Academic literature on the topic 'Retail Format'
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Journal articles on the topic "Retail Format"
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Swoboda, Bernhard, Bettina Berg, and Dan-Cristian Dabija. "International transfer and perception of retail formats." International Marketing Review 31, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-11-2012-0190.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the important but neglected role of retail formats in the transfer and positioning decisions of international retailers. The paper examines the role of core and country-specific attributes of particular formats in determining retailers’ local positioning in inter-format competition. Design/methodology/approach – Focussing on three distinguished grocery formats (i.e. discounters, supermarkets, and hypermarkets) and using multiple-group structural equation models, the authors conducted consumer surveys in Germany and Romania to evaluate consumer perceptions of the core attributes of those formats and their influence on retail brand equity and consumer loyalty. Findings – Although consumer perceptions of core attributes differ between formats in Germany and Romania, most of the core attributes of the formats affect retail brands with equal strength in both markets. Retail brand equity determines loyalty to all formats in both countries. Research limitations/implications – Retailers transferring their formats to foreign countries should place particular emphasis on managing the core attributes of a specific format, as these attributes are of paramount importance in establishing a strong brand. Additional country-specific attributes are also relevant to varying extents, depending on the particular format that is used. Assessing causal relationships extends retailer knowledge of the role of format attributes. Originality/value – This study proposes a format-specific approach that is novel to international retailing research. The country comparison strengthens the study's implications, considers both a developed and an emerging economy, and accounts for the preference of Western European retailers to expand into Eastern European countries. The paper concludes that format transfer and positioning decisions occur within the boundaries of core format attributes.
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TSAREGORODTSEVA, SVETLANA R., and NATALIA A. PANKRATIEVA. "MULTI-FORMAT RETAIL - WHAT ARE THE FORMATS OF MODERN STORES." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 232, no. 6 (2021): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2021-232-6-240-253.
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At the moment, modern retail chains operate in various formats. Our Russian entrepreneurs have learned a lot from foreign networks, adopting their experience, technologies and strategies. For example, such formats of retail stores as outlets, malls, boutiques, discount centers, showrooms, hypermarkets, supermarkets, being a foreign product, have successfully taken root and work on the Russian market, including in Yekaterinburg. Retail formats are developing all over the world according to the same logic, and the Russian retail market repeats their experience. Along with this, we should note the tendency to replace traditional trade formats with more modern ones, as well as the desire to create multi-format retail networks. This makes them more flexible, allows them to make more purchases, increase the share of their own brands, and maintain customer loyalty by satisfying their various requests.
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Botschen, Guenther, and Philipp K. Wegerer. "Brand-driven retail format innovation: a conceptual framework." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 45, no. 7/8 (July 10, 2017): 874–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-10-2016-0181.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to engage in the research gap regarding the missing link between retail innovation and branding by providing a brand-driven process to systematically develop retail format innovation projects. The so-called “Brand-driven Retail Format Innovation” (BRFI) approach provides a structured three-phase model that serves as a conceptual guide for the development of any type of retail format. Design/methodology/approach Longitudinal collaborative action research over a time span of 20 years plus extended case study research to develop the current BRFI approach. Findings BRFI is a circular three-phase framework, which integrates branding, and retail format innovation. It starts with the definition of the intended retail brand identity, which in phase 2 becomes translated into concrete touchpoint experiences along the main constituents of a retail format, finally during phase 3 materializing into the new retail format. A case study of a major food retailer is prototypically used to illustrate the application of the designed approach and to report achieved results. Research limitations/implications Brand-driven retail format development based on translating socio-cultural meanings into touchpoint experiences to materialize format constituents is opening up new research avenues to govern retail format development. At present the approach is based on retail and services case studies in Western Austria. Practical implications The three-phase model represents a practical tool for retail managers, who want to renew and to develop their retail format in a structured way. The approach is applicable to all retail industries from small- to large-scale organizations as well as online and offline environments. Originality/value This is the first study engaging in the missing link regarding retail innovation and branding by providing a brand-driven process to systematically develop retail format innovation projects. BRFI locks into anthropological research findings where cultural meanings are considered as the main source for the construction of brand identities whereby the new retail format is transformed around brand-derived touchpoint experiences.
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L. Hess Jr, Ronald, and Lawrence Ring. "Off-price versus price-off." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 42, no. 10 (October 7, 2014): 902–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-02-2013-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to better understand the unique competitive positioning characteristics of off-price retailers and how they compare to other types of retailers. The authors compare off-price and upscale off-price retailers with four major formats of retailers: first, discount department store/warehouse club retailers; second, moderate department store retailers; third, department store retailers; and finally, specialty department store retailers. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a representative sample that was randomly drawn from four primary metropolitan cities in the USA. The data were collected using telephone interviews by a prominent, marketing research firm. A series of discriminant analyses were conducted to examine the data. Findings – The findings of the paper indicate that the off-price formats were consistently positioned at extreme points along the price/value continuum, signifying the strongest value-orientation among the other retail formats. The authors also found that while the upscale off-price format followed the specialty department stores in terms of fashion. The results point to an important disadvantage of the off-price format – although strong on price/value, they often fall short on fashion and many other store attributes that may be important to luxury-oriented customers. Research limitations/implications – The paper employed a sample from several cities collected using a telephone interview methodology within the US. Due to these limitations, the findings of this paper may be hampered by this methodology and not generalize to regions outside of the US. Future research should examine how the demise of most of the upscale off-price retailers and growth of flash web sites have changed the competitive structure of retailing. Practical implications – The results demonstrate that the positioning of the off-price retail format is unique from other formats. The retail formats occupy distinct positions. The off-price retail format is strongly associated with the price/value position but only moderately fashionable to customers, especially when compared with the department and specialty department store formats. In contrast, the upscale off-price format, while also strongly positioned along the price/value continuum, is considered much more fashionable than the off-price retail format. In fact, the upscale off-price retail format only trails the specialty department store format in terms of fashion. Originality/value – The unique characteristics of the off-price retail format and growing interest from upscale department stores underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the motives of the off-price shopper. This paper provides retailers with a more complete understanding of the store attributes that differentiate the off-price retail format from other major retail store formats. The overall objective of this study is to offer a comprehensive view of the positioning of off-price retailers compared with many alternative retail formats.
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Rudawska, Edyta Dorota, and Katarzyna Bilinska-Reformat. "The development of food retail formats – evidence from Poland." British Food Journal 120, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2017-0064.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: to identify and assess the direction of development of food retail formats in Poland under the influence of a changing business environment; and to identify the key challenges that food retail companies in Poland face nowadays. Design/methodology/approach The approach in this paper is a systematic literature review of publications in the Web of Science, Ebsco and Pro-Quest electronic databases from 1990 (from the emergence of large-scale foreign chains in the Polish market) to 2016, as well as the results of research carried out by Polish and international research centers, food retailer groups and institutes. The paper is based on the analysis of secondary data that present the results of research carried out on the Polish food retailing market. These analyses included the development of food retailing formats operating in Poland. Findings According to the research results analyzed, the evolution of retail formats is an embodiment of innovations introduced by retail companies and is based on the mutual permeation of elements previously associated with a specific retail format. Currently, the blurring of differences between individual retail formats can be observed in respect of two formats in particular, i.e. discount and delicatessen. The discount format occupies a special position on the Polish market, though it differs significantly from a “classical” discount. In discount stores so-called premium group products can be purchased, with stores more and more frequently being located in expensive places, e.g. in shopping centers or in their vicinity. At the same time, the popularity of convenience stores is increasing with a simultaneous decrease in the significance of large-format stores. Originality/value This paper provides interesting insights into the development of food retailing formats in Poland and the influence of changes in the business environment in that process. In addition, the paper describes the specifics of the Polish market, detailing literature-based theories pertaining to the development of retailing forms. It also focuses on the perspectives and directions in the future development of retail formats.
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Egan-Wyer, Carys Jane, Steve Burt, Jens Hultman, Ulf Johansson, Alice Beckman, and Clara Michélsen. "Ease or excitement? Exploring how concept stores contribute to a retail portfolio." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 49, no. 7 (May 31, 2021): 1025–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-10-2020-0407.
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PurposeThe study aims to explore how concept stores (theoretically) differ from other experience-based retail formats, and hence, how they (practically) contribute to a diversified retail store portfolio.Design/methodology/approachCase study based on semi-structured, qualitative interviews with seven IKEA retail managers, three industry experts and 26 customers of IKEA concept stores in London and Stockholm.FindingsThe concept store represents a conceptual departure from other experiential store formats. It is neither fully experiential in the sense that it is not only about marketing communications nor is it sales or profit-focused. Its aim is to be an accessible touchpoint that reduces friction on a diversified customer journey with its value to the retail portfolio being that it attracts new and latent customers, mitigates existing inhibiting factors and drives them to other touchpoints.Research limitations/implicationsIdeas about the different characteristics of new store formats and their potential to shape the customer experience are extended. New formats reflect innovation in retailing and are part of a retail portfolio which generates different customer expectations and determinants from traditional store formats which provide the customers' existing reference point.Practical implicationsThe contributions of new formats should be evaluated in light of other existing formats in the portfolio and not isolated. This is particularly true when considering format cannibalisation and the potentially extended customer journey that arises when customers use traditional format stores and new concept format stores simultaneously.Originality/valuePrevious research, using sales metrics and market-based results as performance determinants, suggests negative outcomes for format diversification. Our study suggests that the contributions of the concept store format should be viewed from an overall customer journey perspective and the “performance” of different format based touchpoints are not best captured through traditional sales evaluation methods.
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Connor, John M. "Evolving Research on Price Competition in the Grocery Retailing Industry: An Appraisal." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 28, no. 2 (October 1999): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050000811x.
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With the end of the Supermarket Revolution in the 1970s, new forms of horizontal, vertical, and geographic competition have appeared to challenge the supremacy of the supermarket format. New retail formats like warehouse stores, supercenters, and fast-food outlets appear to affect local retail supermarket prices. Slotting allowances, coupons, and electronic data gathering have intensified retailer-manufacturer rivalry. Foreign direct investment offers the promise of new European-style management styles in U.S. grocery retailing.
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Gauri, Dinesh K. "Benchmarking Retail Productivity Considering Retail Pricing and Format Strategy." Journal of Retailing 89, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2012.09.001.
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Kumar Shandilya, Abhinav, and Praveen Srivastava. "The Attitude of Consumers towards Organised Food Retailing: An Application of Attitude-towards-Object Model." Atna Journal of Tourism Studies 6, no. 1 (August 14, 2021): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.6.7.
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Organised retail sector is booming in metros, cities and now even in small towns; and organised food retailing is one of the fastest growing sector among them. The different types of food retail formats have its own characteristics, focus and target market. The customer or consumer has their own criteria to select a particular food retail format. The selection is based on the attitude of the customer or consumer towards the attribute of the retail format. There are many model to find the attitude of customer or consumer towards any product, service and brands. This study is an attempt to find out the customer's or consumer's attitude towards three major food retailing formats i.e Big Bazaar, a hypermarket; Reliance Fresh, a convenience store and Suvidha, a supermarket.
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Dimitrova, Boryana V., Saejoon Kim, Brent Smith, and Junhee Kim. "Store Format Diversification, Customer Orientation and the Performance of Foreign Retailers." Multidisciplinary Business Review 14, no. 2 (September 17, 2021): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35692/07183992.14.2.7.
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Foreign retailers contend with unrelenting challenges to discover and resolve issues affecting their performance in different host country markets. These retailers bear some wealth of international experience and also some liabil-ity of foreignness. Accordingly, managers of foreign retailers must enact strategic decisions that will position their businesses in order to be competitive and profitable. In this study, the authors examine two generally overlooked fac-tors —degree of store format diversification and customer orientation— relating to improved foreign retailer per-formance. The authors also investigate the potential moderating effects of three host country characteristics —retail modernization, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance— on this relationship. Based on the 2001-2015 panel data for 24 international retailers, results for main effects indicate that foreign retailer performance is influenced nega-tively by store format diversification and positively by customer orientation. These effects are moderated by host country retail modernization, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance. In particular, host country retail modernization reverses, from negative to positive, the influence of store format diversification on foreign retailer performance. Fur-thermore, both collectivism and uncertainty avoidance strengthen the positive influence of customer orientation on foreign retailer performance. Finally, uncertainty avoidance strengthens the negative influence of store format diver-sification on foreign retailer performance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Retail Format"
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Regan, Amanda D. "Assessing the Role of Smaller Format Retailers on the Food Desert Landscape in Dallas, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271885/.
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Many policy and business decisions regarding food deserts in the U.S. are based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) definition of a food desert. This definition only includes large/national chain grocery retailers, based on the assumption that these major retailers are the only affordable sources of food contributing to balanced diets. As alternative distribution channels, including smaller stores, start to include groceries in their product offering, the need to consider the role of other businesses in the food retailing environment should be addressed. This thesis assesses the role of smaller format grocery retailers (small local grocers, convenience stores, gas stations, dollar stores, and drug stores) in shaping the food desert landscape in Dallas, Texas. The analysis evaluates the products offered in these stores, and then identifies the difference these stores make when included in the USDA analysis. This was done by collecting in-store data to determine the variety of products offered, the affordability of those products, and the overall healthfulness of the store. In addition, the gaps in supply and demand were identified in the USDA-defined food deserts in order to identify the impact any smaller format retailer may have. The findings suggest that, overall, smaller format retailers do offer a variety of products needed for a balanced diet. However, the products in these stores are mostly not affordable, and most stores offer more unhealthy foods, than unhealthy. Overall, results suggest dollar stores may play a role in alleviating the impact of food deserts.
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Cha, MinJung. "International retailers: the moderating effects of international experience and retail format on the relationship between market distance and performance." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1325078748.
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BOZIC, Maja. "Impact of the retail environment drivers on sales and demand forecasting." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Cassino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11580/84146.
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The Ph.D. dissertation, Impact of the retail environment drivers on sales and demand forecasting, aims to explore and study the influence of the retail environment patterns on sales and demand forecasting. The uncertainty of the retail environment influenced by the complexity of the supply chain and demand management put out the range of drivers that can influence the dynamics of demand and sales and the tendency to develop more functional tools to capture them.
In the first chapter, The concept of the environment and external impact on the forecasting in retailing, it is outlined the main research on the environment in the literature, focusing on the concept of uncertainty, complexity especially in the domain of retailing. The network analysis on citation data benefits the research on certain trends in the literature about environmental patterns on forecasting activities. Results are outlined in the theoretical framework of research trends and the concept of the retail environment for the decision-making process in forecasting.
In the second chapter, Influence of the internal and external drivers on consumers’ visits and sales productivity, the explorative analysis focuses on analyzing the effect of the internal retail environment, as the retail format and assortment level, on the consumers’ visits and it is hypothesized whether the external (competition distance, public holidays) and internal drivers (promotions, assortment level, customer visits) affect the sales productivity in different store’s formats. Results show that both promotions and competition distance positively influence sales productivity and it variates based on the store format.
The third chapter, The causal effect of the environmental and promotional variables on the sales forecasting, studied the type of relationships between the environmental and internal drivers on the sales forecasting, looking for the causality and functional links. Using the linear and additive models shows that, additive models can allow the together nonlinear and linear functions between the macro variables (CPI, Fuel Price, Unemployment and Temperature) and internal micro (promotions) capturing better the dynamics of effects on sales and perform better in terms of prediction.
In the previous explorative analysis, the focus is on looking at possible causal links between the external, internal drivers and sales. In the fourth chapter, The added value of the competition information in demand forecasting, matching closer the business reality, it has been studied the effect of the external variables in the short-term demand forecasting. Using DIY (Do-It-Yourself) stores’ demand and sales data it is analyzed the influence of the competitions’ promotional discounts on the weekly demand at SKUs (Stock Keeping Unit) level. Results show that if the SKUs have high sold quantity and promotions more weeks in the year the inclusion of competitors’ promotional discounts may improve the demand-forecasting model, while SKUs that have the stable demand and are not often discounted the simple linear model without external competition’s variables works better.
The final chapter, Conclusions, limitations and future research, discuss the main conclusions, academic, practical implications and future research. The research contributes both to the literature and retail practice. There is, still, the lack of studies of the external influence on the demand and sales forecasting. Retail managers may use these insights to extract important information from the environment and to apply different solutions based on the complexity of the business problem. Focal promotions and competitive promotional actions create a significant impact on consumer demand. The complex nonlinear model with the external variables may work better in a situation of enlarging retail business and where its high impact on the market creates dynamics interactions, while the simple linear models can provide efficient solutions in an already stable and easily predicted competitive market.
The limitation of this research is the missing variety of external and internal data that can help to find the optimal model. The future research will be in direction of creating the optimal model with external and internal variables that may be the efficient solutions to the large amount of SKUs and useful managerial tool for scanning the environment.
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Ertekin, Selcuk. "An Assessment of Consumers' Willingness to Patronize Foreign-Based Business Format Franchises: An Investigation in the Fast-Food Sector." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28417/.
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This study aimed to address consumers' stereotypical categorizations in the form of essentialist views about foreign cultures and their effect on individual consumers, including their negative or aroused emotions and subsequent retail patronage behaviors. The research mission was to empirically assess the salient dimensions of consumers' states of mind (positive and negative affect, psychological essentialism, epistemic curiosity), states of being (store atmospherics), and states of action (retail patronage behaviors) in a cultural context based on Mehrabian-Russell theory of environmental psychology. Specifically, the retail patronage setting was selected as foreign-based fast-food franchises because it represents both a relevant and timely situational context for consumer behavior. This dissertation makes several contributions to international retail patronage literature. First, it frames curiosity as an aroused emotional state and finds support for the relationship between consumer epistemic curiosity and retail patronage. Second, it provides support for the linkage between consumer affect and retail patronage in an international retail setting. Third, it reveals that affect has a greater impact on retail patronage than epistemic curiosity. The overarching finding of this study is an inability to tie the cultural elements in retail atmospherics, including signs, symbols, and artifacts, to consumer emotions. In addition, we were unable to frame psychological essentialism as a personality trait that would reduce the levels of affect and curiosity in retail store environments characterized by foreign-cultural elements.
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Vejnarová, Alena. "Vybrané aspekty dodavatelsko odběratelských vztahů retailu a jeho dodavatelů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113666.
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The Diploma thesis ,Selected aspects of the retail supplier-purchaser relations' defines British grocery retailing. It presents government bodies which regulate retail industry and important independent not-for-profit organizations which have a strong influence on the market situation. It introduces the reader into legislation which regulates supplier-purchaser relations, particularly the Supermarket Code of Practice and its revised version the Groceries Supply Code of Practice. The analytical part examines the British market at the macroeconomical level, outlines the grocery retailing structure, describes the supply chain, customer behaviour, points out certain pricing and product policy trends and presents subjects which are bonded by the provisions set out in the Groceries Supply Code of Practice. The findings on local market competition and barriers which prevent the entry by a competitor are of a high significance as well. Despite the introduction of legal regulation the supplier-purchaser relations remain unequal and unfair. The thesis proposes a forecast of possible future grocery market development in the United Kingdom.
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Chen, Bo. "ESSAYS ON ORGANIC FOOD MARKETING IN THE U.S." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/51.
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This dissertation examines organic food marketing from three aspects: household demand for organic food, household choice of retail formats accounting for preference organic food preference, and farmers’ joint adoption of organic farming and direct marketing methods. In Chapter Two, given the fast growth of private label milk and organic milk in the U.S., we estimate a censored demand system to study the demand relations among types of milk differentiated by brand types and organic status, using recent Nielsen Homescan data. We find that sociodemographic factors still play important roles in a household choice of milk types, and fluid milk is an inferior good. Moreover, as income increases, households are more likely to shift from buying conventional milk to organic milk and from private label conventional milk to branded conventional milk, as indicated by the asymmetric cross price elasticities.
In Chapter Three, we examine whether households’ preference for organic food can affect their retail format choices for their grocery shopping trips. We model households’ choices of five major retail format with a conditional logit model, also using the Nielsen Homescan data. Our main findings are that regular organic user households are more likely to patronage organic specialty stores and discount stores, but less likely to shop in warehouse clubs. Price, consumer loyalty, and household shopping behavior also affects household retail format choice.
In Chapter Four, we examine the relation between farmers’ adoption of organic farming and direct marketing, given their similar objectives in satisfying consumer demand and increasing farm income. We model farmers’ adoption of the two practices with a bivariate simultaneous linear probability model using data from USDA Agricultural Resource Management Survey. Our main finding is that the farmers’ adoption of organic farming decreases their probability of adopting direct marketing, whereas the reverse effect is insignificant. Also, organic farming is found to improve gross farm income.
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Costa, Eliane Aparecida. "A Financeirização do Varejo Nacional: Um estudo multicasos do segmento de vestuário, calçados e acessórios." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9155.
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This paper aims to explore the advance of the diffusion of the financial logic on the national clothing retail in the promotion of consumer credit in Brazil. In this sense, it looks to verify how this advance is configured in a new organizational arrangement that is signed by the formation of partnerships between the financial institutions and the retail companies, as well as to analyze the administrative strategy to manage this new model, in view of its Social and labor implications. We analyzed eight companies in the national retail clothing sector that have a strong expression in consumption in Brazil, from 2008 to 2016. The companies of this sampling are Marisa, Renner, Riachuelo, Pernambucanas, Cia. Hering, Arezzo & Co, Restoque Commerce and Garment Apparel and Grazziotin Group, which previously had the commercial object of trading merchandise and today deal with consolidated variables in the financial Market. In this work, it is analyzed how the mergers and acquisitions movements involving financial institutions and retail companies are shaping the domestic market, and also how organizational models are managed after the adoption of partnerships with financial institutions and which Impacts of the expansion of this model on labor relations. The results obtained point to a better understanding of the need to adapt to the process, which requires a gradual change in the current organizational structure and consequent prevention of damages related to labor issues, values added to shareholders or positions of CEOs, obliged to increase a series of variables that result in change in the segment. These factors exemplify the materialization of financialization strategies among the largest national apparel retailers, and also show how the banking process is affecting the profile of the commercial model of the national retail sector.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar o avanço da difusão da lógica financeira sobre o varejo nacional de vestuário no fomento de crédito para o consumo no Brasil. Nesse sentido, busca-se verificar como esse avanço se configura em um novo arranjo organizacional que se firma pela formação de parcerias entre as instituições financeiras e as empresas de varejo, bem como analisar a estratégia administrativa para gerir esse novo modelo, tendo em vista suas implicações sociais e trabalhistas. Foram analisadas oito empresas do setor varejista nacional de vestuário que desempenham forte expressão no consumo no Brasil, ¬¬¬¬de 2008 a 2016. As empresas da amostra são as lojas Marisa, Renner, Riachuelo, Pernambucanas, Cia. Hering, Arezzo&Co, Restoque Comércio e Confecções de Roupas e Grupo Grazziotin, que antes tinha como objeto social a comercialização de mercadorias e hoje lidam com variáveis consolidadas no mercado financeiro. Neste trabalho, é analisado como os movimentos de fusões e aquisições que envolvem instituições financeiras e empresas varejistas estão modelando o mercado nacional e, ainda, como os modelos organizacionais passam a ser gerenciados após a adoção de parcerias com as instituições financeiras e quais os impactos da expansão desse modelo nas relações de trabalho. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma melhor compreensão da necessidade de adequação ao processo, o que exige mudança gradativa na estrutura organizacional vigente e consequente prevenção dos danos relacionados a questões trabalhistas, a valores agregados aos acionistas ou às posições de CEOs, obrigados a incrementar uma série de variáveis que resultam em mudança no segmento. Esses fatores exemplificam a materialização de estratégias de financeirização junto aos maiores varejistas nacionais de vestuário, e ainda, demonstram como o processo de bancarização está afetando o perfil do modelo comercial do setor varejista nacional.
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Meeyai, Sutthipong. "Retail agglomeration formats and outshopping in Thai grocery market." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30981/.
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Thailand has been one of the emerging markets in Asia in recent decades. The pattern of consumers has dramatically changed due to the arrival of various modern retail trade formats. Thai consumers have been shifting from traditional retail formats to modern retail formats and frequently do ‘outshopping’, particularly from rural areas to town centres. This has led to the decline of rural retailers. To improve this situation, the concept of developing retailers in market towns has been adopted. However, it is unclear what form (i.e. store format) this takes and on which factors (store image attributes and customer characteristics) the role depends. This thesis examines the effect of store image attributes and customer characteristics on retail agglomeration format choice for a regular grocery outshopping trip. The conceptual framework is constructed following the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model. The concept of store image is applied as the stimulus, and the customer characteristics are proxy variables representing the organism, which lead to the choice decision as the response. The discrete choice model is applied using the mixed logit modelling approach. The choice set includes (1) a traditional agglomeration retail format (TAF), (2) a modern agglomeration retail format (MAF) and (3) a non-agglomeration retail format (NAF). The unit of analysis is a household in a regional city that does grocery shopping regularly. The stratified random sampling divided the population into an urban area and a rural area. Then, a random sample was drawn within each stratum by a simple random sampling − a store format. A systematic random sampling was applied by intercepting each household representative in order to maintain randomness. The chosen area is Nakhon Ratchasima province which is one of the regional cities in north-eastern Thailand. It consists of 2,600,000 people (around 830,000 households) and about 75% of the total population live in a rural area. The total sample consists of 1,521 households. The choice experiment is adopted by a computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) survey. The parameters are estimated using the simulated maximum likelihood approach. The models are built, and then marginal effects are used to examine the effects of store image attributes and customer characteristics to the retail agglomeration format choice. Reliability and validity are tested. The results from the chosen model reveal that increases in seven store image attributes: product quality, customer service, price, travel time, atmosphere, accessibility, and range of products, affect the probability to shop at TAF and MAF with the same degree, while in store attributes have less effect on the probability to shop at NAF. The product quality, customer service level, and price are the most important attributes affecting the retail agglomeration format choice, following by atmosphere, accessibility, and range of products, respectively. The results indicate that consumers in rural areas are likely to shop at TAF and NAF than consumers in urban areas. Older rather than younger customers tend to shop at NAF. Finally, the higher income households have more opportunity to shop at MAF than the lower income households. This study employs the theory of cumulative attraction as theoretical lens of the study. However, this study contributes to the theory by examining further dimensions. The first contribution is to the theory of cumulative attraction by considering a location dimension. It investigates the role of retail agglomeration formats in market towns. The second dimension contributes to retail management by focusing on retail management style as traditional and modern retail formats. Another contribution of this study is the taxonomy of retail agglomeration formats. It indicates how retailers are planned and constructed, to what extent they are managed and marketed, and what their management styles are. This classification system can categorise existing retail formats, e.g. weekend markets, periodic markets, night markets, tourist attraction retail sites, and exhibition retail outlets which cannot be classified by the previous studies. The application of this taxonomy is applied as retail agglomeration formats in this study.
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Mohan, Rahul. "Retaining formal volunteers in volunteer based organizations." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-34159.
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Abstract Problem Formal Volunteers in volunteer based organizations drop out at a fast pace due to many reasons like lack of interest what they are doing, conflict among volunteers, lack of motivation, job dissatisfaction due to prolonged volunteering etc. which is causing to improper functioning of these organizations and reaches a point where these volunteer based organizations find it difficult to function properly. The author in this study tries to address this particular issue of this drop out of formal volunteers. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the factors which helps in the retention of formal volunteers in a volunteer based organization for a longer period. Method The research in this paper is done in a qualitative way with primary data collected in the form of participant observation and open interview in two voluntary organizations. The collected data is analyzed in content analysis. The secondary data is collected in the form of necessary documents provided by the participating organizations. Results Many factors were found to influence retention of volunteers namely Job satisfaction, Motivation, Public Service Motivation, Organizational Commitment, Mission Attachment, Work load, Relationship with Coworkers, Justice of Organization, Flexible Timing, Training & Orientation. Conclusions Recommendations to improve retention is mentioned and a future model is also proposed. The result obtained from this research can be generalized to other form of small scale volunteer organizations where the major employees are formal volunteers.
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Coetzee, Gerrit. "Formal retail as a strategy to enhance the quality of life in marginalized communities." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52851.
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Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Of all the strategies available to help eradicate poverty and enhance the quality of life of people living in marginalized communities, the provision of a formal retail centre would not stand out as a number one strategy. Nevertheless, the Nomzamo Business Centre was built as part of a local economic development initiative to help local businesses to develop. The primary goal of this study was to establish whether the residents of Nomzamo perceived the development of the centre as a contributing factor towards improving the quality of their lives. Although the retail sector is well represented in these marginalized communities, in the form of spazas and other informal businesses, these businesses desperately lack the bearings of formality. The Nomzamo Business Centre provides a formal business premises at affordable rates, for local business people and gives them the opportunity to develop skills through business training courses and the provision of information. As the study concludes, the residents of Nomzamo perceived the centre as an enhancement towards their quality of live, even though many of them still do not make use of the centre. Established shopping habits are hard to brake especially if the centre does not provide any real magnetism. The centre failed to attract an anchor tenant and although Eskom's presence at the centre does provide some form of attraction, the benefits have not yet spilled over to the other shops. At this stage the Nomzamo Business Centre cannot be deemed a success. The centre fails to compete with local informal businesses. What is needed in most of these communities however is a change in the local economic structure. Local economies in most cases are retail based, with no or little representation in sectors like manufacturing. Although the Nomzamo Business Centre will not contribute much towards a more balanced local economy, it does provide the foundation for future changes to take place.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Van al die strategieë beskikbaar om te help met die uitwissing van armoede en die verbetering in die kwaliteit van lewe van mense wat in marginale gemeenskappe bly, sal die voorsiening van 'n formele kleinhandelsentrum beslis nie as 'n nommer een strategie bekend staan nie. Nogtans is die Nomzamo Besigheidsentrum, geleë tussen die Strand en Gordonsbaai, gebou as deel van 'n plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkelingsinisiatief om plaaslike besighede te help ontwikkel. Die primêre doel van die studie was om vas te stel of die inwoners van Nomzamo, die ontwikkeling van die sentrum as 'n bydraende faktor in die verbetering van hul lewenskwaliteit waarneem. Alhoewel die kleinhandelsektor goed verteenwoordig is in die marginale gemeenskappe, in die vorm van spaza-winkels en ander informele besighede, ontbreek die besighede aan die nodige formaliteit. Die Nomzamo Besigheidsentrum bied 'n formele besigheidperseel teen bekostigbare tariewe vir plaaslike besighede en gee hulle die geleentheid om vaardighede te ontwikkel, deur kursusse in besigheidsopleiding en die voorsiening van informasie. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die inwoners van Nomzamo wel die sentrum as 'n verbetering in hul lewenskwaliteit waarneem, selfs al maak meeste van hulle steeds nie gebruik van die sentrum nie. Gevestigde inkopie gewoontes is moeilik om te verander, veral as die sentrum geen werklike aantrekking bied nie. Die sentrum het misluk in die poging om 'n anker huurder te lok en alhoewel Eskom se teenwoordigheid by die sentrum, 'n vorm van aantrekking bied, het die voordele van Eskom se teenwoordigheid nog nie na ander winkels oorgespoel nie. Op hierdie stadium kan die Nomzamo Besigheidsentrum nie as 'n sukses verklaar word nie. Die sentrum misluk om met plaaslike informele besighede mee te ding. Wat egter benodig word in die gemeenskappe is 'n verandering in die plaaslike ekonomiese struktuur. Plaaslike ekonomieë is in meeste gevalle op kleinhandel gebaseer, met min of geen verteenwoordiging in sektore soos vervaardiging nie. Alhoewel die Nomzamo Besigheidsentrum nie sal bydra tot 'n meer gebalanseerde plaaslike ekonomie nie, bied die sentrum 'n platform vir toekomstige veranderinge om op plaas te vind.
Books on the topic "Retail Format"
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Sinha, Piyush Kumar. Impact of store format on shopping involvement. Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management, 2014.
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Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad., ed. Impact of format on retailers' brand: Its threats and opportunities, a theoretical analysis. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2002.
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Smith, Jeremy. Category killers in Europe: A retail format for the future? London: Pearson Professional Ltd, 1995.
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Adams, J. N. Franchising: Practice and precedents in business format franchising. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 1987.
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Adams, J. N. Franchising: Practice and precedents in business format franchising. 4th ed. London: Butterworths, 1997.
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Adams, J. N. Franchising: Practice and precedents in business format franchising. 3rd ed. London: Butterworths, 1990.
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Jones, Ken. New formats in the Canadian retail economy. Toronto: Centre for the Study of Commercial Activity, Ryerson Polytechnic University, 1994.
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Koelemeijer, Kitty. Distribution service: Competition within and among retail formats. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University, 2000.
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Schröder, Christoph. The Replication of Retail Fashion Formats into Foreign Countries. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07541-5.
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Cheglov, Vyacheslav. Trade business. Economics and management of retail chains. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1056723.
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The textbook summarizes the author's twenty-year experience in such large network trading companies as Klass, PFC BIN, and X5 Retail Group.
It is written in accordance with the curriculum and educational and methodological complex for the discipline "Economic activity of retail chains", which is part of the cycle of academic disciplines of the master's program "Organization and technology of trade business", direction "trade business". Covers a wide range of issues related to the theory and practice of network retail enterprises. Introduces readers to the forms of network business organization in retail, modern formats of retail trade, the organization of the trading process on the network principle and its features, current regulatory legal acts regulating the activities of network retail companies.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of economic and trade universities, students of universities and training centers of retail trading companies, managers engaged in retail.
Book chapters on the topic "Retail Format"
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Elsner, Stefan. "Study 2 – Transferring the Retail Format Successfully into Foreign Countries." In Retail Internationalization, 75–109. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01096-6_3.
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Hehle, Friederike, and Peter Schnedlitz. "The Application of the Convenience Concept to the Retail Format Vending." In European Retail Research, 21–38. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7144-9_2.
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Huuhka, Ari, Nobutoshi Shimizu, and Martti Laaksonen. "Strategic Differentiation in the Japanese Convenience Store Business. The Example of Lawson’s Format Variation." In European Retail Research, 149–72. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8938-3_7.
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Izqierdo-Yusta, Alicia, Maria Pilar Martinez-Ruiz, and Murali K. Mantrala. "The Pursuit of Loyalty in Grocery Stores: Differences by Retail Format." In Marketing Challenges in a Turbulent Business Environment, 387. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19428-8_103.
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Che, Huichun, and Xiao Song. "Study on Chinese Retail Format Development Based on Consumer Demand Theory." In Proceedings of 2014 1st International Conference on Industrial Economics and Industrial Security, 83–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44085-8_12.
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Brown, James R. "Managing the Retail Format Portfolio: An Application of Modern Portfolio Theory." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 329. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18687-0_122.
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Morbe, Lukas. "Study 2: An Inter- and Intra-format Perspective on Transfer and Perception of Retail Formats." In International Retailers’ Performance in Host Countries, 59–78. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22069-3_3.
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Chandrashekaran, Rajesh. "The Interactive Effect of Presentation Format and Brand Usage on the Effectiveness of Retail Price Advertisements." In Proceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, 460–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13084-2_109.
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Bonetti, Francesca, Eleonora Pantano, Gary Warnaby, Lee Quinn, and Patsy Perry. "Augmented Reality in Real Stores: Empirical Evidence from Consumers’ Interaction with AR in a Retail Format." In Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, 3–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06246-0_1.
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Baum, Chad M., and Robert Weigelt. "How Where I Shop Influences What I Buy: The Importance of the Retail Format in Sustainable Tomato Consumption." In Economic Complexity and Evolution, 141–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02423-9_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Retail Format"
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Gunawan, G. "Does business format matter? Performance measurement and internet retail format." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2007.4419178.
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Rudienė, Elzė, Mangirdas Morkūnas, and Viktorija Skvarciany. "ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF FORMAT OF RETAIL INTERNATIONALIZATION ON CONSUMER ATTITUDE." In Business and Management 2018. VGTU Technika, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2018.08.
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The format is one of the essential elements of retail internationalization process. In order to date, cus-tomer attitude about retail companies format entering the market and their possible impact upon consumers and standardization degree has not frequently been the object of investigation within the internationalisation of retail trade. Only by opening the subject of trade consumers and customers can find the solution of components of this element. The current paper explores consumer attitudes to retail format, revealed this element components and provide their evaluation methodology. The prac-tical significance of the current research is that it is a survey of consumer attitude to the company en-tering format the market in another country, which would enable a potential retail entrant to know the expectations of consumers and thus take appropriate decisions. The methodological basis for the pre-sent paper is an analysis of reference material on the internationalisation of retail trade examining cases of successes and failures of retail companies, exploring and understanding consumer expecta-tions and the ways to meet such expectations, as well as peculiarities of entering different markets. The authors interviewed Lithuanian consumers (more than 600) about the IKEA shopping centre be-fore its opening in Vilnius and one year after opening. Studies have confirmed that consumers have their attitudes of the IKEA shopping centre, as the format element.
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Piyamongkol, Korakit, and Singha Chaveesuk. "Comparative Modern Retail Landscapes of Thai Retail Format Types: Omni-Channel and Value Proposition Perspectives." In 2022 15th International Conference on Human System Interaction (HSI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hsi55341.2022.9869455.
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Sun Peihong, Yu Xuejie, and Gao Xiaoqiu. "An Empirical Study of the Retail Format Development in Inner Mongolia." In 2008 International Seminar on Business and Information Management (ISBIM 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbim.2008.167.
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Zhang, Li, Haimeng Fan, and Chen Xue. "The Development Trend of the New Retail Format Integration Application Cloud ERP System." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Business, Economics, Management Science (BEMS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/bems-19.2019.9.
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Feng, Zhiyu, Hui Hu, Yanhui Wang, and Mingwu Xu. "Characteristic Analysis and Demand Forecast of Instant Distribution under the New Retail Format." In 20th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483053.412.
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Wang, Han. "Research on the Format Structure of New Retail Era From the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201128.085.
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Peihong Sun, Lei Tang, and Qi Zhang. "Notice of Retraction: Analysis on the active factors of the retail format transition in Inner Mongolia." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Management Science (ICAMS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icams.2010.5553165.
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Shaleva, Oleksandra. "ENSURING SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF RETAIL IN THE CONDITIONS OF CRISIS ON THE BASIS OF THE DARK STORE FORMAT." In THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: CONCEPT AND TRENDS. European Scientific Platform, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/24.07.2020.v1.03.
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Zhou, Jie, Xiaofen Ji, and Chen Pang. "Research on the development mode of fashion select shop under the new retail format: Take LABELHOOD as an example." In 2021 2nd International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (CECIT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecit53797.2021.00190.
Full textReports on the topic "Retail Format"
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Davis, Lizhu, Hongtao Yue, and Dean Davis. Shopping orientation, store attributes, and apparel retail format preference. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-282.
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Hortaçsu, Ali, and Chad Syverson. The Ongoing Evolution of US Retail: A Format Tug-of-War. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21464.
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Fiore, Ann Marie Marie, Danielle Testa, Kelcie Slaton, Shantell Reid, and Sonia Bakhshian. The Small, Inventory Free Retail Format: The Impact on Consumer-Based Brand Equity and Purchase Behavior. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.8469.
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Perrin, Richard A., Robert E. Bona, Bennis A. Brekhus, and Carol E. Fraser. ARN Integrated Retail Module (IRM) & 3D Whole Body Scanner System at Fort Carson, Colorado. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada474423.
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Filiz, Ibrahim, Jan René Judek, Marco Lorenz, and Markus Spiwoks. Einhorn, Yeti, Nessie und der neoklassische Markt – Legenden und empirische Evidenz. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783947850020.
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The neoclassical market model still has a decisive influence on important economic policy decisions today. A central role in this model is played by the formation of equilibrium prices, where aggregate supply functions and aggregate demand functions meet. We examine whether equilibrium prices are actually formed. For this purpose, we analyse 2,217 prices for homogeneous products that were collected by students between October 2020 and May 2022 in stationary and online retail. In 143 of 146 cases, no equilibrium price is found. The percentage price range is regularly over 100%. The presumed steering function of an equilibrium price does not materialise. The establishment of market mechanisms for the efficient solution of economic problems must therefore be questioned.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Zahid Ahmed, Galib Bashirov, Nicholas Morieson, and Kainat Shakil. Islamist Populists in Power: Promises, Compromises and Attacks on Democratic Institutions. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0013.
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This paper comparatively examines the ruling religious populist governments in Turkey and Pakistan through a theoretical framework that focuses on populists’ promises, their compromises, and their attacks on democratic institutions. Through our three-legged framework, we examine how these religious populists behave in power and how strategic necessities, the realities of governing, and structural constraints shape their policies. Similar to the other populists in other parts of the world, before coming to power, Islamist populists make sweeping promises to the people and quick fixes to major problems of the country—most famously, quick and substantial economic development. While they may want to retain their uncompromising style and lofty goals, the realities of governing force populists to make serious compromises to their designated ‘enemies’ and on their values once they are in power. Finally, like other authoritarian politicians, Islamist populists attack formal institutions of democracy such as the judiciary, the media, and civil society; they politicize them, evacuate them, and eventually capture them from within. Keywords: Religion, populism, Islamism, authoritarianism, populists in power, democratic backsliding, Turkey, Pakistan
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.
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“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.
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Kirchhoff, Helmut, and Ziv Reich. Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation in resurrection plants. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699861.bard.
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In this project, we studied the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration and rehydration of the homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant Craterostigmapumilum (retains most of the photosynthetic components during desiccation). Resurrection plants have the remarkable capability to withstand desiccation, being able to revive after prolonged severe water deficit in a few days upon rehydration. Homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants are very efficient in protecting the photosynthetic machinery against damage by reactive oxygen production under drought. The main purpose of this BARD project was to unravel these largely unknown protection strategies for C. pumilum. In detail, the specific objectives were: (1) To determine the distribution and local organization of photosynthetic protein complexes and formation of inverted hexagonal phases within the thylakoid membranes at different dehydration/rehydration states. (2) To determine the 3D structure and characterize the geometry, topology, and mechanics of the thylakoid network at the different states. (3) Generation of molecular models for thylakoids at the different states and study the implications for diffusion within the thylakoid lumen. (4) Characterization of inter-system electron transport, quantum efficiencies, photosystem antenna sizes and distribution, NPQ, and photoinhibition at different hydration states. (5) Measuring the partition of photosynthetic reducing equivalents between the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, and the water-water cycle. At the beginning of the project, we decided to use C. pumilum instead of C. wilmsii because the former species was available from our collaborator Dr. Farrant. In addition to the original two dehydration states (40 relative water content=RWC and 5% RWC), we characterized a third state (15-20%) because some interesting changes occurs at this RWC. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect D1 protein levels by Western blot analysis because antibodies against other higher plants failed to detect D1 in C. pumilum. We developed growth conditions that allow reproducible generation of different dehydration and rehydration states for C. pumilum. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopy and microscopy for C. pumilum were established to obtain a detailed picture of structural and functional changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in different hydrated states. Main findings of our study are: 1. Anthocyan accumulation during desiccation alleviates the light pressure within the leaves (Fig. 1). 2. During desiccation, stomatal closure leads to drastic reductions in CO2 fixation and photorespiration. We could not identify alternative electron sinks as a solution to reduce ROS production. 3. On the supramolecular level, semicrystalline protein arrays were identified in thylakoid membranes in the desiccated state (see Fig. 3). On the electron transport level, a specific series of shut downs occur (summarized in Fig. 2). The main events include: Early shutdown of the ATPase activity, cessation of electron transport between cyt. bf complex and PSI (can reduce ROS formation at PSI); at higher dehydration levels uncoupling of LHCII from PSII and cessation of electron flow from PSII accompanied by crystal formation. The later could severe as a swift PSII reservoir during rehydration. The specific order of events in the course of dehydration and rehydration discovered in this project is indicative for regulated structural transitions specifically realized in resurrection plants. This detailed knowledge can serve as an interesting starting point for rationale genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops.
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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas
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Association Amal Al Mansour: Supporting vulnerable youth into work every step of the way. Oxfam IBIS, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7901.
Full textAbstract:
Oxfam’s Youth Participation and Employment (YPE) project helped Hind, a young woman in Morocco, to enter the labour market. Though she is educated, her skills were insufficient to get a job. The Amal Al Mansour Association, a YPE partner, helped her with practical training in developing soft skills and accessing the formal labour market. With support from the Association, she got a job in the retail sector. Her current job is a stepping-stone to achieving her personal and professional goals. She wants to obtain her law degree and find a stable job in line with her qualifications. In the context of the COVID-19 crisis, the number of available jobs has decreased, and it is hard to get a full-time salaried position. Hind is hopeful that the YPE programme can help young people in Morocco through advocating for decent work for vulnerable young people.