Relevant bibliographies by topics / Retail industry

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Retail industry'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Retail industry"

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Dinesh. E, Dinesh E., and Dr T. Vetrivel Dr. T. Vetrivel. "ERP in Retail Industry." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2013/76.

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Plazibat, Ivana, and Mario Dadić. "Contemporary Issues in Retail Industry." Journal of Corporate Governance, Insurance, and Risk Management 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/jcgirm040203.

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With regard to both the consumer behavior and the overall competition structure, the retail industry is constantly changing. Each industry has its peculiarities, retail is no exception. The customer loyalty levels are decreasing, therefore, the retail management at large has to decide which effective measures to take, in order to simultaneously gain new customers and retain the existing ones. At present, the average buyer is educated, experienced, and keenly self-aware of his/her importance, as well as of the entire purchasing process. Consequently, it is essential to obtain access and keep the buyer satisfied. The changes required, with regard to the management of retail chains, should thus cover all the stages of the process, ranging from the procurement to sales. In this particular paper, we examine the corporate governance process and its’ requirements of competing on the retail market. The overview of the entire organizational structure and the processes required to operate under current retail management conditions will be analyzed. The findings will prove to be quite beneficial to Croatian retail companies and aid in overcoming the major threat of EU competitors, laying out the changes necessary for survival within this particular industry branch.
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S, Jayanthy, Velanganni R, and Santhosh Kumar G. "FDI Impact on Retail Industry." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 0009-SPECIAL ISSUE (September 25, 2019): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11/20192563.

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Burrell, Darrell Norman, Orna T. Bradley-Swanson, Amalisha S. Aridi, and Eugene J. Lewis. "The Organizational and Social Complexities of Managing and Retaining Generation Z Employees in the United States Retail Industry." International Journal of Public Sociology and Sociotherapy 2, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpss.297202.

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U.S. Retail Industry employed 4,528,550 retail salespersons, as stated by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics (2017). Tang, Liu, Oh, and Weitz (2014) assert that even though retail is the second largest industry in the United States, the retail stores’ employee turnover rate remains a staggering 60% for full-time employees. Gaining a better understanding of how to reduce turnover in this industry could be of significant value to organizations related to business sustainability and labor costs management. Generation Z represents people born in the 1990s and represents one-third of the U.S. population, a significant potential workforce (Fuscaldo, 2020). For the retail industry to flourish, it needs to hire, develop, and retain Generation Z employees. The study uses qualitative focus group research to discover applied human resources and talent management workplace leadership applications by exploring the ideal organizational culture and approaches to recruit and retain Generation Z employees.
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Tokatli, Nebahat, and Yonca Boyaci. "The changing retail industry and retail landscapes." Cities 15, no. 5 (October 1998): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(98)00030-4.

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A. Karthikeyan and Dr. M. Sadhika Sultana. "Consumer Preferences of Organised Retail Outlet in Coimbatore District." Management Journal for Advanced Research 2, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54741/mjar.2.4.5.

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Retail industry is an important source of self employment in India since a long ago. As change is the important rule of the environment. So, today, we can also see a drastic change in the retail industry too. Today, retail industry has been segregated into two parts i.e. unorganized retail industry and organized retail industry. Unorganized retail industry includes traditional kirana stores which are not registered and have not to follow any bulk of legal formalities. Organized retailing is the retailing in which the retail shop is centrally run by the registered retailer with few employees providing comfort and self service facility to the customers which attract the customers towards it. Besides, all the facilities provided by the organized retailers, customers are still attracted towards unorganized retailers too. There are different facilities and services available to the customers in unorganized retailing and organized retailing. The present study is an attempt to assess consumer preference and perception in organized retail outles in Coimbatore district.
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Dr. M. Rani, Dr M. Rani. "Retail Industry - A Sun Shine Sector." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2014/73.

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Malar, Mercia Selva. "Industry 4.0 Transforming Global Retail Industry." Indian Journal of Computer Science 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17010/ijcs/2019/v4/i1/142414.

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Kumbhat, Astha. "Retail Industry and Apparel Retail: A Critical Review." International Journal of Management Studies VI, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v6si1/03.

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Farhan, Tubagus Muhammad, and Miharni Tjokrosaputro. "Pengaruh kemasan terhadap kesadaran merek dan minat beli: Studi ikon Betawi pada oleh-oleh Jakarta." Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan 7, no. 2 (March 29, 2023): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmbk.v7i2.23364.

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This research was attempted to explore what factors are contributing to brand awareness and purchase intention of industries regional specialty food retailer product in Indonesia. The object of this research is the industries regional specialty food retailer product of Jakarta. The research method used is descriptive quantitative analysis and all sources of information are obtained from questionnaires distributed online through social media, namely WhatsApp with google form media. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS 3.29 by using data of 103 respondents who knows Oleh-oleh Jakarta Mpok Nini product. The result of the research show that of ethnic icon on product packaging have positive impact on brand awareness and purchase intention. The research provides insight to academics and regional retail industry about how to manage brand awareness and purchase intention of retail industry product in Indonesia and the results obtained in this study are that the ethnic icon packaging factor has a positive influence on brand awareness and buying interest. The advice given to this research for the regional specialty food retail industry is to improve simpler packaging as well as increase brand awareness and buying interest so that the product is easily recognized and makes consumers no longer consider buying the product. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor apa yang berkontribusi terhadap kesadaran merek dan minat beli produk retailer makanan khas daerah di Indonesia. Objek penelitian ini adalah industri retailer makanan khas Jakarta. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisa kuantitatif deskriptif dan seluruh sumber informasi diperoleh dari kuisioner yang dibagikan secara online melalui media sosial yaitu whatsapp dengan media google form. Data dianalisis menggunakan SmartPLS ver 3.29 dengan menggunakan data 103 responden yang mengetahui produk industri retailer makanan khas daerah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikon etnik produk kemasan berpengaruh positif terhadap kesadaran merek dan minat beli. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan kepada akademisi dan industri retail kedaerahan khususnya tentang bagaimana mengelola kesadaran merek dan minat beli terhadap produk industri retail di Indonesia dan hasil yang didapat pada penelitian ini adalah bahwa faktor kemasan ikon etnik memberikan pengaruh yang positif terhadap kesadaran merek dan minat beli. Saran yang diberikan terhadap penelitian ini untuk industri retail makanan khas daerah adalah agar meningkatkan kemasan yang lebih simpel juga meningkatkan kesadaran merek dan minat beli agar produk mudah dikenali dan membuat konsumen tidak lagi mempertimbangkan untuk membeli produk.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Retail industry"

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Brewer, Jed. "Competition in the Retail Gasoline Industry." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195202.

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This dissertation examines competition in the retail gasoline industry. The first chapter highlights the importance of gasoline in modern society, introduces my work, and places it in the context of the existing academic literature.The second chapter details the institutional structure and profitability of the industry. The vast majority of retail gasoline stations are not directly owned and operated by major oil companies. Instead, most stations are set up under other contractual relationships: lessee-dealer, open-dealer, jobber-owned-and-operated, and independent. Gasoline retailers make relatively low profits, as is the case in many other retail industries, and are substantially less profitable than major oil companies. Gas stations also make less money when retail prices are climbing than when they are falling. As prices rise, total station profits are near zero or negative. When retail prices are constant or falling, retailers can make positive profits.The third chapter describes the entry of big-box stores into the retail gasoline industry over the last decade. The growth of such large retailers, in all markets, has led to a great deal of controversy as smaller competitors with long-term ties to the local community have become less common. I estimate the price impact that big-box stores have on traditional gasoline retailers using cross-sectional data in two geographically diverse cities. I also examine changes in pricing following the entry of The Home Depot into a local retail gasoline market. The results show that big-box stores place statistically and economically significant downward pressure on the prices of nearby gas stations, offering a measure of the impact of the entry of a big-box store.Chapter 4 examines the nature of price competition in markets where some competing retailers sell the same brand. The price effect of having more retailers selling the same brand is theoretically unclear. High brand diversity could give individual retailers market power, thereby leading to higher prices. Low brand diversity, though, could act to facilitate collusive behavior, leading to higher prices. I find that prices are higher in markets with high brand diversity.The final chapter of the dissertation summarizes the general findings.
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Clough, Roger. "Retail change : a consideration of the UK food retail industry, 1950-2010." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2002. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/8105/.

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The immense changes to have taken place in UK food retailing during the second half of the 20th century are detailed, explained and analysed, with constant reference to theories of retail change. The result is not just a history of UK food retail change post-1950, but a comprehensive evaluation and extension of retail change theory, with new driving forces and ideas elaborated, and a forecast of likely key developments to 2010. The thesis is based largely on the testimonies of key industry actors of the period, including past and present executives of leading food retail organisations, and followed an un-structured interview approach, allowing stories to be told without unnecessary constraint. The development of the industry is detailed and explained, drawing heavily on these testimonies, and this change is explained with reference to major factors with a direct hearing on the industry, such as government policy and socio-economic change. Because of the emphasis on witness accounts, the theories of retail change are analysed with a heavy focus on the people driving change, a refreshing change in a field where the historical nature of the subject tends to drive research towards secondary sources of data. The thesis contributes a better understanding of the forces driving the theories of retail change, and proposes an extension to the domain of application. The relevant elements of the theories of retail change are implemented to forecast likely developments in the UK food retail industry to 2010, which is complemented by an 'expert' Delphi forecast and a projection of current socio-economic trends.
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Leung, Kwan-hoo Crsis. "Hong Kong retail industry in 21st century /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20577187.

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Perez, Mendoza Jorge Arturo, and Capucine Dujardin. "New Challenges of The Book Retail Industry." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-162.

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Businesses are being more and more influenced by changing forces like globalization, deregulation, convergence of industries, and it has been several years since a newcomer has appeared in almost every marketplace all around the word: e-commerce. The emergence and development of e-commerce was due to the rapid growth of the internet. This new tool has enabled companies to display and sell goods and services cheaply to consumers and businesses around the world. In this context some traditional industries like the book retail industry could feel threatened by the changes in buying behaviours of customers who have become bold and aggressive in their demands not only for superior quality but also for responsive service.

The purpose of this thesis is to find out the new challenges within the field of e-commerce for the book retail industry, in terms of market approach and Customer Relationship Management.

In this study, the authors have shown that customers who buy on-line perceive the internet as a complementary source of products and not as a substitute for their traditional stores. Different buying behaviors have been revealed in this thesis with different ways to perceive the internet. The main challenge for online companies is thus to deliver customers with the highest quality of services in order to give them the willingness to come back while for traditional bookstores the challenge is more to develop person-to-person exchanges.

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Yam, Ying-sim Gladys, and 任影嬋. "Retail industry: some aspects of future prospects." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267774.

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Leung, Kwan-hoo Crsis, and 梁君豪. "Hong Kong retail industry in 21st century." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31269540.

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Davis, Stephen. "Radio frequency tagging in the retail industry." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262824.

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Akkas, Arzum 1978. "Transportation resource scheduling in food retail industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28505.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-88).
The objective of this thesis is to find an appropriate analytical method for scheduling the daily driver tasks in the grocery industry. The goal is to maximize driver utilization. A "Bin-packing" approach is employed to solve the problem. A Bin-packing problem concerns packing a list of items into the minimal number of unit capacity bins. In our problem, the drivers correspond to the bins and the daily delivery tasks are equivalent to the items, where we use time units to measure bin capacity. The model is applied to characterize the operation of a grocery company. Several bin-packing algorithms are implemented on two weeks of delivery data, which represent the company's transportation demand. The driver requirements are calculated and compared with their actual assets. Driver requirements are assessed on a per-day basis, considering the volatility in transportation demand over the course of the week. The performance of a given bin-packing algorithm is measured by how well it maximizes driver utilization and balances the workload among the drivers. The model's solution generated labor savings and proved that better resource allocation is possible by considering the demands of the various dispatching locations and the days of the week. Extension of the current model to capture the time window constraints of the delivery locations is proposed for future further research.
by Arzum Akkas.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Yam, Ying-sim Gladys. "Retail industry : some aspects of future prospects /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17983514.

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Panja, Manjusha. "Sustainability Integration in the Fashion Retail Industry." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240293.

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Sustainability has gained prominence from past couple of decades, the fashion industry is most polluting industries in the global. This research is to explain the importance of sustainability integration in the fashion industry. The research methodology applied is first, it provides literature review examining books and articles pertaining to environmental and social responsibility in fashion industry from past decade. Secondly, the case study on H&M Group and interviewing end consumers of fashion. The results to demonstrate the importance of sustainability in the fashion industry and how fashion retailers play a key role and responsibility for enabling sustainability in the whole supply chain.
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Books on the topic "Retail industry"

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Alberta. Retail industry. [Edmonton]: [Government of] Alberta, 2006.

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Ltd, ICC Business Publications, ed. The Retail industry. 3rd ed. Hampton: ICC Business Publications, 1994.

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Ratios, ICC Business, ed. The Retail industry. 2nd ed. Hampton: ICC Business Publications, 1999.

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Group, ICC Information, ed. The retail industry. London: ICC Information Group, 1995.

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Ltd, Prospect Shop, ed. The retail industry. 2nd ed. Hampton: The Prospect Shop, 2003.

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Ltd, Prospect Shop, ed. The retail industry. 2nd ed. Hampton: The Prospect Shop, 2004.

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Market Segment Specialization Program (U.S.), ed. Retail liquor industry. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1997.

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Group, ICC Information, ed. The Retail industry. Hampton: ICC Information Group, 1996.

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Publications, Key Note, ed. The retail industry. 2nd ed. Hampton: The Prospect Shop, 2005.

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Partnership, Trade, and National Retail Institute (U.S.), eds. Retail industry indicators. Washington, D.C: National Retail Institute, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Retail industry"

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Jackson, Michael P., John W. Leopold, and Kate Tuck. "Retail Food Industry." In Decentralization of Collective Bargaining, 82–101. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22799-0_5.

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Nolan, Peter, Jin Zhang, and Chunhang Liu. "The Retail Industry." In The Global Business Revolution and the Cascade Effect, 115–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230597440_6.

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van Klaveren, Maarten, Kea Tijdens, and Denis Gregory. "The Retail Industry." In Multinational Companies and Domestic Firms in Europe, 116–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137375926_4.

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Hofmeister-Toth, Agnes, Judit Simon, and Ákos Kozák. "The Retail Industry in Hungary." In European Retail Research, 113–40. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-7144-9_6.

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Puelles, Maria, José Antonio Puelles, and Susana Romero. "The Retail Industry in Spain." In European Retail Research, 129–66. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6147-1_6.

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Sakshi, Shivam, and Ramachandra Reddy Gadi. "IoT in retail industry." In Emerging Real-World Applications of Internet of Things, 203–16. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003304203-10.

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Morland, Kimberly B., Yael M. Lehmann, and Allison E. Karpyn. "The Food Retail Industry." In Local Food Environments, 29–48. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003029151-3.

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Attaran, Mohsen, and Angappa Gunasekaran. "Consumer Goods and Retail Industry." In SpringerBriefs in Operations Management, 59–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27798-7_8.

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Freathy, Paul, and Frank O’Connell. "Airports and the Retail Industry." In European Airport Retailing, 29–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230371163_2.

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Kurtuluş, Mümin, and L. Beril Toktay. "Category Captainship Practices in the Retail Industry." In Retail Supply Chain Management, 79–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78902-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Retail industry"

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Xin, Chen. "RFID applications in retail industry." In 2009 ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management (CCCM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cccm.2009.5267452.

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Cordy, Maxime, and Patrick Heymans. "Engineering configurators for the retail industry." In SAC 2018: Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3167132.3167352.

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Hürter, Michael, Drahoslav Lančarič, and Ján Pokrivčák. "Leadership models in European retail industry." In International Scientific Days 2016 :: The Agri-Food Value Chain: Challenges for Natural Resources Management and Society. Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/isd2016.s12.04.

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Wajire, Pankaj, Savita Angadi, and Lokesh Nagar. "Image Classification for Retail." In 2020 International Conference on Industry 4.0 Technology (I4Tech). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i4tech48345.2020.9102699.

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Xu, Dingjie. "The Development Trend and Strategy Research on the Retail Industry from the Perspective of Retail Industry Transformation." In 2nd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccese-18.2018.234.

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Riaz, Jabran. "Retail Industry Gift Card Hacking Technique Challenges." In 2019 IEEE 12th International Conference on Global Security, Safety and Sustainability (ICGS3). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgs3.2019.8688017.

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Han, Jun, and Yi Guo. "Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Retail Industry." In 2014 International Conference on Information, Business and Education Technology (ICIBET 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icibet-14.2014.59.

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Tamas Papuc, Elena Camelia. "STATUS OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN RETAIL INDUSTRY." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017h/63/s26.084.

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Grivas, Stella Gatziu, Ruven Schürch, and Claudio Giovanoli. "How Cloud Will Transform the Retail Banking Industry." In 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005910903020309.

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Hayashi, Koichi, Naoki Koguro, and Reki Murakami. "Diversified SCM standard for the Japanese retail industry." In Special interest tracks and posters of the 14th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1062745.1062767.

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Reports on the topic "Retail industry"

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Magie, Anna A., and Deborah D. Young. Preparing University Students for Future Careers in the Retail Industry: The Retailer Realities Project. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-660.

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Goswami, Saheli, and Jung Ha-Brookshire. Perceived Corporate Hypocrisy: Management Inconsistencies in the U.S. Retail Industry. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-146.

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Light, James J. An Empirical Investigation of Product Differentiation in the Retail Gasoline Industry. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425006.

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Zarbo, Michael E. A Study of the Discount Retail Industry and Wal-Mart Corporation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada345567.

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Goswami, Saheli, and Jung Ha-Brookshire. Conflict of Values: Effect on Employee Behavior in the U.S. Retail Industry. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-166.

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Bertrand, Marianne, and Francis Kramarz. Does Entry Regulation Hinder Job Creation? Evidence from the French Retail Industry. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8211.

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Kakani, Pragya, Michael Chernew, and Amitabh Chandra. Rebates in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Evidence from Medicines Sold in Retail Pharmacies in the U.S. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26846.

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Carré, Françoise, and Chris Tilly. Short Hours, Long Hours: Hour Levels and Trends in the Retail Industry in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. W.E. Upjohn Institute, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp12-183.

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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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10

Jorgensen, Frieda, Michelle Kesby, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, Amy Douglas, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A microbiological survey of campylobacter contamination in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (Y6). Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xxz973.

Full text
Abstract:
Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The FSA agreed with industry to reduce campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per gram chicken neck skin) to below 10% at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first five years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 – year 1 (2014/15) and FS102121- year 2 to 5 (2015 to 2019). This new survey represents year 6 of sampling, carried out from August 2019 to October 2020.
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