Relevant bibliographies by topics / Retained austenite measurement by X-ray diffraction

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Retained austenite measurement by X-ray diffraction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Retained austenite measurement by X-ray diffraction"

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Makinson, J. D., W. N. Weins, Y. Xu, D. J. Medlin, and R. V. Lawrence. "Techniques for the Determination of Particle Size and Texture in Retained Austenite / Martensite Microstructures and Interpretation of the Measurements." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022898.

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The measurement of retained austenite is important in the analysis and quality control of asmanufactured steel components, as well as to the evaluation of components returned from service. The amounts of retained austenite are most accurately measured using x-ray diffraction techniques where the integrated area under the austenite and martensite diffraction peaks from a sample are determined. In addition to quantitative information about the amount of each phase, however, the raw x-ray diffraction data contains other information that may be useful in evaluating the condition of a steel component. The diffracting particle size of both the martensite and austenite phases, and the presence and degree of preferred orientation in both phases can be calculated from the basic four peak retained austenite x-ray scan. This information, in conjunction with knowledge of the amount of retained austenite present, may be used to determine information about variations in materials and manufacturing processes as well as changes due to service. If the residual stress in both phases is also measured, additional conclusions can be made regarding changes due to processing and service. The theoretical and experimental aspects of these measurements are reviewed data from a case history in which these types of measurements were used to determine changes due to processing and service are presented.
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Lowe-Ma, C. K., W. T. Donlon, and W. E. Dowling. "Comments on determining X-ray diffraction-based volume fractions of retained austenite in steels." Powder Diffraction 16, no. 4 (December 2001): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1402627.

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Retained austenite is an important characteristic of properly heat-treated steel components, particularly gears and shafts, that will be subjected to long-term use and wear. Normally, either X-ray diffraction or optical microscopy techniques are used to determine the volume percent of retained austenite present in steel components subjected to specific heat-treatment regimes. As described in the literature, a number of phenomenological, experimental, and calculation factors can influence the volume fraction of retained austenite determined from X-ray diffraction measurements. However, recent disagreement between metallurgical properties, microscopy, and service laboratory values for retained austenite led to a re-evaluation of possible reasons for the apparent discrepancies. Broad, distorted X-ray peaks from un-tempered martensite were found to yield unreliable integrated intensities whereas diffraction peaks from tempered samples were more amenable to profile fitting with standard shape functions, yielding reliable integrated intensities. Retained austenite values calculated from reliable integrated intensities were found to be consistent with values obtained by Rietveld refinement of the diffraction patterns. The experimental conditions used by service laboratories combined with a poor choice of diffraction peaks were found to be sources of retained austenite values containing significant bias.
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Sasaki, Katsunari, Yukio Hirose, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Measurement Of Retained Austenite in Stainless Steel Using Imaging Plate." Advances in X-ray Analysis 37 (1993): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800016025.

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There are several methods for the measurement of retained austenite in steels, which influences mechanical behavior and corrosion resistance of steels. Among them, X-ray diffraction methods using a wide angle goniometer or X-ray stress analyzer are commonly used because the methods are non-destructive, giving useful information about residual stress or lattice strain as well.
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Sprauel, J. M., and H. Michaud. "Contribution to X-ray analysis of carbo-nitrided steel layers." Journal of Applied Crystallography 34, no. 5 (September 25, 2001): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889801008810.

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The non-destructive X-ray diffraction method is used to analyse carbo-nitrided steel layers after wear testing. These measurements are carried out on the two major phases of the material,i.e.the martensite and the retained austenite. Such measurements are particularly difficult for three reasons. First, strong gradients exist across the wear track. Second, the diffraction peaks obtained for the martensite are broadened, as a result of the overlap of different reflections of the tetragonal structure. Third, the studied material is multiphase. Its major phases are martensite and austenite, but it also contains carbide and nitride clusters, which lead to incoherent scattering of X-rays. A new quantitative phase analysis method is thus proposed to define the volume fractions of these different constituents of the material. This method accounts for the evolution of the background level during wear. A micro-mechanical model is then developed to process the diffraction peak positions obtained for the martensite and the retained austenite. This model defines the `true' stress and carbon content of both phases. It also allows separation of the reflections of the martensite. The true widths of the diffraction peaks, which characterize the plastic deformation, can thus be quantified. Results for wear-test specimens show a strong plastic deformation of the retained austenite during contact fatigue. This leads to a partial transformation of this phase into martensite. In the martensite, on the contrary, the plastic deformation remains low but the carbon content decreases. This is caused by a stress-induced precipitation of carbides.
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Skrzypek, S. J., M. Goły, Wiktoria Ratuszek, and Mieczyslaw Kowalski. "Non-Destructive Quantitative Phase and Residual Stress Analysis Versus Depth Using Grazing X-Ray Diffraction." Solid State Phenomena 130 (December 2007): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.130.47.

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The non-destructive structure characterisation of surface layers for various kinds of ball bearings can be a powerful method in surface characterization and in quality control. The ball bearings were made of 100Cr6 steel and they were superfinished and mechanically burnished. An application of classical X-ray diffraction sin2ψ method and classical Bragg-Brentano diffraction geometry in these kinds of surface examinations make some problems in term of X-ray real depth of penetration. An application of methods based on grazing angle X-ray diffraction geometry, made possible to get real value of residual macro-stresses, retained austenite and additionally could be suitable in estimation of their gradient-like distribution versus depth under surface. An application of this geometry to X-ray diffraction phase analysis enabled to get phase contents versus thickness under surface in non-destructive way as well. The results are not infected by gradient-like distribution. The X-ray quantitative phase analysis was used to establish volume fraction of transformed retained austenite. Theoretical calculation of residual macro-stresses due to volume fraction of transformed austenite in ball bearings and following measurements of residual stresses were curried out as well. The mechanical burnishing of ball bearings caused big compressive residual stresses about – 1000 MPa and phase transformation of austenite in thin surface layer. These factors can influence on properties of following exploitation and durability.
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Witte, M., and C. Lesch. "On the improvement of measurement accuracy of retained austenite in steel with X-ray diffraction." Materials Characterization 139 (May 2018): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.02.002.

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Blondé, Romain, Enrique Jimenez-Melero, Niels H. van Dijk, Ekkes Brück, Lie Zhao, Jilt Sietsma, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "Microstructural Control of the Austenite Stability in Low-Alloyed TRIP Steels." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.196.

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We have performed in-situ magnetization and high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements on two aluminum-based TRIP steels from room temperature down to 100 K in order to evaluate amount and stability of the retained austenite for different heat treatment conditions. We have found that the bainitic holding temperature affects the initial fraction of retained austenite at room temperature but does not to influence significantly the rate of transformation upon cooling.
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Rangaswamy, P., M. A. M. Bourke, A. C. Lawson, J. O' Rourke, and J. A. Goldstone. "Residual Stress and Microstructural Characterization Using Rietveld Refinement of a Carburized Layer in a 5120 Steel." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022734.

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Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns has been used to provide microstructural information complementary to conventional X-ray residual stress measurements through a carburized layer containing a maximum vol. 25 % of retained austenite. Layers in a simple specimen were removed incrementally by electropolishing and, at each depth in addition to conventional residual stress measurements in both the martensite and retained austenite, data were collected at ѱ = 0 for Rietveld refinement. The refinements provide accurate values for the lattice parameters in the respective phases that can be related to carbon content and micro-structure. Besides to providing qualitative information concerning the microstructure and possible surface decarburization, the c/a ratio of the martensite potentially offers an independent technique for determining carbon content profiles
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Sueyoshi, Hitoshi, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Hiroshige Inoue, Kazuo Hiraoka, Tadashi Kasuya, Ke An, and Harley Skorpenske. "Analysis of Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Distribution in Ni-Cr Type High Strength Steel Weld by Neutron Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2115.

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Prevention of weld cracking is necessary for ensuring the reliability of high strength steel structures. Tensile residual stress in the weld metal is one of the major factors causing the weld cracking, therefore, it is important to clarify the residual stress distribution in the weld metal. Conventional stress measurement, the stress relief method using strain gauges and the X-ray diffraction technique, can only provide the stress information in the surface region of the steel weld. The neutron diffraction is the only non-destructive method that can measure the residual stress distribution inside the steel weld [1-3]. The neutron stress measurement was applied for the 980MPa class high strength steel weld and it was revealed that high level of tensile residual stress can affect the weld cracking to a significant degree [4-5]. Recently, it was reported that Ni-Cr type steel weld exhibit higher resistance to the weld cracking compared with conventional low alloy type weld. Increase of tensile residual stress is prevented by lower transformation temperature of the Ni-Cr type weld metal and retained austenite phase is dispersed in the martensite microstructure. It is considered that lower level of tensile residual stress and the existence of retained austenite may prevent hydrogen accumulation in the weld metal [6]. However, retained austenite and the residual stress conditions in the Ni-Cr type high strength steel weld is not well understood. In this study, neutron diffraction analysis was conducted on the Ni-Cr type steel weld joint with the tensile strength level of 980MPa in order to investigate the effect of the retained austenite and the residual stress distribution on the weld cracking.
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Hu, Feng, and Kai Ming Wu. "Isothermal Transformation of Low Temperature Super Bainite." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1843.

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Fine-scale bainitic microstructure with excellent mechanical properties has been achieved by transforming austenite to bainite at low temperature ranging from 200oC to 300oC. Microstructural observations and hardness measurements show that transformed microstructures consist of bainitic ferrite and carbon-enriched retained austenite. The thickness of bainitic ferrite plates is less than 50 nm. The hardness reaches approximately 640 HV1. Strong austenite and/or large driving force at the low transformation temperature leads to ultra fine bainitic ferrite plates. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that low-temperature bainite transformation is an incomplete reaction. The carbon content in carbon-enriched retained austenite is below the para-equilibrium (Ae3′) phase boundary predicted. The carbon content in bainitic ferrite is less than that T0′ phase boundary predicted.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Retained austenite measurement by X-ray diffraction"

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Bertilsson, Anders. "Alternative welding methods for nitrogen alloyed steel." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-62142.

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This project explores the feasibility of the solid-state welding method direct-drive friction welding to be used as a joining method for the nitrogen alloyed steel Uddeholm Vanax SuperClean, produced via processes based on powder metallurgy. Vanax SuperClean cannot be welded using fusion welding methods where the base material melts, due to nitrogen escaping the material, resulting in inferior quality welds. The cost of the material motivates the use of Vanax SuperClean for critical parts in applications, combined with a less costly material for the remaining parts, causing alternative joining methods to be examined. Vanax SuperClean is friction welded to itself and to Uddeholm steel types Stavax ESR and UHB 11. Samples are prepared for a number of examinations. Microstructures of the samples are examined using microscopy, microhardness testing is carried out per the Vickers principle, retained austenite is measured using X-ray diffraction and tensile testing of the welded samples is performed. Defect-free welds are produced in all examined samples, showing that the method is suitable for Vanax SuperClean and that no preheating or slow cooling of workpieces are necessary. The possibility of using friction stir welding as a joining method for Vanax SuperClean is discussed.
Detta projekt undersöker möjligheten att använda trycksvetsningsmetoden friktionssvetsning som sammanfogningsmetod för det kvävelegerade pulvermetallurgiskt framställda stålet Uddeholm Vanax SuperClean. Vanax SuperClean kan inte svetsas med smältsvetsmetoder där grundmaterialet smälter, på grund av kvävgasbildning som resulterar i undermåliga svetsfogar. Kostnaden för materialet motiverar användandet av Vanax SuperClean för kritiska delar i applikationer, kombinerat med ett mindre kostsamt material till övriga delar, vilket föranleder undersökning av alternativa sammanfogningsmetoder. Vanax SuperClean friktionssvetsas mot sig själv, såväl som mot Uddeholmsstålen Stavax ESR och UHB 11. Prov tas fram för ett antal undersökningar. Mikrostruktur undersöks med mikroskopi, mikrohårdhetsprovning utförs enligt Vickersprincipen, restaustenitnivåer mäts med röntgendiffraktion och dragprovning utförs. Lyckade svetsfogar fås i alla undersökta prover, vilket visar att svetsmetoden är lämplig för Vanax SuperClean och att varken förvärmning eller långsamt svalnande av arbetsstycken krävs. Möjligheten att använda friktionsomrörningssvetsning som sammanfogningsmetod för Vanax SuperClean diskuteras.
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Bedekar, Vikram. "Nanostructural Evolution of Hard Turning Layers in Carburized Steel." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366195383.

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Almeida, Alan Barros de. "Detecção da transformação da austenita retida por deformação plástica em aços para gasodutos classe API 5L X80 através de medidas magnéticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-17102014-120751/.

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O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito de tratamentos térmicos ou diferentes graus de deformação plástica na transformação da austenita do microconstituinte AM de uma chapa de aço alta resistência baixa liga (ARBL) classe API 5L X80 usada para gasodutos. A chapa tem espessura de 19 mm e passaria pelo processo de conformação UOE, mas a deformação foi realizada por laminação a frio, a temperatura ambiente, com reduções de 5 a 20%. O propósito foi compreender melhor o microconstituinte AM, explorar a transformação martensítica induzida por deformação (SIMT) e a decomposição austenítica por tratamento térmico, com ênfase em seu comportamento magnético. A transformação da austenita foi acompanhada através de medidas de polarização magnética, comparada com a densidade de massa e difração de raios X. A deformação plástica e os tratamentos térmicos alteraram a polarização magnética de saturação e a densidade de massa da amostra de aço de forma compatível com a eliminação da austenita retida metaestável. O método de densidade hidrostática foi considerado sensível para mensurar transformações de fase. Os dados obtidos revelam expansão volumétrica de aproximadamente 0,13%, correspondendo a 3,2% a quantidade de austenita retida original do material, enquanto os valores obtidos por polarização magnética de saturação são 2,8% pelo histeresígrafo e 2,1% por MAV. A difração de raios X nas amostras sob deformação ou tratamentos térmicos resultaram em queda nos primeiros picos da austenita quando comparadas com a amostra como recebida.
This study evaluated the effect of different degrees of plastic deformation or heat treatment on the transformation of austenite into martensite of an HSLA steel plate API 5L X80 for pipelines. A 19 mm thickness plate would be submitted to UOE forming process, but the cold work instead occurred by cold rolling at room temperature, with reductions of 5 up to 20%. The purpose was to better understand the MA constituent, explore the strain-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) and austenitic decomposition by heat treatment with emphasis on its magnetic behavior. The transformation was accompanied by saturation magnetization measurements, compared with the mass density and X-ray diffraction. The plastic deformation or the heat treatment altered the saturation magnetization and the mass density in a manner consistent with the elimination of metastable retained austenite. The density method is sensible to measure phase transformations induced by strain. The data obtained shows a volumetric expansion of about 0.13%, corresponding to an amount of retained austenite of the original material of 3.2%, while the values obtained by magnetization saturation are 2.8% by hysteresigraph and 2.1% by VSM. By X-ray diffraction there is a clear drop in first peaks of austenite of the samples under deformation or heat treatment compared with the sample as-received.
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Book chapters on the topic "Retained austenite measurement by X-ray diffraction"

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Ruud, C. O., G. H. Pennington, E. M. Brauss, and S. D. Weedman. "Simultaneous Residual Stress and Retained Austenite Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials, 406–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84003-6_48.

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Sasaki, Katsunari, Yukio Hirose, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Measurement of Retained Austenite in Stainless Steel Using Imaging Plate." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis, 483–90. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2528-8_59.

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Whelan, Gerald W., and Peter J. Moroz. "An X-Ray Diffraction Procedure for Measuring Retained Austenite in High Chromium White Cast Iron." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis, 315–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2471-3_46.

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Aranas, Clodualdo, Samuel Rodrigues, Fulvio Siciliano, and John J. Jonas. "In-Situ X-Ray Diffraction Measurement During Deformation of Austenite Above the Ae3 Temperature." In TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 1789–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_165.

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Conference papers on the topic "Retained austenite measurement by X-ray diffraction"

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Meyer, Jason, Stefan Habean, Dan Londrico, and Justin Sims. "Relationship Between Deep Case Carburizing and Residual Stress in Rolling Contact Service." In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0321.

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Abstract The proposition that compressive residual stresses are beneficial in improving the service life of components subject to rolling contact fatigue is well documented. However, the exact nature of the relationship between effective case depth (ECD) and the residual stress state is not well understood for components with deep case depth (>0.050inches, 1.27mm). It is expected that compressive residual stresses will gradually transition to tensile stresses as the case depth increases beyond a threshold value. In addition, the strain-induced transformation of retained austenite and its influence on the residual stress state of components resulting from service will be explored. This study will measure the residual stress state of components prepared with various ECD before and after simulated service with the goal of determining where the compressive to tensile transition occurs. Residual stress and retained austenite measurements will be conducted using X-ray diffraction.
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Nyyssönen, Tuomo, Mahesh Somani, Pasi Peura, and Veli-Tapani Kuokkala. "Microstructural Response of High Aluminum Steels to Quenching and Partitioning Treatment." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63735.

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Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) is a novel heat treatment process that is able to produce steels with a microstructure consisting of controlled amounts of finely divided retained austenite in a martensitic or ferritic-martensitic matrix. Following quenching to a temperature in the Ms-Mf range, the steel is subjected to partitioning treatment that concerns the diffusion of carbon atoms from supersaturated martensite phase to the austenite phase, resulting in the possibility of stabilizing it down to room temperature. Competing reactions such as cementite and/or transition carbide precipitation must be suppressed by suitably alloying with certain elements, conventionally silicon. In this study, aluminum was used as the main precipitation suppressor. Three Nb-microalloyed experimental steels with aluminum at different levels in the range 2–3%, with or without additions of Si, Ni and Cu were subjected to Q&P treatments. The microstructures and phase compositions of the quenched and partitioned steels were characterized with optical and scanning electron microscopy combined with EBSD phase mapping and X-ray diffraction measurements. The mechanical properties of the steels were studied with microhardness and tensile testing. The preliminary experiments suggest that aluminum-bearing steels can retain significant amounts of austenite after partitioning in a ferritic-martensitic microstructure. Promising strength-ductility ratios were also found in tensile testing. Based on the encouraging results, future work will be directed to produce microstructures with higher martensite fractions to impart higher strengths in steels combined with good ductility and formability.
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"Characterization of Residual Stresses and Retained Austenite on 416 Stainless Steel via X-Ray Diffraction Techniques." In Residual Stresses 2018. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291890-25.

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Hoyt, E., E. De Moor, and K. O. Findley. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of High Strength 9260 Bar Steel Heat Treated by Quenching and Partitioning." In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0162.

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Abstract The influence of microstructure on hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels for fastener applications is explored in this study. Space limiting applications in areas such as the automotive or agricultural industries provide a need for higher strength fasteners. Albeit, hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility typically increases with strength. Using a 9260 steel alloy, the influence of retained austenite volume fraction in a martensitic matrix was evaluated with microstructures generated via quenching and partitioning. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the influence of retained austenite in the matrix with different quenching parameters. The quench temperatures varied from 160 °C up to 220 °C, and a constant partitioning temperature of 290 °C was employed for all quench and partitioned conditions. The target hardness for all testing conditions was 52-54 HRC. Slow strain rate tensile testing was conducted with cathodic hydrogen pre-charging that introduced a hydrogen concentration of 1.0-1.5 ppm to evaluate hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of these various microstructures. The retained austenite volume fraction and carbon content varied with the initial quench temperature. Additionally, the lowest initial quench temperature employed, which had the highest austenite carbon content, had the greatest hydrogen embrittlement resistance for a hydrogen concentration level of 1.0-1.5 ppm.
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Poling, Whitney, Vesna Savic, Louis Hector, Anil Sachdev, Xiaohua Hu, Arun Devaraj, and Fadi Abu-Farha. "Combined Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and Digital Image Correlation Technique for Measurement of Austenite Transformation with Strain in TRIP-Assisted Steels." In SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0419.

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Catalão, Rogério, Omar Khayyam Ribas, José Rubens G. Carneiro, Érico Freitas, Larissa Vilela Costa, and Pedro Paiva Brito. "Influence of Ethanol as a Carburizing Agent on Carbon Surface Concentration and Microstructure of DIN 17NiCrMo7 Steel Gears." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53307.

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In the present work, the addition of ethanol to endothermic gas during the carburizing process of DIN 17NiCrMo7 steel gears was investigated with the objective of determining the impact on carbon surface concentration and microstructure. The materials were carburized at 870°C and 930°C, oil quenched, tempered and subsequently shot peened. Carburizing was carried out in a continuous industrial furnace for a total of 280 min. After quenching and tempering, the in-depth carbon concentrations were determined through quantitative chemical analysis and the resulting profiles were modeled in order to obtain carbon diffusivity constants. The amount of retained austenite and austenite grain size, determined by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy, were found to increase with carburizing temperature. Residual stress profiles were also determined by X-ray diffraction before and after the shot-peening process. The microstructure of the specimens was further investigated by transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the presence of BCC martensite before and after shot-peening. The enrichment of the endothermic gas carrier with ethanol could be shown to be a viable option, allowing for surface concentrations of up to 0.8%C.
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Yang, Hao, Katsuhiko Sakai, Hiroo Shizuka, Kunio Hayakawa, and Tetsuo Nagare. "Effect of Cutting Temperature on Phase Transformation in Cutting of NiTi Alloy." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8566.

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Abstract In this study, the effect of cutting temperature on phase transformation in cutting of room temperature austenitic NiTi alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature measurements. Results from XRD reveals that after cutting process, the phase state of work material near the machined surface transformed from austenite to martensite at relatively low cutting speed conditions while the phase state of work material did not undergo any form of transformation at the highest cutting speed condition. Temperature measurement results measured with temperature indicating paint showed that the maximum temperature of work material near the machined surface in cutting process exceeded the Md temperature at the highest cutting speed condition. However, there was no phase transformation observed in cutting chips after cutting at all cutting speed conditions as the temperature of cutting chips was much higher than the Md temperature under all cutting speed conditions.
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