48 co-designing sessions (13 men, 30 women [5 participated twice], aged from 18 to 73) over three iterative cycles, in which we conducted user testing and collected perspectives and observations. The third cycle was an expert standalone critique. We assessed the prototype’s ease of use with a validated measure, the System Usability Scale (SUS), for cycle 2 and 3. Results: By engaging co-designers in the process from the beginning, we were able to integrate their priorities and perspectives into a prototype website to serve their needs. Various components used to organize content were added or improved over the three cycles according to user testing results. Usability was rated at “best imaginable” for both the second and the third versions. Usability scores did not differ significantly between sociodemographic groups. The final prototype includes a tool to explore each species and index cards to regroup accurate evidence relevant to each species. Evidence addresses regional and seasonal availability, food system sustainability, food quality — especially contaminants, food safety, nutrition and taste properties — and responsible fishing, hunting, picking, and preparation methods. Conclusion: Engaging co-designers with different socio-demographic characteristics brought together a variety of perspectives for the co-design of a prototype website to support informed decisions about eating local foods that offer health benefits and risks. Several components would not have been included without users’ input; other components were greatly improved thanks to their feedback. The same goes for the public health field; codesign approaches in research projects and intervention development are preferable to include of a variety of people. Once the prototype is programmed and available online, we hope to evaluate the website to determine its effects on food choices.
Desmonts, Jean-René. "État côtier et développement durable : entre exploitation et protection environnementale : Les conflits d'usage en mer." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN0002.
Full textOver the last few years the sea has known a multiplication of its modes of exploitation. From now on, marine areas must be shared between the traditional users (fishing, marine cultures, sea traffic) and the new users of the sea (industrial activities, leisure), to whom is added an environmental use. Conflicts which arise from this competition in the use of these fragile environments require an intervention which needs to be increased and renewed by public authorities. Arbitration between these activities involves research by the authorities of a balance between the exploitation and the environmental protection of the sea. Despite recent reforms, the study of different administrations in charge of the sea has pointed out that the dispersed skills lead to the inefficient management of conflicts of use. Solutions are possible to optimize the organization and coordination in the State's policies on maritime affairs. These conflicts are then considered in connection with the regulation of the different activities. Preventing these conflicts of use requires that planned marine activities may be integrated into a management approach of the sea and the coast and improved by more effective tools and better coordination. However, after consultation, the development of European and national integrated maritime policies, applied at relevant scales, provide a better overall shared management of the sea. Finally, the resolution of these conflicts implies that civil society and the courts are more involved in the process and have to specialize