Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Restes humains (Archéologie)'
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Robin, Nadège. "Etude odontologique des restes humains brûlés provenant de séries archéologiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20716.
Full textThe burned human remains study provides great information about cremation practice. Based on an archaeological context, our research was focused on one single skeletal element: Tooth. Only few studies in forensic odontology have considered this aspect. This original work was established from a large burned sample of secondary burials located in the Pauvadou Roman necropolis (Fréjus – South of France). It first seeks to demonstrate the heat-induced transformation of teeth, then to compare the representative level of each tooth according to the biological sex and the age-at-death of each individual. We also aimed to compare the relationship between the identified teeth and their pathologies, to show protection effects and finally to revise temperature change. To highlight our results, we compared our search to 3 sets of archaeological material coming from primary burials of Sainte-Barbe Roman necropolis (Marseille – South of France), from La Rouguière secondary burials site (Riez – South of France) and from Gallic necropolis of Saint-Antoine road (Feurs –North of France). The first 2 ones have the same Pauvadou archaeological context. To our knowledge, this original study is the first to provide new data on burned human remains with both a forensic and archaeological aspects
Perron, Jean-Sébastien. "Les marqueurs osseux d'activités physiques : une étude des restes humains du cimetière St.Matthew à Québec (XVIIIe et XIXe siècles)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23757/23757.pdf.
Full textRecent bioarchaeological research managed to reconstruct physical activities of certain individuals on the basis of traces left on their skeleton. The integration of two indicators gives a good picture of the physical stress applied on the tissues. Consequently, we integrated bone structural adaptation and muscular modification in order to determine the level of physical stress and to establish the dominant limb implied in certain specialized tasks. We selected eighteen mature men out of the skeletal collection from the St. Matthew protestant cemetery in Quebec city. We recorded twelve muscular and tendinous insertions on a four point scale and measured medio-lateral and antero-posterior diameters to produce four activity related markers on the upper and lower limbs. Variations between the group suggest different models of physical behavior, which can be related to broad social categories of workers.
Rousseau, Elisabeth. "Pratique et traitement de la tête humaine sur le territoire français de l'ancienne Gaule au premier millénaire avant notre ère." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30095.
Full textCrevecoeur, Isabelle. "Etude anthropologique des restes humains de Nazlet Khater (Paléolithique supérieur, Egypte)." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13284.
Full textDel, Prete Aurélie. "La diaphyse fémorale dans le genre Homo : variations morphométriques et implications fonctionnelles." Bordeaux 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR10590.
Full textPariat, Jean-Gabriel. "Des pratiques funéraires marginales entre les 6e et 3e millénaires av. J. -C. En Europe tempérée ? : le cas des ossements humains en contexte non sépulcral." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010658.
Full textVerna, Christine. "Les restes humains moustériens de la Station Amont de la Quina - (Charente, France) : contexte archéologiqe et constitution de l'assemblage : étude morphologique et métrique des restes crânio-faciaux : apport à l'étude de la variation néandertalienne." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13226.
Full textLa Station Amont de La Quina (Charente) a livré une longue série de restes humains durant trois périodes de fouilles distinctes entre 1905 et 1994. Ces restes, attribués aux OIS 4-3, sont associés à du Moustérien de type Quina, à denticulés et de tradition acheuléenne. Un grand nombre d’entre eux n'ont pas été révisés depuis leur découverte ou sont inédits. Ce travail propose une révision de cette série qui comprend un squelette adulte, la tête osseuse d’un enfant et 36 restes isolés. L’inventaire et la répartition des restes dans le site sont réactualisés en relation avec les données archéologiques récentes. Les paramètres de quantification de l’assemblage sont présentés et discutés, et de nouvelles données permettent de réexaminer la question de l’existence d'une sépulture. Ce travail fait de plus état de l’utilisation d’un fragment de crâne humain comme retouchoir. L’étude détaillée morphologique et métrique de tous les restes crânio-faciaux est présentée, et concerne deux têtes osseuses, 16 fragments crâniens, 40 dents en place et 16 dents isolées. Ils sont comparés à des Néandertaliens, des Hommes modernes du Paléolithique moyen et supérieur et des Hommes actuels. Les résultats montrent que tous les restes présentant des caractères diagnosiques peuvent être attribués au groupe Néandertalien, et leur position au sein du taxon est précisée. L’analyse des parties anatomiques représentées par plusieurs individus nous renseigne sur la variation des Néandertaliens classiques. Les os temporaux de trois adultes témoignent d’une plus grande proximité biologique entre eux qu’avec les autres Néandertaliens, soutenant l’hypothèse de leur appartenance à une même population
Conversy, Étienne. "Contribution à l'ostéoarchéopathologie à l'histoire de la lèpre." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05W080.
Full textPatin, Christelle. "Les restes humains dans les musées : anthropologie et histoire des collections françaises (XIXe-XXIe siècle)." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0608.
Full textSince 1990, human remains of anthropological collections in museums give rise to arguments. That thesis compare current historiographic interpretations to a precise reconstitution of the scientific and social life of French collections, till gathering of corpse, transportation, transformation, public display to current return. Anatomic body of Saartjie Baartman, the "Hottentot Venus", and the skull of the kanak leader Ataï, constitute both biographies of that research
Ardagna, Yann. "La conservation des archives biologiques et des documents associés en anthropologie biologique : applications à des collections anthropologiques françaises et hongroises." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20680.
Full textA new approach of “biological archives” can be illustrated by the “thoughtful” conservation of anthropological collections. The aim of our investigation is to improve the field of curation and scientific exploitation of “human remains library”. In that way, we are developing specific tools which are dedicated to an amelioration of both definition and curation of anthropological series. The epistemological perspective of anthropological series is take into account and we are developing a new classification adapted to their scientific management. We are also proposing a curation system constituted by tree databases dedicated to the storage of data concerning collections, individuals and their associated paleopathological features based on Marseilles and Szeged Department of Anthropology of. A comparison with 40 different places of storage could have been realised. Furthermore, a bibliographical study allowed the identification of the main patterns of long term curation
Maurer, Anne France. "Les signaux biogéochimiques enregistrés dans les ossements humains de populations anciennes constituent-ils un document archéologique fiable ?" Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066483.
Full textChambon, Philippe. "Du cadavre aux ossements : la gestion des sépultures collectives dans la France néolithique." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010578.
Full textWhat is meant by the term collective grave? It is a structure in which several individuals were buried in succession. Using evidence from a hundred sites, twenty of which were studied at first hand, the diversity of behaviour in collective graves is analysed, as well as the geographical and chronological development of burial practices. Five categories of site are distinguished. First of all, there are tombs which have traditionally been described as collective, but ultimately contain no clear evidence for successive burials. The second group comprises minimal collective tombs, with small numbers of bodies and quite simple funerary behaviour. Emptied graves are common. This was possibly done for a variety of reasons, such as to create more space or to recuperate bones. Secondary deposits, particularly cremations, are rare. They are not easy to identify and this explains their scarcity. The last group includes tombs with combined evidence for rearranged bones, compartmentation, and partial emptying. A tentative chronology for these practices is put forward. In the middle neolithic (4500-3500 B. C. ) the successive nature of burials in the monumental tombs of western France remains hypothetical. They were built to contain a limited number of burials, without selection for gender or age. From 3300 to 2800 B. C. , inhumation in collective tombs was the norm. Did this apply to the whole population? At the end of the neolithic, between 2700 and 2300 B. C. , an increased variety of burial practice marks the decline of previous ideology. However, collective graves do not disappear until the first quarter of the 2nd millennium. What do the collective tombs really signify? Their image of equality in death must surely conform to social organisation. The society of the dead is an idealized projection of the society of the living
Le, Goff Isabelle. "De l'os incinéré aux gestes funéraires : essai de palethnologie à partir des vestiges de la crémation." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010598.
Full textDuring the last years the interest is grown for excavating and studying the human cremated bones. However the palethnological access to remains of cremation is left to be for all that a new field of research. According to the recent developments of our knowledge,it is still difficult to translate in conclusion the residues of cremation. This experiment sets as its goal to contribute first of all to make investigations about funeral methods on the basis of an ethnographical documentation. These funeral procedures should be suitable to leave material traces perceptible by archaeological means. Among the certain procedures which are coming to the fore, six are treated: - the differed cremation of the body is proved itself by the bone fissuration, - the cremation going through some examples of bustums, - the dynamics of bone collection on the funeral pyre by osteo-archaeological analysis of the urn contents, - the feared quantitative and qualitative selection of human remains is pointed out respectively by the weight of the bones and the presence of anatomical parts of skeleton, - the treatment of the combustion residues to be found in the graves strutures. To reinstate the former methods is only a first stage of development, in order to understand the funeral conduct of ancient populations. Therefore it should be known in what way can be the expression of cultural pecularity of a group or the special treatment of individuals within a population. The necropolis installed along the river aisne at the end of the bronze age and up to the beginning of the Hallstatt age are showing a first field of observation. A second is restricting to a sole necropolis named La Calotterie (Pas-de-Calais)
Delabarde, Tania. "Le retour à la tombe : une étude des structures funéraires remaniées de la culture mochica (0-900 ap. J.-C., côte nord du Pérou)." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010548.
Full textBoulestin, Bruno. "Approche taphonomique des restes humains : le cas des mésolithiques de la grotte des Perrats (Agris, Charente)." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10662.
Full textDéverly, Daphné. "Les collections et la recherche anthropologiques en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20687.
Full textSemelier, Patricia. "Ossements humains et enceintes néolithiques : l'exemple du Centre-Ouest de la France." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13488.
Full textThe ditches which bound the neolithic surrounding walls deliver regularly human rests which range from the skeleton to the isolated bone remains. The interpretations of these last ones are various : their status depends on the function of these zones : environment, funeral place, even religious center etc. West central France is a region where these moated sites, dated for most of them recent and final neolithic are particularly numerous. On the scale of this region the target of this survey is to discuss the sepulchral character of these remains considering the various cultural communities. Additional elements from the most recent excavations enable the interpretation of these bone remains through analyses of the differential representation, abnormalities of osseous surface and the spatial criteria on site location. The results obtained not only highlight but seem to confirm the importance of this phenomenon because some cadavers obviously have had original funeral treatments. So for the considered period the main issue concerns the role of these bone remains in comparison with those found in the collective graves
Perron, Jean-Sébastien. "Les marqueurs osseux d'activités physiques : une étude des restes humains du cimetière St. Matthew à Québec (XVIIIe et XIXe siècles)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18706.
Full textRecent bioarchaeological research managed to reconstruct physical activities of certain individuals on the basis of traces left on their skeleton. The integration of two indicators gives a good picture of the physical stress applied on the tissues. Consequently, we integrated bone structural adaptation and muscular modification in order to determine the level of physical stress and to establish the dominant limb implied in certain specialized tasks. We selected eighteen mature men out of the skeletal collection from the St. Matthew protestant cemetery in Quebec city. We recorded twelve muscular and tendinous insertions on a four point scale and measured medio-lateral and antero-posterior diameters to produce four activity related markers on the upper and lower limbs. Variations between the group suggest different models of physical behavior, which can be related to broad social categories of workers.
Kodas, Ergul. "Le « Culte du Crâne », dans son contexte architectural et stratigraphique, au Néolithique au Proche-Orient." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010635.
Full textIn Neolithic Middle East, Decorated or isolated et plastered skull and acephalous skeleton we found in archaeological sets, very diverse and distinct in their contexts. Interest in cranium procurement is old and still strong in the scientific community. For a prehistorian it is, beyond ail contemporary challenges of our society, the key to access a world of beliefs, which give lives to Neolithic communities, often known for their cranium worship, which relates to their ancestors. The renewal of studies and recent discoveries implies to analyse previous data, with a focal on the definitions of contexts based upon excavating notebooks. Here, especially recent studies conducted in the 21th century's first decade in Syria, Israel and Turkey have brought new data by analysing those practices by using archaeological and anthropological modems methods. The main angle of this study, which consists in the analysis of archaeological contexts and of cranium procurement technics, is a crucial element for the understanding of this phenomenon. It is the link between the archaeological context and the anthropological data, underdeveloped in the literature, that is the main approach of this study. Only a global approach will allow to develops hypothetical solutions to the understanding of the "cult of the skull" (craniums worship). We estimate that skulls procurement (isolated or plastered skulls and others) are deeply linked to system characterised as social complexity in the Neolithic. However the link between this phenomenon and social identity or social status remains to be assessed through furthers studies. Indeed, the processing human remains and procured skulls can certainly reveal social organisation and stratification of Middle-east Neolithic communities. In other words, mortuary customs and their variation are an absolute clue to construction of social identifies as sociopolitical and socioeconomical status of an individual or of a group of Neolithic societies. More than constituting only social structures' markers, skulls procurement, their process through plastering or the addition of paintings or other elements, and their masking, also represent markers of chronological and regional differences that should guide our futures studies
Barroso, Ruiz Cecilio. "Le site moustérien de la grotte du Boquete de Zafarraya, province de Malaga en Andalousie, Espagne." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0003.
Full textFossurier, Carole. "Anthropologie et archéologie des sites funéraires carolingiens dans le nord-ouest de la France : Une approche des populations des VIIIème-Xème siècles." Université de Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT5036.
Full textThe VIIIth century populations of the north-west of France, imperfectly known through written sources, can probably be better understood through human remains. .
Vignal, Jean-Noël. "De l'exploitation des musées anatomiques dans le diagnostic rétrospectif en paléopathologie." Paris, EPHE, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPHE4049.
Full textThe anatomo-pathologic collections of the dupuytren museum whose history is the subject of the first part of this thesis, provided the exclusive matter of this osteo-archaeological study. Only were retained the bones preparations presenting elementary lesions at type of erosion, cavity, perforation and osteolysis. Each specimen, subjected in first to a macroscopic examination, is the subject of a general presentation, an organic description, a coding of its osteo-achelogic criteria and of a physiopathological interpretation. It is then proposed a retrospective diagnosis in conformity with the osteo-archaeological nosology. This standardized analytical approach is supplemented bibliographical elements available making it possible to specify the pathography of each bone ; to confront the retrospective diagnosis which while dissociating historical diagnosis sometimes carries testimony of the evolution of the medical knowledge, and show the interest of the exploitation of the old anatomo-pathologic collections in the field of the paleopathology
Bouquin, Denis. "Décomposition du cadavre et pratiques funéraires des populations du passé : confrontation des données médico-légales et archéologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/288196.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
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Ciesielski, Elsa. "La pratique celtique des "têtes coupées" en France méditerranéenne : l’exemple du site du Cailar (Gard) au IIIe s. av. n. è. Approche archéothanatologique et traitements informatiques des données." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30047.
Full textOnce only known from Classical accounts, the practice of collecting and curating human heads by certain Iron Age groups in southern France has, for more than a century now, been evinced by materials including stone carvings and human remains. In particular, new evidence has been brought to light at the site of Le Cailar (Gard), a fortified site occupied from the end of the 6th century BCE. Specially, excavations carried out since 2003 have revealed an extensive deposit accumulated from the end of the 4th until the end of the 3rd century BCE, comprising fragmented human crania, purposefully deformed armaments, and many dozens of coins scattered across a public plaza, beneath a thick layer of rubble. The human cranial fragments discovered on this plaza are the subject of this study. These bones form a corpus quite different from the remains generally associated with severed heads: they are numerous, very fragmented, and largely mixed and dispersed in the levels. In order to understand the events that led to the creation of the assemblage, it has been necessary to adapt tools to this study. After putting the site into its local and regional context, this work proposes to present bioarchaeological methods adapted to the study of these types of bone (especially, quantification and modification of the bone). In a second time, the recording tool created to optimize the study is presented (database / geodatabase, GIS), then the spatial analysis methods used to study, not only the traces and the fractures of the parts bones, but also their distribution on the field. There are a lot of results: precise quantitative and taphonomic data about the assemblage, proposition of new method to study cut marks and fracturing, a hitherto unparalleled understanding of the process of how crania were distributed across the site (this last measured in three dimensions). All these elements permit to propose solid hypotheses regarding the process by which these heads were produced: the means of recuperation, treatment, disposal, and deposition. This work also suggests which avenues of research will or won't be useful to pursue in future projects of a similar nature
Girardi, Chloé. "Traitements des corps et des restes humains en Egypte du Prédynastique à la fin de l'Ancien Empire (4400-2180 av. J.-C.) : contribution à l'étude des pratiques mortuaires par l'approche archéothanatologique." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MON30052.
Full textThis study examines the evolution of practices pertaining to the treatment of human bodies and remains in Egypt from the Predynastic era through the first six dynasties. Burial grounds contemporaneous with the formation and affirmation of the principal constituents of the pharaonic civilization indicate the coexistence of funerary practices related to the emergence of artificial mummification, and mortuary practices involving partially or fully decomposed bodies. The purpose is to reevaluate, through the lens of archaeothanatology, the existing documentation regarding these two body treatment categories to better understand the diversity of practices over this period. The study aims to see the body of the deceased as the focal point of the discussion on Egyptian mortuary practices by taking into consideration two chronological eras often examined separately. Studying archaeological publications and archival documents of past excavations from this perspective provides a heterogeneous set of human sepultures and deposits found in 27 cemeteries throughout the Egyptian Nile valley. The cases chosen for the purpose of this study offer a comprehensive outlook into how the deceased were treated, which gives the grounds for discussing the continuity between predynastic and dynastic practices and for confronting the collected materials with diverse possible interpretations of these treatments
Ricard, Jannick. "Représentation du guerrier gaulois à travers les restes osseux découverts dans le sanctuaire de Ribemont-sur-Ancre." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20143/document.
Full textThe Iron Age sanctuary at Ribemont-sur-Ancre (Somme) is interpreted as a place devoted to cult establish after warlike events which took place during 3rd B. C. century. Metallic pieces (weapons, swords, harness fitting), ceramics, faunal remains, and humans bones, remains of the body of more 500 individuals, with an absence of skulls, have been recovered. We identified lot of violence marks on the surface bones: warfare, beheading, defleshing, amputation. The ostéometric analysis highlighted features in physical characteristic of gauls individuals. Examinations of numerous traces allow to put forward hypothesis on the process of war and body remains treatments. The approach and the large corpus at Ribemont-sur-Ancre, allow to put forward new interpretation on the sanctuary organization and about anthropology of war and gaul warriors
Zemour, Aurélie. "Gestes, espaces et temps funéraires au début du Néolithique (6ème millénaire et 1ère moitié du 5ème millénaire cal-BC) en Italie et en France méridionale : reconnaissance des témoins archéologiques de l'après-mort." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE2021.
Full textThis study deeply renews our understanding of the funerary practices of the first farmers living in Italy and in southern France at the dawn of Neolithic. The hypothesis of their uniformity, which has been not truly questioned so far, is now invalidated. On the contrary, the very essence of the funerary ideology, that was spread and perpetuated by these societies during more than one millennium, is the diversity of the funerary practices. Indeed, this variability including variousforms of corpse deposits (primary, secondary, individual, plural) nevertheless displays codesvarying from a culture to another, a group to another, a site to another and from an individual toanother, creating a diverse but coherent system. This study has also highlighted symbolic practices exploiting human remains, and revealed their procedures. Relying on a reasoned visionof the neolithisation process and on the nature of the Impresso-cardial complex, this approach also reaches the role occupied by the funerary system within the multifaceted complementarity between sites as well as the innovation degree of burial gestures, whose Mesolithic origin appears limited. Following an archaeothanatological approach and mobilizing a broad panel of after-death archaeological testimonies on a wide corpus (45 sites, 87 funerary units, 128 individuals) has therefore not only allowed accessing the funerary system of the considered societies, but on the top of that, studying and describing the behaviours they adopted in regard of the corpse and towards Death
Parmentier, Sandy. "Une nouvelle méthode d'estimation du nombre minimum d'individus(NMI) par une approche allométrique : le NMI par exclusions. : applications aux séries ostéologiques de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20698/document.
Full textEstimation of the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) constitutes an essential stage of the study of commingled remains, both in physical and forensic anthropology. In physical anthropology, this estimation allow to improve paleodemographic profiles but also to propose better hypotheses as for the management and the use of the funeral space, whereas in forensic anthropology, it takes a major interest in identification procedures of victims and in the judicial involvement which result from it.Nowadays used methods estimating the MNI possess certain limits dependent on the subjectivity of the used criteria. Considering these limits, we propose a new method organized through a biometric approach based on the allometric principle. From a selection of 136 osteometric measures, we calculated the parameters of 18360 equations of linear regressions allowing us to obtain the prediction of a biometric measure from another one as well as the borders of the interval of individual prediction at 99 %.We elaborated a computer tool of iterative tests allowing to obtain, from the very highly likely exclusion from membership of bones in the same individual, an estimation of the MNI.The results of the MNI by exclusions obtained in different applications show that this NMI is particularly successful in numerous cases.In the final, we propose a new method, objective and reliable, of estimation of the Minimum Number of Individuals - the MNI by exclusions - useful as well in archaeological and forensic context
Gleize, Yves. "Gestion de corps, gestion de morts : analyse archéo-anthropologique de réutilisations de tombes et de manipulations d'ossements en contexte funéraire au début du Moyen Age (entre Loire et Garonne, Ve-VIIIe siècle)." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13308.
Full textArpin, Caroline. "Sépultures du cimetière St. Matthew : étude sur les critères paléodémographiques et la représentativité d'une collection d'ossements témoignant de la présence protestante à Québec entre 1771 et 1860." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18380.
Full textNiel, Cécile. "Analyse historique et paléoanthropologique des cimetières du groupe épiscopal de Rouen : La cour d'Albane et la cour des maçons (Xe-XIVe siècles)." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN1531.
Full textFarrugio, Sandrine. "Le traitement des défunts au IIe millénaire avant J-C (Helladique Moyen et Helladique Récent) en Attique et en Argolide." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010609/document.
Full textThis study investigates the treatment of the deceased during the 2nd millennium BC (Middle Helladic and Helladic Recent), in order to establish treatment distributions and funeral gestures. Thus, by using the "archeothanatological" method, we observed the original position of the deceased, studies the recurrence and the divergence of some funeral gestures. We have tried to identify regional traditions, but also to distinguish between different adoption modalities, partial or total transfers of funeral customs through time. To carry out this work, we analyzed data from publications and excavation reports and photographs showing the interior of twenty-four tombs with forty-six skeletons in situ. Thus, were able to identify the different faces of appearance of the various bon parts: this has allowed us to discover the presence until now unsuspected, for some sites, perishable containers: sometimes were proposed new positions of the deceased different of those already established in many publications. Finally, in parallel, we have studied in Greek and Swedish museum collections of bones of the sites of Assine I and II and of the ancient Agora of Athens in order to discover bone voluntary anthropogenic changes. We thus showed the absence of voluntar changes and burnt bones
Poulmarc'h, Modwene. "Pratiques funéraires et identité biologique des populations du Sud Caucase, du Néolithique à la fin de la culture Kura-Araxe (6ème - 3ème millénaire av. J.-C.) : une approche archéo-anthropologique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20064/document.
Full textHuman remains and funerary practices of the Neolithic period to the end of the Kura-Araxe’s culture (6th to 3rd millennium) in the Southern Caucasus have not been thus far the subject of bio-anthropological studies. In order to contribute to a better understanding of funeral practices and the biological characteristics of southern Caucasus populations, a reassessment of published data related to human remains recorded from ancient excavations and new approaches of analyses, archaeothanatology, of new data from recent excavations in the region has been undertaken. A detailed study is conducted based on funeral gestures reconstruction, burial type’s analyses, and various anthropological aspects (morphology and Morphometry, non metric anatomic variations, stress indicators and pathology). 132 sites incorporating graves are attested in the Southern Caucasus: five Neolithic sites, 21 chalcolithic sites and 111 sites of Kura-Araxe’s culture. The review of the old data revealed seven categories of burials: pit grave, burial in ceramic container, Constructed tomb with various shapes, horseshoe grave, cist burial, kurgans and stones covered graves. The Neolithic tombs are rare. It comprises pit burials located within settlement area with inhumation of individuals in flexed position on one side. Chalcolithic graves are slightly more recurrent than earlier period. Three new types of tombs are used: burials in ceramic container, kurgans and stones covered tombs. Pit burials remained the most numerous, and regularly associated with settlement area. The deceased are usually buried in flexed position on one side. Furthermore, burials in ceramic container appeared to be designed especially for immature young deceased. At the end of Chalcolithic, Kurgan marked the beginnings of the partition between the burial area and the settlement area. The Kurgan practices continued in the second half of the 4th millennium and appear to be wide and commonly spread around the first half of the 3rd millennium. In addition, stone covered burials started to be used during the Chalcolithic period. This shift between underground burials and constructed marks to locate burials reflects a change of society’s mentalities. During the Kura-Araxes culture, a striking increase in the number of sites with burials is attested. Tomb types are diversified. In addition to pit burials, the Kurgans and stone covered burials continued to be practiced meanwhile, three other types of Tomb appeared: the Constructed tombs of various shapes, the cists burials and horseshoe graves. This diversification demonstrates a multiplicity of practices. On the other hand, the analyses of inhumation position revealed more regular customs: the flexed position on one side is clearly the most used. Distribution maps of burial sites are established on the basis of the variability of identified grave types and deceased position. Finally, the archaeothanatology methods allowed better understanding of deposits patterns and highlighted the practice of unexpected gestures (seating, use of tie, perishable container). This research offers the possibility to have an overall view of the Southern Caucasus living population between the 6th and the 3rd millennium BC. Some mortuary gestures and funerary practices until now unsuspected have been revealed once applying the archeothanatology methods
Laurent, Christine. "La "micro-archéologie": méthode et applications sur des sites de Wallonie et de la Région bruxelloise." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211696.
Full textGravina, Bradley. "La fin du Paléolithique moyen en Poitou-Charentes et Périgord : considérations à partir de l'étude taphonomique et technoéconomique des sites du Moustier (niveaux G à K) et La Roche-à- Pierrot, Saint Césaire (niveau EJOP supérieur)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0148.
Full textDuring the period between broadly 60 ky and 40 ky Western Europe, and especially south-western France, was the theatre for a mosaic of bio-cultural changes. Late Neanderthal groups appeared to have diversified their lithic technology just prior to disappearing. This technological trajectory is commonly seen as culminating in the so-called ‘transitional ‘industries, notably the Châtelperronian. However, our understanding of the chronology, organisation and succession of the Late Mousterian and its possible relation to the emergence of the Upper Palaeolithic in this region is complicated due to the reliance on sites excavated sometimes as longas a century ago combined with the absence of a critical appraisal of certain key sites. This thesis presents arevision of previously recovered and newly excavated material from several important levels of Le Moustier(Lowe Shelter). When considered in light of a revision of the Châtelperronian-Neandertal association at Saint-Césaire, these results pose interesting questions for the definition of lithic techno-complexes and how we view the complex question of Neandertal extinction/replacement
Faucher, Anne-Marie. "Relations anthropo-environnementales depuis la période archaïque jusqu'au XIXe siècle à Barbuda : multidisciplinarité archéobotanique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33485.
Full textThe primary goal of this doctoral research is to examine human-plant dynamics on the island of Barbuda using multiple methods of archaeobotanical analyses. This research is thus a methodological contribution combining the analysis of seeds, charcoal, starch grains and phytolithes in order to study the evolution of human-plant relationships. Six archaeological sites were analysed dating from the first human occupation on the island by Archaic populations until the 19th century. Archaeobotanical analyses are scare throughout the Caribbean region, especially those that combine the study of several types of botanical remains. The analytical potential of botanical macro-and microremains on the limestone island of Barbuda was evaluated for all sites. The ensuing results varied greatly depending on the site and the type of remains analysed. Seeds were very few in number, while charcoal is omnipresent on all sites. The most important discovery was the preservation of phytoliths and starch grains on artefact residues and in soil samples. Over 2000 years, Archaic, Saladoid, post-Saladoid, British, and enslaved peoples lived on the island. Each population had varying needs for subsistence resulting in different vegetation signatures. Data recovered suggests attempts at vegetation management, the introduction of new plant species for cultivation and consumption, as well as a progressive transition from the initial vegetation cover to a secondary forest. The British arrival on the island, under the management of the Codrington Family played a key role in the creation of the island’s current landscape. This research project is thus a first step towards a more rigorous and comprehensive understanding of human-plant dynamicson Barbuda and in the region.
Khawam, Rima. "L'Homme et la mort au néolithique précéramique B : l'exemple de Tell Aswad." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20133.
Full textTell Aswad, located 30 km East/South-East of Damascus, is a nearly 6 hectares tell not exceeding 4,5 meters height above the great lacustrian plain surrounding. The whole stratigraphy of the site dates from PPNB (8200-7500 B.C.), it's a reference site for the Central Levant because of the farmer/cattle breeder population showing connections between Southern and Northern Levant. The ancient PPNB levels, poorly understood in South Levant, give to the site an important historical status on a regional level. Thus, Tell Aswad offers us a rare documentation used for a better understanding of the PPNB period origins in the area and the cultural identities corresponding. The data are especially rich for the funeral practices. More than 119 individuals have been excavated spread on the entire occupation. Our results indicate the presence of a diachronic continuity of the funeral practices throughout the occupation due to an ancestral tradition. They reveal the use of simple burials but also specificity in the multiple burials by means of the skull withdrawal. Both models result from a selective choice imposed by the social system (hierarchical), indicating how the deceased had to be buried. The variability inside the skull treatment including the modeled skulls correspond to "ritual" and funerary practices highly culturalized. They reflect a social order and a group integrity materializing one of the major feature of the cultural identity of Neolithic PPNB society in Tell Aswad. Studying the spatial organization of the burials during the PPNB occupation of Tell Aswad reveals changes in burial sites, from burials in the house inside the family unit until the creation of specific area dedicated to funerary practices. The spatial organization of these areas becomes for our research a supplementary testimony of the social organization in the site
Urzel, Vanessa. "Apport de la résonance magnétique nucléaire des solides à la caractérisation chimique et à la datation des os en anthropologie médico-légale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0019/document.
Full textThe post mortem interval estimation is a fundamental step in forensic anthropology and up to now there are little accurate and reliable methods to do so. The objectives of our study were to investigate the bone composition and its evolution over years and centuries following the death by developing carbon 13C and proton 1H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We analyzed about one hundred human and animal bones for which the age at death, sex, date of death and the storage conditions were known. Bones were characterized at the molecular level by identification of collagen, lipids and hydroxyapatite embedded in the bone matrix. We have designed a NMR-based method that allows determining alterations on some samples, evidencing the presence of adipocere (bone wax) within the bone, or finding bone tissue deterioration on some very old samples. Subject age at death and sex did not reveal significant changes on NMR data, except for post mortem interval ranging between 0 to 1 year, where female subjects had quantitatively more lipids in their bones than males. Storage conditions may promote a greater development of adipocere especially for bones left in the open air compared to those buried. Finally, we report a quantitative decrease of collagen and lipids present in the bone tissue when the post mortem interval increases. This decrease is much faster for lipids than for collagen where as the hydroxyapatite has a relative stability in the first centuries after the death. Decreases occur with very different time constants, ranging from years to millennia
Caron, Denny. "Essai de détection de processus migratoires à travers les isotopes de strontium et d’oxygène : étude des restes humains du cimetière Saint-Matthew (Québec, 1771-1860)." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10443.
Full textIn order to distinguish first-generation immigrants from individuals born in Québec City and discuss the identity of immigrants to this city in the 18th and 19th centuries, osteological analysis as well as strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic analysis have been applied to thirty-four human skeletons exhumed from the Protestant cemetery of Saint-Matthew (Québec City, 1771-1860). The isotopic compositions obtained, although not as precise as historical data, allowed the distinction between three groups of origin: individuals born in Québec City (N = 12), first-generation immigrants most probably from the British Isles or northern France (N = 19) and first-generation immigrants whose origin cannot be determined (N = 3). In addition, the Scottish origin of some individuals could be suggested on the basis of isotopic compositions ranging from -10.0 to -9.09% vs. VSMOW. The comparison of these groups with data from historical sources and a previous study provides an overall picture of the immigrants’ identity, on both an individual and a populational level. In addition, isotope compositions (δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ15N) suggest that at least one individual could be Native American and another could come from an 18O depleted part of Europe (possibly Scandinavia or the Alps). Moreover, the spatial organization of burials allows us to consider the possible family and social ties of some immigrants buried in brick vaults or crammed into particularly modest graves.