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1
Orre, Christoffer. "Misappropriation Sanctions : Discovering the Threshold for Freezing Assets of Ousted Kleptocrats with EU Restrictive Measures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393171.
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The misappropriation sanctions refer to the European Union sanctions adopted against foreign kleptocrats to address the suspected theft of public funds. After the regimes had been successfully overthrown in the Arab Spring in Tunisia and Egypt in 2011 as well as the Maidan Revolution in Ukraine in 2014, the misappropriation sanctions were imposed, in all three cases, as the ousted leaders and their close associates were suspected of stealing vast amounts of public funds from their respective countries and hiding the misappropriated funds overseas. The misappropriation sanctions take the form of asset freezes against individuals considered being responsible for “misappropriation of state funds”. The sanctions in question have been extensively reviewed by the Court of Justice of the European Union as numerous of the targeted individuals have applied for annulment of the sanctions in the parts that concern them. The purpose of this thesis is to examine, on the basis of the case law of the CJEU, the threshold for legitimate listing of a targeted individuals in the misappropriation sanctions. It is concluded that threshold vis-à-vis the criteria or the listing grounds must be regarded as reasonable, while the threshold concerning the respect of fundamental rights is creating a heavy burden to bear.
2
Ligero, Gilberto Notário. "Sanções processuais por improbidade na execução civil." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6660.
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Previous issue date: 2014-12-03<br>This thesis has as its object the procedural sanctions for misconduct in civil
enforcement. The methodological approach, observing the concentration area of the
program is given by the fact that currently the executive activity, represented by the
execution of a sentence or the autonomous process execution, is considered
essential to the effectiveness of judicial protection . What happens is that some
factors have influenced the performance of this type of lawsuit. Among the factors is
the disrespect, strong and steady, the duties of procedural fairness in executive
screen. The attacks on the dignity of Justice earn several ways: disrespect for the
court order to indicate the goods are seized, the challenge and fulfillment of sentence
manifestly dilatory embargoes, fraud enforcement, disposition of property seized,
bringing undue executions, abuse of the right of registration certificate of the
distribution of execution, etc. To sanction the creditor and the debtor, the system
adopts the protective-repressive pattern of conduct discouraging, materializing
through the fines and the obligation to repair damage. The legislature of little worth
premiais sanction measures whose purpose is to promote encouraging conduct. By
analyzing the structure of the disciplinary system in CPC / 73, it appears that the
same is not meeting your functional expectations: to punish and educate. The
revisiting of concepts and ideas is essential to building a new concept of procedural
sanction, based on constructivist pedagogical interactionism. This new ideal penalty
is established because of the need for transformation of the procedural subjects
pipelines. In most, sees the need to expand the list of penalties, turning the research
at this point for the implementation of restrictive measures of rights, which are sparse
in the legislation. Thus defends the imposition of such sanctions as atypical modes in
addition to the typical. The judge with their explicit and implicit powers and duties can
take advantage of these measures. Given the normative principle of proportionality,
by variants of the necessity and appropriateness, the judge can apply them, without,
however, undermining fundamental rights. In addition to the restrictive sanctions, the
system needs to incorporate positive measures (premiais), to meet their ends, so that
makes the proposal of a prize for those who litigarem responsibly. It is proposed for
the effective adoption of these measures, a bill changer law of the CPC. Then
defends the idea in the sense that a significant structural change must occur in the
sanctioning system, for that unfair and bad faith practices are transformed into
probas practices. The deductive method is with the use of technical analysis of
relevant literature and case law related to<br>A presente tese tem como objeto as sanções processuais por improbidade na
execução civil. O recorte metodológico,observando-se a área de concentração do
programa, se dá pelo fato de que, atualmente, a atividade executiva, representada
pela execução de sentença ou pelo processo autônomo de execução, é considerada
essencial para a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional. Ocorre que, alguns fatores têm
influenciado no bom desempenho dessa modalidade de processo judicial. Entre os
fatores está o desrespeito, acentuado e contínuo, aos deveres de probidade
processual na tela executiva. Os atentados à dignidade da Justiça ganham várias
formas: desrespeito à ordem judicial para indicação de bens à serem penhorados,
impugnação ao cumprimento de sentença e embargos manifestamente protelatórios,
fraudes à execução, alienação de bens penhorados, propositura de execuções
indevidas, abuso do direito de averbação da certidão de distribuição da execução,
etc. Para sancionar o exequente e o executado, o sistema adota o padrão protetivorepressivo,
desencorajador de condutas, materializando-o por meio das multas e
pela obrigação de reparar danos. O legislador pouco se vale das medidas
sancionatórias premiais, cuja finalidade é promover condutas encorajadoras. Por
meio da análise da estrutura do sistema sancionatório no CPC/73, verifica-se que o
mesmo não vem atendendo às suas expectativas funcionais: punir e educar. A
revisitação de conceitos e ideias torna-se essencial, para a construção de um novo
conceito de sanção processual, baseado no interacionismo construtivista
pedagógico. Esse novo ideal sancionatório se estabelece por conta da necessidade
de transformação das condutas dos sujeitos processuais. No mais, vislumbra-se a
necessidade de ampliar o rol de sanções, voltando-se a pesquisa, neste ponto, para
a implementação das medidas restritivas de direitos, que se encontram na legislação
esparsa. Defende-se, assim, a imposição destas sanções como modalidades
atípicas em complemento às típicas. O juiz com seus poderes-deveres explícitos e
implícitos pode se valer destas medidas. Atendendo ao postulado normativo da
proporcionalidade, por suas variantes da necessidade e da adequação, o juiz pode
aplicá-las, sem, contudo, atentar contra direitos fundamentais. Além das sanções
restritivas, o sistema precisa incorporar medidas positivas (premiais), para atender
seus fins, tanto que se faz a proposta de um prêmio para aqueles que litigarem com
responsabilidade. Propõe-se, para a efetiva adoção destas medidas, um projeto de
lei alterador do CPC. Defende-se, então, a ideia no sentido de que deve ocorrer uma
sensível mudança estrutural no sistema sancionatório, para que as práticas abusivas
e de má-fé sejam transformadas em práticas probas. O método de é o dedutivo, com
o emprego das técnicas de análise da bibliografia especializada e da jurisprudência
relacionada ao tema
3
Ng, Ka-sing David. "Shoplifting should not be dealt with by criminal sanction." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1990. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12840579.
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Majlessi, M. Shervin. "Use of economic sanctions under international law : a contemporary assessment." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30318.
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The growth in the use of collective and unilateral economic sanctions in the post-Cold-War epoch calls for a re-examination of the legal basis and constraints on the implementation of sanctions. This thesis is an attempt to explore, from a legal point of view, the problems and restrictions associated with sanctions, and suggest ways in which economic sanctions can be rendered more legitimate in terms of international legal requirements.<br>Unilateral and collective economic sanctions are based on different legal premises: the traditional theory of retaliation and treaty principles respectively. It will be argued that a breach of an erga omnes obligation is also a legitimate legal basis for economic sanctions.<br>Key cases in which sanctions have been used will be reviewed and it will be contended that, in addition to traditional economic considerations, sanctions should be subject to other limitations such as respect for principles of international humanitarian law. Issues regarding the legitimacy of the Security Council's actions and authority will also be addressed and possible ways of controlling the actions of the Security Council will be put forth.<br>After determining the restrictions on implementation of sanctions, proposals for refining current practices of imposing economic sanctions are submitted. In conclusion, it is submitted that unilateral sanctions are subject to serious legal constraints and that collective sanctions have the potential of being used in a more humane and institutionally coherent way.
5
Cartwright, Peter. "The role of criminal sanctions in consumer protection." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273783.
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Al-Hajeri, Abdul-Rahman R. "Sanctions in public works contracts : a comparative study." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261869.
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Cole, William Dalton. "Legal Sanctions and the Consensus of Crime Seriousness." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625430.
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Jalali, Javad. "The impact of sanctions upon civil aviation safety." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104746.
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Located between diplomacy and military action on a scale of intervention, economic sanctions are assumed to be an effective tool to influence global politics. However, assessments of the success of economic sanctions generally indicate that, in most cases, they fail to bring about the desired outcome. Rather, economic sanctions usually hit the wrong targets with innocent civilians often paying the price instead of the ruling elites and their collaborators. Among sectors targeted by economic sanctions, measures taken against civil aviation may place people, airlines, and cities inside and outside the sanctioned country at risk, and consequently may have ramifications on a global basis. In other words, the coercive embargo of sales of commercial aircraft and parts against a target State constitutes a danger to public safety not only to the territory and citizens of that State, but also to other States over which the target State's aircraft fly, including, in some instances, sanctioning States. Hence, the implications for civil aviation safety must be seen as a matter of global concern.From different views and perspectives, this thesis reviews the rationales, objectives and outcomes of the employment of economic sanctions, and will specifically study the consequences of sanctions against civil aviation. However, the overarching objective of this thesis is to examine the legitimacy and subsequent effect, within the normative system of international law, of the imposition of safety-threatening sanctions against international civil aviation, a unique sector which by its very definition crosses State borders.<br>Sur l'échelle des interventions, à mi-chemin entre diplomatie et action militaire, les sanctions économiques peuvent être un outil efficace pour influencer la politique internationale. Cependant, les évaluations du succès des sanctions économiques montrent que, dans la plupart des cas, elles ne parviennent pas à atteindre le but souhaité. Au contraire, les sanctions économiques affectent généralement les mauvaises cibles; les civils innocents payent souvent le prix, à la place des dirigeants et de leurs collaborateurs. Parmi les secteurs visés par les sanctions économiques, les mesures prises à l'encontre de l'aviation civile peuvent représenter un risque, pour les personnes, lignes aériennes et villes, à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur du pays sanctionné, et ainsi avoir des ramifications au plan international. En d'autres termes, l'embargo coercitif sur les ventes d'aéronefs et de pièces détachées, à l'encontre d'un État déterminé, constitue un danger en matière de sécurité publique, non seulement sur le territoire et pour les citoyens de cet État, mais également pour les autres États au dessus desquels les aéronefs de l'État ciblé volent, y compris dans certains cas, les États à l'initiative des sanctions. C'est pour cette raison, que les conséquences pour la sécurité de l'aviation civile, doivent être envisagées de manière globale.Par divers angles et perspectives, ce mémoire étudiera les raisonnements, objectifs et résultats, de l'usage des sanctions économiques, et plus précisément, les conséquences de ces sanctions sur l'aviation civile. Toutefois, l'objectif ultime de cette étude est d'examiner la légitimité et les effets substantiels – dans le cadre du système normatif du droit international – de l'imposition de sanctions menaçant la sécurité de l'aviation civile internationale, un secteur unique, qui de par son caractère intrinsèque, dépasse les frontières des États.
9
Palmer, Sherilyn A. "A review and analysis of community-based sanctions in Canada." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6861.
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The search for effective community-based sentencing alternatives has been ongoing for a long time. However, despite the overwhelming interest, we knew relatively little about the conditions under which alternatives can be effectively applied to meet specific objectives, how obstacles to their effective implementation can be overcome, and how they can be rooted on a systematic basis. The research program that was approved as part of Bill C-19, concentrated on community service orders, restitution and the proposed fine option programs. To support the jurisdictions in the research program, federal resources were approved for research in these areas. However, most of the research carried out was in the area of fine option programs. Despite the various calls for the use and expansion of community-based sanctions, their development and implementation throughout the jurisdictions have been inconsistent. One of the rationales of the Sentencing Alternative Initiative was to provide more information about programs, and, to stimulate further interest in community-based sanctions. The purpose of this thesis was to provide information on what led to the Government's significant initiative in sentencing reform, and, to discuss the results of the research activities during the Sentencing Alternatives Initiative. The Sentencing Alternatives Initiative served to augment and enhance some of the sentencing alternative projects already in existence across the country, and to stimulate interest in areas where alternatives were not available. As a result, the activities of the Initiative were varied and ranged in type from program reviews to feasibility studies, pilot projects, surveys in jurisdictions and compilation of fact books on the use of alternatives in Canada. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
10
Guo, Jing Xi. "EU sanctions :how effective is it? ;Guo Jingxi." Thesis, University of Macau, 2015. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3335211.
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Majlessi, M. Shervin. "Use of economic sanctions under international law, a contemporary assessment." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64294.pdf.
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D'Hollander, Juliette. "Economic sanctions as a means to enforce human rights." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23437.
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The United Nations Security Council has recently imposed economic sanctions against several states with the aim to protect human rights. Before the Second World War economic sanctions had been imposed under the Covenant of the League of Nations. It was, however, only with the creation of the United Nations and the evolution of international human rights law that economic sanctions have been imposed explicitly in the name of human rights. While the Security Council has ordered economic sanctions against Iraq, Haiti and the former Yugoslavia for their human rights violations, the thesis explores the reasons why the Council has not taken similar measures against other countries with comparable human rights records and concludes that, there exists a double standard. Another important issue examined concerns the collateral consequences of economic sanctions. More often than not, it is the civilian population that ends up enduring the harsh conditions that result from the sanctions. The thesis suggests that the economic sanctions imposed for human rights purposes may in fact result in the infringement of the basic human rights of the very population that they are intended to protect.
13
Mäkinen, Johanna. "Sanctions as a tool for compliance : A quantitative study on violations of international humanitarian law and imposition of economic sanctions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373113.
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The 1990’s did not only see the end of the Cold War, it experienced several man-made humanitarian crises, an emerging debate on the responsibility to protect, and an increased number of sanctions. All at the same time. How does these relate to each other? International economic sanctions can be seen as having the purposes of both punishing and making others comply with certain norms (Galtung, 1967:379). I believe that both of these purposes are visible when imposing sanctions as reactions to violations of international humanitarian law. Because of this, I argue that violations of IHL are likely to be met with sanctions. In this thesis, I study whether or not this hypothesis holds true. Specifically, I test the probability of receiving sanctions after the following IHL rules have been violated: the prohibition of child soldiers, torture, use of terror, one-sided violence and sexual violence. Most research on economic sanctions focuses either on their effect on armed conflict, or exclusively on one international institution. This thesis contributes to the research field by presenting a quantitative study on the effect violations of international humanitarian law can have on the imposition of economic sanctions, and whether there is a difference in how different violations are being reacted to.
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Benziouche, Sarah. "Les sanctions des pratiques anticoncurrentielles : une approche critique." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0005.
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Les pratiques anticoncurrentielles se sont multipliées d’une façon préoccupante. Face à ce risque, le législateur national et celui de l’Union européenne ont opté pour un système répressif basé sur une diversité des sanctions. Des sanctions administratives, pénales et civiles sont ainsi imposées à l’encontre des auteurs des pratiques anticoncurrentielles. Toutefois, le recours aux sanctions civiles et pénales demeure parcimonieux. Les sanctions administratives, notamment les amendes et leur augmentation constante constituent la clé du système de sanction. Afin de lutter efficacement contre les comportements anticoncurrentiels, une sévérité accrue est observée ces dernières années. Dans le même temps les entreprises sont incitées à mettre rapidement fin à ces comportements par le biais des procédures négociées. La recherche d’un effet dissuasif, a conduit donc les autorités de la concurrence à adopter un système de sanctions de plus en plus effectif. Une effectivité qui passe par la sévérité des sanctions et par l’incitation. Ce système a, néanmoins, suscité de nombreuses critiques, notamment contre la hausse spectaculaire du niveau des amendes. Des critiques qui montrent que le système de sanction actuel, essentiellement fondé sur les sanctions administrative, n’est pas assez dissuasif à cause des limites imposées par le droit -principes généraux de droit-, ou par la conjoncture économique -la crise-. Dans ce contexte, la place de la sanction pécuniaire comme modalité principale de répression des pratiques anticoncurrentielles mérite d’être repensée. C’est ainsi qu’il convient d’exploiter d’autres pistes afin de renforcer la lutte contre ces pratiques<br>Nti-competitive practices have multiplied in a warning way. Facing this risk, the national legislator and the EU one opted for a repressive system based on a variety of sanctions. Administrative, criminal and civil sanctions are thus imposed against the perpetrators of anticompetitive practices. However, the use of civil and criminal penalties remains sparse. Administrative sanctions, especially fines and their constant rise, are the key to the sanction system. In order to the effectively fight against anticompetitive behavior, increased severity has been observed in recent years. At the same time companies are encouraged to bring a speedy end to these behaviors through the negotiated procedures. Looking for a deterrent, thus led the competition authorities to adopt a more effective system of sanctions. An effectiveness depending on the severity of sanctions and incentives. This system, however, raised many criticisms, particularly against the dramatic increase in the level of fines. Criticisms which suggest that the current penalty system based primarily on administrative sanctions is not enough of a deterrent because of the limitations imposed by the law - General Principle’s right- or by the economic situation -the crisis-. In this context, the financial sanction as main mode of repression of anticompetitive practices should be rethought. Thus it is appropriate to exploit other avenues to strengthen the fight against anti-competitive practices
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Murphy, Rosemary Alice. "The development of economic sanctions in the practice of the United Nations Security Council." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12869/.
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The United Nations was established in the belief that working together states could curb the use of force and the damage to states and individuals associated with it. Upon its creation the United Nations Security Council became the global policeman enforcing the rules of the Charter aided by the weapons contained in Chapter V11. One of those weapons was the recourse to economic sanctions. In theory, if the economic lifeblood of a state is cut off it will be forced to modify its behaviour without the need for military intervention. As such, economic sanctions are an attractive resource for an institution seeking to avoid recourse to the use of force. In practice, however, economic sanctions have proven to be a complex tool, which have caused significant damage to those targeted by them. They have caused significant humanitarian difficulties, have been widely breached and have, in some instances, only served as a prelude to the use of force. Literature in this field to date has concentrated on single sanctions regimes or particular aspects of sanctions. It has, therefore, failed to get to the heart of the issue, which is: what has caused these problems, are they being appropriately addressed and how should they be resolved going forward. This thesis focuses on these issues. By tracing the development of economic sanctions from the establishment of the United Nations to date it offers a unique perspective on how they have evolved. It uses case studies and illustrative examples supported by a wide range of legal, political, historical and economic material to show the context in which economic sanctions are taken. It also critically analyses the difficulties that have arisen with sanctions regimes and the attempts that have been made to resolve them. Aligned to the consideration of economic sanctions is a reflection on the extent to which the power of the United Nations Security Council has developed during this time period. It suggests that the United Nations use of economic sanctions, in light of recent judicial decisions, is under threat and offers a solution in the form of a proposal for two new institutions, which would support the United Nations in its use of economic sanctions.
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Cren, Rozenn. "Poursuites et sanctions en droit pénal douanier." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020044/document.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des mécanismes de poursuites et de sanctions en droit pénal douanier afin d'en discerner les particularités et d'en comprendre les enjeux. Il s'agit de percevoir si ce droit demeure fondamentalement isolé au sein de la procédure pénale ou s'il tend à se normaliser. Dans une moindre mesure, il s'agit également de le resituer au sein des contentieux fiscaux que le législateur ne cesse de faire évoluer. La répression des infractions douanières est marquée par un fort particularisme, qui s'explique par l'histoire mais surtout par la spécificité de cette délinquance menaçant les intérêts financiers de l'État et de l'Union européenne et difficile à saisir en raison des moyens frauduleux utilisés. Elle a nécessité un renforcement considérable des pouvoirs de l'administration, tant au niveau de la recherche de l'infraction douanière, que de sa poursuite et de sa sanction. Aujourd'hui, le droit douanier est contraint d'évoluer dans un double mouvement : il doit répondre de ses différences avec la procédure pénale et de son caractère singulier au regard de la procédure fiscale. Il ne peut plus être exclusif des autres droits. La matière douanière se judiciarise et se constitutionnalise considérablement. Les deux juridictions européenne et nationale jouent chacune un rôle capital dans la mise en conformité du droit douanier. Les prérogatives particulières accordées à la douane sont en déclin. Pour autant, elles restent présentes dans les domaines où la marque de l'histoire est la plus prégnante. Le droit pénal douanier demeure original dans ses pouvoirs de constatation, singulier dans ses mécanismes de poursuites et dérogatoire dans ses sanctions<br>This thesis is devoted to the study of the prosecution and punishment mechanismsin criminal customs law, in order both to identify the derogatory nature of the criminal and enforcement law, and to understand the subsequent issues. The issue is also to determine if this law remains fundamentally a part from criminal procedure or if it tends to return to normal. To a lesser extent, it is also to put customs law into context of tax litigation, which constantly benefited from legislative developments in recent years.The repression of customs offences is thus characterized by a strong particularism which may be explained by History, but mainly by the specificity of this delinquency that threatens the financial interests of the State and of the European Union and that is also difficult to grasp regarding the diversity of the fraudulent means implemented. It required a considerable strengthening of the powers of the administration, relating to the research of customs offences, and to the subsequent proceedings and penalties. Nowadays, customs law has to evoluate according to a double trend. Its differences with criminal procedure, like its specific character regarding tax procedure, have to be justified. Customs law cannot be anymore exclusive of other laws. The customs criminal matter is subjected to a strong movement of judicialization and constitutionalism. Both Courts, the national one and the European one, play a decisive role in the compliance of customs law. The specific powers granted to customs are declining. However, they are still implemented in the areas marked by History. Criminal customs law remains original in its derogatory penalties, but also in its finding powers which are singular in their mechanisms of prosecution
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Ng, Ka-sing David, and 吳家聲. "Shoplifting should not be dealt with by criminal sanction." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976360.
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Björkquist, Cornelia. "States’ Possibilities to Guarantee Fair Trial Rights in the Context of Security Council Targeted Sanctions." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-69340.
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Sadki, Cyrielle. "Le principe ne bis in idem et les sanctions disciplinaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0616.
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L'adage ne bis in idem déjà connu du droit romain est utilisé en procédure pénale, il a pour signification que nul ne peut être poursuivi deux fois pour les mêmes faits. Cette règle a pour objectif de garantir la protection des libertés individuelles notamment, la sécurité juridique et l'équité. En droit français, il est prévu à l’article 368 du code de procédure pénale que « aucune personne acquittée légalement ne peut plus être reprise ou accusée à raison des mêmes faits, même sous une qualification différente ». Ne bis in idem possède un édifice tridimensionnel déterminant le non-cumul des qualifications, des poursuites et des sanctions. Concernant l'aspect européen, le principe a été soumis par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a d'importants critères permettant de déterminer si l'on se trouve en situation de cumul des sanctions. La Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a amorcé un changement dans l'interprétation française du cumul des sanctions. Le Conseil constitutionnel, prenant en considération la position de la haute cour européenne, a donné un nouveau tournant à la règle française. Un processus s'est alors engagé vers la refonte du champ d'application permettant d'étendre la règle à de nombreuses situations de cumuls et notamment aux sanctions disciplinaires. C'est en faisant application d'une jurisprudence évolutive et abondante que nous nous attacherons à démontrer que la règle pourrait également s'appliquer à certaines sanctions disciplinaires qui peuvent également être cumulées aux sanctions pénales<br>The adage ne bis in idem already known from Roman law is used in criminal proceedings, it means that no one can be prosecuted twice for the same facts. The purpose of this rule is to guarantee the protection of individual freedoms, including legal certainty and fairness. Under French law, article 368 of the code of criminal procedure provides that "no person who has been acquitted by law may be taken back or charged on the basis of the same facts, even under a different qualification". Ne bis in idem has a three-dimensional building determining the non-cumulation of qualifications, prosecutions and sanctions. Regarding the European aspect, the principle has been submitted by the European court of human rights has important criteria to determine if there is a situation of cumulation of sanctions. The European court of human rights has initiated a change in the French interpretation of the cumulation of sanctions. The Constitutional Council, taking into account the position of the High European court, has given a new turn to the French rule. A process has begun to redefine the scope of application to extend the rule to many cumulative situations including disciplinary sanctions. It is by applying an evolutionary and abundant jurisprudence that we will endeavor to demonstrate that the rule could also apply to certain disciplinary sanctions which can also be cumulated with the penal sanctions
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Leroux-Campello, Marie. "Les sanctions en droit de la consommation." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020079.
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De multiples sanctions répondent à la violation du droit de la consommation. Ces sanctions sont perçues comme des outils indispensables au respect de ce droit. Leur prolifération ainsi que leur caractère dérogatoire au droit commun sont pourtant fréquemment dénoncés. Surpénalisation, prime à la mauvaise foi des consommateurs, automaticité, intrusion du juge dans la sphère contractuelle, atteindraient leur légitimité. L’instrumentalisation des sanctions provoquerait leur confusion et leur dénaturation généralisée. La pénalisation des sanctions civiles et la banalisation des sanctions pénales sont particulièrement critiquées. Mais ce double mouvement est-il systématique ? Ce travail entend apporter une réponse plus nuancée. L’abstraction de la protection offerte aux consommateurs exige certains aménagements. Saisir l’essence des sanctions devient alors nécessaire afin identifier celles qui participent d’un dévoiement. Certaines sanctions seront ainsi réhabilitées. D’autres, à l’inverse, seront condamnées. Après avoir mesuré le dévoiement des sanctions du droit de la consommation, une remise en ordre s’est avérée indispensable. Diverses propositions ont ainsi été formulées, dans une quête constante d’équilibre entre efficacité et validité, afin que l’effectivité du droit de la consommation soit elle-même mieux assurée<br>Multiple sanctions respond to violations of consumer law. These sanctions are perceived as essential tools for the respect of this right. However, their proliferation and their derogatory nature from ordinary law are frequently denounced. Over-criminalisation, primacy over bad faith on the part of consumers, automaticity, intrusion by the judge into the contractual sphere, would achieve their legitimacy. The instrumentalization of sanctions would lead to their confusion and general distortion. The criminalisation of civil sanctions and the trivialisation of criminal sanctions are particularly criticised. But is this double movement systematic ? This work aims to provide a more nuanced response. Abstracting from the protection offered to consumers requires certain adjustments. Understanding the essence of sanctions then becomes necessary in order to identify those that participate in a misuse. Some sanctions will thus be rehabilitated. Others, on the other hand, will be condemned. After having measured the misuse of consumer law sanctions, it was essential to put them in order. Many proposals were then formulated, so that the effectiveness of consumer law could be better ensured
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Lavers, Jacqueline Troy. "An appraisal of the legitimacy of extraterrestrial jurisdiction in criminal law and economic sanctions." Thesis, University of Kent, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420830.
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Lee, Foong Mee, and n/a. "Remedies and sanctions against corporate officers for breaches of duties under part 3.2 of the corporations law." University of Canberra. Law, 1994. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050523.102418.
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The subject of sanctions and remedies against corporate officers for breaches of the
provisions in the Corporations Law is an area of the law which has been largely
neglected by the legislature. Although there have been several legislative reforms on
remedies since the Corporations Law came into force, those reforms were ad hoc in
nature and no attempt has been made to carry out a comprehensive review to assess the
effectiveness of the existing sanctions and remedies in context of the needs of
contemporary society. In consequence, there is increasing concern that the remedies
employed in Australia for breaches of the Corporations Law are inadequate, inconsistent,
out-dated and are confined within a narrow range.
This thesis seeks to evaluate the current package of sanctions and remedies provided
under Part 3.2 of the Corporations Law. As part of this exercise, comparative studies
are made with the remedies of other jurisdictions. The provisions for sanctions in Part
3.2 are measured against parallel provisions in the Crimes Act of the Commonwealth and
of New South Wales and Victoria. They are also measured against corresponding
provisions in selected foreign jurisdictions. A further comparison is made between the
traditional civil remedies under the common law and those in the Corporations Law.
The evaluation of the sanctioning regime in Part 3.2 is made against the criteria
appropriateness, adequacy, consistency and accessibility. This thesis discusses the need
for a complete re-assessment of the penalty structure to bring the remedies in line with
community expectations.
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Hovell, Devika. "The value of procedure : formalist and substantive approaches to procedural fairness in Security Council sanctions decision-making." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711638.
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Bauchot, Bertrand. "Sanctions pénales nationales et droit international." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00200035.
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Le développement massif de la criminalité internationale et des atteintes aux droits fondamentaux a eu pour conséquence une intrusion grandissante du droit international dans les sphères de compétences répressives nationales. Au détriment de la souveraineté pénale, le droit international prescrit aux Etats des contraintes majeures. Dès lors qu'il prohibe un comportement criminel, dans une optique répressive, le droit international impose aux Etats d'incriminer l'infraction, d'établir leur compétence pénale, de poursuivre et de coopérer, et, le cas échéant, de sanctionner pénalement. Cependant, le droit international n'a pas vocation à édicter directement des sanctions pénales et à se substituer aux autorités de l'Etat. En matière répressive, il vient poser des règles, dont le respect s'impose aux Etats. Même si l'atteinte à la souveraineté pénale est certaine, le canal étatique reste<br />privilégié.
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Hashim, Refka. "Sanctioning the sanctioned : A postcolonial perspective on the sanctions paradox." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412229.
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The aim of this is to develop a theoretical framework for addressing the usage and effects of economic sanctions, through a postcolonial perspective on the human rights discourse, by examining how economic sanctions can be legitimized even though proven to be ineffective and harmful to civilians. The main theoretical framework is based on a postcolonial perspective on the human rights discourse and how it relates to liberalism, imperialism and international law - to further understand the role that economic sanctions has. Further, the effectiveness of sanctions is assessed through different perspectives from researchers opposed to economic sanctions as well as researchers that promote the use of economic sanctions. Examples of sanctions against Iraq, Myanmar and Cuba will be highlighted in terms of impacts on health, food, economy and so on. The thesis states that economic sanctions are mostly ineffective and have devastating effects on the civilian population of sanctioned states and that the notion that they promote human rights therefore proves the sanctions paradox to be inevitable.
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Woll, William. "La licéité des sanctions prises par les organisations internationales contre des particuliers." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210030.
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La thèse s’intéresse aux sanctions prises par des exécutifs internationaux et qui ont pour cibles des personnes physiques ou morales :gels et confiscations d’avoirs, interdictions de voyager, amendes et même inscriptions sur des listes à caractère infâmant. La licéité de ces sanctions est examinée à l’aune des règles du droit international qui leur sont applicables :d’une part, les règles de procédure et, de l’autre, le droit international des droits de l’homme. <p><p>L’analyse permet d’identifier deux types de sanctions illicites :<p><p>1°) Le premier type comprend les sanctions qui sont pénales et qui, par ailleurs, répriment de graves infractions. Ces sanctions devraient être imposées par des juges et non par des organes politiques ce que sont les exécutifs internationaux qui les infligent. <p><p>2°) Le second type de sanctions illicites regroupent les sanctions dépourvues de recours au sens du droit international des droits de l’homme. Les personnes affectées par ces sanctions devraient pouvoir en contester le bien-fondé devant un organe indépendant et impartial. <p><p>Il n’existe, par ailleurs, aucune circonstance de nature à exclure l’illicéité de l’un ou l’autre de ces deux types de sanctions. Ces sanctions, dès lors, n’ont aucun caractère contraignant. Qui plus est, les Etats se trouvent mis dans l’obligation de ne pas y donner suite. <p><p>Les sanctions qui n’appartiennent à aucun de ces deux types sont, en principe, licites.<p><p><p>Abstract :<p><p>The thesis concerns the sanctions taken by international executives and which targets individuals and legal entities: freeze and confiscation of assets, ban on travels, fine and even inscription on dishonourable lists. The legality of the sanctions is checked in relation to the international rules which are applicable to the sanctions: firstly, rules of procedure and, secondly, human rights. <p><p>This work concludes to the existence of two types of wrongful sanctions:<p><p>1°) the first type groups together the sanctions which are penal and, moreover, punish serious offenses. These sanctions should be decided by judges and not by political organs like international executives. <p><p>2°) the second type of wrongful sanctions contains those without recourse complying with human rights. The persons targeted by these sanctions should be able to contest them before an independent and impartial organ. <p><p>In addition, there are no circumstances precluding wrongfulness of these two types of sanctions. So, these sanctions are not binding and the States are under obligation not to apply them. <p><p>The other sanctions which do not belong to one of these two types of sanctions are, in theory, legal. <p><p><br>Doctorat en Sciences juridiques<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kaufulu, Chisomo G. "Strengthening the design and implementation of economic sanctions within the framework of international human rights law : a critical appraisal." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37386.
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Nilsson, Viktoria. "EU Counterterrorist Sanctions and Individual Rights : An Examination of the Potential Difference in Level of Protection within the AFSJ and CFSP." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-250278.
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The AFSJ is an area of law developed through the purpose of creating and withholding internal security and justice. This area is of vast importance due to both the realization of an internal market and a Union without internal borders. The CFSP is an area dealing with foreign policy, thus focusing on the security, defense and diplomatic action relating to third countries. There are extensive constitutional differences between the two areas of law. In terms of individual protection, the AFSJ has as one of the main purposes to provide the Union with an effective judicial system, where the right for a fair trial has a central role. In the CFSP, on the other hand, the original premise is that there is no protection for the individual. The main idea is that political aims concerning security and other relations to third countries governs the CFSP and triumph other aspects such as individual rights. Thus, individual rights have had a different development within the two areas. The protection has, however, developed in both of the areas, especially since the introduction of the Lisbon Treaty. The Kadi I case have had a vast impact on this development and showed that there used to be a lack of a clear legal basis for the adoption of counterterrorist sanctions and also noted the lack of judicial protection for the individuals. The case showed that the EU did not satisfy fundamental human rights. The Lisbon Treaty introduced two explicit legal bases in Articles 75 and 215 TFEU. This work shows, that the pre-existing problems concerning the legal basis still exist due to the unclear scope of application for the two articles. This renders problems of constitutional character and harms the effectiveness of the counterterrorist policy. The Bamba case shows, that there is a difference in level of protection within Article 215 TFEU. The case did not concern counterterrorism measures but still has an impact on the overall impression of the level of the protection within the CFSP. This case further shows that counterterrorism is a field that is highly influenced by the AFSJ. The seemingly strong emphasis of individual rights within this area could, thus, in connection to the strong link between the AFSJ and the CFSP in terms of terrorism, have lead to a higher level of rights that otherwise don’t exists within the CFSP. To conclude, even if there is no stated difference in level of protection, it has been shown that a practical difference in level of protection does in fact exist.<br>Området för frihet, säkerhet och rättvisa (AFSJ) har utvecklats utifrån syftet att skapa och upprätthålla intern säkerhet och rättvisa. Detta område är således betydelsefullt för skapandet av en fungerande inre marknad och av en Union utan inre gränser. Området för en gemensam utrikes- och säkerhetspolitik (GUSP) är ett område som hanterar EUs externa relationer, med fokus på säkerhet och diplomatiska förbindelser. Det råder stora konstitutionella skillnader områdena emellan. I fråga om individers rättigheter, så utgör dessa, inom ramen för en straffrättslig kontext, ett utav AFSJs mest grundläggande syften. Inom GUSP däremot, har utgångspunkten varit att det inte finns något rättsligt skydd för individen. Det övergripande syftet inom GUSP uppnås i huvudsak genom politiska mål gällande relationerna till tredje länder, där skyddet för individen prioriteras bort. Individens rättigheter har således haft en olik utgångspunkt inom de respektive områdena. Skyddet för individen har dock utvecklats inom såväl AFSJ som inom GUSP, framförallt sedan Lissabonfördragets ikraftträdande. Kadi I-fallet har haft stor betydelse för utvecklingen av individens skydd i terroristsammanhang och visade på avsaknaden av en tydlig rättslig grund som fanns inom EU, samt det bristfälliga individskydd som rådde. Fallet visade att EU inte upprätthöll grundläggande skydd för individen. Lissabonfördraget introducerade två uttryckliga rättsliga grunder för antagandet av anti-terroristsanktioner: artiklarna 75 och 215 TFEU. Detta arbete visar att de problem som fanns gällande de rättsliga grunderna innan Lissabonfördragets ikraftträdande, fortfarande i viss mån lever kvar, då artiklarna har ett vagt tillämpningsområde. Detta skapar konstitutionella problem och motverkar effektiviteten av anti-terroristarbetet. Bamba-fallet visar att det råder en skillnad i nivån av individens rättigheter inom artikel 215 TFEU. Fallet rör inte anti-terroristsanktioner, men kan likväl påverka helhetssynen av individens skydd inom GUSP. Vidare belyser fallet AFSJs höga grad av påverkan av anti-terroristarbetet, vilket tyder på att AFSJ har en inverkan även på nivån av individskyddet inom GUSP. Även om det inte finns en uttrycklig nivåskillnad så kan en skillnad utrönas i praktiken.
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Cosimo, S. Deborah Rodeheaver Daniel Gilbert. "The impact of legal sanctions on recidivism rates among male perpetrators of domestic violence." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12106.
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Davids, Fuad Aldred. "“Compliance and enforcement: The Legal Suitability of the Utilisation of Criminal Sanctions in South African Environmental Law”." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8072.
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Magister Legum - LLM<br>In this thesis I analysed the suitability and effectiveness of the criminal sanction with regards to compliance and enforcement in South African environmental law. My central argument is that the criminal sanction is not the perfect mechanism to address compliance and enforcement in South African environmental law sufficiently. Compliance and enforcement of South African environmental law has been a stumbling block for years since the implementation of the first piece of environmental legislation. Thus I explored compliance and enforcement in South Africa and identified the various issues that might be the reasons why compliance and enforcement in South African environmental law is not up to standard. I also analysed criminal environmental enforcement and came to the conclusion that criminal law is not suitable for the exclusive enforcement of environmental law. The conclusion was drawn by also analysing the criminal environmental enforcement statistics and the administrative compliance and civil action statistics of 2014-2019 in South Africa. Criminal law possesses too many inherent weaknesses and with our overcrowded criminal justice system there is no capacity for presiding officers to properly apply their mind when adjudicating environmental offences Thus I explored the alternatives to the criminal sanction and discussed and evaluated the different compliance and enforcement mechanisms in our legislative framework. I came to the conclusion that our legislative framework is sufficient to deal with environmental offences and that no new pieces of legislation need to be passed. There are various other compliance and enforcement mechanisms within our legislative framework that are better suited to deal with environmental offences.I came to the conclusion that the reasons for South Africa’s failure in compliance and enforcement in environmental law is due to those responsible for compliance and enforcement lacking the necessary capacity, skill and resources to firstly ensure that the laws are complied with and enforce it when it is not complied with. I also argue for the resurrection of environmental courts in South Africa in light of the successes in foreign jurisdictions. My concluding argument is that the criminal sanction still has a role to play in environmental compliance and enforcement in South Africa, however not as a primary mechanism.
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Holmes, Nigel. "The Impact of Economic Sanctions on the Right to Health: A comparative study between South African and Iraq." Thesis, Online Access, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_3448_1269390425.pdf.
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Davis, Tara M. "International intellectual property rights : effectiveness of incentives for enforcement." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1390656.
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In this technological age the distribution of information happens faster and easier than ever before. This ease of transfer of information brings challenges for international intellectual property rights protection. It addresses reasons governments work to increase enforcement and reasons governments do not comply with enforcement protocols. It assesses the pressure international agreements and incentives exert on governments to produce compliance. This paper evaluates 76 countries in three non-consecutive years on their level of enforcement. It includes a discussion of contributing factors to government choice in interaction and enforcement. The question of enforcement incentives is addressed both across time and across countries.<br>Department of Political Science
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Miotto, Lopes Lucas. "Covenants and swords : coercion in law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31490.
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This thesis is a study of the coerciveness of legal systems. I defend two main claims: that typical legal systems are much less coercive than most legal and political philosophers think, and that legal systems are not necessarily coercive. My defence is developed in three parts. The first is dedicated to building the necessary theoretical framework to defend the main claims of this thesis. This is where I offer a rigorous formulation of the questions that this thesis addresses and contextualise them within broader debates about the relationship between law and coercion. A substantial portion of the first part of the thesis is devoted to the development of two accounts: an account of coercion and an account of the conditions legal systems must satisfy in order to be coercive. The second part is where I advance two arguments for the claim that typical legal systems are much less coercive than it is usually thought. The first is an argument that establishes that our legal systems rarely issue conditional threats. Given that issuing conditional threats is a necessary condition for any legal system to be coercive - or so I claim in the first part of the thesis - the fact that our legal systems rarely do so undermines the view that our legal systems are pervasively coercive. The second argument is based on the reasons why citizens comply with legal mandates. I analyse the relevant empirical data and show that compliance is not frequently owed to the threat of unwelcome consequences. This should not have been the case had our legal systems been as coercive as philosophers generally think. The third part deals with the claim that legal systems are necessarily coercive. There I address some methodological concerns that this claim gives rise to and propose two arguments for viewing coerciveness as a contingent feature of our legal systems.
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Thorpe, Phillip Andrew. "A critical evaluation of securities and commodities legislation in Hong Kong : the use of statutory discretions and informal sanctions /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1986. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12323366.
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De, Ravel d'Esclapon Marion. "Etude comparée des systèmes de sanctions en droit des marchés financiers en France et au Canada." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA015/document.
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La persistance des fraudes financières depuis les origines de la création de la bourse conduit au constat selon lequel la sanction est un élément fondamental du bon fonctionnement des marchés financiers. En l’état actuel du droit positif, notre système de sanction repose pour l’essentiel sur l’Autorité des marchés financiers. À première vue, le droit français offre le visage d’une architecture moderne. Pourtant, l’actualité n’en finit pas de démontrer l’existence d’affaires et de fraudes sensibles affectant drastiquement la confiance des investisseurs dans le système. En vue d’une amélioration de notre système de sanction, la comparaison avec le droit canadien se révèle très enrichissante. Il en ressort que le système de sanction en droit des marchés financiers français pourrait être rendu plus efficace par la création d’une juridiction spécialisée à laquelle serait confiée l’ensemble du contentieux relatif aux marchés financiers. Une telle réforme favoriserait l’harmonisation et la cohérence du système de sanction<br>The persistence of financial frauds since the creation of the stock exchange has made it clear that sanctions are a fundamental aspect to ensure the effective functioning of financial markets. Currently, our sanction system relies, for the most part, on the action of the financial regulator, the Autorité des marchés financiers. At first sight, French law offers a very modern system. However, frauds keep on happening, affecting drastically the trust of the investors in the system. In order to improve our sanction system, the comparison with Canadian law has revealed to be very rewarding. It is possible to make our system more efficient by implementing a special jurisdiction, which would be responsible for all the financial markets disputes, in order to make our sanction system more coherent and unified
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Réguer-Petit, Léa. "L'appréhension par le droit de l'Union européenne des sanctions dans le domaine des activités sportives." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090039/document.
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Le sport européen est à la veille d'un bouleversement quant à sa prise en compte par le droit de l'UE et par le droit de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Le constat du chevauchement de normes et de référentiels juridiques différents produisant des effets sur les sanctions infligées au « sportif citoyen européen » conduit à la répétition de difficultés relatives à la violation des principes d'égalité de traitement et d'intégrité des compétitions sportives. Cette thèse démontre la nécessité d'une européanisation des sanctions infligées au « sportif citoyen européen », et propose une réflexion sur les instruments juridiques de droit souple et de droit dur - existants ou à exploiter - susceptibles de répondre à cet objectif d'européanisation. L'originalité des travaux réside d'abord dans la réalisation d'enquêtes de terrain, puis dans le développement et les modifications à venir d'instruments de droit souple ou de droit dur existants, aux fins de combattre les atteintes aux principes précités en contribuant, de diverses façons, à l'européanisation des sanctions dans le domaine des activités sportives<br>European sport is on the verge of an upheaval as to its consideration by EU law and by the law of the European Convention on Human Rights. The finding of overlapping standards and different legal frameworks producing effects on the sanctions on the "European citizen athlete" leads to the repetition of difficulties relating to the infringement of the principles of equal treatment and of integrity of sport competitions. This thesis demonstrates the need for Europeanisation of sanctions imposed on the "European citizen athlete", and develops a reflection on the legal instruments of soft law and hard law - existing or to be developed - that may be of interest to meet that objective of Europeanisation. The originality of the work primarily lies in conducting field surveys, and secondly in the development and future changes in instruments of soft law or hard law existing for the purpose of combating violations of these principles, by contributing in various ways, to the Europeanisation of sanctions in the field of sports
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Nyer, Damien. "Jurisdictional fairness and freezing measures : an analysis in Canadian private international law." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81243.
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Over the last decade the law of judicial jurisdiction has undergone profound changes in Canada. Chief among the factors that prompted evolution is the recognition of fairness as a guiding principle in the elaboration of jurisdictional rules. This thesis presents the consequences such recognition has already had and should have on the granting of freezing measures, those specific provisional measures aimed at freezing a defendant's assets pending litigation.<br>Having reviewed the freezing measures that can be obtained from Canadian courts, this thesis shows how concerns of fairness to the parties have questioned traditional grounds of jurisdiction and how it has affected the very availability of freezing measures. However, out of concerns of fairness to the plaintiff, Canadian courts with no jurisdiction to hear the merits of a dispute should be ready to assert jurisdiction for the limited purpose of freezing assets.<br>Finally, turning to the scope of those measures, this thesis deals with the issue of extraterritoriality. It is argued that out of concerns of fairness to innocent third parties courts should be extremely cautious in granting extraterritorial measures.
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Cosimo, S. Deborah. "The Impact of Legal Sanctions on Recidivism Rates among Male Perpetrators of Domestic Violence." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12106/.
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Using a Cox proportional hazards regression model, this dissertation explores three factors currently not addressed in the literature on men who batter women and who are court ordered to participate in a battering intervention program. These factors are the cumulative effects of civil and criminal legal sanctions (dose-response of sanctions) for domestic violence related offenses on recidivism, reduced opportunities to recidivate, and whether the number of legal sanctions imposed has an effect on how long a man maintains his non-recidivism status. Because one domestic violence case may involve multiple sanctions, this study uses the Legal Sanction Dose-Response Index to gauge the cumulative impact of civil and criminal sanctions upon recidivism of domestic violence. The Cox proportional hazards model indicates that the risk of recidivism is 45% lower for men who experienced two legal sanctions (typically arrest and probation) in response to the index case, relative to men who experienced one legal sanction (typically civil protective order). In other words, those with two legal sanctions are able to maintain their non-recidivism status longer relative to those with one sanction. Men with prior criminal court involvement for domestic violence related offenses are more likely to recidivate. Additionally, rather than incarceration reducing opportunities to recidivate, this study finds that incarceration for any offenses committed during the follow-up period is a predictor of recidivism of domestic violence related offenses. It is possible that, rather than incarceration reducing opportunities, recidivists are persistent and use whatever opportunities are available to them to commit domestic violence, despite legal sanctions.
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Thorpe, Phillip Andrew. "A critical evaluation of securities and commodities legislation in Hong Kong: the use of statutory discretionsand informal sanctions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1986. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31974855.
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Velev, Ognyan Lyubomirov. "La place de la probation parmi les sanctions pénales : étude comparative du droit pénal bulgare et du droit pénal francais." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40056.
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La probation a été introduite dans la législation bulgare en 2002 (JO, n° 92/2002). Lenouvel article 42a est apparu dans le Code pénal, définissant la probation comme « unensemble de mesures de contrôle et de traitement non privatives de liberté » et la classantparmi les peines de notre droit répressif (par la même loi, les peines d’assignation à unelocalité sans privation de liberté et d’interdiction d’habiter dans une localité déterminée ontété supprimées). Les mesures de probation se divisent en obligatoires et facultatives. Lespremières sont : 1. enregistrement obligatoire 1 et 2. rendez-vous périodiques obligatoiresavec l’agent de probation2. Les secondes, dont le tribunal peut infliger une ou plusieurs, sont :1. restrictions de la liberté de déplacement3 ; 2. participation aux stages de qualificationprofessionnelle, programmes de traitement social 4 ; 3. travail correctionnel 5 ; 4. travaild’intérêt général6.En droit français la probation est introduite en 1958 sous la forme d’un nouveau typede sursis – « le sursis avec mise à l’épreuve ». Il est créé par « l’attachement » d’un régimecomposé de différentes mesures au sursis simple que la France connaît depuis 1891 et dans le cadre duquel la seule obligation pour le condamné est de ne pas violer de nouveau la loipénale. Le législateur français, en adoptant cette approche, a respecté la conception classiquede la probation qui apparaît sous sa forme moderne, comme un tel type de sursis justement,aux USA et en Angleterre au XIX siècle<br>The main goal of the dissertation is to provide an analysis of the legal nature of the probation in the Bulgarian criminal law. The probation was firstly introduced in the Bulgarian legislation in 2002. The purpose of the probation was to become a new penalty type in the system of criminal sanctions of the Bulgarian Penal Code. In the positive Bulgarian law the probation is a sanction made up of six separate measures.Undoubtedly, the probation is a product of the Anglo-Saxon legal system. It is a classic Anglo-Saxon version of the well-known criminal institute "conditional sentence".In France, where the term of probation is not a legal term, it is traditionally assumed that it indicates precisely a specific type of conditional sentence - "conditional sentencing in for testing" which bears the specifics of the Anglo-Saxon probation.The dissertation presents, by adhering to the historical and comparative methods, that the natural and logical role of the probation in the repressive matter is not to be a penalty but a combination of other type of criminal sanctions - security measures.The dissertation also presents the practical purpose of such perception of the probation, which should lead to significant legislative changes in its regulation in the Bulgarian law
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Koutrakos, Panos. "Trade, foreign policy and defence in EU constitutional law : the legal regulation of sanctions, exports of dual-use goods and armaments /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/324099142.pdf.
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Vuorijärvi, April. "The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions: Unveiling the Plight of Women from Myanmar/Burma - A Minor Field Study in Myanmar and Thailand." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23157.
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An investigative research unraveling the implication of economic sanctions on Burmese women. This research was inspired by allegations in 2003 that thousands of women in Burma/Myanmar lost their jobs in the garment industry, thus exposing women to vulnerable aspects of forced migration and trafficking. A short case study of Iraq, Haiti, and Cuba is additionally provided while the history of economic sanctions and boycotts is heavily scrutinized. Perspectives of humanitarian law, human rights law, and feminist theory frame the basis of the research of which provide another critical dimension into the ongoing debate on economic sanctions.
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DaGrossa, Joseph. "The Incapacitation and Specific Deterrent Effects of Responses to Technical Non-Compliance of Offenders Under Supervision: Analysis from a Sample of Federal Judicial Districts." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/487447.
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Criminal Justice<br>Ph.D.<br>Each year, approximately one-third of all people admitted to prison in the United States are committed as the result of a revocation of community-based supervision such as probation, parole, or federal supervised release (Carson & Anderson, 2016). Many of these individuals are being incarcerated for technical violations of their supervision - conduct other than the commission of a new crime which is in violation of a condition of supervision. The practice of committing offenders to prison for technical violations of supervision is rather common at the state level. In a 2013 study, for example, Ostermann found that although paroled inmates in New Jersey were less likely than inmates who served their entire prison terms without parole to engage in new criminal conduct following their release, the paroled inmates were just as likely to be returned to prison within three years due to having been charged with technical violations of their supervision. This practice also occurs in the federal criminal justice system, where 70% of the offenders under community-based supervision who are returned to prison each year are recommitted on the strength of technical violations of supervision alone (Administrative Office of the United States Courts, 2017a). A substantial amount of prior work (for example, Apel et al., 2010; Clear, 2007; Petit, Sykes & Western, 2009; Rose & Clear, 1998) has revealed the potentially harmful consequences of imprisonment. Despite this, little research has examined how incarcerating persons for technical violations of supervision compares to widely-available alternative, intermediate sanctions such as home confinement and reentry center placement in terms of ability to prevent the commission of new crimes or continued technical non-compliance. The present study examined these questions, utilizing a sample of offenders in the federal criminal justice system. Propensity score matching was used to construct comparable treatment and control groups, thereby reducing concerns of selection bias. Post-matching analyses suggest the following: 1) the effect of incarcerating offenders for technical violations of supervision is negligible compared to subjecting them to intermediate sanctions with regard to preventing the commission of new crimes; 2) offenders incarcerated for technical violations of supervision are more likely to commit new crimes post-sanction – and sooner – than offenders subjected to intermediate sanctions; 3) offenders imprisoned for technical violations are more likely to engage in subsequent technical violations – and sooner – than offenders subjected to intermediate sanctions; and 4) the greater the intensity of the intermediate sanction (i.e., residential reentry center placement vs. home confinement), the more likely an offender will be charged with a technical violation during service of the sanction. Although the study is subject to concerns about potential sensitivity to unobserved confounders and other limitations, it makes an important contribution to our understanding of a topic which has rarely before been examined. When one considers the financial, public safety, and ethical consequences of incarcerating people for non-criminal conduct, the research has implications for persons under supervision, probation and parole organizations, and the general public alike.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Ahualli, Steinberg Maria Gabriela. "Le terrorisme en droit comparé franco-brésilien." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT3005/document.
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L'évolution du terrorisme dans les trente dernières années a provoqué la réaction de la communauté internationale et celle des États. Un droit pénal d'extrême sévérité baptisé droit pénal de l'ennemi est en train de se développer. L'étude comparée franco-brésilienne des définitions adoptées, des sanctions et des procédures applicables en matière de terrorisme révèle la présence et les limites posés à ce droit, par les principes de la proportionnalité et de la légalité, ces deux principes qui sont devenus le commun dénominateur des toutes législations en matière pénale. De la sorte les idées de dangerosité et de mesures préventives prennent une importance nouvelle, à la fois en droit de fond et en droit procédural. Si ce droit se développe de façon aussi rapide actuellement, c'est en raison du fait que les infractions terroristes sont à la fois, et dans de nombreux pays, plus nombreuses et en même temps plus dévastatrices<br>The evolution of terrorism along the last 30 years has provoked the reaction from the international community just as from the nations. An extremely severe criminal law, named enemy criminal law, is being developed. The Franco Brazilian comparative study of terrorism definitions, sanctions and applicable procedures reveals the presence and the limits imposed to this law by the principles of proportionality and legality, principles that became the common denominator of all legislations in criminal matters. In this way, the concepts of dangerousness and preventive measures take a new importance, in both substantial and procedural law. If this law is being developed so fast lately, it is due to the fact that the terrorist attempts are, in several countries, in greater number and more destructive
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Mbaye, Abdoulaye. "Les empêchements ou obstacles liés à l'application des sanctions pénales au regard du droit comparé : l'exemple de la France, du Maroc et du Sénégal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1079.
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De la certitude d'une peine à son exécution complète on mesure combien la voie est pleine d'imprévus. Le temps, les magistrats, le pouvoir politique ont leurs actions propres qui vont annihiler, écourter, voire interrompre le processus d'application de la peine privative de liberté. L'effectivité de cette sanction pénale n'a cessé de souffrir de mécanismes légaux et d'événements de faits. Ces derniers, tout en permettant à leur bénéficiaire d'être libre, constituaient au même moment un obstacle ou un empêche réel à l'application effective de la peine prévue par les textes ; ou même celle prononcée par les juges. La place de la prison dans le système pénal français, marocain et sénégalais est cruciale. La prison est la peine de référence, sans l'être, tout en l'étant dans ces pays en question comme dans beaucoup d'autres pays. C'est tout le paradoxe de la politique pénale de ces autorités françaises, sénégalaises ; et moyennement marocaines. A ce titre, il semble donc nécessaire de s'interroger sur la nature et la place de la prison dans l'échelle des peines. La surpopulation carcérale, l'inefficacité des peines d'emprisonnement obligent à affronter la question de sa prédominance. Car la recherche de la certitude et de l'effectivité de la sanction pénale s'impose donc fortement<br>Certainty of a sorrow to its execution supplements one measures how much the way is full with unforeseen. Time, the magistrates, the political power has their own actions which will destroy, to curtail, to even stop the process of application of the sentence of emprisonment. The effectiveness of this penal sanction did not cease suffering from legal mechanisms and events of facts. The latter, while making it possible to their recipient to be free, constituted at the same time a real obstacle or one prevented with the effective application of the sorrow envisaged by the texts; or even that pronounced by the judges. The place of the prison in the French, Moroccan and Senegalese penal system is crucial. The prison is the sorrow of reference, without the being, while being it in these countries in question as in much of other countries. It is all the paradox of the criminal policy of these French, Senegalese authorities; and fairly Moroccan. For this reason, it thus seems necessary to wonder about the nature and the place of the prison in the scale of the sorrows. Prison overpopulation, the inefficiency of the sorrows of imprisonment oblige to face the question of its prevalence. Because the research of the certainty and the effectiveness of the
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Simon, Edouard. "Rôles et fonctions du droit de l'Union européenne dans l'intégration des politiques d'acquisition d'armement." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D030.
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Les budgets d'équipement de défense en Europe connaissent depuis la fin de la guerre froide une baisse structurelle et régulière. Ce phénomène est aujourd'hui amplifié par la crise de la dette qui touche l'Europe. Une telle diminution porte un risque de perte de capacités (technologiques, industrielles, ... ) et, in fine, de déclassement stratégique pour les Etats européens et l'UE en tant que puissance potentielle ou en devenir. Face à cette menace, deux solutions complémentaires ont été identifiées de longue date l'ouverture des marchés publics à la concurrence européenne et la consolidation de la commande publique à un niveau européen définir. Longtemps ignoré pour organiser un marché européen des équipements de défense, le cadre politico-institutionnel de l'UE e désormais mis à contribution. En particulier, on observe depuis une dizaine d'année un recours au ordre juridique de celle-ci –cadre qui en fait sn spécificité en tant qu'organisation supranationale. Cette utilisation suit une voie classique (recours à la méthode communautaire dans le cadre de l'intégration des marchés publics d'armement dans le champ du marché intérieur) mais est également une voie plus originale avec l'apparition de mécanismes de récompense promouvoir la coopération dans l'acquisition et le développement d'armement. Grâce au concept de fonctions (répressive et promotionnelle) du droit, développés par le théoricien du droit italien Norberto Bobbie cette thèse propose un cadre théorique permettent d'étudier de manière unifiée et cohérente le recours nu droit dans sa conception traditionnelle (répression des comportements non-conformes) et dans ses développements les plus récents (promotion des comportements socialement désirables)<br>European defence equipment budgets have been decreasing steadily since the end of the Cold War and have been amplified by the recent public debt crisis. These budgetary cuts may (end to non-reversible tosses of capabilities (technological, industrial, etc.) an eventually render the EU and its Member States strategically irrelevant. Two main solutions were identified long ago: opening defence procurements to European competition and consolidating the armament demand to n supranational level (which remains to be defined). The EU institutions and legal framework, which have been considered as irrelevant in that respect for a long lime, are now being used. In particular, the recourse to the EU legal framework proved to be useful and follows two paths: a classical one, which entails the recourse to the community method and the integration of defend procurements within the internal market; and a more innovative one, based on the promotion of cooperation in developing an acquiring armaments. This thesis builds on Norberto Bobbie's concepts of repressive and promotional functions of law. Thus, it proposes a theoretical framework consistent enough to cover EU law in its traditional function (punishing non-compliant behaviours) and in its more react forms (rewarding behaviours that arc socially desirable). lt concludes that the recourse to EU law in the field of armament acquisition policies enlarges the classical understanding of European integration
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Severino, Renata Cortez Vieira. "Sanções processuais por ato atentatório ao exercício da jurisdição : instrumento de efetividade das decisões judiciais." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=175.
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O presente estudo teve por objeto a sistematização da matéria concernente às sanções processuais aplicáveis em decorrência da prática de atos atentatórios ao exercício da jurisdição relativamente ao descumprimento das decisões judiciais e a apresentação de soluções às contradições existentes na legislação e na jurisprudência brasileiras sobre o tema, a fim de contribuir para o aprimoramento da teoria processual; estimular a utilização, pelos tribunais, das sanções processuais decorrentes de atos atentatórios ao exercício da jurisdição; e fornecer subsídios à alteração legislativa dos dispositivos que tratam do assunto. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir da utilização de fontes primárias e secundárias, quais sejam: consulta bibliográfica, na literatura nacional e estrangeira, com a elaboração de fichas: livros, revistas especializadas e artigos da internet; estudo da legislação aplicável à espécie; pesquisa jurisprudencial no Supremo Tribunal Federal, no Superior Tribunal de Justiça, nos Tribunais Regionais Federais e nos Tribunais de Justiça brasileiros, bem como em cortes estrangeiras: Supremo Tribunal de Justiça de Portugal; Corte de Apelação da Carolina do Norte (EUA); Suprema Corte do Canadá; e Corte de Apelação da Inglaterra. Após a análise da doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência pertinentes, chegou-se à conclusão de que o disciplinamento do ato atentatório ao exercício da jurisdição no Brasil é contraditório e insuficiente, evidenciando-se necessária a uniformização e aperfeiçoamento das normas do Código de Processo Civil sobre o assunto, visto que a eficácia do instituto estudado é imprescindível à efetividade das decisões judiciais que, por seu turno, é indispensável à dignidade da jurisdição e à garantia da tutela jurisdicional efetiva.<br>This study aimed at the system of the subject concerning applicable procedural sanctions as the result of contempt of court practice related to the non-compliance with judicial decisions and presentation of solutions to existing contradictions in the brazilian legislation and jurisprudence on the theme in order to help improve the procedural theory; to encourage the use by courthouses of procedural sanctions that stem from contempt of court; and to provide a base for legislation change of the articles which deal with the subject. The research was based on the use of primary and secondary sources as follows: research on bibliography, national and foreign literature as well as the use of a file: books, journals and internet articles; study of law that is applicable to the subject: jurisprudential research at the Supremo Tribunal Federal, at the Tribunais Regionais Federais and brazilian Court Houses, as well as in foreign courts: Supremo Tribunal de Justiça of Portugal; Court of Appeals of North Carolina (USA); Supreme Court of Canada; and High Court and Court of Appeal (Civil Divisions) in England and Wales. After the analysis of the pertaining doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence, we came to the conclusion that the contempt of court in Brazil is contradictory and insufficient, being necessary the standard of improvement of rules of the Code of Civil Procedure about the subject, since the effectiveness of the institute studied is of the utmost importance to the effectiveness of judicial decisions that, by its turn, is a must when it comes to the dignity of justice and guarantee of effective jurisdiction.
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Sangare, Yacouba. "Les Sanctions en Droit du travail : Etude comparative du droit français et du droit malien." Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00796952.
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Le Mali étant une ancienne colonie française, il y a de fortes ressemblances entre les deux droits au niveau de la définition de sanctions applicables notamment la requalification du contrat de travail, la nullité du contrat de travail. Mais l'application des sanctions dans ces deux pays ne se fait pas de la même manière. Cela s'explique par des raisons sociales, culturelles et économiques. Pour illustrer les points de convergences et de divergences entre ces deux législations, il nous a été nécessaire d'analyser les sanctions civiles, administratives et pénales dans les deux pays sur la base de l'étude en entier du droit du travail français d'avant la réforme de la loi du 13 juillet 1973 portant sur le contrôle de la cause réelle et sérieuse du licenciement jusqu'à nos jours notamment la loi du 28 juin 2008 sur la modernisation du marché du travail avec l'exemple de l'article L.1237-11 portant la rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travailDe cette comparaison, il m'a paru pertinent de faire des suggestions pour améliorer le droit du travail malien à l'image du droit français tout en l'adaptant l'avant projet unique de l'O.H.A.D.A sur le droit du travail africain à cause du développement du marché économique et social du monde et de la place qu'y occupe en Afrique de l'Ouest. Par ce que notre code du travail date de 1992 et que depuis cette date aucune reforme importante n'a été opérée.
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Hachicha, Farah. "Qualité des Produits, Qualité de la main d’oeuvre et Sanctions optimales dans la Théorie de l’Agence." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020032/document.
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Après une introduction générale et un survey de littérature, l’apport de cette thèse est d’établir un lien entre le marché des biens et le marché de travail et de proposer un système légal optimal pour dissuader les comportements opportunistes au sein de l’entreprise. Tout au long de la thèse, le cadre d’analyse utilisé est le cas d’un monopole qui produit deux types de biens. Les consommateurs sont hétérogènes selon leurs préférences à la qualité. Le chapitre 2 analyse différentes structures d’agence afin de déterminer la meilleure structure qui permet à la fois de maximiser le profit de l’entreprise et de maximiser le bien-être des consommateurs et des employés. Le chapitre 3 examine la distorsion de la qualité des biens et du niveau d’effort des employés en asymétrie d’information avec sélection adverse sur le marché des biens et le marché de travail par rapport à l’information parfaite. Le chapitre 4 étend le chapitre 3 en étudiant la même problématique avec un problème d’aléa-moral sur le marché de travail en présence d’une collusion entre le superviseur et l’employé. Ce chapitre questionne le rôle du consommateur et du juge à dissuader cette forme de comportement opportuniste<br>After a general introduction and a survey of literature, the contribution of this thesis is to establish a link between the goods market and the labor market and to propose optimal legal system to deter opportunistic behavior within the company. Throughout the thesis, we consider a monopoly that produces two types of good. Consumers are heterogeneous according to their preferences to quality. Chapter 2 analyzes different agency structures to determine the best structure that allows both to maximize the profit of the company and maximize the welfare of consumers and employees. Chapter 3 examines distortion of the quality of goods and the level of the workers’ effort with adverse selection on the goods market and the labor market compared with perfect information. This chapter examines the role of the consumer and the judge to discourage this kind of opportunistic behavior.Keywords: Quality of goods, quality of labor, optimal contract, portfolio of contract, opportunism, collusion, social welfare, optimal sanctions, firm design, law and economics
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Saavedra, Velazco Renzo E. "Externalities and allocation criteria in Tort Law. Pricing strategy v. sanctioning strategy: First part." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109635.
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With the arrival of the Economic Analysis of Law, some scholars began to consider Law as a set of “official prices” given by the legislature or the courts. Such change of perspective created some ius-economic inconsistencies because a large segment of the doctrine didn’t realize the impossibility of efficiently regulating the economy by recurring only toorders and mandates.In this article, the author argues that it is necessary to establish the ius-economic differences between sanctions and prices, i.e. between those hypotheses in which Lawsets a price on a behavior and those cases which Law looks forward to impose a sanction. Such ideas should be applied to Tort Law, specifically in the definition and understanding of allocation criteria.<br>Con la llegada del Análisis Económico del Derecho se pasó a considerar el Derecho comoun conjunto de “precios oficiales” dados por ellegislador o por los jueces. El cambio de perspectiva creó algunas incoherencias ius-econó-micas, ya que un amplio sector de la doctrinano cayó en la cuenta de la imposibilidad deregular eficientemente la economía usando sólo órdenes y mandatosEn el presente artículo, el autor sostiene que resulta necesario establecer las diferencias ius-económicas entre las sanciones y los pre- cios; es decir, entre aquellas hipótesis en que el Derecho atribuye un precio sobre un com- portamiento y aquellos supuestos en que el Derecho se ocupa de imponer una sanción, ideas que deberán ser aplicadas a la responsabilidad extracontractual, específicamente a la delimitación y comprensión de los criterios de imputación.