Relevant bibliographies by topics / Restitutio in integrum (Canon law)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Restitutio in integrum (Canon law)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Restitutio in integrum (Canon law)"

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Ogunniran, Hakeem. "Awarding Exemplary Damages in Tort Cases: The Dilemma of Nigerian Courts." Journal of African Law 36, no. 2 (1992): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300009840.

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The basic rule of the common law is that damages in civil actions are awarded as compensation for injury and not as punishment for wrongdoing. The object is reparation; and the applicable principle is restitutio in integrum. Thus, the ultimate aim of the award is to restore the plaintiff, as far as money can do, to the position he would have been if the wrong had not been committed. In tort actions where the plaintiff's injury can be measured by some material loss, this principle will apply without much difficulty; however, in cases where the damages are “at large”—in that it involves a substantial subjective element, the viability of the principle of restitutio in integrum becomes doubtful. Moreover, the award of damages may sometimes look to the punishment of the defendant, instead of compensating the plaintiff; such damages are called “exemplary” damages.
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Migliorino, Francesco. "Andrea Bettetini, La, restitutio in integrum' processuale nel diritto canonico." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 82, no. 1 (August 1, 1996): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgka.1996.82.1.422.

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Hrabovych, T. "“RESTITUTIO IN INTEGRUM” AND “RESTITUTIO IN PRISTINUM” IN THE DOCTRINE AND PRACTICE OF THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY." Law and public administration, no. 4 (2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/pdu.2020.4.4.

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Karianga, Indra, Haikal Arsalan, Lidya Yubagyo, and Cavita Ezra. "PENCABUTAN HAK POLITIK TERPIDANA KORUPSI DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY." Arena Hukum 14, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 500–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2021.01403.5.

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This research aim is to provide a theoretical basis to permanently remove the political rights of a former prisoners of corruption as an alternative to achieve the purpose of criminal law. This normative research uses conceptual, statute and philosophical approach method. This research result indicate that based on the social contract theory, corruption is a criminal act which has injured the volonte generale and in this regard, a new concept is offered. The new concept is permanent revocation of political rights for a former coruption convicts that in line with peines infarmantes principle but does not apply automatically and must go through a court decision and be apllied for life (restitutio in integrum).
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Torres, Felix E. "Revisiting the Chorzów Factory Standard of Reparation – Its Relevance in Contemporary International Law and Practice." Nordic Journal of International Law 90, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 190–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-bja10023.

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Abstract The Chorzów Factory standard of reparation has been consolidated in the mind-set of international actors since the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility were adopted in 2001. This article analyses to what extent the recent case law of the International Court of Justice and other international practice concerning injury to aliens and property rights, especially expropriations, reflect the Chorzów Factory standard. It does so by considering whether ‘full reparation’ is the central issue in international disputes that involve state responsibility, if restitutio in integrum prevails over other forms of redress, and if the amount of compensation is established in light of the principle of ‘full reparation’. The interaction between the secondary rules of state responsibility and the primary rules of expropriation will be considered in investor-state disputes. In addressing these questions, the role that adjudicating bodies understand they play in international law and the interests pursued by stakeholders – states and private investors – are examined.
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Hasibuan, Lidya Rahmadani, and Syaravina Lubis. "Rights of Restitution to Child Victims Under Law No. 35 of 2014 Concerning Child Protection." Mahadi: Indonesia Journal of Law 3, no. 01 (February 28, 2024): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/mah.v3i01.15455.

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Restitution is the compensation paid by a perpetrator, as determined by a court with a final legal decision, to cover the material and/or immaterial losses suffered by the victim or their heirs. In cases involving child victims, restitution becomes obligatory for the perpetrator to compensate the victim for their losses. This demonstrates the perpetrator's responsibility for actions that have harmed the victim, their family, or heirs, in accordance with Article 71 D Paragraph (2) of Law Number 35 of 2014, which amends Law number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. Restitution, as a form of compensation for victims of crimes, aligns with the Principle of Restoration to its Original Condition (restitutio in integrum), aiming to restore victims to their state before the crime, although complete restoration may not be possible. It emphasizes a holistic recovery approach, addressing various aspects resulting from the crime's consequences. Through restitution, victims can recover their freedom, legal rights, social status, family life, citizenship, residence, employment, and assets. The research will be conducted at the Belawan Police, Medan LPSK, and Bagan Deli Belawan Village.
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Němec, Damián. "“Person” in the Law of Religious [Institutes]." Philosophy and Canon Law 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pacl.2021.07.2.07.

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The emphasis on the human person and his dignity was significantly applied in the new regulation of the law of consecrated life, which is dealt with in the new Code of Canon Law of 1983 in integrum compared to the previous Code of Canon Law of 1917. This paper describes only some of the changes in the law of religious institutes in the Latin Church.The first section regards mainly the person who has taken religious vows and focuses on the question of religious vows as the basis of religious life. It also discusses confessors viewed as a necessary tool for the renewal of religious life as well as modifications in the concept of poverty as a very important element of religious life. The second section focuses on the government of religious institutes, discussing the strengthened position of internal superiors over external superiors in religious congregations, the strengthened position of the superior of monasteries of nuns, and the extended powers of superiors on release from a religious institute due to illegitimate absence from a religious house.As this is in some cases a very recent legal regulation, the author does not hesitate to express his critical observations.
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Ghandhi, P. R. "Exemplary damages in the English law of tort." Legal Studies 10, no. 2 (July 1990): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1990.tb00599.x.

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At common law, the primary remedy for a successful plaintiff in an action in tort is an award of damages. The plaintiff must be put in the position in which he was before the tort was committed so far as money can do this. In many actions the principle of restitutio in integrum is a sufficient guide to the quantum of damages. But, in other cases, for example, actions for damages for personal injuries or defamation, a highly subjective element is involved. Neither personal injury nor loss of reputation is easily convertible by the use of any yardstick into an exact monetary figure.In some cases, the damages are said to be ‘at large’. This signifies that the award is not limited to the pecuniary loss that can be precisely proved. Where damages are ‘at large’, as they are, for example, in assault, false imprisonment or malicious prosecution, trespass and defamation, they may be conveniently divided into three separate elements. First, there is the compensation for the actual harm caused to the plaintiff by the defendant; in addition to any pecuniary loss specifically proved, the assessment will involve putting a monetary value on the physical hurt in assault, on curtailment of liberty in false imprisonment or malicious prosecution, on injury to reputation in defamation and on inconvenience and disturbance in trespass.
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Marbun, Rocky. "KONSEP DIYAT SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PEMIDANAAN DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA UNTUK MENGATASI FENOMENA OVERCAPACITY LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 6, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.6.2.2017.189-212.

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Through the ecletic-incorporation method and prismatic concept, the concept of diyat which has been modified will make it able to experience the unification of the law for the nation of Indonesia. Through the goodness and excellence of the concept of diyat, the author believes it is an alternative solution to the failure of the Criminal Justice System that is currently used. The main objective of the Paradigm of the Pancasila Law is not just to achieve justice, but also to achieve peace in the life of society, nation and state. Reversing the conditions of the community to its original state (restitutio in integrum) is the main goal in the Paradigm of the Pancasila Law. However, the infiltration process of the concept of diyat, must be realized through in-depth study, in particular against any criminal acts that can be applied. The concept of diyat in its essence also brings about a shrinkage of the powers of the judge in imposing imprisonment against perpetrators of certain crimes that are established by the Political Criminal Law and Criminal Law System in Indonesia, once peace and justice is achieved by the victims and / or their families. The writing of this paper uses normative juridical method with approach to legislation, conceptual approach, philosophical approach and sociological approach. Keywords: diyat, fiqh, jinayat, crime, society
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Hakim, Abdul. "MENAKAR RASA KEADILAN PADA PUTUSAN HAKIM PERDATA TERHADAP PIHAK KETIGA YANG BUKAN PIHAK BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF NEGARA HUKUM PANCASILA." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.6.3.2017.361-378.

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Law is a set of words that are systematically linking an authoritative text, according to Gustav Radbruch, it should contain three (3) elements, namely fairness, certainty and expediency. The application of the authoritative text in social life was an absolute authority of a judge in resolving a civil case. The judge, in the checking-hearing-deciding a case, not only expected to return the case to the original state (restitutio in integrum) before the advent of the dispute, but should attempt made every effort to not create new disputes or disputes derived from the subject matter examined. Therefore, it becomes very important role of the paradigm for a judge in deciding the case in order to fulfill a sense of justice. Therefore, deciding the case in a precise sense of justice will be a judge most important role. Nowadays, the meaning of "justice" in Civil Procedure Code only limited to the authority of the power of the parties bound by the principle of consensualism and the principle of freedom of contract. Therefore, based on the Law Paradigm (Philosophy) of Pancasila, Judge as an interpreter, in defining and applying the law, legal science must have the ability to deconstruct and reconstruct an authoritative text based paradigm embraced by a nation.Keywords: the principle of consensualism, justice, pancasila, paradigm, civil procedural law
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Restitutio in integrum (Canon law)"

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Lambiris, Michael A. "A study of the nature, function and availability of orders of restitutio in integrum and specific performance as remedies in South African law." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004752.

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This study is of two remedies that are available in South African law: orders of restitutio in integrum, and specific performance. The study demonstrates that, by treating these remedies as legal topics in their own right, a greater understanding emerges of their inherent characteristics, the role that they play in the law, and of the particular circumstances in which these remedies are available. An order of restitutio in integrum performs an important and unique function in South African law. The fundamental realisation is that it is a remedy in terms of which the courts exercise an extraordinary and discretionary power, and nullify ab initio legal transactions, or the legal consequences of events, which were previously perfectly valid and enforceable at law. Because of the extraordinary nature of this remedy, the circumstances in which it is available are limited by the requirement that iusta causa must exist to justify nullification. Further, before the remedy is available, the person seeking relief must have suffered loss or prejudice as a result of the event complained of. Finally, a mutual restoration of benefits received by the persons involved is required. The nature and effect of orders of restitutio in integrum, and the essential elements which determine the availability of the remedy, enable it to be distinguished from, and contrasted with, other remedies in South African law. An order of specific performance is available in South African law, at the option of a plaintiff, to enforce the actual performance of contractual undertakings. The remedy is appropriate to enforce positive undertakings, as well as acts of restraint. For the remedy to be available, it is firstly necessary that a contractual obligation be proved to exist. Secondly, performance of that obligation must be due. Thirdly, the performance sought must not in fact have already been rendered. These elements determine the availability of the remedy in particular factual circumstances, such as in cases involving pre-emptive rights. The nature and characteristics of the remedy are determined by principles of South African, and not English law. The remedy is available as of right in South African law, but subject to a discretionary power of a court to refuse to order specific performance.
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Pusvaškytė, Evelina. "Neturtinės žalos dydžio nustatymo problematika." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080130_092747-37833.

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Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe autorė analizuoja svarbiausią neturtinės žalos atlyginimo instituto aspektą – kompensacijos dydį. Tyrimas pradedamas „neturtinės žalos“ sąvokos analize, kuri atskleidžia prieštaringą šio instituto prigimtį, taip pat aptariami kiti probleminiai aspektai, tokie kaip piniginio įvertinimo galimybė, santykis su restitutio in integrum principu, istorinė evoliucija, galimybė unifikuoti šį institutą Europos Sąjungos lygiu. Antrajame skyriuje nagrinėjamas neturtinės žalos atlyginimas kaip procesas, ieškoma atsakymo į klausimus, kas galėtų vertinti neturtinės žalos dydį, kokie būdai ir kriterijai padėtų tai padaryti teisingai. Analizuojamas neturtinės žalos dydžio įrodinėjimo aspektas, aptariama prezumcijos įtvirtinimo galimybė, paneigiama įstatymų leidėjo galimybė riboti neturtinės žalos dydį, nustatant maksimalius limitus. Trečiasis šio magistro baigiamojo darbo skyrius yra skirtas Lietuvos teismų praktikos analizei: atskleidžiamos pagrindinės problemos, pateikiami nevienareikšmiško vertinimo pavyzdžiai, galimi problemų sprendimo variantai.
The matter in question of the current master thesis is the most important aspect of compensation of non pecuniary damage - the size of compensation. The master thesis begins at the analysis of concept of "non pecuniary damage", which displays controversial nature of current institute, as well as other problematic aspects are being analysed, such as possibility of pecuniary valuation, relation to restitutio in integrum principle, historic evolution and opportunities of unification of the institute in the European Union. In the second chapter the compensation of non pecuniary damage as a process is being analysed, problems of subjects, which are able to value the size of compensation of non pecuniary damage, as well as methods and criterion that may assist, are being examined. The proving of size of non pecuniary damage is being analysed, possibility of fixing a presumption is being disputed as well as the right of a legislator to limit the size of non pecuniary damage while fixing maximum limits is being denied. The third chapter is based on practice of Lithuanian courts: pricipal problems are being highlighted as well as the examples of ambiguous estimation and the possible solutions are given.
Autor der Arbeit analisiert die wichtigste Frage des Ersatzes des immateriellen Schadens – die Hőhe der Genugtuung. Im ersten Abschnitt der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Konzeption des immateriellen Schadens, die die widerspruchsvolle Natur dieses Institutes zeigt, verhandelt man die andere Probleme: Geld als Mittel der Genugtuung, das Verhaltnis mit dem Prinzip restitutio integrum, historische Entwicklung, die Mőglichkeit der Vereinheitlichung in der EU. In dem zweiten Abschnitt wird der Ersatz des immateriellen Schadens wie der Prozess behandelt. Es handelt um die Subjekten, Weise und Kriterien der Feststellung der Hőhe des immateriellen Schadens, die gerechte Genugtuung garantieren kőnnte. Auch wird das Problem der Beweisung analisiert, behandelt man die Mőglichkeit der Presumtion, widerlegt man die Fähigkeit des Gesetzgebers, die Hőhe des immateriellen Schadens zu beschränken. Im dritten Abschnitt werden einzelne Probleme der Feststellung der Hőhe des immateriellen Schadens in der Rechtsprechung analisiert: einige Beispiele der unterschiedlichen Bemessung werden vorgebracht, die mőglichen Lősungen gezeigt.
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Karūžaitė, Eglė. "Neturtinės žalos atlyginimo objektas: lyginamieji aspektai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100224_104440-36462.

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Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjami neturtinės žalos atlyginimo objektai bei jų teoriniai ir praktiniai skirtumai Lietuvos, Italijos, Didžiosios Britanijos, JAV, Vokietijos bei Prancūzijos teisinėse sistemose. Bandoma parodyti, kad teisė į neturtinės žalos atlyginimą, pažeidus asmens neturtines vertybes tiek bipolinėse, tiek singuliarinėse valstybėse yra plečiama, grindžiant žmogaus teisių doktrinos idėja ir siekiu įgyvendinti visiško žalos atlyginimo principą, nors, kita vertus, pripažįstama, jog pilnai pritaikyti restitutio in integrum neturtinės žalos atlyginimo srityje dėl prarastos vertybės specifiškumo nėra įmanoma. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra išnagrinėti neturtinės žalos atlyginimo objektus, jų raidos bei taikymo teisminėje praktikoje tendencijas, atskleisti kiekvieno objekto pažeidimo atveju keliamus reikalavimus ir taikomus neturtinės žalos atlyginimo apribojimus. Todėl lyginamojo, istorinio, loginio, sisteminio bei kitų metodų pagalba analizuojama pasirinktų šalių teisinė patirtis, bandoma įžvelgti ne tik panašumų, bet ir atskleisti tam tikrus skirtumus, sutinkamus teisės į neturtinės žalos atlyginimą įgyvendinimo procese. Darbą sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas bei santrauka. Pirmojo skyriaus tikslas yra atskleisti tam tikrus teorinius neturtinės žalos atlyginimo aspektus, aptariant neturtinės žalos atlyginimo funkcijas bei sąvoką, įtvirtintą įvairių valstybių teisės aktuose. Antrojoje darbo dalyje yra apibūdinami neturtinės žalos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The objects of non-pecuniary damage and their theoretical and practical differencies in Lithunian, Italian, Great Britain, American, German and French legal systems are analysed in this Master work. It is attempted to show, that a right to non-pecuniary damage redress after infringement of non-economical values is being expanded both - in singular and bipolar countries, as a result of the concept of human rights doctrine and aspiration to entirely implement the principle of damage compensation, though accepting the impossibility of restitutio in integrum in the field of non-pecuniary damage because of the specificity of the lost value. The primary aim of this work is to explore the objects of non-pecuniary damage, the trends of their development and application in judicial practice, to reveal the requirements, raised in every case of the infringement of the object, and the restrictions applied to the redress of non-pecuniary damage. Therefore, with the help of comparative, historical, logical, systemic and other methods, the experience of chosen countries is analysed, trying to envisage not only some similarities, but also to reveal the diferrencies, applied in the implementation process of the right to non-pecuniary damage. The work consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusions, the list of literature and summary. Tha aim of the first chapter is to disclose particular theoretical aspects of non-pecuniary damage, such as the functions of non-pecuniary damage redress... [to full text]
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Books on the topic "Restitutio in integrum (Canon law)"

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Kiwior, Wiesław Kazimierz. Przedmiot "restitutio in integrum" w kodeksie prawa kanonicznego z 1983 roku oraz w orzecznictwie trybunałʹow apostolskich w latach 1984-1995. Warszawa: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyʹnskiego, 2001.

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Lambiris, Michael A. Orders of specific performance and restitutio in integrum in South African law. Durban: Butterworths, 1989.

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Hartlief, T. Ontbinding: Over ongedaanmaking, bevrijding en rechterlijke bevoegdheden bij ontbinding wegens wanprestatie. Deventer: Kluwer, 1994.

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Ivo, Malte. Die Folgenbeseitigungslast. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1996.

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Lluelles, Didier. Droit québécois des obligations. Montréal: Éditions Thémis, 1998.

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Kowalski, Wojciech. Restytucja dzieł sztuki w prawie międzynarodowym. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 1989.

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Diekmann, Rolf. Der Vernichtungsanspruch: Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von den Verletzungsansprüchen im gewerblichen Rechtsschutz und im Urheberrecht. [S.l: s.n.], 1993.

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Feeney. Restitutio in Integrum. Catholic University of America Press, 2013.

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Kupisch, Berthold. In Integrum Restitutio und Vindicatio Utilis Bei Eigentumsübertragungen Im Klassischen Römischen Recht. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2019.

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Das Prinzip der Naturalrestitution in [Paragraphen] 249 BGB: Herkunft, historische Entwicklung und Bedeutung. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Restitutio in integrum (Canon law)"

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Permanasari, Noviana, Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and Muhammad Rustamaji. "Strengthening Indonesian Trafficking in Persons Law under Restitutio in Integrum Principles." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Law, Economic & Good Governance (IC-LAW 2023), 572–76. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_95.

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Paulus, Andreas L. "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Italian Concerns Between Constitutional Rights and International Law." In Remedies against Immunity?, 337–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_18.

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AbstractSentenza 238/2014 has led to a sharp dissonance between the international law of state immunity as interpreted by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and Italian constitutional law as understood and applied by the Corte Costituzionale. While the interpretation and application by the Italian Constitutional Court (ItCC) of the access-to-courts provision in the Italian Constitution may not have been inevitable, this does not remove the need for finding a solution to the stalemate between international and domestic law. On the one hand, the easy solution, namely that the rejection of German state immunity from jurisdiction does not necessarily remove immunity from execution into German property, appears unlikely to be accepted by the ItCC because it would give stones rather than bread to the complainants and render court access a futile exercise. On the other hand, bringing Sentenza to its logical conclusion would result in Italy having to return to Germany what Italian courts took from her by requiring compensation—either by way of the general international law of restitutio in integrum, which the Corte Costituzionale has neither contemplated nor contradicted, or by way of the 1961 Treaty between Germany and Italy in which Italy promises to indemnify Germany against any further claims. Thus, a compromise would have to distinguish between full access to the Italian courts notwithstanding international immunity—as required by the ItCC—and substantive law, which could accept a more symbolical recognition of the suffering of the victims. That recognition could stem from a direct source other than the two states involved, such as a common fund, and address only the small group of immediate victims who were unjustly, if arguably legally, excluded from the previous compensation scheme of the 1960s. It is by no means certain, however, whether such an outcome would be acceptable to all sides—including the Corte itself. Thus, legal certainty would have to be established as quickly as possible so that the victims can still receive at least symbolic compensation.
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Mann, F. A. "Monetary Obligations: Types and Payment." In The Legal Aspect of Money, 65–85. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198256502.003.0018.

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Abstract IT has already been observedI that it is one of the most important, though not the basic, functions of money to serve as a general medium of payment. In fact, in innumerable cases money not only functions as the contemplated or immediate means of fulfilling obligations, whether compulsorily imposed or voluntarily contracted, but may also be described as a ‘medium of final compulsory liquidation or as a medium of final tender’. The latter observation has particular force in this country, where the fundamental principle of the law of damages that the injured party is entitled to restitutio in integrum cannot be taken in the literal sense of denoting naturalis restitutio, but in the sense of the Roman maxim, ‘omnis condemnatio est pecuniaria’.
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Ćorac, Sanda. "VRAĆANjE U PREĐAŠNjE STANjE U PARNIČNOM PROCESNOM PRAVU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE." In USKLAĐIVANjE pravnog sistema Srbije sa standardima Evropske unije. [Knj. 10], 541–54. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upssx.541c.

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The paper deals with the procedural institution of restitutio in integrum (restitution in previous condition) through the analysis of the conditions stipulated by the law and the reasons (justified and unjustified) that the court is guided by. This procedural instrument aims to protect the parties in a proceeding from the legal consequences of missing a deadline or a hearing, if there are justified reasons for that omission. At the same time, the law does not regulate specifically what is considered a justified reason, so this term is considered a standard whose more detailed determination is given by the courts, through their interpretations of this term in court practice.
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McKENDRICK, EWAN. "Total Failure of Consideration and Counter-Restitution: Two Issues or One?" In Laundering and Tracing, 217–42. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198261018.003.0008.

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Abstract The law of restitution is at a crucial stage in its development. Two strategies are discernable. The first is to keep liability within acceptable bounds by restricting the grounds on which restitution can be ordered. Historically, this is the approach which the courts have adopted. Thus, a mistake of law does not (as yet) give rise to a restitutionary claim, while a failure of consideration must be total in order to ground a restitutionary claim. But this approach is under threat and a second approach is now in the ascendancy. According to this approach, the grounds of restitution should be broadened, leaving it to the defences to set limits to the scope of liability. This approach can be seen at work in Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd1 where Lord Goff stated that one effect of the recognition of the defence of change of position was that it would ‘enable a more generous approach to be taken to the recognition of the right to restitution, in the knowledge that the defence is, in appropriate cases, available.’2 Yet, when we turn to a consideration of the defences, we quickly reach the rather worrying conclusion that we know relatively little about their workings and the relationships (if any) between them. The link between the scope of the unjust factors and the defences can, in fact, be seen when we turn to an examination of the interplay between the requirement that a failure of consideration must be ‘total’ in order to ground a restitutionary claim and the defence of ‘counter-restitution impossible’ or, to use more traditional language, the requirement that it must be possible to make restitutio in integrum. That there is thought to be a link between the two can be seen from the following passage from Goff and Jones where the authors state that ‘a party claiming rescission must be able to make, and must in fact make, restitutio in integrum. There is a comparable principle which governs money claims: money cannot be
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"in the position he was in before the defendant committed his tort, in the case of property damage, there is, very often, little difference between the two measures of damage. Where the claimant’s property is destroyed or damaged, the basic principle is restitutio in integrum, that is, the claimant must be put into as good a position as if his property had not been damaged. For these purposes,." In Sourcebook on Contract Law, 681–82. Routledge-Cavendish, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843141518-266.

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"rescission, the claimant must be able to give back to the defendant any benefits conferred on him under the contract. Without this return to the pre-contract position, the claimant himself would be unjustly enriched by granting rescission of the contract. The most likely event preventing restitutio in integrum involves consumption or disposal of the subject matter of the contract. Thus, if the thing which the claimant seeks to restore is radically different from the thing contracted, rescission will not be allowed. In Clarke v Dickson, the plaintiff purchased shares in a company from the defendants. Subsequently, with the consent of the plaintiff, the company was reorganised as one with limited liability. When that limited liability company was wound up, the plaintiff discovered that the defendants had been guilty of a misrepresentation and he sought to rescind his contract with the defendants in order to recover the purchase price. However, what he proposed to return to the defendants would have been different in kind to that which was contracted for. Accordingly, rescission was not granted: Clarke v Dickson (1858) EB & E 148, p 154; 120 ER 463." In Sourcebook on Contract Law, 737–39. Routledge-Cavendish, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843141518-286.

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Conference papers on the topic "Restitutio in integrum (Canon law)"

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Sovrlić, Milica. "FRAUS CREDITORUM U RIMSKOM PRAVU." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.1091s.

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Fraus creditorum was a delict of Pretorian law. This delict existed when the borrower consciously reduced his assets to prevent creditors from collecting their claims. Uncontrolled creditors had at their disposal three procedural means to defraud the debtor's disposal. Initially, the interdictum frauditorum and restitutio in integrum ob fraudem, and later actio Pauliana, who consolidated the actions of the previous two procedural means and enabled the comprehensive protection of creditors. Protection of creditors from fraudulent proceedings of indebted debtors came to light only after the introduction of real execution. Until then, the applicable principle of personal execution was a sufficient guarantee to the creditors that the debtor would fulfill their obligations. The debtors, in order to avoid expulsion through Tibar or murder, were trying to fulfill their contractual obligations.
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