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1

Someren, Eus J. W. van, ed. Slow brain oscillations of sleep, resting state and vigilance: Proceedings of the 26th International Summer School of Brain Research, held at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 29 June-2 July, 2010. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011.

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2

M, Smith Stephen, Janine Bijsterbosch, and Christian F. Beckmann. Introduction to Resting State fMRI Functional Connectivity. Oxford University Press, 2017.

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3

Chen, Jean, Garth John Thompson, Shella Keilholz, and Peter Herman, eds. Origins of the Resting-State fMRI Signal. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-285-2.

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4

Hu, Xiaoping Philip, and Nanyin Zhang, eds. Temporal Features in Resting State fMRI Data. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-408-5.

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5

Papanicolaou, Andrew C. The Default Mode and Other Resting State Networks. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.003.

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Brain activity during rest, as measured and imaged mainly by fMRI, appears to be due to a number of simultaneously active neuronal networks. The network identified first is the default mode network, which has been used as a marker of conscious awareness in patients with compromised consciousness. In this chapter, the methods of deriving this and other resting networks are outlined, the reliability of each network is assessed, and the question of the functional significance of the default mode network including its relevance to the theory of mind and morality is addressed through a critical appraisal of the relevant literature.
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6

Ramani, Ramachandran, ed. Functional MRI. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190297763.001.0001.

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Functional MRI with BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) imaging is one of the commonly used modalities for studying brain function in neuroscience. The underlying source of the BOLD fMRI signal is the variation in oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin ratio at the site of neuronal activity in the brain. fMRI is mostly used to map out the location and intensity of brain activity that correlate with mental activities. In recent years, a new approach to fMRI was developed that is called resting-state fMRI. The fMRI signal from this method does not require the brain to perform any goal-directed task; it is acquired with the subject at rest. It was discovered that there are low-frequency fluctuations in the fMRI signal in the brain at rest. The signals originate from spatially distinct functionally related brain regions but exhibit coherent time-synchronous fluctuations. Several of the networks have been identified and are called resting-state networks. These networks represent the strength of the functional connectivity between distinct functionally related brain regions and have been used as imaging markers of various neurological and psychiatric diseases. Resting-state fMRI is also ideally suited for functional brain imaging in disorders of consciousness and in subjects under anesthesia. This book provides a review of the basic principles of fMRI (signal sources, acquisition methods, and data analysis) and its potential clinical applications.
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7

Soriano-Mas, Carles, and Ben J. Harrison. Brain Functional Connectivity in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0024.

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This chapter provides an overview of studies assessing alterations in brain functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Although most of the reviewed studies relate to the analysis of resting-state fMRI data, the chapter also reviews studies that have combined resting-state with structural or task-based approaches, as well as task-based studies in which the analysis of functional connectivity was reported. The main conclusions to be drawn from this review are that patients with OCD consistently demonstrate altered patterns of brain functional connectivity in large-scale “frontostriatal” and “default mode” networks, and that the heterogeneity of OCD symptoms is likely to partly arise via distinct modulatory influences on these networks by broader disturbances of affective, motivational, and regulatory systems. The variable nature of some findings across studies as well as the influence of medications on functional connectivity measures is also discussed.
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8

Brennan, Brian P., and Scott L. Rauch. Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Overview and Synthesis. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0021.

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Studies using functional neuroimaging have played a critical role in the current understanding of the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Early studies using positron emission tomography (PET) identified a core cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit that is dysfunctional in OCD. Subsequent studies using behavioral paradigms in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have provided additional information about the neural substrates underlying specific psychological processes relevant to OCD. More recently, studies utilizing resting state fMRI have identified abnormal functional connectivity within intrinsic brain networks including the default mode and frontoparietal networks in OCD patients. Although these studies, as a whole, clearly substantiate the model of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit dysfunction in OCD and support the continued investigation of neuromodulatory treatments targeting these brain regions, there is also growing evidence that brain regions outside this core circuit, particularly frontoparietal regions involved in cognitive control processes, may also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of OCD.
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9

Konrad, Kerstin, Adriana Di Martino, and Yuta Aoki. Brain volumes and intrinsic brain connectivity in ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0006.

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Neuroimaging studies have increased our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD. Structural brain imaging studies demonstrate widespread changes in brain volumes, in particular in frontal-striatal-cerebellar networks. Based on the widespread nature of structural and functional brain abnormalities, approaches able to capture the organizing principles of large-scale neural systems have been used in ADHD. These include diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting state functional MRI (R-fMRI). Complementary to findings of volumetric studies, diffusion investigations have reported structural connectivity abnormalities in frontal-striatal-cerebellar networks. In parallel, R-fMRI studies point towards abnormalities in the interaction of multiple networks, extending the functional territory of explorations beyond cognitive and motor control. In the future, a deep phenotypic characterization beyond diagnostic categories combined with longitudinal study designs and novel analytical approaches will accelerate the pace towards clinical translations of neuroimaging to improve the detection and prediction of neural trajectories and treatment response in ADHD.
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10

Uchida, Mai, and Joseph Biederman. Young Adult Outcome of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0006.

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The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Longitudinal Studies of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) evaluated and followed a large sample of both boys and girls with ADHD and controls without ADHD, along with their families, ascertained from psychiatric and pediatric sources. These studies documented that ADHD in both sexes is associated with high levels of persistence onto adulthood; high levels of familiality with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders; a wide range of comorbid psychiatric and cognitive disorders including mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders; learning disabilities with reading and math; executive function deficits; emotional dysregulation and autistic traits; as well as educational, social, and occupational dysfunctions. The MGH studies also suggested that stimulant treatment significantly decreased the risk of developing comorbid psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders, and impaired functional outcomes. The studies also documented the neural basis of the persistence of ADHD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
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11

Bandettini, Peter A., and Hanzhang Lu. Magnetic Resonance Methodologies. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0008.

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Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive tool for assessing brain anatomy, perfusion, metabolism, and function with precision. In this chapter, the basics and the most cutting edge examples of MRI-based measures are described. The first is measurement of cerebral perfusion, including the latest techniques involving spin-labelling as well as the tracking of exogenous contrast agents. Functional MRI is then discussed, along with some of the cutting edge methodology that has yet to make it into routine clinical practice. Next, resting state fMRI is described, a powerful technique whereby the entire brain connectivity can be established. Diffusion-based MRI techniques are useful for diagnosing brain trauma as well as understanding the structural connections in healthy and pathological brains. Spectroscopy is able to make spatially specific and metabolite-specific assessment of brain metabolism. The chapter ends with an overview of structural imaging with MRI, highlighting the developing field of morphometry and its potential for differentially assessing individual brains.
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12

Menon, Uddin, Vinod, Lucina Q., ed. Resting state brain activity: Implications for systems neuroscience. Frontiers Media SA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-041-6.

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13

Slow Brain Oscillations of Sleep, Resting State and Vigilance. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2009-0-01802-9.

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14

Esposito, Roberto, Filippo Cieri, Nicoletta Cera, Dante Mantini, and Alessandra Griffa, eds. Dynamic Functioning of Resting State Networks in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-499-3.

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15

Influence of age and caffeine on resting metabolic rate, blood pressure, and mood state in younger and older individuals. 1993.

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16

Influence of age and caffeine on resting metabolic rate, blood pressure, and mood state in younger and older individuals. 1993.

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17

Influence of age and caffeine on resting metabolic rate, blood pressure, and mood state in younger and older individuals. 1993.

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18

Pfurtscheller, Gert, and Fernando Lopes da Silva. EEG Event-Related Desynchronization and Event-Related Synchronization. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0040.

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Event-related desynchronization (ERD) reflects a decrease of oscillatory activity related to internally or externally paced events. The increase of rhythmic activity is called event-related synchronization (ERS). They represent dynamical states of thalamocortical networks associated with cortical information-processing changes. This chapter discusses differences between ERD/ERS and evoked response potentials and methodologies for quantifying ERD/ERS and selecting frequency bands. It covers the interpretation of ERD/ERS in the alpha and beta bands and theta ERS and alpha ERD in behavioral tasks. ERD/ERS in scalp and subdural recordings, in various frequency bands, is discussed. Also presented is the modulation of alpha and beta rhythms by 0.1-Hz oscillations in the resting state and phase-coupling of the latter with slow changes of prefrontal hemodynamic signals (HbO2), blood pressure oscillations, and heart rate interval variations in the resting state and in relation to behavioral motor tasks. Potential uses of ERD-based strategies in stroke patients are discussed.
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19

Han, Shihui. Cultural priming on cognition and underlying brain activity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 examines the effects of cultural priming on cognition and brain activity by reviewing brain imaging evidence that temporary shifts of cultural knowledge systems toward independence or interdependence can significantly modulated brain activities involved in pain-related sensory processing, visual perception, self-face recognition and self-reflection, monetary reward, empathy, and a resting state. These findings provide evidence for a causal relationship between cultural belief/value and functional organization of the human brain. The findings further suggest that functional brain activity is constrained by both the sustained cultural frameworks formulated during long-term cultural experiences and the transient cultural frameworks induced by short-term exposure to cultural values.
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20

Ribary, Urs, Alex L. MacKay, Alexander Rauscher, Christine M. Tipper, Deborah E. Giaschi, Todd S. Woodward, Vesna Sossi, et al. Emerging neuroimaging technologies: Toward future personalized diagnostics, prognosis, targeted intervention, and ethical challenges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0002.

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The human brain is a fine-tuned and balanced structural, functional, and dynamic electrochemical system. Any alterations, from slight slowing of partial brain networks to severe disruptions in structural, functional, and dynamic connectivity across local and large-scale brain networks will result in slight to severe changes in cognitive ability, awareness, and consciousness. Using future noninvasive technologies, the common goal is to relate typical or atypical resting-state, sensory-motor functions, cognition, and consciousness to underlying typical or altered quantified brain structure, biochemistry, pathways, functional brain networks, and connectivity. This will pose enormous ethical challenges of quantitative diagnostic and prognostic strategies in future neurologic and psychiatric clinical practice.
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21

Kam, Julia W. Y., and Todd C. Handy. Electrophysiological Evidence for Attentional Decoupling during Mind-Wandering. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.13.

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The tendency to disengage from the immediate environment and to wander off to another time and place is a unique characteristic of the human mind. While much research has focused on the neural origins of such mind-wandering experience, less understood is the mechanism by which the mind facilitates task-unrelated thoughts. This chapter presents electrophysiological evidence demonstrating a widespread attenuation of numerous cognitive responses to external events during mind-wandering, suggesting that this transient modulation of the depth of the cognitive investment in external events may be one potential mechanism in which the mind facilitates these task-unrelated thoughts. The chapter also highlights the utility of resting-state and intracranial EEG as valuable methodology in illuminating the neural mechanisms underlying these internally directed mental experiences.
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22

Okeke, Edward Chukwuemeke. Similarities and Differences among Immunities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611231.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the similarities and differences between the immunities of States and international organizations, as well as their interrelationship with diplomatic immunities. It also points out the pitfalls of analogies among the various immunities. The analogy between the immunities of States and international organizations might have proved promising when international organizations came into existence in the twentieth century, but it is now fraught with pitfalls. In an attempt to restrict the jurisdictional immunity of international organizations, it has been analogized to State immunity, but such an analogy is inapt even though the immunity of international organizations had roots in diplomatic and State immunities. Although the immunity of international organizations originated as “a general principle resting on the questionable analogy of diplomatic immunities; it has become a complex body of rules set forth in detail in conventions, agreements, statutes and regulations.”
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23

Papanicolaou, Andrew C. Imaging the Networks of Consciousness. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.001.

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This chapter addresses and reconciles often conflicting conclusions published in the professional functional neuroimaging literature regarding the neuronal networks that may mediate consciousness viewed as a function, as well as neuronal circuits that represent specific products of that function, such as concepts, percepts, and experiences that are also referred to as the “contents” or the constituents of the stream of consciousness. The relevant literature is critically reviewed in order to answer the following questions: First, whether and to what degree consciousness-specific networks have been visualized and what are the prospects of their further specification in the future; second, whether imaging of resting neuronal networks can be used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in cases of compromised consciousness among comatose patients or patients in the vegetative state; and third, whether visualization of the neuronal circuits that represent knowledge in the form of concepts and intentions is feasible.
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24

Martin, Alexander M. Revolutionaries, Reactionaries and the Dilemmas of Russian Conservatism. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.012.

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A peculiarity of the right in imperial Russia was the weakness of conservatism—that portion of the right which equates national identity with the currently dominant cultural values and social hierarchies. Instead, the Russian right was more often palingenetic, that is, it looked to the state to revitalize a nation whose potential was allegedly stifled by the very same cultural values and social hierarchies that conservatives embraced. Russia and its people appeared to lack the rootedness and the matrix of organically evolved local and communal identities that were central to conservatism’s socio-political vision elsewhere. Russians were drawn instead to Utopian schemes resting on palingenetic notions that the nation was capable of, indeed in need of, a ‘regeneration’ that hinged on remaking the collective and individual consciousness. Palingenetic nationalism proved to be a revolutionary force that both destabilized Russia itself and became one of the country’s most explosive exports.
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25

Babiloni, Claudio, Claudio Del Percio, and Ana Buján. EEG in Dementing Disorders. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0016.

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This chapter reviews the most relevant literature on qualitative and quantitative abnormalities in resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms recorded in patients with dementing disorders due to Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, vascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, Lewy body disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and prion disease, mainly Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. This condition of quiet wakefulness is the most used in clinical practice, as it involves a simple, innocuous, quick, noninvasive, and cost-effective procedure that can be repeated many times without effects of stress, learning, or habituation. While rsEEG has a limited diagnostic value (not reflecting peculiar pathophysiological processes directly), delta, theta, and alpha rhythms might be promising candidates as “topographical markers” for the prognosis and monitoring of disease evolution and therapy response, at least for the most diffuse dementing disorders. More research is needed before those topographical biomarkers can be proposed for routine clinical applications.
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26

Mason, Peggy. The Neuron at Rest. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0009.

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Neuronal membrane potential depends on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and the permeability of the membrane to those ions afforded by transmembrane proteins. Ions cannot pass through a lipid bilayer but enter or exit neurons through ion channels. When activated by voltage or a ligand, ion channels open to form a pore through which selective ions can pass. The ion channels that support a resting membrane potential are critical to setting a cell’s excitability. From the distribution of an ionic species, the Nernst potential can be used to predict the steady-state potential for that one ion. Neurons are permeable to potassium, sodium, and chloride ions at rest. The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation takes into consideration the influence of multiple ionic species and can be used to predict neuronal membrane potential. Finally, how synaptic inputs affect neurons through synaptic currents and changes in membrane resistance is described.
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