Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Restes de supernova – Spectre'
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Moumen, Ismaël. "Nouvelle appoche pour la détermination d'indice spectral des restes de supernova." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23825.
Full textMoumen, Ismaël. "NOUVELLE APPROCHE POUR LA DÉTERMINATION D'INDICE SPECTRAL DES RESTES DE SUPERNOVA." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29375/29375.pdf.
Full textDevin, Justine. "Études spectro-morphologiques et multi-longueurs d'onde des vestiges de supernova en gamma et autres sources au TeV." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS050/document.
Full textIn high energy astrophysics, several questions are still open and amongst them is the origin of Galactic cosmic rays. The first observational evidence of accelerated particles has only been revealed twenty years ago. Since then, supernova remnants, pulsars and their nebulae are known to efficiently accelerate particles but several questions still hold. In particular, evidence of accelerated protons (which consist on 90% of the cosmic-ray spectrum) is still elusive and several gamma-ray sources have unknown origin. Non-thermal emissions produced in Galactic accelerators provide insights about the nature of the accelerated particles. In particular, while radio and X-ray observations indicate the presence of accelerated electrons, gamma rays can be produced by both electrons and protons (or nuclei in general) but it may be difficult to assess the origin of the emission.The technical part of this thesis concerns the study of the impact on the reconstructed H.E.S.S. data when using atmospheric profiles measured with a lidar instead of a standard atmospheric model currently used. Very high energy gamma rays propagate into the atmosphere before reaching Cherenkov Telescopes and thus, the accuracy of our measurements depends on our understanding of the atmospheric composition. Using run-wise simulations based on lidar data, we study the impact on the instrument response functions and we analyse data to quantify the effect on the spectral reconstruction.The first scientific goal of this thesis is to understand the gamma-ray emission from two supernova remnants (G326.3-1.8 et RX J1713-3946) through detailed spectro-morphological analyses. The analysis of the composite supernova remnant G326.3-1.8, with Fermi-LAT data, has led to two major results: a new evidence of accelerated protons and the first morphological and spectral separation in gamma rays of two nested components. The study of RX J1713-3946, with H.E.S.S. data and using the Ctools package, confirms a significant gamma-ray extension beyond the X-ray emitting shell but its origin remains unclear.The second part of this thesis aims to constrain the nature of the unidentified TeV sources revealed in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey. We thus present a generic code, based on a multi-wavelength approach, to find counterparts and estimate physical parameters like the radio spectral index and the mean magnetic field. We apply this code on five unidentified TeV sources and we put constraints on their nature. In particular, we present two high-confusion cases, for which the TeV emission is probably due to the contribution from different components, emphasizing the importance of multi-wavelength data to understand the origin of the gamma-ray emission
Jouvin, Lea. "Le centre Galactique aux très hautes énergies : modélisation de l’émission diffuse et premiers éléments d’analyse spectro-morphologique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC213/document.
Full textThe Galactic center (GC) is a very rich and complex astrophysical region. The high supernovae (SN) rate associated with the strong massive star formation should create a sustained cosmic rays (CR) injection in the GC via the shocks they produce. This region also harbors a Super-Massive Black Hole (SMBH) of $4 \times 10^6 \, \rm{M_{\odot}}$, named Sgr A*. Since it has been argued that the SMBH might also accelerate particles up to very high energies (VHE), its current and past activity could contribute to the CR population. In 2006, the H.E.S.S. collaboration revealed the presence of a VHE diffuse emission in the inner 100 pc of the Galaxy in close correlation with the molecular matter spread in the central molecular zone (CMZ). A major part of this emission is thus certainly of hadronic origin but it still remains mysterious. We report a new detailed spectral and morphological analysis of this region using 10 years of H.E.S.S. observations as well as a detailed modelling of the $\gamma$-ray emission induced by the SNe. We study the impact of the spatial and temporal distribution of SNe in the CMZ on the VHE emission morphology and spectrum: we built a 3D model of VHE CR injection and diffusive propagation with a realistic gas distribution. The contribution of SNe can not be neglected. We show that a peaked $\gamma$-ray profile and CR excess towards the GC, can be obtained using realistic SN spatial distribution taking into account the central massive star clusters. A strong dependence on the morphology of the emission with the energy is expected in this scenario. The CR density profile can also be reproduced by a unique stationary injection at the center by Sgr A* but it implies a stable morphology across the energy range. To distinguish the models, we need a 3D analysis. We present the first results of this analysis that we started to design in the software Gammapy to simultaneously fit a spectral and morphological model to the data. The observations of complex morphological regions with diffuse emission or multiple sources will become more and more numerous with the next generation instruments such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array. They will also require the development of this technique. We detail the first validations of this method on point sources using a Monte Carlo tool. For the ridge emission, we report the new spectrum using a method that we developed for the classical spectral fitting necessary for faint emission. By using new spatial templates to describe the complexity of the diffuse emission, we perform a morphological analysis in different energy bands independently. No significant variation is found but more observations are needed to give a conclusive statement as well as a real 3D analysis in the GC region. The observations of CTA will allow to give precise answers to these questions
Rolland, Loïc. "Etalonnage des caméras de l'expérience d'astronomie γ H. E. S. S. Et observations du Centre Galactique au-delà de 100 GeV." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066106.
Full textTerrier, Régis. "Calorimétrie et recherche de sources en astronomie gamma spatiale." Paris 7, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002636.
Full textMinière, Julien. "Etude de l'instabilité de Vishniac et régime radiatif des restes de supernova." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2014. https://hal.science/tel-02095163.
Full textSupernova remnants (SNR) expand in the interstellar medium (ISM) during few tens of thousands, over distances of many parsecs. They present complex structures during their late phases (Sedov and radiative phase). The instability of Vishniac (V. I. ) is supposed to explain the emergence of these structures. The objective of this work is to study the development of the V. I. , and to clarify the conditions to its growth. Two analytical studies based on previous works, determine the theoretical relations of dispersion for SNR expanding in the Sedov phase. We have considered two different models : a first one in which the SNR is modeled by a thin shell containing a very hot and low-density gas, and a second one in which the hydrodynamic flow is overall studied. These two approaches lead to the conclusion that the V. I. Should develop during the radiative phase of the SNR rather than in the Sedov phase. The radiative hydrodynamic code HADES is used with multiprocessors in order to perform numerical study of SNR evolution undergoing a perturbation of eigen model l. We follow the mechanism of the V. I. Triggering. We confront analytical results with numerical ones and we confirm the analytical dispersion relations in the Sedov phase. Then the effects of the radiative losses on the SNR dynamics are described, and a law about the self-similar evolution of the radius of the SNR is established. Finally, the development of the V. I. In radiative phase is simulated. We then show that the V. I. Can grow in the radiative phase, and we observe the development of a perturbation of eigen mode l’ twice the initial one we introduced : l’=2l
Cassam-Chenaï, Gamil. "Modélisation des restes de supernova observé en rayons X par le satellite européen XMM-Newton." Observatoire de Paris, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004OBSP0112.
Full textGintrand, Antoine. "Modélisation analytique et numérique de l'évolution des restes de supernova en phase radiative." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEO012.
Full textAt the end of a massive (typically more than 5 to 6 solar masses) star life, the star becomes a supernova. After the explosion, the strong shock begins to propagate with the ejecta of the star in the circumstellar medium and later in the interstellar medium (ISM). This object is called a supernova remnant (SNR). During its expansion, the SNR accumulates matter behind the shock front to form a shell. Theory describes three stages of the SNR. The first stage corresponds to a ballistic expansion with a radius R of the SNR proportional to its age t. In the second stage, called the Sedov-Taylor (ST) regime, the evolution is adiabatic (energy conservation) and R increases like R(t) ∝ t^2⁄5 . In this PhD thesis, we present an analytical and numerical modeling of the SNR evolution in its third stage (radiative late stage) where the energy is not anymore conserved. The remnant loses its energy by radiative emission processes or by ionisation of the ISM. In this last stage, the radius is given by R(t) ∝ t^n where the exponant n satisfies 1/4 < n < 2/5. First, we study the structure of the shock which ionizes the ISM and show that the compression ratio can become high (of the order of 40 compared to 4 for a adiabatic shock in a monoatomic gas). Indeed, a portion of the shock energy is used to ionize the gas and is no longer available to heat the postshock medium, so the gas will be compressed. Then, we apply this property to the modeling of a SNR in late stage and show that the SNR shell can become dense and thin. In a second part, we perform the self-similar analysis of a SNR where energy losses are described by a spatially uniform cooling function. This study demonstrates that there are two types of hydrodynamic solutions : ST-type solutions which are smooth up to the center of the remnant and shell-type solutions where the shell is bounded by a contact discontinuity that separates it from the hot and rarefied interior (bubble) of the SNR. Also, we show that the shell becomes dense and thin when the energy loss is strong enough. Finally, we complete the study of the transition to the radiative stage of the SNR for more realistic radiative losses using the numerical simulation. We show that although the formation process of the thin and dense shell is complex (catastrophic cooling of Falle and secondary shocks), the evolution of SNR in the radiative stage shares common properties for a wide variety of cooling functions. In particular, we show that in almost every cases the SNR radius follows the law R(t) ∝ t^n where n is close to 2/7. This behavior is constistent with theory, because this value has been found previously by other autors and we highlight it also in our self-similar analysis
Ladouceur, Yvan. "Nouvelles perspectives sur le reste de supernova G78.2 + 2.1." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25055/25055.pdf.
Full textDecourchelle, Anne. "Le gaz chaud dans les restes de supernova : hydrodynamique, etat d'ionisation, spectroscopie x et optique." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077226.
Full textCristofari, Pierre. "Are supernova remnants the sources of galactic cosmic rays?" Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077294.
Full textCosmic rays have been discovered more than one century ago, but their orirign remains unknown. The most popular hypothesis is that supernova remnants are the source of Galactic cosmic rays. The observation of several remnants in gamma rays, which are indeed expected as the result of hadronic interactions between the cosmic rays accelerated at the remnant and the interstellar medium, is probably the strongest support to this idea. However, another mechanism, leptonic, can also account for the the observed gamma—ray émission, and in many cases the situtation remains ambiguous. Instead of relying on a case—by—case study, we adopt here a different approach and consider a population study using Monte Carlo simulations. We investigate the the number of supernova remnants that a given telescope can expect to detect, starting from the hypothesis that supernova remnant are the sources of Galactic cosmic rays. We find that our predictions are in aggrement with current observation results, such as the one of H. E. S. S, thus providing a novel consistency check for the supernova remnant paradigm for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays. The developed model can then be used to investigate the population of remnants that the next generation of telescope can expect to detect, such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). Finally, we discuss on the hope of detection of neutrinos fron supernova remnants, which would testify that hadronic mechanisms are at stake, and could show unequivocally that supernova remnants are the sources of Galactic cosmic rays
Renaud, Mathieu. "Les jeunes vestiges de supernova et INTEGRAL : raies du 44Ti et émission non thermique." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077216.
Full textThis thesis deals with the search for and the study of young galactic supernova remnants using the observations performed by IBIS/ISGRI, one of the two main coded-mask instruments onboard the european gamma-ray satellite INTEGRAL. This research is based on the study of gamma-ray lines coming from the radioactive decay of 41Ti, a short-lived nucleus (~ 86 y) exclusively produced during the first stages of stellar explosions, and the study of the non-thermal continuum mechanisms which take place inside the young supernova remnants. The first part of the manuscript presents an overview of supernovae from an observational and theoretical point of view. The second part describes the INTEGRAL satellite with its instruments, the techniques used for analyzing the data collected by IBIS/ISGRI, and my personal investigations concerning different developments. The results obtained on historical supernova remnants like Cas A, Tycho, Vela Junior are presented in the third part. The first chapter of the last part is devoted to the study of the detectability of supernovae in the optical domain with a model of the interstellar extinction. The second chapter reports on the search for missing and hidden young supernova remnants in the Milky Way with the IBIS/ISGRI galactic plane survey through the 44Sc gamma-ray lines as well as with a multi-wavelength approach, from the radio domain to the new observational window at TeV energies. I also discuss the constraints on the supernova rate and the 44Ti production in core-collapse supernovae, based on these IBIS/ISGRI observations and the 44Ca solar abundance
Cavet, Cécile. "Étude numérique de l'instabilité de Vishniac dans les restes de supernovae." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582830.
Full textAlarie, Alexandre. "Étude hyperspectrale de la nébuleuse du Voile et de Cassiopeia A." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27382.
Full textThis thesis presents the analysis of two galactic supernova remnants in the visible spectral range: the Veil Nebula and Cassiopeia A. The observations were conducted with two wide-field imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (iFTS) : SpIOMM installed at the Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic and SITELLE recently installed at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope. The first part of the thesis consists of a hyperspectral analysis of the Veil Nebula. With the wide field of view provided by SpIOMM (120STX120), nearly all of the filamentary structures located in the north-eastern part of the Veil have been mapped and analysed. In total, nearly 3 million spectra have been obtained covering the following emission lines : HFF, HVT, [O III] NAK NAK4959,5007, [N II] NAK NAK6548,6583 and [S II] NAK NAK6716,6731. In order to map the [O II] NAK3727+3729 lines, SITELLE has been used to observed one region in the Veil centered on NGC 6992. A few long slit spectra were also obtained covering the visible range 3624-7433 Å. The hyperspectral analysis of the Veil Nebula has allowed the creation of several ratios maps allowing to appreciate the variety and complexity of the different emission lines and their relative intensities in the observed regions. A systematic analysis of the observations using shock models evaluated by the modeling code MAPPINGS have helped to better understand the complex interaction between shocks and the circumstellar and interstellar gas around the object. The observed areas were analyzed using several diagnostic diagrams and ratios maps highlighting the different impact of several shock parameters such as the location of incomplete shock, impact velocities and electron densities. In addition, abundance maps of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur are presented to assess the chemical composition of the remnant. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the analysis of Cassiopeia A with SpIOMM. All the [N II] NAK NAK6548,6583 and [S II] NAK NAK6716,6731 emissions have been mapped, allowing the analysis of the nitrogen rich quasi-stationnary flocculi as well as the fast moving ejecta visible in [S II]. We used multi-epoch observations from the Hubble Space Telescope combined with data taken with SpIOMM to generate a three-dimensional spatial view of the [S II] NAK NAK6716, 6731 emissions showing their location, expansion velocity and the [S II] doublet line ratio for multiple locations in the remnant. Finally, we re-evaluate the distance to Cas A using a new method and obtained 3.33ACK0.10 kpc.
Phan, Vo Hong Minh. "Cosmic ray interaction in molecular environment." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7070.
Full textIt has been revealed by observational evidences from various experiments at the beginning of the 20th century that the Earth is constantly bombarded by cosmic rays, high-energy particles of extraterrestrial origin. Since these particles are very energetic, it is believed that they could penetrate deep into molecular clouds and ionize the densest parts of these objects where new stars are born. This means that cosmic rays regulate the level of ionization that controls not only the chemistry of molecular clouds but also the coupling between the gas and the magnetic field which support the cloud against gravity during the process of star formation. Interestingly, the ionization rates inferred from infrared and radio observations are much larger than the commonly quoted value in the literature. This calls for a reassessment from a theoretical point of view of the ionization rate in clouds. This task requires a better understanding of the transport of cosmic rays into clouds and, more importantly, the knowledge of the amount of low energy cosmic rays at different positions in our Galaxy. The former has been investigated in some of the pioneering papers in the seventies and eighties but there might be room for some improvements. The latter is known not too long ago at least for the local interstellar medium thanks to the data from the Voyager probes. It is, however, not very clear whether or not these data could be considered as reference values for the density of low energy cosmic rays in the entire Galaxy. The aim of this work is, therefore, to study the propagation of low energy cosmic rays in neutral environments and also to better interpret the observational data of the ionization rate in both isolated molecular clouds and the ones in the vicinity of cosmic accelerators like supernova remnants
Ou, Ziwei. "Supernova remnants as PeVatron candidates : analysis and modeling of simulated data from the Cherenkov Telescope Array." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS421.
Full textThe origin of the knee in the cosmic-ray spectrum at PeV energies is still an open question. Due to their large budget, supernova remnants (SNRs) are plausible candidates for these so-called PeVatrons. The accelerated charged particles interact with surrounding matter, produce neutral pion particles which consequently decay into high-energy gamma rays. These gamma rays, that are in TeV energies for PeVatrons, can then be detected by Cherenkov telescopes or other gamma observations. In this thesis work, we study the potential of Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to observe such gamma rays. After selecting potential galactic PeVatron candidates present in the simulated Data Challenge One (DC-1) of CTA, we reconstruct their spectral energy distribution (SED) by using ctools package. In case measured data in other wavelengths exist, we combine this to the simulated SEDs to perform Multi-Wavelength (MWL) analysis. The SEDs are then fitted by using different non-thermal radiative models, including hadronic pi0 component. For the modelling we use the Naima package. Several results are obtained. The spectral parameters are reconstructed in good agreement with parameters used in DC-1. Simulations giving confidence for the data analysis process. Some potential PeVatron candidates having hard energy spectra are found among the studied SNRs. It is also shown that the MWL data gives good constrain for SED modelling and allows to determine whether a hadronic component is present in the data. If the DC-1 data were representative of reality, we could rule out most of the sources. Possible improvements in the input spectral models to be simulated for the next Data Challenge of CTA are proposed
Fernandez, Gangoso Diane. "Etude des vestiges de supernova en intéraction avec l'expérience d'astronomie H.E.S.S. et étalonnage de la caméra H.E.S.S. II." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20154/document.
Full textThe discovery of Cosmic Rays (CRs) dates back more than one century ago, however their origin remains unclear. There is rather convincing evidence that the bulk of Galactic CRs, up to ~3 PeV, and possibly beyond, is accelerated in supernova remnants (SNRs). However this paradigm still needs a conclusive proof. While the SNR expands, charged particles from the circumstellar/interstellar medium are accelerated at the SNR shock wave and radiate from radio to very high energies (>100 GeV). Particles acceleration and broad band radiation mechanism were studied and modelled during this PhD. $gamma$-ray astronomy instruments enable to detect radiation from particles accelerated at the SNR shock wave. In particular the pair creation telescope Fermi-LAT and the array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes H.E.S.S., enable together to detect Gamma-ray photons in the ~30 MeV-30 TeV energy range. As a member of the H.E.S.S. collaboration, I analysed and interpreted observational data from several Galactic SNRs. These studies led to the discovery of one of the faintest sources ever detected whose Gamma-ray emission is associated with the interaction of the SNR G349.7+02 with an adjacent molecular cloud. Upper limits on the integrated flux of many SNRs were extracted in order to constrain models of particle acceleration. In particular, the SNR Puppis A shows an unexpected spectral behavior difficult to explain with current models. A fifth bigger telescope was added mid 2012 to the H.E.S.S. array of four small telescopes to lower the energy threshold and to improve the sensitivity of the array. In this context I actively participated to the development, integration end data analysis of the calibration hardware of the camera of this fifth telescope
Picquenot, Adrien. "Introduction and application of a new blind source separation method for extended sources in X-ray astronomy." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP028.
Full textSome extended sources, among which we find the supernovae remnants, present an outstanding diversity of morphologies that the current generation of spectro-imaging telescopes can detect with an unprecedented level of details. However, the data analysis tools currently in use in the high energy astrophysics community fail to take full advantage of these data : most of them only focus on the spectral information without using the many spatial specificities or the correlation between the spectral and spatial dimensions. For that reason, the physical parameters that are retrieved are often widely contaminated by other components. In this thesis, we will explore a new blind source separation method exploiting fully both spatial and spectral information with X-ray data, and their correlations. We will begin with an exposition of the mathematical concepts on which the algorithm rely, and particularly on the wavelet transforms. Then, we will benchmark its performances on supernovae remnants models, and we will investigate the vast question of the error bars on non-linear estimators, still largely unanswered yet essential for data analysis and machine learning methods. Finally, we will apply our method to the study of three physical problems : the asymmetries in the heavy elements distribution in the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, the filamentary structures in the synchrotron of the same remnant and the X-ray counterpart to optical filamentary structures in the Perseus galaxy cluster
Fiasson, Armand. "Recherche de l'origine des rayons cosmiques par l'étude d'associations de vestiges de supernova et de nuages moléculaires avec HESS et validation du circuit d'échantillonnage de HESS II." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660134.
Full textMirioni, Laurent. "Sources X Ultra-Lumineuses : Contreparties Optiques." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007374.
Full textCondon, Benjamin. "Observations de vestiges de supernovæ en coquille avec le Fermi Large Area Telescope." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0686/document.
Full textAfter more than a century of cosmic-ray studies, questions about their origin remain unanswered. In our galaxy, supernova remnants are excellent candidates to be the sources of cosmic rays and it is now certain that these shock waves created by the explosion of dying stars accelerate electrons up to TeV energies. However, undeniable proof is still missing to confirm that protons, which represent ~90% of the cosmic radiation, are also accelerated. Such proof can be searched for between 100 MeV and 10 GeV, where the spectral shape of the gamma-ray emission changes according to the nature of the particles that are accelerated.This energy range is covered by the Fermi spacecraft which observes the high energy sky with the Large Area telescope (LAT), an instrument detecting gamma-rays from 20 MeV to more than 300 GeV. With the latest version of the data, released in 2015 (Pass 8), the effective area has been greatly improved, especially at high energy. The goal of this thesis was to take advantage of the improved performance of the LAT to study the radiation coming from young shell-type supernova remnants and to evaluate their ability to accelerate particles to high energy. Four such remnants were studied in detail: RCW 86, HESS J1731-347, SN 1006 and RX J1713.7-3946.Spatial and spectral analyses of these sources yielded important results: HESS J1731-347 and SN 1006 were identified for the first time in the GeV range, we detected a shell-like morphology for RCW 86 which was previously seen as a point source, and RX J1713.7-3946 revealed an unexpected spectral shape. Broadband modeling of the non-thermal emission of these remnants, using in particular TeV data obtained with H.E.S.S., showed that their gamma-ray emission is dominated by the inverse Compton scattering of electrons on ambient photon fields. However, we also found spectral modifications in some parts of SN 1006 and RX J1713.7-3946 where the shock is interacting with dense regions that could trace the acceleration of protons
Bonnaud, Christophe. "Le spectrophe intégral de champs SNIFS : Simulation et analyse des résultats." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798731.
Full textde, Naurois Mathieu. "L'astronomie gamma de très haute énergie de H.E.S.S. à CTA. Ouverture d'une nouvelle fenêtre astronomique sur l'Univers non thermique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00687872.
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