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Journal articles on the topic 'Retained austenite measurement by X-ray diffraction'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Makinson, J. D., W. N. Weins, Y. Xu, D. J. Medlin, and R. V. Lawrence. "Techniques for the Determination of Particle Size and Texture in Retained Austenite / Martensite Microstructures and Interpretation of the Measurements." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022898.

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The measurement of retained austenite is important in the analysis and quality control of asmanufactured steel components, as well as to the evaluation of components returned from service. The amounts of retained austenite are most accurately measured using x-ray diffraction techniques where the integrated area under the austenite and martensite diffraction peaks from a sample are determined. In addition to quantitative information about the amount of each phase, however, the raw x-ray diffraction data contains other information that may be useful in evaluating the condition of a steel component. The diffracting particle size of both the martensite and austenite phases, and the presence and degree of preferred orientation in both phases can be calculated from the basic four peak retained austenite x-ray scan. This information, in conjunction with knowledge of the amount of retained austenite present, may be used to determine information about variations in materials and manufacturing processes as well as changes due to service. If the residual stress in both phases is also measured, additional conclusions can be made regarding changes due to processing and service. The theoretical and experimental aspects of these measurements are reviewed data from a case history in which these types of measurements were used to determine changes due to processing and service are presented.
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2

Lowe-Ma, C. K., W. T. Donlon, and W. E. Dowling. "Comments on determining X-ray diffraction-based volume fractions of retained austenite in steels." Powder Diffraction 16, no. 4 (December 2001): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1402627.

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Retained austenite is an important characteristic of properly heat-treated steel components, particularly gears and shafts, that will be subjected to long-term use and wear. Normally, either X-ray diffraction or optical microscopy techniques are used to determine the volume percent of retained austenite present in steel components subjected to specific heat-treatment regimes. As described in the literature, a number of phenomenological, experimental, and calculation factors can influence the volume fraction of retained austenite determined from X-ray diffraction measurements. However, recent disagreement between metallurgical properties, microscopy, and service laboratory values for retained austenite led to a re-evaluation of possible reasons for the apparent discrepancies. Broad, distorted X-ray peaks from un-tempered martensite were found to yield unreliable integrated intensities whereas diffraction peaks from tempered samples were more amenable to profile fitting with standard shape functions, yielding reliable integrated intensities. Retained austenite values calculated from reliable integrated intensities were found to be consistent with values obtained by Rietveld refinement of the diffraction patterns. The experimental conditions used by service laboratories combined with a poor choice of diffraction peaks were found to be sources of retained austenite values containing significant bias.
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3

Sasaki, Katsunari, Yukio Hirose, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Measurement Of Retained Austenite in Stainless Steel Using Imaging Plate." Advances in X-ray Analysis 37 (1993): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800016025.

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There are several methods for the measurement of retained austenite in steels, which influences mechanical behavior and corrosion resistance of steels. Among them, X-ray diffraction methods using a wide angle goniometer or X-ray stress analyzer are commonly used because the methods are non-destructive, giving useful information about residual stress or lattice strain as well.
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4

Sprauel, J. M., and H. Michaud. "Contribution to X-ray analysis of carbo-nitrided steel layers." Journal of Applied Crystallography 34, no. 5 (September 25, 2001): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889801008810.

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The non-destructive X-ray diffraction method is used to analyse carbo-nitrided steel layers after wear testing. These measurements are carried out on the two major phases of the material,i.e.the martensite and the retained austenite. Such measurements are particularly difficult for three reasons. First, strong gradients exist across the wear track. Second, the diffraction peaks obtained for the martensite are broadened, as a result of the overlap of different reflections of the tetragonal structure. Third, the studied material is multiphase. Its major phases are martensite and austenite, but it also contains carbide and nitride clusters, which lead to incoherent scattering of X-rays. A new quantitative phase analysis method is thus proposed to define the volume fractions of these different constituents of the material. This method accounts for the evolution of the background level during wear. A micro-mechanical model is then developed to process the diffraction peak positions obtained for the martensite and the retained austenite. This model defines the `true' stress and carbon content of both phases. It also allows separation of the reflections of the martensite. The true widths of the diffraction peaks, which characterize the plastic deformation, can thus be quantified. Results for wear-test specimens show a strong plastic deformation of the retained austenite during contact fatigue. This leads to a partial transformation of this phase into martensite. In the martensite, on the contrary, the plastic deformation remains low but the carbon content decreases. This is caused by a stress-induced precipitation of carbides.
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5

Skrzypek, S. J., M. Goły, Wiktoria Ratuszek, and Mieczyslaw Kowalski. "Non-Destructive Quantitative Phase and Residual Stress Analysis Versus Depth Using Grazing X-Ray Diffraction." Solid State Phenomena 130 (December 2007): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.130.47.

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The non-destructive structure characterisation of surface layers for various kinds of ball bearings can be a powerful method in surface characterization and in quality control. The ball bearings were made of 100Cr6 steel and they were superfinished and mechanically burnished. An application of classical X-ray diffraction sin2ψ method and classical Bragg-Brentano diffraction geometry in these kinds of surface examinations make some problems in term of X-ray real depth of penetration. An application of methods based on grazing angle X-ray diffraction geometry, made possible to get real value of residual macro-stresses, retained austenite and additionally could be suitable in estimation of their gradient-like distribution versus depth under surface. An application of this geometry to X-ray diffraction phase analysis enabled to get phase contents versus thickness under surface in non-destructive way as well. The results are not infected by gradient-like distribution. The X-ray quantitative phase analysis was used to establish volume fraction of transformed retained austenite. Theoretical calculation of residual macro-stresses due to volume fraction of transformed austenite in ball bearings and following measurements of residual stresses were curried out as well. The mechanical burnishing of ball bearings caused big compressive residual stresses about – 1000 MPa and phase transformation of austenite in thin surface layer. These factors can influence on properties of following exploitation and durability.
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6

Witte, M., and C. Lesch. "On the improvement of measurement accuracy of retained austenite in steel with X-ray diffraction." Materials Characterization 139 (May 2018): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.02.002.

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7

Blondé, Romain, Enrique Jimenez-Melero, Niels H. van Dijk, Ekkes Brück, Lie Zhao, Jilt Sietsma, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "Microstructural Control of the Austenite Stability in Low-Alloyed TRIP Steels." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.196.

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We have performed in-situ magnetization and high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements on two aluminum-based TRIP steels from room temperature down to 100 K in order to evaluate amount and stability of the retained austenite for different heat treatment conditions. We have found that the bainitic holding temperature affects the initial fraction of retained austenite at room temperature but does not to influence significantly the rate of transformation upon cooling.
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8

Rangaswamy, P., M. A. M. Bourke, A. C. Lawson, J. O' Rourke, and J. A. Goldstone. "Residual Stress and Microstructural Characterization Using Rietveld Refinement of a Carburized Layer in a 5120 Steel." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022734.

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Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns has been used to provide microstructural information complementary to conventional X-ray residual stress measurements through a carburized layer containing a maximum vol. 25 % of retained austenite. Layers in a simple specimen were removed incrementally by electropolishing and, at each depth in addition to conventional residual stress measurements in both the martensite and retained austenite, data were collected at ѱ = 0 for Rietveld refinement. The refinements provide accurate values for the lattice parameters in the respective phases that can be related to carbon content and micro-structure. Besides to providing qualitative information concerning the microstructure and possible surface decarburization, the c/a ratio of the martensite potentially offers an independent technique for determining carbon content profiles
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9

Sueyoshi, Hitoshi, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Hiroshige Inoue, Kazuo Hiraoka, Tadashi Kasuya, Ke An, and Harley Skorpenske. "Analysis of Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Distribution in Ni-Cr Type High Strength Steel Weld by Neutron Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2115.

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Prevention of weld cracking is necessary for ensuring the reliability of high strength steel structures. Tensile residual stress in the weld metal is one of the major factors causing the weld cracking, therefore, it is important to clarify the residual stress distribution in the weld metal. Conventional stress measurement, the stress relief method using strain gauges and the X-ray diffraction technique, can only provide the stress information in the surface region of the steel weld. The neutron diffraction is the only non-destructive method that can measure the residual stress distribution inside the steel weld [1-3]. The neutron stress measurement was applied for the 980MPa class high strength steel weld and it was revealed that high level of tensile residual stress can affect the weld cracking to a significant degree [4-5]. Recently, it was reported that Ni-Cr type steel weld exhibit higher resistance to the weld cracking compared with conventional low alloy type weld. Increase of tensile residual stress is prevented by lower transformation temperature of the Ni-Cr type weld metal and retained austenite phase is dispersed in the martensite microstructure. It is considered that lower level of tensile residual stress and the existence of retained austenite may prevent hydrogen accumulation in the weld metal [6]. However, retained austenite and the residual stress conditions in the Ni-Cr type high strength steel weld is not well understood. In this study, neutron diffraction analysis was conducted on the Ni-Cr type steel weld joint with the tensile strength level of 980MPa in order to investigate the effect of the retained austenite and the residual stress distribution on the weld cracking.
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10

Hu, Feng, and Kai Ming Wu. "Isothermal Transformation of Low Temperature Super Bainite." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1843.

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Fine-scale bainitic microstructure with excellent mechanical properties has been achieved by transforming austenite to bainite at low temperature ranging from 200oC to 300oC. Microstructural observations and hardness measurements show that transformed microstructures consist of bainitic ferrite and carbon-enriched retained austenite. The thickness of bainitic ferrite plates is less than 50 nm. The hardness reaches approximately 640 HV1. Strong austenite and/or large driving force at the low transformation temperature leads to ultra fine bainitic ferrite plates. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that low-temperature bainite transformation is an incomplete reaction. The carbon content in carbon-enriched retained austenite is below the para-equilibrium (Ae3′) phase boundary predicted. The carbon content in bainitic ferrite is less than that T0′ phase boundary predicted.
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11

Harwarth, Michael, Adam Brauer, Qiuliang Huang, Mehdi Pourabdoli, and Javad Mola. "Influence of Carbon on the Microstructure Evolution and Hardness of Fe–13Cr–xC (x = 0–0.7 wt.%) Stainless Steel." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 5063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175063.

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The influence of carbon on the phase transformation behavior of stainless steels with the base chemical composition Fe–13Cr (wt.%), and carbon concentrations in the range of 0–0.7 wt.%, was studied at temperatures between −196 °C and liquidus temperature. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, the solidification mode changed from ferritic to ferritic–austenitic as the carbon concentration increased. The DSC results were in fair agreement with the thermodynamic equilibrium calculation results. In contrast to alloys containing nearly 0% C and 0.1% C, alloys containing 0.2–0.7% C exhibited a fully austenitic phase stability range without delta ferrite at high temperatures. Quenching to room temperature (RT) after heat treatment in the austenite range resulted in the partial transformation to martensite. Due to the decrease in the martensite start temperature, the fraction of retained austenite increased with the carbon concentration. The austenite fraction was reduced by cooling to −196 °C. The variation in hardness with carbon concentration for as-quenched steels with martensitic–austenitic microstructures indicated a maximum at intermediate carbon concentrations. Given the steady increase in the tetragonality of martensite at higher carbon concentrations, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements, the variation in hardness with carbon concentration is governed by the amount and stability of austenite.
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12

Pashangeh, Shima, Hamid Reza Karimi Zarchi, Seyyed Sadegh Ghasemi Banadkouki, and Mahesh C. Somani. "Detection and Estimation of Retained Austenite in a High Strength Si-Bearing Bainite-Martensite-Retained Austenite Micro-Composite Steel after Quenching and Bainitic Holding (Q&B)." Metals 9, no. 5 (April 27, 2019): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050492.

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To develop an advanced high strength steel with reasonable ductility based on low alloying concept as well as micro-composite microstructure essentially consisting of bainite, martensite and retained austenite, a Si-bearing, low alloy medium carbon sheet steel (DIN1.5025 grade) was subjected to typical quenching and bainitic holding (Q&B) type isothermal treatment in the bainitic region close to martensite start temperature (Ms) for different durations in the range 5s to 1h. While the low temperature bainite has the potential to provide the required high strength, a small fraction of finely divided austenite stabilized between the bainitic laths is expected to provide the desired elongation and improved work hardening. Various materials characterization techniques including conventional light metallography, field emission scanning electron microscopy FE-SEM, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), were used to detect and estimate the volume fraction, size and morphology and distribution of retained austenite in the micro-composite samples. The results showed that the color light metallography technique using LePera’s etching reagent could clearly reveal the retained austenite in the microstructures of the samples isothermally held for shorter than 30s, beyond which an unambiguous distinction between the retained austenite and martensite was imprecise. On the contrary, the electron microscopy using a FE-SEM was not capable of identifying clearly the retained austenite from bainite and martensite. However, the EBSD images could successfully distinguish between bainite, martensite and retained austenite microphases with good contrast. Although the volume fractions of retained austenite measured by EBSD are in accord with those obtained by XRD and color light metallography, the XRD measurements showed somewhat higher fractions owing to its ability to acquisition and analyze the diffracted X-rays from very finely divided retained austenite, too. The differential thermal analysis and vibrating sample magnetometry techniques also confirmed the stabilization of retained austenite finely divided in bainite/martensite micro-composite microstructures. In addition, the peak temperatures and intensities corresponding to the decomposition of retained austenite were correlated with the related volume fractions and carbon contents measured by the XRD analysis.
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13

Van Wijk, S., Manuel François, E. Sura, and M. Frabolot. "Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Evolution in Carbonitrided Shot-Peened Steel." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.374.

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Carbonitriding followed by shot peening is an important industrial process to improve the mechanical properties of components, especially by producing compressive residual stresses. In addition, a high hardness and strength produced by this process enhances the surface properties and leads also a high resistance to fatigue. In this study, shot peening with different parameters have been employed to treat the carbonitrided specimens. The measurements of residual stress and residual austenite were performed by X-ray diffraction. It is shown, with a simple eigenstrain model, that residual austenite transformation under shot impact contributes to a significant fraction of residual stresses. When the material (750 HV) is peened with 800 HV shot, it represents about 50%, the remaining is due to plasticity. When it is peened with 640HV shot, 100% of residual stresses can be explained by austenite transformation.
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14

Zhao, L., N. H. van Dijk, E. Brück, J. Sietsma, and S. van der Zwaag. "Magnetic and X-ray diffraction measurements for the determination of retained austenite in TRIP steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 313, no. 1-2 (August 2001): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(01)00965-0.

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15

Makinaon, J. D., W. N. Weins, and R. J. De Angelis. "The Substructure of Austenite and Martensite Through a Carburized Surface." Advances in X-ray Analysis 34 (1990): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800014804.

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AbstractThe complex relationships among composition, roartensite start and finish temperatures, morphology of the martensite, residual stress distribution, and quenching conditions produce significant microstructural changes through a carburized case. Variations in the amount of retained austenite, the diffracting-particle size, and hardness were measured every 50μm in depth through a one percent carbon case on AISI-SAE 4320 steel. Measurement were made to a total depth of 2 mm. The percent retained austenite decreases from a maximum of 26% near the surface to a few percent in the bulk. It is shown that the x-ray diffracting-particle size of the martenaite phase is a structure parameter that changes when the martensite morphology goes from plate to lath type. The austenite phase diffracting-particle size is controlled hy the deformatioxis induced by the martensite formation.
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16

Hohenwarter, Anton, Richard Stock, and Reinhard Pippan. "Severe Plastic Deformation of a Bainitic Rail Steel." Materials Science Forum 584-586 (June 2008): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.584-586.655.

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Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) is known to be an effective method of producing nanocrystalline materials, for instance by HPT and ECAP. These techniques are also capable of reproducing microstructures which arise naturally when high pressure and friction is involved, for example in wheel-rail contact problems. The resulting deformation layers build the origin point for fatigue cracks. For that reason the knowledge of the mechanical properties of these deformation layers are of vital importance. In the framework of this study a baintic rail steel quality was deformed by High Pressure Torsion up to distinctive equivalent strains at a nominal pressure of 6 GPa up to a final equivalent strain of 16. Afterwards the evolution of the resulting microstructure was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy, by microhardness measurements and X-ray diffraction. The bainitic structure showed a strong alignment and fragmentation into the shear direction with increasing strain, which was accompanied by an increase in hardness as well. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the amount of retained austenite decreases dramatically after small amounts of strain, which indicates that retained austenite cannot be stabilized by high pressures. Torque measurements during deformation showed after strong hardening at the beginning, a saturation behaviour for higher strains, whereas for instance pearlitic rail steel qualities show further hardening.
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17

Northwood, Derek O., Lily He, Erin Boyle, and Randy J. Bowers. "Retained Austenite - Residual Stress - Distortion Relationships in Carburized SAE 6820 Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4464.

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SAE 8620 steel is typically used in the carburized condition for powertrain applications in the automotive industry, e.g. gears, roller bearings, camshafts. Such steels always contain retained austenite to varying degrees in the as-hardened and also in the tempered microstructures. As well as retained austenite, heat treatment can produce residual stresses, which lead to distortion (size and shape). The intent of this study was to investigate the effect of heat treatment parameters on the amount of retained austenite, residual stress and distortion in carburized SAE 8620 steel. A specially designed specimen, the Navy C-ring, was used for this study. The steel was first normalized prior to machining the Navy C-ring specimens. The specimens were then heat treated by carburizing at 927°C or 954°C (1700°F or 1750°F) at four levels of carbon potential (0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2) followed by oil quenching and tempering at either 149°C or 177°C (300°F or 350°F). The distortion of the C-ring was evaluated by dimensional measurements of the inner diameter, outer diameter, gap width and thickness for size distortion, as well as flatness, cylindricity and roundness for shape distortion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to determine the residual stress and the amount of retained austenite. The amount of retained austenite was also measured by optical metallography. The amount of retained austenite and the residual stress increased with increasing carburizing temperature and carbon potential and decreased upon tempering. There was not a significant further reduction in the amount of retained austenite and residual stress when the tempering temperature was increased from 149°C to 177°C. Distortion was influenced by both the amount of retained austenite and the magnitude of the residual stress. With increasing retained austenite/residual stress, the distortion became more serious. Based on the distortion data for 3 parameters (OD, gap width and flatness) for the quenched and tempered specimens, the amount of retained austenite for minimum distortion was approximately 25%.
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18

Poling, Whitney A., Emmanuel De Moor, John G. Speer, and Kip O. Findley. "Temperature Effects on Tensile Deformation Behavior of a Medium Manganese TRIP Steel and a Quenched and Partitioned Steel." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020375.

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Third-generation advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) containing metastable retained austenite are being developed for the structural components of vehicles to reduce vehicle weight and improve crash performance. The goal of this work was to compare the effect of temperature on austenite stability and tensile mechanical properties of two steels, a quenched and partitioned (Q&P) steel with a martensite and retained austenite microstructure, and a medium manganese transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel with a ferrite and retained austenite microstructure. Quasi-static tensile tests were performed at temperatures between −10 and 85 °C for the Q&P steel (0.28C-2.56Mn-1.56Si in wt.%), and between −10 and 115 °C for the medium manganese TRIP steel (0.14C-7.14Mn-0.23Si in wt.%). X-ray diffraction measurements as a function of strain were performed from interrupted tensile tests at all test temperatures. For the medium manganese TRIP steel, austenite stability increased significantly, serrated flow behavior changed, and tensile strength and elongation changed significantly with increasing temperature. For the Q&P steel, flow stress was mostly insensitive to temperature, uniform elongation decreased with increasing temperature, and austenite stability increased with increasing temperature. The Olson–Cohen model for the austenite-to-martensite transformation as a function of strain showed good agreement for the medium manganese TRIP steel data and fit most of the Q&P steel data above 1% strain.
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19

Stephan, D., G. Grosse, and K. Wetzig. "Simultaneous Position-Resolved Determination of Phase and Stress Distributions by means of an X-ray Diffractometer with a Two-Dimensional Position-Sensitive Detector." Journal of Applied Crystallography 28, no. 5 (October 1, 1995): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889895003839.

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With an X-ray area detector and a suitable Soller-plate collimator in the scattered radiation field, it is possible to realize a versatile X-ray diffractometer. The local diffraction information of a sample can be registered simultaneously and visualized with a spatial resolution better than 0.5 mm, maintaining reasonable measuring times of a few minutes. Results of measurements applied to local phase analysis (distribution of retained austenite and carbon on a cross section of case-hardened steel), to the determination of lateral stress distributions (laser-hardened track on C45 steel) and to the analysis of crystallite orientation (coarse-grained YBa2Cu3O δ ) are presented.
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20

Chiu, Liu Ho, Huan Chen Liao, Shou Chi Lin, Yeong Tsuen Pan, and Horng Yih Liou. "Carbide Distribution Effect on Wear Behavior of Cold Work Tool Steels." Advanced Materials Research 567 (September 2012): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.567.240.

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The carbide distribution and retained austenite effects in cold work tool steels on their wear behavior are studied using different quenching, tempering and cryogenic processes. Treated specimens were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction as well as wear tests in a block-on-roller method without lubrication. Beside primary carbides being large and non-uniformly distributed in the D2-B specimen, the weight losses of the D2-B specimen (62.4 HRC) quenched and tempered at 200°C was highest among all tested specimens due to substantial retained austenite in the tempered martensite matrix. With the aid of small and uniform dispersed carbides, the DC53 steel specimen (61.3 HRC) showed less weight loss and exhibited the best wear resistance. The weight loss from cryogenically treated specimens was lower than that of non-cryogenically treated one.
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21

Heemann, Lena, Farhad Mostaghimi, Bernd Schob, Frank Schubert, Lothar Kroll, Volker Uhlenwinkel, Matthias Steinbacher, Anastasiya Toenjes, and Axel von Hehl. "Adjustment of Mechanical Properties of Medium Manganese Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion with a Subsequent Heat Treatment." Materials 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14113081.

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Medium manganese steels can exhibit both high strength and ductility due to transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), caused by metastable retained austenite, which in turn can be adjusted by intercritical annealing. This study addresses the laser additive processability and mechanical properties of the third-generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS) on the basis of medium manganese steel using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). For the investigations, an alloy with a manganese concentration of 5 wt.% was gas atomized and processed by LPBF. Intercritical annealing was subsequently performed at different temperatures (630 and 770 °C) and three annealing times (3, 10 and 60 min) to adjust the stability of the retained austenite. Higher annealing temperatures lead to lower yield strength but an increase in tensile strength due to a stronger work-hardening. The maximum elongation at fracture was approximately in the middle of the examined temperature field. The microstructure and properties of the alloy were further investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and element mapping.
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22

Zhang, Gong-Ting, Na-Qiong Zhu, Bo-Wei Sun, Zheng-Zhi Zhao, Zhi-Wang Zheng, Di Tang, and Lin Li. "Effect of V Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in C–Mn–Si Steels after Quenching and Partitioning Processes." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081306.

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Three C-Si-Mn Q&P steels with different V addition after one-step and two-step quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processes were investigated by means of optical microstructure observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization and particle size distribution (PSD) analysis. The effect of V addition on strength and ductility of the steels was elucidated by comparative analysis on the microstructure and mechanical properties as functions of partitioning time and temperature. For one-step Q&P treatment, the mechanical properties were mainly controlled by the tempering behavior of martensite during partitioning. V addition was helpful to mitigate the deterioration of mechanical properties by precipitation strengthening and grain refinement strengthening. For two-step Q&P treatment, the satisfying plasticity was attributed to the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect of retained austenite maintaining the high work hardening rate at high strain regime. The higher volume fraction of retained austenite with high stability resulted from the refined microstructure and the promoted carbon partitioning for the steel with 0.16 wt% V addition. However, the carbon consumption due to the formation of VC carbides led to the strength reduction of tempered martensite.
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23

Ali, Mohammed, David Porter, Jukka Kömi, Mamdouh Eissa, Hoda El Faramawy, and Taha Mattar. "The Effect of Electroslag Remelting on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CrNiMoWMnV Ultrahigh-Strength Steels." Metals 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020262.

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The effect of electroslag remelting (ESR) with CaF2-based synthetic slag on the microstructure and mechanical properties of three as-quenched martensitic/martensitic-bainitic ultrahigh-strength steels with tensile strengths in the range of 1250–2000 MPa was investigated. Ingots were produced both without ESR, using induction furnace melting and casting, and with subsequent ESR. The cast ingots were forged at temperatures between 1100 and 950 °C and air cooled. Final microstructures were investigated using laser scanning confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, color etching, and micro-hardness measurements. Mechanical properties were investigated through measurement of hardness, tensile properties and Charpy-V impact toughness. The microstructures of the investigated steels were mainly auto-tempered martensite in addition to small fractions of retained austenite and bainite. Due to the consequences of subtle modifications in chemical composition, ESR had a considerable impact on the final microstructural features: Prior austenite grain, effective martensite grain, and lath sizes were refined by up to 52%, 38%, and 28%, respectively. Moreover, the 95th percentiles in the cumulative size distribution of the precipitates decreased by up to 18%. However, ESR had little, if any, the effect on microsegregation. The variable effects of ESR on mechanical properties and how they depend on the initial steel composition are discussed.
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24

Epp, Jeremy. "Investigation of Triaxial Stress State in Retained Austenite during Quenching of a Low Alloy Steel by In Situ X-Ray Diffraction." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.525.

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In situ XRD measurements were performed at ESRF, Grenoble, France (ID11) during quenching of a ball bearing steel AISI 52100 (100Cr6) with varying carbon content in solution. The evolution of austenite lattice parameter during cooling is nearly linear until Ms is reached and then, a divergent behavior can be observed. Assuming that the extrapolation of the linear range to room temperature gives the stress-free lattice spacing, an increasing compressive hydrostatic stress state is resulting. A strong effect of the carbon content was found. These results were confirmed by theoretical calculations based on data from the literature.
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25

Taboada, M. C., I. Gutiérrez, D. Jorge-Badiola, S. M. C. van Bohemen, F. Hisker, and Georg Paul. "Influence of the Processing Variables on the Microstructure Evolution of a Bainitic Carbide-Free Steel." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.867.

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New trends focused on achieving higher performance steels has led to a so-called 3rd Generation Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS), in which the typical polygonal ferrite found in TRIP steels as a matrix phase is replaced by harder phases as Carbide-Free Bainite (CFB) and/or (tempered) martensite. Besides, large volume fractions of retained austenite (R.A.) with adequate stability are aimed for to improve the formability of the steels. Si containing steels are regarded as the most suitable to retard cementite formation and consequently reach high volume fractions of RA. In this work, CFB annealing schedules were applied to dilatometer samples of Fe-0.22C-2.0Mn-1.3Si. The overaging temperature TB was varied between 390 oC and 480 oC, and other processing variables investigated were the austenitizing temperature Taus, and the overaging holding time tB. The annealed samples analyzed with LOM, FEG-SEM, EBSD and X-ray diffraction techniques show that markedly different complex microstructures made up of bainite, ferrite, MA phase and retained austenite (R.A) are accomplished depending on the specific thermal cycle. These results are described in detail and discussed in relation to the dilatometry measurements.
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26

Sprauel, Jean Michel, and H. Michaud. "Adaptation of the X-Ray Diffraction Technique to the Analysis of Residual Stress in Carbo-Nitrided Steel Layers." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.125.

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X-ray diffraction is used to analyse the fatigue behaviour of carbo-nitrided steel layers. Measurements are therefore carried out on the two major phases of the material, i.e. the martensite (a') and the retained austenite (g). On such gear material, X-ray residual stress evaluations are particularly difficult for three reasons. First, the studied material is multiphase. For that reason, in each phase, the stress component in the direction normal to the surface is non negligible. Second, the diffraction peaks obtained on the martensite are broadened, due to the overlap of different reflections of the tetragonal structure. Third, the material contains also carbide and nitride clusters, which lead to incoherent and diffuse scattering of X-rays thus making quantitative phase determination difficult. In our paper the methods used to solve these problems are presented. The development of a new quantitative phase analysis method which accounts for the variation of diffuse scattering of X-rays is shown first. The second part deals with an iterative micromechanical model implemented for the evaluation of the carbon content and the residual stress components of each phase. These methods are used for analysing the evolution with cycling fatigue of all the parameters derived from our enhanced analysis (phase volume fraction, carbon content, stress components, peak width).
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TAGOWSKI, Michał, and Henryk CZARNECKI. "CHANGES OF SURFACE LAYER PROPERTIES IN GEAR TEETH AFTER SHOT PEENING." Tribologia 267, no. 3 (June 30, 2016): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7303.

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Considering the phenomenon during teeth cooperation in a toothed gear and produced loads within the macro and micro areas of contact surface, one should be paying attention to the type and condition of the surface layer. Shot peening is often recommended, especially for gears particularly loaded in addition to hardening by heat treatment. Therefore, the study presents hardness changes in tooth surface layers after shot peening, when the surfaces had been previously carburized and quenched. The article presents hardness distribution over the depth of the teeth. Measurements were made on oblique polished and etched surface, which allows the identification of the microhardness near the outer surface and through the depth up to the core. Furthermore, based on data analysis obtained from X-ray diffraction, the amount of retained austenite was estimated and changes in the metallographic structure after shot peening were illustrated.
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28

Kumar, S. Mohan, and N. Siva Shanmugam. "Double-sided GTAW of nuclear grade steel: Mechanical and microstructure perspectives." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 235, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408921995137.

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This article investigates the microstructural evolution and mechanical integrity of austenitic stainless steel SS321, a titanium stabilized nuclear grade mainly preferred for severe corrosive environments. The double-sided gas tungsten arc welding (DS-GTAW) technique was utilized to fabricate the butt joint having a plate thickness of 6 mm. A heat input of 1.4058 kJ/mm was used to obtain the maximum depth of penetration (DoP) of 3.3 mm with welding speed 120 mm/min and current 220A. Optical microscopy reveals the microstructure of weldment and base metal (SS321). The DS-GTA weldments were subjected to tensile, bend, impact and microhardness tests and the results are evaluated. The fusion zone consists of columnar, equiaxed dendrites, and intermetallic compounds of Titanium carbide (TiC). From EBSD examination the higher fraction of Low Angle Grain Boundaries is corroborated to the increase in tensile strength and reduction in impact toughness of the weldment. The ferrite measurement reveals the increase in ferrite content in the weldment (6.1 FN) and this attributed to the presence of retained δ-ferrite in comparison to SS321 (1.2 FN). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals austenite and ferrite peaks are present in the SS321 and weldment. Ductile mode of fracture (using SEM-Scanning electron microscope) was observed in the uni-axial tensile and impact test of weldment specimens.
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29

Wu, Jun, Roumen Petrov, Sebastian Kölling, Paul Koenraad, Loic Malet, Stephane Godet, and Jilt Sietsma. "Micro and Nanoscale Characterization of Complex Multilayer-Structured White Etching Layer in Rails." Metals 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2018): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8100749.

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Micro- to nano-scale characterization of the microstructures in the white etching layer (WEL), observed in a Dutch R260 Mn grade rail steel, was performed via various techniques. Retained austenite in the WEL was identified via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), automatic crystallographic orientation mapping in transmission electron microscopy (ACOM-TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). EBSD and ACOM-TEM methods were used to quantify grains (size range: 50 nm–4 μm) in the WEL. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to identify complex heterogeneous microstructural morphologies in the WEL: Nano-twinning substructure with high dislocation density in the WEL close to the rail surface and untransformed cementite and dislocations in the WEL close to the pearlite matrix. Furthermore, atom probe tomography (APT) revealed a heterogeneous through-thickness distribution of alloying elements in the WEL. Accordingly, the WEL is considered a multi-layered martensitic microstructure. These findings are supported by the temperature calculations from the shape analysis of the manganese profile from APT measurements, related to manganese diffusion. The deformation characteristics of the WEL and the pearlite beneath the WEL are discussed based on the EBSD measurements. The role of deformation in the martensitic phase transformation for WEL formation is discussed.
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30

Santajuana, Eres-Castellanos, Ruiz-Jimenez, Allain, Geandier, Caballero, and Garcia-Mateo. "Quantitative Assessment of the Time to End Bainitic Transformation." Metals 9, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090925.

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Low temperature bainite consists of an intimate mixture of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite, usually obtained by isothermal treatments at temperatures close to the martensite start temperature and below the bainite start temperature. There is widespread belief regarding the extremely long heat treatments necessary to achieve such a microstructure, but still there are no unified and objective criteria to determine the end of the bainitic transformation that allow for meaningful results and its comparison. A very common way to track such a transformation is by means of a high-resolution dilatometer. The relative change in length associated with the bainitic transformation has a very characteristic sigmoidal shape, with low transformation rates at the beginning and at end of the transformation but rapid in between. The determination of the end of transformation is normally subjected to the ability and experience of the “operator” and is therefore subjective. What is more, in the case of very long heat treatments, like those needed for low temperature bainite (from hours to days), differences in the criteria used to determine the end of transformation might lead to differences that might not be assumable from an industrial point of view. This work reviews some of the most common procedures and attempts to establish a general criterion to determine the end of bainitic transformation, based on the differential change in length (transformation rate) derived from a single experiment. The proposed method has been validated by means of the complementary use of hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction and in situ high energy X-ray diffraction.
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31

M Abdulkareem, Nagham, and Murtadha A. Jabbar. "Effect of Retained Austenite on the Micro-structure and Mechanical Properties of AI-SI4340 High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA steel) Using Magnetic Saturation Measurement and X-Ray Diffraction methods." Basrah journal of engineering science 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.17.2.1.

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32

Handoko, Pahlevani, and Sahajwalla. "Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of High-Carbon Steel by Formation of Surface Layers Using Wastes as Input." Metals 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080902.

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Series of super-hard ceramic layers have been successfully developed on high carbon steels, with a significant improvement of corrosion resistance and hardness, without changing the original properties, which were derived from mixtures of slag (electric arc furnace), waste glass (bottles), and automotive shredder residue (ASR) plastics (polypropylene) via the single step surface modification technique. Microstructural analysis by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), crystallography analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-level chemical analysis by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM and EDS), and depth profile surface analysis with three-dimensional chemical mapping by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), followed by electrochemical corrosion test by the Tafel method and hardness test—Vickers hardness measurement. Three areas have been classified, modified surface, interface, and main substrate areas as the synthesis of ceramic layers into surface of the steels that thermodynamically formed during the heat treatment process. Chemical composition analyses have revealed that generated layers consisting of chromium (Cr)- and magnesium (Mg)-based compound have shown an improved corrosion resistance to 52% and hardness to 70% without modifying the initial volume fraction of constituent phases–martensite and retained austenite. These findings have substantially highlighted to the potential use of waste-integrated inputs as raw materials for production in cost-effective way, concurrently decreasing the demand on new resource for coating, alleviating the disadvantageous impact to the environment from waste disposal in landfills.
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33

Soffritti, Chiara, Annalisa Fortini, Ramona Sola, Elettra Fabbri, Mattia Merlin, and Gian Luca Garagnani. "Influence of Vacuum Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M35 High Speed Steel." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050643.

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Towards the end of the last century, vacuum heat treatment of high speed steels was increasingly used in the fabrication of precision cutting tools. This study investigates the influence of vacuum heat treatments at different pressures of quenching gas on the microstructure and mechanical properties of taps made of M35 high speed steel. Taps were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, apparent grain size and Vickers hardness measurements, and scratch tests. Failure analysis after tapping tests was also performed to determine the main fracture mechanisms. For all taps, the results showed that microstructures and the values of characteristics of secondary carbides, retained austenite, apparent grain size and Vickers hardness were comparable to previously reported ones for vacuum heat treated high speed steels. For taps vacuum heat treated at six bar, the highest plane strain fracture toughness was due to a higher content of finer small secondary carbides. In contrast, the lowest plane strain fracture toughness of taps vacuum heat treated at eight bar may be due to an excessive amount of finer small secondary carbides, which may provide a preferential path for crack propagation. Finally, the predominant fracture mechanism of taps was quasi-cleavage.
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34

Chabak, Yuliia, Vasily Efremenko, Miroslav Džupon, Kazumichi Shimizu, Victor Fedun, Kaiming Wu, Bohdan Efremenko, Ivan Petryshynets, and Tatiana Pastukhova. "Evaluation of the Microstructure, Tribological Characteristics, and Crack Behavior of a Chromium Carbide Coating Fabricated on Gray Cast Iron by Pulsed-Plasma Deposition." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123400.

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The structural and tribological properties of a protective high-chromium coating synthesized on gray cast iron by air pulse-plasma treatments were investigated. The coating was fabricated in an electrothermal axial plasma accelerator equipped with an expandable cathode made of white cast iron (2.3 wt.% C–27.4 wt.% Cr–3.1 wt.% Mn). Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, microhardness measurements, and tribological tests were conducted for coating characterizations. It was found that after ten plasma pulses (under a discharge voltage of 4 kV) and post-plasma heat treatment (two hours of holding at 950 °C and oil-quenching), a coating (thickness = 210–250 µm) consisting of 48 vol.% Cr-rich carbides (M7C3, M3C), 48 vol.% martensite, and 4 vol.% retained austenite was formed. The microhardness of the coating ranged between 980 and 1180 HV. The above processes caused a gradient in alloying elements in the coating and the substrate due to the counter diffusion of C, Cr, and Mn atoms during post-plasma heat treatments and led to the formation of a transitional layer and different structural zones in near-surface layers of cast iron. As compared to gray cast iron (non-heat-treated and heat-treated), the coating had 3.0–3.2 times higher abrasive wear resistance and 1.2–1208.8 times higher dry-sliding wear resistance (depending on the counter-body material). The coating manifested a tendency of solidification cracking caused by tensile stress due to the formation of a mostly austenitic structure with a lower specific volume. Cracks facilitated abrasive wear and promoted surface spalling under dry-sliding against the diamond cone.
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35

Su, Yang Yu, Liu Ho Chiu, Tao Liang Chuang, Chien Lung Huang, Cheng Yen Wu, and Kuan Chueh Liao. "Retained Austenite Amount Determination Comparison in JIS SKD11 Steel Using Quantitative Metallography and X-Ray Diffraction Methods." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1165.

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This research compares the difference in determining the austenite amount in SKD 11 tool steel using the micrographic method as opposed to the X-ray diffraction method. Calculating the amount of retained austenite in tool steel using X-ray diffraction analysis requires first taking off the primary carbide content. By etching the SKD11 specimen using Beraha’s CdS reagent, the retained austenite, martensite and carbide are shown as white, red and blue regions in the microstructure, respectively. With quantitative metallography, the retained austenite can be distinguished as separate micro-constituents and properly counted. However, the calculated values are lower than those acquired from the X-ray diffraction. It is more accurate to evaluate the amount of retained austenite with carbide by X-ray diffraction analysis.
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36

Saklakoglu, Nursen, Amir Bolouri, Simge Gencalp Irizalp, Fatih Baris, and Ali Elmas. "Effects of shot peening and artificial surface defects on fatigue properties of 50CrV4 steel." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 112, no. 9-10 (January 11, 2021): 2961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06532-y.

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AbstractShot peening processes are commonly used for improving the fatigue properties of steels. Shot peening introduces a compressive residual stress field in the near surface of steel, which can reduce or stop the growth of fatigue cracks and improve fatigue properties. This study experimentally investigated the effect of shot peening on the fatigue properties of 50CrV4 steel alloys with different artificial surface defects. Drilling tools were used to introduce different artificial defects with root radii of 0.585 mm and 0.895 mm on the surface of unpeened samples. The shot peening was applied to the drilled and undrilled samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, micro-hardness and X-ray diffraction residual stress measurements were conducted to analyse the characteristics of the shot-peened and unpeened samples. The results show that the shot peening leads to the transformation of the retained austenite to martensite in the near-surface microstructure. The hardness rates of the surface and near surface both increase by 8% after the shot peening. The peened samples exhibit compressive residual stresses with a high degree of isotropy in the near surface. The fatigue properties of samples were experimentally evaluated by conducting 3-point bending tests. The results indicate that the shot peening improves the fatigue life of drilled and undrilled samples. For the defects with the root radius of 0.895 mm, the shot peening leads to a 500% improvement in the fatigue life compared to unpeened samples regardless of defect depth. For the defects with the root radius of 0.585 mm, the improvement in fatigue life is 40% for the defect depth of 0.2 mm compared to unpeened samples. The improvement increases to 60% and 200% by increasing the defect depths to 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm. The fatigue properties are linked to the changes in the features of defects mainly caused by the deformation hardening and compressive residual stress after shot peening.
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37

Suzuki, Akira, Yoichi Kishi, Zenjiro Yajima, and Yukio Hirose. "X-Ray Fractographic Study on Fatigue Fracture Surface of Ductile Cast Iron." Advances in X-ray Analysis 37 (1993): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800015834.

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Austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) has composite microstructures, which are martensite/retained austenite structures. ADI has very large toughness compared to other ductile cast irons. After fracture, the retained austenite near the fracture surface will be transformed to martensite. In the present study, X-ray fractography is applied to fatigue fracture surface of ADI. The fatigue tests were carried out on compact tension (CT) specimens. The volume fraction of retained austenite was quantitatively measured on and beneath fatigue fracture surfaces. The plastic strain on the fracture surface was estimated from measuring the line broadening of X-ray diffraction profiles. The depth of the plastic zone left on fracture surface was evaluated from the distributions of the volume fraction of retained austenite. The results are discussed on the basis of fracture mechanics.
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38

Pereloma, Elena V., Lai Chang Zhang, Klaus Dieter Liss, Ulf Garbe, Jonathan Almer, Thomas Schambron, Hossein Beladi, and Ilana B. Timokhina. "Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Retained Austenite Stability during In Situ Tensile Testing Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction of NbMoAl TRIP Steel." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.741.

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In this work we compare and contrast the stability of retained austenite during tensile testing of Nb-Mo-Al transformation-induced plasticity steel subjected to different thermomechanical processing schedules. The obtained microstructures were characterised using optical metallography, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The transformation of retained austenite to martensite under tensile loading was observed by in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction at 1ID / APS. It has been shown that the variations in the microstructure of the steel, such as volume fractions of present phases, their morphology and dimensions, play a critical role in the strain-induced transition of retained austenite to martensite.
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Kishi, Yoichi, Yukio Hirose, Zenjiro Yajima, and Keisuke Tanaka. "X-Ray Study on the Fatigue Fracture Surface of Austempered Ductile Cast Iron." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800009186.

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Austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) lias microstructures that consist of martensite and of retained austenite. ADI has very toughness compared with cast iron heat-treated differently. The retained austenite near fracture surfaces transforms to martensite when fracture occurs.In the present study, X-ray fraetography is applied to fatigue fracture surfaces of ADI. The fatigue tests were carried out on compact tension (CT) specimens. The volume fraction of retained austenite was measured quantitatively and the line broadening of X-ray diffraction profiles was measured on and beneath fatigue fracture surfaces. The depth of the plastic zone left on fracture surfaces was evaluated from line broadening. The results are discussed on the basis of fracture mechanics.
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40

Polatidis, Efthymios, Nikolay Zotov, and Eric J. Mittemeijer. "Stress-induced phase transformations in thermally cycled superelastic NiTi alloys: in situ X-ray diffraction studies." Powder Diffraction 30, S1 (March 9, 2015): S76—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715614001456.

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In situ laboratory-based and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to study quantitatively the strain-induced austenite-to-martensite (A–M) transformation in thermally cycled (TC) superelastic NiTi alloys. The propagation of the A–M interfaces and the evolution of the microstructure were traced during uniaxial tensile loading. It was shown that the TC material exhibits localized transformation via the propagation of transformation bands. The amount of the martensite phase depends approximately linearly on the applied strain. Analysis of the broadening of the austenite diffraction lines indicates the presence of highly deformed austenite grains within the transformation bands. Analysis of the austenite diffraction-line shifts indicates that the overall lattice strain in the (retained) austenite in the transformation bands differs from that of the austenite in the adjacent untransformed regions.
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41

Pawluk, Piotr, Emilia Skołek, Michał Kopcewicz, and Wiesław Świątnicki. "The Comparative Study of Phase Composition of Steels Using X-Ray Diffraction and Mössbauer Spectroscopy Methods." Solid State Phenomena 203-204 (June 2013): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.203-204.150.

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In this paper phase composition of several steels was investigated by X-ray diffraction and conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) methods. Different heat treatments were performed on steel samples in order to obtain various phase compositions (containing bainitic ferrite, martensite and retained austenite). The diffraction patterns were analysed using the Rietveld method. Mössbauer spectra were fitted and studied for existent phases. A comparison between results obtained by each method was performed. Both methods revealed some supersaturation of carbon in the retained austenite and in the bainitic ferrite phases, various after different treatments. The quantitative phase composition measured by X-ray diffraction results differ significantly from the Mössbauer spectroscopy results. The possible reasons of the observed differences were discussed.
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42

Zhang, Yucheng, Ping Lai, Huiping Jia, Xinhua Ju, and Guibin Cui. "Investigation of Test Parameters on EBSD Analysis of Retained Austenite in TRIP and Pipeline Steels." Metals 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010094.

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In this article we discuss the effect of different test parameters on the analysis of retained austenite in TRIP590, TRIP780 and X90 steels, by means of Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. By analyzing the measuring retained austenite content under different conditions, the optimal test parameters were obtained. The retained austenite content measured both by the EBSD and XRD methods were also compared. The results showed that the test parameters had a great influence on the measured results of retained austenite content in steel by the EBSD method. The higher the indexing rate, the better the precision of the measured results. The step size used for EBSD analysis should not exceed 1/5 of the average grain size of retained austenite. The scanning area for EBSD retained austenite analysis in TRIP and pipeline steels should be no less than 0.068 mm2, which is recommended to be performed by multiple small fields.
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43

Kozłowska, Aleksandra, Aleksandra Janik, Krzysztof Radwański, and Adam Grajcar. "Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Medium-Mn Steel Deformed at Different Temperatures." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183042.

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The temperature-dependent microstructure evolution and corresponding mechanical stability of retained austenite in medium-Mn transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) 0.17C-3.1Mn-1.6Al type steel obtained by thermomechanical processing was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Specimens were deformed up to rupture in static tensile tests in the temperature range 20–200 °C. It was found that an increase in deformation temperature resulted in the reduced intensity of TRIP effect due to the higher stability of retained austenite. The kinetics of strain-induced martensitic transformation was affected by the carbon content of retained austenite (RA), its morphology, and localization in the microstructure.
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44

Hu, Jun, Wen Quan Cao, Jie Shi, and Han Dong. "Study on the Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Cold-Rolled Medium-Mn Steel." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1283.

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The mechanical stability of the retained austenite in the cold-rolled medium-Mn steel was studied. Tensile tests were carried out to measure the mechanical properties of the annealed steel. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to characterize the microstructure evolution during the tensile process; X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the residual austenite content in the deformed steel. It was found that the volume fraction of retained austenite gradually decreases with strain .The value of the stability coefficient of retained austenite k was small in the test steel, which indicated high mechanical stability of retained austenite. Due to TRIP effect, the high mechanical stability of the retained austenite strongly delays the onset of necking, which resulted in good comprehensive mechanical properties with ultrahigh strength and plasticity.
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Xu, Xin, Ren Dong Liu, Bao Yu Xu, Hong Liang Yi, and Guo Dong Wang. "Effect of Annealing Temperature on Austenite Stability of a δ-TRIP Steel." Key Engineering Materials 818 (August 2019): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.818.82.

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In this work, a novel type of δ-TRIP steel was designed, and the content and stability of retained austenite in δ-TRIP specimens under different annealing processes were detected and studied, respectively. The volume fraction of austenite was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed systematically. The results show that a complex microstructure composed of three phases (ferrite, bainite and retained austenite) was obtained in the δ-TRIP steel. With the increasing of annealing temperature, both retained austenite and bainite content in the specimen increased, while the carbon content in retained austenite decreased, leading to a poor stability for retained austenite. Both tensile and yield strength improved with the increasing of annealing temperature, while the elongation reduced. The feature of retained austenite led to an excellent combination of ductility and strength, which was better than traditional TRIP steel.
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46

Bała, P., J. Krawczyk, Artur Hanc, and Grzegorz Dercz. "The Mössbauer Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Phase Transformation during Tempering in High-Carbon Tool Steel." Solid State Phenomena 163 (June 2010): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.163.200.

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This work presents the results of investigations using Mössbauer spectroscopy technique and XRD, and their interpretation concerning precipitations and transformation of iron carbides and retained austenite stabilization. It also discusses changes in hardened matrix during tempering in relation to previously conducted dilatometric, microscopic and mechanical examinations. This research was carried out using a new high-carbon alloy 120MnCrMoV8-6-4-2 steel, which was designed in 1998, in Phase Transformations Research Group at the AGH UST. The influence of the tempering time on the mechanical and chemical stability of retained austenite and on the products of its transformation, nucleation and solubility of iron carbides and cementite nucleation and growth, was determined.
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47

Bobir, S. V., I. Yu Prikhodko, D. V. Loshkarev, S. S. Zakharchuk, and P. V. Krot. "Analysis of the amount of retained austenite in the structure of steel rolls for sheet rolling." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 34 (2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2020-34-256-264.

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The amount of residual austenite in martensitic roll steels is an important technological parameter of heat treatment, which affects the performance properties of the rolls. But determining its amount in roll steels is a complex and not fully solved scientific and technical problem. The aim of the work was to comparatively analyze the amount of residual austenite in the structure of alloy steel rolls by X-ray diffraction, ultrasonic methods and metallography analysis. However, the qualitative difference of microstructures in the content of the light phase - austenite, confirms the results of X-ray diffraction analysis. No correlation was found between the austenite content in the samples and their hardness. It was found that the X-ray method, based on the comparison of the intensities of the α- and γ-phase lines of iron, overestimates the value of the amount of residual austenite in some samples of roll steels. The results of the analysis of residual austenite by ultrasound rate showed better convergence. The amounts of residual austenite, calculated on the sample of stainless steel (100% γ-Fe), had reduced values (2.6-4.5%). The most accurate results on the amount of residual austenite gave the use of the established regression dependence with the selected standard (2.7-7.8%). This dependence is obtained at the speed of sound in austenite ~ 4000 m / s. It is determined that the application of the ultrasonic method allows to determine the content of residual austenite in the samples of roll steels quite quickly and accurately.
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48

Morawiec, M., and A. Grajcar. "Some aspects of the determination of retained austenite using the Rietveld refinement." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 80 (January 2, 2017): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1442.

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Purpose: The aim of the paper is to show the advantage of the application of the Rietveldrefinement for determination of retained austenite amount in multiphase microstructure steels.Design/methodology/approach: The steels used for the investigation were thermomechanicallyrolled and controlled cooled to room temperature. The investigation of themicrostructure was carried out using light microscopy. X-ray diffraction investigations ofanalyzed steel were a major part of the research. The phase identification and quantitativeanalysis of retained austenite were done using the HighScore Plus software that includesthe Rietveld refinement method. The Rietveld analysis takes into account the preferredorientation that occurs during thermo-mechanical processing of steel.Findings: It was found that after the thermo-mechanical processing the microstructureof steel is composed of fine-grained bainitic matrix which includes bainite-austeniteconstituents, martensite blocks and some fraction of retained austenite. The X-ray diffractionshowed that this steel includes phases of Feα (bainite and martensite) and Feγ (retainedaustenite). The Rietveld analysis showed that the volume fraction of retained austenite is14.1%.Research limitations/implications: To confirm that Rietveld refinement methodis a good tool for the quantitative analysis of retained austenite volume fraction EBSDmeasurements should be done for comparison purposes.Practical implications: The obtained results can be used for determination of retainedaustenite fraction in AHSS steels. It is important because the retained austenite content andits mechanical stability decide about a formability level of these steel grades.Originality/value: Some methodological aspects are concerned affecting the finalquantitative results of retained austenite volume fraction is AHSS.
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49

Zheng, Hua, Kai Ming Wu, Feng Hu, and Yang Zheng Zeng. "The Effect of Nb on the Microstructures and Hardness of Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Medium Carbon Steels." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.549.

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Nb-free and Nb-bearing medium carbon steels treated by quenching-partitioning-tempering process were investigated. The microstructural observations and hardness were analyzed by optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and hardness test. Results show that when quenched at 210oC and partitioned at 450oC ultra fine-grained microstructures of martensite, retained austenite and carbides are obtained. The Nb-bearing steel has finer martensite lath, more volume fraction of retained austenite and higher hardness compared with that of Nb-free steel. The addition of Nb is responsible for not only the precipitation strengthening but also the more volume fraction of retained austenite during quenching-partitioning-tempering process.
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50

Guo, Xu Hong, Chang Liu, and Quan Zhang. "The Heat Treatment Parameters and Microconstituent Content Prediction of ADI Based on Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering Method." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.586.

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Ductile cast iron was quenched at different austempering temperatures with different isothermal time, so there were austempered ductile iron (ADI) materials with nine different mechanical properties. Their metallographic structures were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction method. Curves of the relationships between heat treatment parameters, content of retained austenite and carbon content in retained austenite were studied respectively. Models that showed their relationships were built in the base of fuzzy subtractive clustering method to research the rules of isothermal temperatures and time affecting the microconstituent of ADI. The results show that the metallographical matrix structures of ADI become ausferrite, and its mechanical properties are strengthened notably. From the curves and fuzzy models, we knew that the effect of austempering temperature on the component content of ADI was predominant, and austempering time was inferior. Thus, as the temperature increased, the content of retained austenite, carbon content in retained austenite increased markedly. Keywords: ADI, heat treatment parameters, retained austenite, carbon content of retained austenite, fuzzy subtractive clustering model
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