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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Restaint of trade

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Academic literature on the topic 'Restaint of trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Restaint of trade"

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Rull Jan, Mathias. "Rompiendo mitos y barreras La participación indígena en los procesos electorales de Guatemala." Revista Trace, no. 48 (July 23, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.48.2005.479.

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Cuando a un centroamericano se le menciona el nombre de Guatemala, una de las primeras cosas que le vienen a la mente es su carácter indígena. Este dato no ha de sorprender, pues de cada cinco indígenas de la región, cuatro son guatemaltecos. Y mientras en los demás países, su proporción oscila entre el 1% y el 15%, los indígenas representan aproximadamente la mitad de la población de Guatemala. Ello convierte a este país en el más indígena no sólo del istmo centroamericano, sino de toda América, junto con Bolivia. El 99% de estos indígenas son mayas, mientras que el 1% restante lo integran xincas y garífunas.

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LLOYD, PETER. "FREE TRADE AND GROWTH IN THE WORLD ECONOMY." Singapore Economic Review 56, no. 03 (August 2011): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590811004377.

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This paper explores the relationship between free trade and the rate of economic growth. It is argued that freeing trade has both a level effect and a growth effect. Most empirical studies ignore the growth effect and, therefore, considerably understate the beneficial effects of freeing trade. Progress towards free trade in the GATT/WTO era is far from complete. Regionalism has had a limited effect on freeing trade globally. The completion of the Doha Development Round is needed to restart trade as the engine of growth.

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Bin Abdul Satar, Abdul Hadi, and Hakimah Yaacob. "Islamic personal financing for post-pandemic economic recovery in Malaysia." Journal of Economic Info 8, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jei.v8i4.2593.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has started to subside across the world. However, many developing countries including Malaysia are finding it challenging to restart their economies due to the large damage to all sectors of the economy. The governments in these developing countries are contemplating different methods to revive their economies and resume normal economic activities. In this regard, Islamic personal financing (IPF) instruments may play a crucial role in rejuvenating economic activities. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of IPF to restart economic activities in Malaysia after the COVID-19 pandemic. First, this study analyzes the impact of the pandemic on different economic indicators such as economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP), trade, employment, and investments. Second, this research proposed three IPF tools namely Service Ijarah, Murabahah/Service Ijarah Line-of-Credit with Wakalah, and Murabahah/Service Ijarah Credit Card to restart the economy by fulfilling the financing needs of individuals, businesses, and industries. This study contributes to offering a policy roadmap for governments considering different options to restart their economies in a sustainable way after the Covid-19 pandemic.

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Marwah, Reena, and Sanika Sulochani Ramanayake. "Pandemic-Led Disruptions in Asia: Tracing the Early Economic Impacts on Sri Lanka and Thailand." South Asian Survey 28, no. 1 (March 2021): 172–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971523121995023.

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This study focuses on tracing the early economic impacts of COVID-19. The pandemic has unleashed a global shock impacting all economies in several ways. The lockdowns have brought economic activity to a standstill, with the closure of businesses and halting of travel, trade and commerce. Even as the impact on sensitive sectors as trade, tourism and remittances are already becoming visible, it is imperative to understand how these are impacting economies in Asia. This article studies these impacts on Thailand and Sri Lanka, both of which being wired to the globalised world, are witnessing adverse impacts on earnings through exports and tourism as well as a huge decline in inward remittances. Even as countries beef up their health infrastructure, they also seek to restart international travel and trade. Hence, the role of the state is critical to pull the economies out of the de-globalisation trends that are expected to gain pace in and beyond 2020.

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Campbell, John L., and P. Eric Yeung. "Earnings Comparability, Accounting Similarities, and Stock Returns: Evidence From Peer Firms’ Earnings Restatements." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 32, no. 4 (May 12, 2017): 480–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x17704105.

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Using a sample of earnings restatements, we provide evidence that an empirical measure of the comparability in two firms’ earnings (“earnings comparability”) captures the extent to which a firm’s accounting choices and estimates are similar to those of its restating peer firm. We then document that investors appear to underreact to the implications of this earnings comparability signal. Additional analyses reveal that large traders and short sellers react in a timely manner, and their trades trigger an immediate negative price reaction to earnings comparability. Small traders appear to behave inattentively, and their herding-driven delayed trades contribute to a negative drift in prices.

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Carney, Brian J., Erik J. Uhlmann, Maneka Puligandla, Charlene Mantia, Griffin M. Weber, Donna S. Neuberg, and Jeffrey I. Zwicker. "Recurrent Intracranial Hemorrhage and Venous Thromboembolism Following Initial Intracranial Hemorrhage in Patients with Brain Tumors on Anticoagulation." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-126027.

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Introduction Both venous thromboembolism (VTE) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) are common potentially life-threatening complications of primary and metastatic brain tumors. Despite emerging evidence regarding the safety of anticoagulation in patients with brain tumors, there is little evidence on appropriate management of VTE following an ICH. Potential management options after an ICH in patients with brain tumors include resumption of full or modified dose anticoagulation or cessation of anticoagulant therapy with or without placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. We evaluated rates of recurrent VTE and ICH following an initial ICH occurring on anticoagulant therapy. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed using a hospital-based online medical record database (CQ2) which links ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes with prescription medication records. Cases were identified based on coding for primary brain tumors or brain metastases, after which charts were manually reviewed for a diagnosis of ICH. A blinded review of radiographic imaging was performed, and the initial ICH was categorized as either trace, measurable, or major. Measurable intracranial hemorrhages were those defined as greater than 1 mL in volume and major intracranial hemorrhages were defined as greater than 10 mL in volume, symptomatic, or requiring surgical intervention. The electronic medical record was reviewed to ascertain longitudinal anticoagulation status after the initial ICH. The primary endpoints of the study were recurrent ICH and venous thromboembolism (VTE) within 12 months from the initial ICH. Gray's test was used to compare the cumulative incidence of recurrent ICH and VTE between the groups, with death as a competing risk. Results A total of 79 patients with primary brain tumors or brain metastases and confirmed ICH were included in the study. Fifty-four patients (68.4%) restarted anticoagulation after ICH and 25 patients discontinued anticoagulation entirely. The cohorts were well-matched for tumor diagnosis, age, and comorbidities that portend an increased risk of ICH such as hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and concomitant aspirin use (Table 1). The cumulative incidence of recurrent ICH (95% CI) at one year was 6.1% (1.5 - 15.3) in the restart cohort compared to 4.2% (0.3 - 18.3) in patients who did not restart anticoagulation. Median time from anticoagulation restart to recurrent ICH was 36 days. A total of 16 of 31 patients with major ICH restarted anticoagulation and among these patients two developed subsequent ICH (cumulative incidence 14.5%, 95% CI 2.1 - 38.3). Among the 15 patients with a major ICH who did not restart anticoagulation, the cumulative incidence was 6.7% (0.3 - 27.5). Eleven of 15 patients with measurable ICH restarted anticoagulation and among these patients one subsequently developed ICH (cumulative incidence 0.1%, 95% CI 0.0 - 0.3). No recurrent ICH events were observed in 33 patients with trace initial hemorrhages regardless of restart status. All recurrent ICH events met criteria for classification as a major hemorrhage on the basis of clinical symptoms, and 30-day mortality after recurrent ICH was 100%. The cumulative incidence of recurrent VTE was significantly lower in the restart cohort compared to cohort of patients who did not restart anticoagulation (8.1 vs. 35.3, P=0.003, Figure 1). There were a total of five VTE events in the restart cohort, three deep vein thrombi (DVT) and two pulmonary emboli (PE). Two of the DVT were associated with an IVC filter. There were a total of nine VTE events in patients who did not restart anticoagulation, seven DVT and two PE. Five of the DVT were associated with an IVC filter. The two PE were both submassive events requiring ICU admission. Conclusions Recurrent VTE events are less frequent and less severe in patients who restart anticoagulation following ICH in patients with brain tumors on anticoagulation. Restarting anticoagulation after smaller ICH (trace or measurable) appears safe. However, approximately 1 in 7 patients with major initial ICH who restarted anticoagulation subsequently developed recurrent major ICH that was associated with a very high mortality rate. This raises serious questions as to the safety of restarting therapeutic anticoagulation following major hemorrhage in the setting of brain tumors. Disclosures Neuberg: Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Madrigal Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership; Celgene: Research Funding. Zwicker:Quercegen: Research Funding; Daiichi: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Parexel: Consultancy; Incyte: Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy; Portola: Consultancy.

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Ryan, Desmond. "Restating Restraint of Trade: The Implications of the Supreme Court’s Judgment in Tillman v Egon Zehnder Ltd." Industrial Law Journal 49, no. 4 (October 10, 2020): 595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwaa022.

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Harrison, Matthew, Wendy Hong, Shirley Lam, and Geng Xiao. "The promise of China’s free trade zones – the case of Hainan." Asian Education and Development Studies 9, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-11-2018-0173.

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Purpose This paper is submitted for a special issue of Asian Education and Development Studies on the topic of Greater China Development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and opportunities of developing a free trade zone (FTZ)/free port in China’s Hainan island. Design/methodology/approach Hainan is to be Mainland China’s newest and largest FTZ. However, the experience of the existing Mainland FTZs is not encouraging, their limited, piecemeal reforms attracting little interest from foreign investors. To make a difference and provide a new engine of growth for the Mainland economy, the approach for Hainan needs to be much bolder. Hainan should aim to develop as a free port, a services centre and a financial centre. Findings Regarding the financial sector development, the opportunity should be taken to experiment with special drawing rights. Hong Kong can provide the exemplar and expertise to jump-start Hainan’s development. To provide critical mass, mutual access should be opened between Hainan and the nine Mainland municipalities of the Greater Bay Area. An inner border will be needed to distinguish the experimental area from the rest of the Mainland, and an outer border to preserve its integrity vis-à-vis the international environment. Originality/value If Hainan can be developed into the China Offshore Centre, it would have the potential to restart the Mainland’s stalled reform process, and to relieve international trade and financial tensions.

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Chung, Jinsuk, Ikhwan Lee, Michael Sullivan, Jee Ho Ryoo, Dong Wan Kim, Doe Hyun Yoon, Larry Kaplan, and Mattan Erez. "Containment Domains: A Scalable, Efficient and Flexible Resilience Scheme for Exascale Systems." Scientific Programming 21, no. 3-4 (2013): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/473915.

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This paper describes and evaluates a scalable and efficient resilience scheme based on the concept of containment domains. Containment domains are a programming construct that enable applications to express resilience needs and to interact with the system to tune and specialize error detection, state preservation and restoration, and recovery schemes. Containment domains have weak transactional semantics and are nested to take advantage of the machine and application hierarchies and to enable hierarchical state preservation, restoration and recovery. We evaluate the scalability and efficiency of containment domains using generalized trace-driven simulation and analytical analysis and show that containment domains are superior to both checkpoint restart and redundant execution approaches.

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Zhou, Chencheng, Liudong Xing, and Qisi Liu. "Dependability Analysis of Bitcoin subject to Eclipse Attacks." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.2.028.

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The immense potential of the blockchain technology in diverse and critical applications (e.g., financial services, cryptocurrencies, supply chains, smart contracts, and automotive industry) has led to a new challenge: the dependability modeling and analysis of the blockchain-based systems. In this paper, we model the Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency system built on the blockchain technology that allows individuals to trade freely without involving banks or other intermediate agents. We analyze the dependability of the Bitcoin system subject to the Eclipse attack. A continuous-time Markov chain-based method is suggested to model the system behavior under the Eclipse attack and further quantify the dependability of the Bitcoin system. The effects of several model parameters (related to the miner’s habits in system protection, restart, and mining frequency) on the system dependability are demonstrated through numerical examples. Findings from this work may provide effective guidelines in designing a resilient and robust Bitcoin system.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Restaint of trade"

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Morrell, Amish C. "The dialectics of affection: Trace and temporality in the restaging of historical images." 2006. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=449686&T=F.

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Books on the topic "Restaint of trade"

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United States. Government Accountability Office. Free trade area of the Americas: Missed deadline prompts efforts to restart stalled hemispheric trade negotiations : report to the Chairman, Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, and to the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2005.

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Germanà, Maria Luisa, ed. Permanenze e innovazioni nell'architettura del MediterraneoMediterranean Architecture between Heritage and Innovation. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-007-5.

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Il volume offre numerosi spunti sul tema Permanenze e innovazioni nell'architettura del Mediterraneo, dimostrandone l'ampiezza di aspetti riconducibili alla Tecnologia dell'architettura, di cui si evidenzia la flessibilità dei confini disciplinari con riferimento ai diversi significati assumibili dal concetto di risorsa. Letta in continuità con le precedenti pubblicazioni Osdotta, questa consente di seguire quanto si va sviluppando nel terzo livello di formazione in un momento particolarmente critico per l'istituzione universitaria, continuando a porre l'accento sul nodo domanda/offerta di ricerca, nel confronto con altre istituzioni e con il mondo della produzione di settore, nell'attuale scenario dominato da trasformazioni sempre più rapide e incisive. La qualificazione dei corsi di dottorato, attraverso la riflessione sugli esiti immediati e a lungo termine, parallelamente alla precisazione dei contenuti identitari del settore disciplinare, restano le principali sfide da continuare ad affrontare. This publication provides considerable material for reflection on the subject of Mediterranean Architecture between Heritage and Innovation, demonstrating the wide range of aspects linked to Architectural Technology, in which one is struck by the flexibility of the disciplinary boundaries with regard to the various meanings that can be applied to the concept of resource. Taken together with the previous publications of Osdotta, this consents one to trace the developments in the third level of education at a particularly critical time for the university institution; the emphasis continues to be placed on the crucial issue of supply/demand of research; the situation is compared with other institutions and with the world of production in this sector, in a present-day scenario dominated by ever more rapid and incisive transformations. The main challenges left to be faced are to improve the quality of PhD courses, after due reflection on the immediate and long-term results, whilst defining more precisely the identitary contents of the disciplinary sector.

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Papadopoulos, Anestis S. International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Papadopoulos, Anestis S. International Dimension of Eu Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Papadopoulos, Anestis S. International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Papadopoulos, Anestis S. International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Papadopoulos, Anestis S. International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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9

Pouillaude, Frédéric. The Supporting Trace: Images and Scores. Translated by Anna Pakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199314645.003.0012.

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This chapter explores the modalities of work survival dependent on material traces. These traces linger in the form of fragments of pottery, inscriptions, photos, films, and also scores. The function of museums and libraries is to preserve these trace-objects and make them accessible. There is significant research to do analyzing the role of such institutions within the choreographic field and explaining the likely specificity of the dance archive. Here the chapter mentions only the significance of the project begun by Rolf de Maré during the 1930s. This project was called the “Archives Internationales de la Danse.” The chapter puts aside the general question of the dance archive and its institutional management to focus solely on the different types of restaging, revival, and reconstruction that it makes possible.

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Morrell, Amish C. The dialectics of affection: Trace and temporality in the restaging of historical images. 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Restaint of trade"

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Claar, Simone. "Restart of the EU–SADC EPA Negotiation and Its Outcome." In International Trade Policy and Class Dynamics in South Africa, 209–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65714-1_10.

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Murphy, James P., and Carolan McLarney. "Regionalism and the Multilateral Trading System." In Geopolitics and Strategic Management in the Global Economy, 1–18. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2673-5.ch001.

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Regionalism and the Multilateral Trading System: The Role of Regional Trade Agreements is a discussion about the new reality and the evolution of the reduction of international barriers to freer trade under the World Trade Organization (WTO) formerly the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). The chapter devotes time to the two largest regional trade agreements (RTAs), the European Union (EU) with 28 countries and North American Trading Agreement (NAFTA) with three countries account for half of all world trade (WTO, 2017a). The US set a course post World War II as the proponent of globalization and freer trade. RTAs at that time were failing or inconsequential. In response to the EU trading block, the US committed to a (Free Trade Area) FTA with Canada and subsequently the NAFTA with Canada and Mexico the rest of the world began to become concerned about being shut out of a preferential trade deal. The main theme of the chapter is that trade liberalization is moving forward because of Regional Trading agreements, not the WTO which is stalled and may never restart in its current form.

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Phillips, Anne. "Spare Parts and Desperate Need." In Our Bodies, Whose Property? Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691150864.003.0005.

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This chapter moves on to markets in body tissues and parts, focusing on the trade in live kidneys. Given the risks to vendors, and the significant number of patients dying each year while waiting for a transplant, why not make the transactions more open? Why not allow people to sell nonvital parts of their body while they are still alive? If we allow them to donate, we presumably do not consider the health risks prohibitive. Why not also allow them to sell? It is argued that the kidney trade relies on and undermines our status as equals. The chapter also returns to claims about property as protection, restating and developing reservations about those who favor more body property as a means to resist excessive marketization.

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Saddikuti, Venkataramanaiah, Sagar Galwankar, and Akilesh Sai Saddikuti Venkat. "Supply Chain Management and Restart of Economy in Post COVID-19." In Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 2. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94207.

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The increase in World Trade has led to significant growth in world GDP over last 100 years particularly. Supply chains have become the major enablers of world trade and the world is connected through supply chains. Any disruptions in any part of the world has led to disruptions in supply chains and economic recessions. Crisis like Tsunamis, earthquakes, 911 terror attacks, epidemics/pandemics like COVID-19 etc. have affected the businesses worldwide. COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated economic crisis due to disruption of supply chains and suppressed demand for many products and services worldwide. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has projected global economic growth to be negative 4.9%. This economic crisis has resulted in substantial erosion of market capitalization across the globe. The impact of COVID-19 is very significant on both health of the people and economy worldwide. Almost all businesses and governments are trying its best to save people from health and economic crisis. This requires rebuilding of supply chains through appropriate configuration with reliable sources of supply, collaboration, manufacturing and distribution of goods and services. Sectors like essential items, pharmaceutical, e-commerce have started early recovery of economy. However, other sectors require suitable interventions from government, business organizations in their policies and practices and use of digital technologies for economic recovery.

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Gordon, Robert B. "Independent Artisans." In A Landscape Transformed. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128185.003.0006.

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By 1730 New England colonists needed increasingly large amounts of iron for their expanding economy. Shipsmiths forged iron fastenings used in the vessels they built for the coastal and West Indian trades. The mariners who sailed these ships wanted large, strong iron anchors. Millwrights needed waterwheel axles and gudgeons, spindles, and numerous other iron components for gristmills, sawmills, fulling mills, and oil mills. Builders of the forges and furnaces that smelted and shaped iron products had to have iron hammerheads and forge plates. The pioneers on the frontier in New York and northern New England wanted massive iron kettles for boiling potash, usually the first cash crop they got off their newly cleared land. Everyone needed nails. Building a bloomery forge offered an adventurer in Connecticut’s Western Lands the easiest way to start making iron. One man could run a forge, although a helper made the work easier. The bloomery proprietor needed less capital than would be required for other types of ironworks. The region had plenty of easily developed water privileges of the right size to power a bloomery forge. Although it took skill and practice to make high-quality metal, a forge owner or hired hand could learn enough of the bloom smelting technique from an experienced smith within a few months to make serviceable metal. Iron of ordinary quality satisfied most people’s needs in the early days of the northwest. If the weather were bad, ore or fuel were unavailable, crops demanded attention, or the market of iron were slow, the proprietor could easily shut down his forge at short notice and restart it as soon as conditions improved. Although a bloomery forge could be part of an enterprise employing fifty or more hands, it could also be little more than a smithy in size and complexity. A farmer could accumulate enough money to build one. Alternatively, a number of individuals might take shares in a forge run by a single artisan. The proprietors of a mercantile business, or of grist or sawmills on the same or a nearby water privilege, could easily add a bloomery to their other enterprises.

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Conference papers on the topic "Restaint of trade"

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Liu, Yudan, Chokchai "Box" Leangsuksun, Hertong Song, and Stephen L. Scott. "Reliability-aware Checkpoint/Restart Scheme: A Performability Trade-off." In 2005 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/clustr.2005.347058.

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Denniel, Sylvain, Scott Hall, Hever De-Naurois, Thomas Parenteau, and Franc¸ois Gooris. "Mechanical and Thermal Qualification of an Electrically Heated Pipe in Pipe (EH-PIP) and Application to Subsea Field Development." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20340.

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TOTAL and TECHNIP have decided to undertake the Evaluation Qualification (LEVEL 2) of the innovative technology of ELECTRICAL HEAT TRACE (EHT) as a solution for active heating of subsea flowlines within Electrically Heated Pipe-In-Pipe (EH-PIP), in order to face the production challenges of oil reservoirs with high flow assurance constraints (wax, gel and critical hydrate appearance temperatures). The EH-PIP is a standard reelable PIP system complete with trace heating cables wrapped in a helical pattern around the inner pipe (flowline), below the insulation. This paper reviews some of the processes that were undertaken to provide resolution of the identified uncertainties and demonstrate the high reliability of the system during construction, reel-lay installation and then during the various phases of operation, including line preservation and restart after planned or un-planned shut-down. The thermal qualification tests assess the thermal behavior of the EH-PIP, confirming its high heating efficiency (around 90%), and demonstrating its ability to maintain a uniform flowline temperature in all cases, including in the “degraded mode” with only one trace heating cable remaining operating. The Numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools were validated against the full scale (OD) thermal test results, and allow the simulation of EH-PIP behavior in all field development conditions allowing further evaluation of the system performance. Furthermore, long term ageing tests on cables and associated connections have confirmed the long term integrity of the heating products.

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Birchenough, Eadred, James Munro, Jun Zhang, Dagfinn Hansen, Ola Rinde, Vidar Sakariassen, and Ben Velde. "Online Application of Hydraulic Simulation Software to Gassco’s Subsea Pipeline Network." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90656.

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This paper addresses the on-line application of ATMOS SIM simulation software, integrated with ABB Network Manager WS500, to a subsea pipeline network of 7,800 km (4,847 mile) length — see Figure 1. The pipeline system is operated by Gassco Norway, and it delivers an annual volume of approximately 100 billion standard cubic meters of Norwegian gas to customers in Western Europe. One of the main challenges to such a great subsea pipeline system is the limited measurements available. For nearly all of the pipelines, the only location where flow, pressure and temperature are measured is at the inlet and outlet which could be more than 800 km (497 mile) apart. The following applications will be addressed in this paper: • IT architecture. User controls including Common Alarm List. • Data validation overview. • Pipeline inventory calculation. • Continuous calculation of settle-out-pressures for (sub)sections of pipelines to provide information for emergency shutdown systems. • Integration of ambient seabed temperatures as provided by UK Met. • Composition tracking including the possibility to track user specified trace components. • Estimated arrival times and volumes of “off-specification” gas. • Tracking of the parentage of batches such that the party responsible for off-spec gas can be identified (polluter pays principle). • Facilities to restart models from historic data with the possibility to remove erroneous inputs. • Continuous running of look-ahead cases based on user defined transient time series and nominations for contractual exit points. • Using larger network models to plan and monitor mixing of gasses to prevent off-spec gas. Comparisons between simulated and measured values will be made to illustrate the accuracy of the hydraulic models. In addition, the application of Maximum Likelihood State Estimation will be discussed to demonstrate its effectiveness in overcoming measurement errors.

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