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1

Haidemenopoulos, G. N., M. Grujicic, G. B. Olson, and Morris Cohen. "Transformation microyielding of retained austenite." Acta Metallurgica 37, no. 6 (1989): 1677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(89)90134-x.

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2

Kawasaki, Yoshiyasu, Yuki Toji, Yokota Takeshi, and Yoshimasa Funakawa. "Effects of Tensile Testing Temperature on Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior in Medium Mn Steels." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1823.

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In single-phase austenitic steels, the optimum deformation temperature in the tensile test to obtain high tensile strength-elongation balance (TS×El) and work hardening rate (dσ/dε) depends on control of the stability of austenite. In order to clarify the effects of the deformation temperature in complex phase steels containing austenite, in this study, the effects of the tensile testing temperature on mechanical properties and deformation behavior were investigated in detail using steel A and steel B with a chemical composition of 0.15C-0.5Si-5.0Mn (wt%). Steels A and B consisted of ferrite a
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3

Hell, Jean Christophe, Moukrane Dehmas, Guillaume Geandier, et al. "Influence of the Austempering Temperature on the Microstructure and Crystallography of a Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.797.

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We elaborated two carbide-free bainitic steels with different microstructures through specific heat treatments and alloy design. EBSD analysis was used to point out major differences in these microstructures. In-situ characterizations of the bainitic transformation were performed by high energy synchrotron diffraction to go further into the study of each phase characteristics. The elaborated microstructures exhibited various phase fractions of bainitic ferrite, retained austenite and blocks of martensite and retained austenite. Moreover, the volume fraction of retained austenite increased with
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4

Zrník, Jozef, O. Muránsky, Petr Lukáš, Petr Šittner, and Z. Nový. "In Situ Neutron Diffraction Analysis of Phase Transformation Kinetics in TRIP Steel." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.339.

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The precise characterization of the multiphase microstructure of low alloyed TRIP steels is of great importance for the interpretation and optimisation of their mechanical properties. In-situ neutron diffraction experiment was employed for monitoring of conditioned austenite transformation to ferrite, and also for retained austenite stability evaluation during subsequent mechanical loading. The progress in austenite decomposition to ferrite is monitored at different transformation temperatures. The relevant information on the course of transformation is extracted from neutron diffraction spect
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5

Yin, Yun Yang, Fang Fang, Wei Chen, and Yong Tao Fu. "Effect of Thermomechanical Parameters on the Microstructure and Retained Austenite Characteristics in a Hot-Rolled TRIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1294.

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The influence of thermomechanical parameters on the microstructure and retained austenite characteristics in a hot rolled Al-Si-Mn transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel based on dynamic transformation of undercooled austenite was investigated, in an effort to produce a desired microstructure and better control retained content. The results show that strain rate had a minor effect on the microstructure, but the volume fraction of retained austenite decreased with increasing strain rate. Decreasing coiling temperature caused a decrease in volume fraction of retained austenite and decrea
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6

Grajcar, Adam, Aleksandra Kozłowska, Krzysztof Radwański, and Adam Skowronek. "Quantitative Analysis of Microstructure Evolution in Hot-Rolled Multiphase Steel Subjected to Interrupted Tensile Test." Metals 9, no. 12 (2019): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121304.

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A quantitative analysis of the microstructure evolution in thermomechanically processed Si-Al multiphase steel with Nb and Ti microadditions was performed in the study. The tendency of strain-induced martensitic transformation of retained austenite was analyzed during a tensile test interrupted at incremental strain levels. Optical micrographs and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) maps were obtained at each deformation step. The quantitative analysis of the martensitic transformation progress as a function of strain was performed. The results showed that the stability of retained austeni
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7

Matsuda, Hiroshi, Hisata Noro, Yasunobu Nagataki, and Yoshihiro Hosoya. "Effect of Retained Austenite Stability on Mechanical Properties of 590MPa Grade TRIP Sheet Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3374.

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Industrial low alloy TRIP sheet steels contain blocky and lath-shaped retained austenite. In the present study, transformation behaviour of blocky and lath-shaped retained austenite during straining was investigated to clarify its effect on mechanical properties. Two types of TRIP steels containing almost the same amount but the different morphology of retained austenite were used. A steel containing large amount of lath-shaped retained austenite exhibits superior ductility, and sustains high work-hardenability in a high strain region. On the contrast, a steel containing large amount of blocky
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8

Landesberger, Martin, Robert Koos, Michael Hofmann, et al. "Phase Transition Kinetics in Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) with Regard to Mo Content." Materials 13, no. 22 (2020): 5266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225266.

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The phase transformation to ausferrite during austempered ductile iron (ADI) heat treatment can be significantly influenced by the alloying element Mo. Utilizing neutron diffraction, the phase transformation from austenite to ausferrite was monitored in-situ during the heat treatment. In addition to the phase volume fractions, the carbon enrichment of retained austenite was investigated. The results from neutron diffraction were compared to the macroscopic length change from dilatometer measurements. They show that the dilatometer data are only of limited use for the investigation of ausferrit
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9

Godet, S., J. C. Glez, Y. He, J. J. Jonas, and P. J. Jacques. "Grain-scale characterization of transformation textures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 37, no. 3 (2004): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889804007320.

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Orientation relationships during the austenite-to-ferrite (γ-to-α) phase transformation were investigated using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) on a bainitic steel containing retained austenite. The steel was hot rolled within the austenite phase field, but below the `no-recrystallization' temperature, to two different strains. The observed orientation relationships between the bainite and retained austenite are expressed in Rodrigues–Frank space. The exact Kurdjumov–Sachs relation was never found. The local spread of orientation in the parent austenite (owing to deformation) is see
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10

Shui, Heng Yong, Di Tang, and Qiang Liu. "Study on Transformation Behavior of Retained Austenite in TRIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.100.

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The microstructures of CR600TR steel were characterized using optical metallography, SEM, TEM and EBSD techniques, especially the transformation behavior of retained austenite and fracture mechanism of TRIP steel under stress-strain were studied in detail. It is discovered that there is marked selectivity for those retained austenite grains in their transition sequences: they are even dependent on the extension paths of stress-strain in steel and that curvatures of grain-boundaries which the retained austenite grains lie in.
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11

Yu, Dunji, Yan Chen, Lu Huang, and Ke An. "Tracing Phase Transformation and Lattice Evolution in a TRIP Sheet Steel under High-Temperature Annealing by Real-Time In Situ Neutron Diffraction." Crystals 8, no. 9 (2018): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8090360.

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Real-time in situ neutron diffraction was used to characterize the crystal structure evolution in a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) sheet steel during annealing up to 1000 °C and then cooling to 60 °C. Based on the results of full-pattern Rietveld refinement, critical temperature regions were determined in which the transformations of retained austenite to ferrite and ferrite to high-temperature austenite during heating and the transformation of austenite to ferrite during cooling occurred, respectively. The phase-specific lattice variation with temperature was further analyzed to com
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12

Zrník, Jozef, Ondrej Muránsky, Ondrej Stejskal, and Peter Horňak. "Thermomechanical Processing Controlling the Austenite Transformation in Si – Mn TRIP Steel." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.41.

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The paper deals with the deformation and transformation behaviour of thermomechanically (TM) treated low alloyed Si-Mn TRIP steel. The aim of this work was to investigate the contribution of the factors governing the deformation and transformation process of conditioned austenite. Variation in strain and temperature parameters of TM treatment of TRIP steel samples resulted in formation of different complex microstructures. The deformation behaviour of TRIP specimens of different multiphase structures was tested in incremental neutron diffraction in situ tensile testing. It was proved that neut
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13

Voothaluru, Rohit, Vikram Bedekar, Dunji Yu, et al. "Investigating the Difference in Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Bainitic and Martensitic High-Carbon Bearing Steels using in situ Neutron Diffraction and Crystal Plasticity Modeling." Metals 9, no. 5 (2019): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050482.

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In situ neutron diffraction of the uniaxial tension test was used to study the effect of the surrounding matrix microstructure on the mechanical stability of retained austenite in high-carbon bearing steels. Comparing the samples with bainitic microstructures to those with martensitic ones, it was found that the retained austenite in a bainitic matrix starts transforming into martensite at a lower strain compared to that within a martensitic matrix. On the other hand, the rate of transformation of the austenite was found to be higher within a martensitic microstructure. Crystal plasticity mode
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14

He, Zhongping, Huachu Liu, Zhenyu Zhu, Weisen Zheng, Yanlin He, and Lin Li. "Quantitative Description of External Force Induced Phase Transformation in Silicon–Manganese (Si–Mn) Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Steels." Materials 12, no. 22 (2019): 3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223781.

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Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels with silicon–manganese (Si–Mn) as the main element have attracted a lot of attention and great interest from steel companies due to their low price, high strength, and high plasticity. Retained austenite is of primary importance as the source of high strength and high plasticity in Si–Mn TRIP steels. In this work, the cold rolled sheets of Si–Mn low carbon steel were treated with TRIP and Dual Phase (DP) treatment respectively. Then, the microstructure and composition of the Si–Mn low carbon steel were observed and tested. The static tensile test
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15

Sugimoto, Koh Ichi, Junya Kobayashi, Yuji Nakajima, and Takuya Kochi. "The Effects of Cooling Rate on Retained Austenite Characteristics of a 0.2C-1.5Si-1.5Mn-1.0Cr-0.05Nb TRIP-Aided Martensitic Steel." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1015.

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With the aim of increasing the volume fraction and stability of the retained austenite characteristics in a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided steel with wider lath-martensite structure matrix, the effects of varying the post-hot-working cooling rate of a 0.2%C-1.5%Si-1.5%Mn-1.0%Cr-0.05%Nb (mass%) steel on the retained austenite characteristics were investigated. When, after hot-working at 950°C, the steel was cooled to room temperature from 430°C above the martensite-start temperature using cooling rates lower than 3°C/s, the steel attained a higher volume fraction of metastable r
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16

Zrník, Jozef, Ondrej Muránsky, and Petr Sittner. "Deformation Behaviour of TRIP Steel Monitored by In Situ Neutron Diffraction." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.25.

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The paper presents results ofin-situneutron diffraction experiments aimed on monitoring the phase evolution and load distribution in transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel when subjected to tensile loading. Tensile deformation behaviour of two TRIP-assisted multiphase steel with slightly different microstructures resulted from different thermo-mechanical treatments applied was investigated byin-situneutron diffraction. The steel with lower retained austenite volume fraction (fγ=0.04) and higher volume fraction of needle-like bainite in the α-matrix exhibits higher yield stress (sample
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17

Podder, A. Saha, I. Lonardelli, A. Molinari, and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "Thermal stability of retained austenite in bainitic steel: an in situ study." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2135 (2011): 3141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0212.

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The tempering of two-phase mixtures of bainitic ferrite and carbon-enriched retained austenite has been investigated in an effort to separate the reactions that occur at elevated temperatures from any transformation during cooling to ambient conditions. It is demonstrated using synchrotron X-radiation measurements that the residue of austenite left at the tempering temperature partly decomposes by martensitic transformation when the sample is cooled. It is well established in the published literature that films of retained austenite are better able to resist stress or strain-induced martensiti
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18

Wang, Bin, Yanping He, Ye Liu, et al. "Mechanism of the Microstructural Evolution of 18Cr2Ni4WA Steel during Vacuum Low-Pressure Carburizing Heat Treatment and Its Effect on Case Hardness." Materials 13, no. 10 (2020): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102352.

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In this study, vacuum low-pressure carburizing heat treatments were carried out on 18Cr2Ni4WA case-carburized alloy steel. The evolution and phase transformation mechanism of the microstructure of the carburized layer during low-temperature tempering and its effect on the surface hardness were studied. The results showed that the carburized layer of the 18Cr2Ni4WA steel was composed of a large quantity of martensite and retained austenite. The type of martensite matrix changed from acicular martensite to lath martensite from the surface to the core. The hardness of the carburized layer gradual
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19

Wilson, Brent M., and Matthew G. Dick. "Development of a predictive life tool for tapered roller bearings using measured residual stress and retained austenite data." Powder Diffraction 23, no. 2 (2008): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.2912443.

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The development of a tool called the Service Load Factor (SLF) for railway tapered roller bearings using residual stress and retained austenite data is presented. Case-carburized tapered roller bearings used in the railroad industry are manufactured with a dual-phase microstructure that consists primarily of tempered martensite and retained austenite. The retained austenite phase is metastable, and will transform to martensite with sufficient thermal or mechanical energy during service. The increase in surface volume because of transformation, and the subsequent increase in compressive residua
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20

Dong, Baoqi, Tingping Hou, Wen Zhou, Guohong Zhang, and Kaiming Wu. "The Role of Retained Austenite and Its Carbon Concentration on Elongation of Low Temperature Bainitic Steels at Different Austenitising Temperature." Metals 8, no. 11 (2018): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110931.

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The influence of austenitising temperature on the tensile properties of low temperature bainitic steel was investigated. With the increasing austenitising temperature, a significant change of elongation was found between 850 and 950 °C, which was changed from 1.0 ± 0.5 to 10.7 ± 2.0%; while there was a slight increase between 950 to 1050 °C (11.2 ± 1.5%). By characterising the retained austenite at necking and matrix, we found that the elongation is obviously correlated with the retained austenite content, and also determined by the volume change of retained austenite during the tensile test.
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21

Kwon, Eui Pyo, Shun Fujieda, Kozo Shinoda, and Shigeru Suzuki. "Effect of Phosphorus on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Formation of Retained Austenite in TRIP Steels." Key Engineering Materials 508 (March 2012): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.508.128.

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In this Study, Influences of P on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Retained Austenite Characteristics in Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Steels Were Investigated. Microstructure of 0.2mass%P Containing TRIP Steel Was Inhomogeneous and it Resulted in Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties. Retained Austenite Characteristics such as Volume Fraction and Carbon Concentration Were Also Affected by P. The Stability of Retained Austenite in P Containing TRIP Steel Was Different from that in P-Free TRIP Steel. Such Difference in the Stability of Retained Austenite Was Attrib
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22

Hu, Feng, and Kai Ming Wu. "Isothermal Transformation of Low Temperature Super Bainite." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1843.

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Fine-scale bainitic microstructure with excellent mechanical properties has been achieved by transforming austenite to bainite at low temperature ranging from 200oC to 300oC. Microstructural observations and hardness measurements show that transformed microstructures consist of bainitic ferrite and carbon-enriched retained austenite. The thickness of bainitic ferrite plates is less than 50 nm. The hardness reaches approximately 640 HV1. Strong austenite and/or large driving force at the low transformation temperature leads to ultra fine bainitic ferrite plates. X-ray diffraction analysis indic
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23

Lopez, Victor, Arturo Reyes, and Patricia Zambrano. "Effect of the Heat Input in the Transformation of Retained Austenite in Advanced Steels of Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Welded with Gas Metal Arc Welding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.700.

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The effect of heat input on the transformation of retained austenite steels transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) was investigated in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the Gas Metal Arc Welding GMAW process. The determination of retained austenite of the HAZ is important in optimizing the welding parameters when welding TRIP steels, because this will greatly influence the mechanical properties of the welding joint due to the transformation of residual austenite into martensite due to work hardening. Coupons were welded with high and low heat input for investigating the austenite transformatio
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24

Neu, R. W., and Huseyin Sehitoglu. "Transformation of retained austenite in carburized 4320 steel." Metallurgical Transactions A 22, no. 7 (1991): 1491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02667363.

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25

Ma, Yong Qing, Xiao Jing Zhang, Yu Fen Liang, and Guo Fang Liu. "A Study on Austenite Catalytic Cryogenic Treatment of Cr-W-Mo-V High Alloy Medium-Upper Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1173.

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The processing of austenite catalytic cryogenic treatment of two components of Cr-W-Mo-V high alloy medium-upper carbon steels and the effect on the retained austenite transformation and tempering hardness were studied in this paper. The results show that, the effect of austenite catalytic cryogenic treatment of Cr-W-Mo-V high alloy medium-upper carbon steel is better than that of direct cryogenic treatment after quenching, and the content of residual austenite reduced to below 5%, and the hardness improved by 1.5HRC than that of conventional quenching and tempering. The retained austenite cat
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26

Liu, Yuan, Yan Han, Sheng Yin, and Fei Zhao. "Metastable Austenite Transformation Kinetics of Medium-Carbon Silicon-Rich Steel during Partitioning in a Q & P Process." Metals 10, no. 6 (2020): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060738.

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In the present study, quenching and partitioning (Q & P) treatment of a medium-carbon silicon-rich steel was processed by a dilatometer. The volume fraction of the retained austenite at different partitioning times was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The metastable austenite transformation process after different partitioning times was studied by a combination of dilatometry, XRD, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of the transformation kinetics of metastable austenite during partitioning by means of dilatometry and the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) equatio
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27

Yamashita, Takayuki, Norimitsu Koga, and Osamu Umezawa. "Mechanical Stability and Deformation-Induced Transformation of Retained Austenite in TRIP Steels at Low Temperatures." Key Engineering Materials 741 (June 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.741.36.

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The tensile properties and the stability of retained austenite in TRIP steels with different volume fraction of retained austenite have been studied at low temperature. The steels showed a good valance of strength and ductility at 193 K. Their work-hardening rates were decreased linearly and kept a high value in the high strain regime at 193 K. The retained austenite was mostly transformed into martensite less than 10% strain at 193 K.
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28

Blondé, Romain, Enrique Jimenez-Melero, Sathiskumar A. Ponnusami, et al. "Position-dependent shear-induced austenite–martensite transformation in double-notched TRIP and dual-phase steel samples." Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, no. 3 (2014): 956–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576714006712.

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While earlier studies on transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) steels focused on the determination of the austenite-to-martensite decomposition in uniform deformation or thermal fields, the current research focuses on the determination of the local retained austenite-to-martensite transformation behaviour in an inhomogeneous yet carefully controlled shear-loaded region of double-notched TRIP and dual-phase (DP) steel samples. A detailed powder analysis has been performed to simultaneously monitor the evolution of the phase fraction and the changes in average carbon concentration of metastab
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29

Bała, P., J. Krawczyk, Artur Hanc, and Grzegorz Dercz. "The Mössbauer Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Phase Transformation during Tempering in High-Carbon Tool Steel." Solid State Phenomena 163 (June 2010): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.163.200.

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This work presents the results of investigations using Mössbauer spectroscopy technique and XRD, and their interpretation concerning precipitations and transformation of iron carbides and retained austenite stabilization. It also discusses changes in hardened matrix during tempering in relation to previously conducted dilatometric, microscopic and mechanical examinations. This research was carried out using a new high-carbon alloy 120MnCrMoV8-6-4-2 steel, which was designed in 1998, in Phase Transformations Research Group at the AGH UST. The influence of the tempering time on the mechanical an
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30

da Cruz, José Alberto, Jefferson José Vilela, Berenice Mendonça Gonzalez, and Dagoberto Brandão Santos. "Effect of Retained Austenite on Impact Toughness of the Multi-Phase Bainitic-Martensitic Steel." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.298.

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The new class of bainitic steels can present toughness at room temperature greater than traditional quenched and tempered martensitic steel. This is because the microstructure of steel with high Si content (≈1.5wt%) submitted to bainitic transformation is compose of fine plates of bainitic ferrite separated by retained austenite. The inhibition of cementite precipitation leads to the improvement of toughness. The presence of cementite facilitates the nucleation of cracks. Moreover, the blocks of retained austenite are undesirable. This morphology is rather unstable and tends to transform into
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31

Zhou, Wen, Kaiming Wu, Lei Zhong, Cong Zhang, Tingpin Hou, and Raja Misra. "A Comparative Study on the Dynamic Tensile Behavior of Nanostructured Bainitic and Quenched-Tempered Martensitic Steels." Metals 8, no. 9 (2018): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090728.

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In order to assess the dynamic tensile behavior of a newly developed three-step low-temperature-transformed bainitic microstructure, and a conventional one-step isothermal bainitic microstructure, and a quenched and tempered martensitic microstructure, a comparative research was conducted by using the dynamic tensile test. The results showed that more film-like retained austenite was obtained in the three-step low-temperature-transformed sample. The carbon content in the film-like retained austenite was found to be higher as compared to the blocky retained austenite. The dynamic tensile proper
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32

Pereloma, Elena V., Azdiar A. Gazder, and Ilana B. Timokhina. "Addressing Retained Austenite Stability in Advanced High Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 738-739 (January 2013): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.738-739.212.

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Advances in the development of new high strength steels have resulted in microstructures containing significant volume fractions of retained austenite. The transformation of retained austenite to martensite upon straining contributes towards improving the ductility. However, in order to gain from the above beneficial effect, the volume fraction, size, morphology and distribution of the retained austenite need to be controlled. In this regard, it is well known that carbon concentration in the retained austenite is responsible for its chemical stability, whereas its size and morphology determine
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33

Grajcar, Adam, Andrzej Kilarski, Aleksandra Kozłowska, and Krzysztof Radwański. "Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Thermomechanically Processed Medium-Mn Steel." Materials 12, no. 3 (2019): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030501.

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A microstructure evolution of the thermomechanically processed 3Mn-1.5Al type steel and mechanical stability of retained austenite were investigated during interrupted tensile tests. The microstructural details were revealed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. It was found that the strain-induced martensitic transformation began in central regions of the largest blocky-type grains of retained austenite and propagated to outer areas of the grains as the deformation level increased. At rupture,
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34

Murakami, Toshio. "Effects of Retained Austenite Conditions on the Ductility of the Advanced High Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.984.

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It was investigated that the effects of retained austenite (γR) conditions on ductility of advanced high strength steels for automotives. 0.4mass% C steels were heattreated in various austemper conditions to control the retained austenite conditions. In the result of the evaluation of mechanical properties of these steels, it was confirmed there were steels which indicated different elongation even if they had almost same volume fraction and carbon content of retained austenite. In order to clarify the reason, the conditions of retained austenite and work hardening behavior were investigated i
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35

Grajcar, A., A. Kilarski, K. Radwanski, and R. Swadzba. "Microstructural Features of Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation in Medium-Mn Steels with Metastable Retained Austenite/ Cechy Mikrostrukturalne Indukowanej Odkształceniem Przemiany Martenzytycznej W Stalach Sredniomanganowych Z Metastabilnym Austenitem Szczątkowym." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 4 (2014): 1673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0283.

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Abstract The work addresses relationships between the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of two thermomechanically processed bainitic steels containing 3 and 5% Mn. The steels contain blocky-type and interlath metastable retained austenite embeded between laths of bainitic ferrite. To monitor the transformation behaviour of retained austenite into strain-induced martensite tensile tests were interrupted at 5%, 10%, and rupture strain. The identification of retained austenite and strain-induced martensite was carried out using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy
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36

Kuziak, Roman, Zofia Kania, Valeriy Pidvysots'kyy, Hans Roelofs, Monika Pernach, and Maciej Pietrzyk. "Through Process Modelling of Rolling and Controlled Cooling of TRIP Assisted Bainitic Steel Rods and Prediction of the Retained Austenite in Products." Materials Science Forum 892 (March 2017): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.892.23.

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Simulation of the rolling and controlled cooling sequence for bainitic steel rods was the general objective of the paper. The main focus was put on exploring possibility of prediction of the retained austenite occurrence in TRIP assisted bainitic steels. Existing discrete phase transformation models require long computing times and their application to optimization of industrial processes is limited. Therefore, a model based on the modified JMAK equation was proposed. The occurrence of the retained austenite was predicted by carbon distribution calculations in the austenite during bainite tran
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37

Kozłowska, Aleksandra, Aleksandra Janik, Krzysztof Radwański, and Adam Grajcar. "Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Medium-Mn Steel Deformed at Different Temperatures." Materials 12, no. 18 (2019): 3042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183042.

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The temperature-dependent microstructure evolution and corresponding mechanical stability of retained austenite in medium-Mn transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) 0.17C-3.1Mn-1.6Al type steel obtained by thermomechanical processing was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Specimens were deformed up to rupture in static tensile tests in the temperature range 20–200 °C. It was found that an increase in deformation temperature resulted in the reduced intensity of TRIP effect due to the higher sta
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38

Li, Zhi Feng, Ren Yu Fu, and Qing Shan Li. "Effects of Retained Austenite Stability on Mechanical Properties of High Strength TRIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.287.

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Mechanical stability of retained austenite and its effect on mechanical properties of high strength TRIP steel were studied by means of OM, SEM, TEM, XRD, and mechanical testing after various heat treatments. Results revealed that the film-type retained austenite located between bainite laths with high carbon content showed gradual martensitic transformation with strain, demonstrating a good TRIP effect. Samples annealed at 800°C and held at 420°C showed an optimum value of strength and ductility product up to 18381.2MPa%. Transformation kinetics of the retained austenite were evaluated throug
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39

Pereloma, Elena V., Lai Chang Zhang, Klaus Dieter Liss, et al. "Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Microstructure and Retained Austenite Stability during In Situ Tensile Testing Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction of NbMoAl TRIP Steel." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.741.

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In this work we compare and contrast the stability of retained austenite during tensile testing of Nb-Mo-Al transformation-induced plasticity steel subjected to different thermomechanical processing schedules. The obtained microstructures were characterised using optical metallography, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The transformation of retained austenite to martensite under tensile loading was observed by in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction at 1ID / APS. It has been shown that the variations in the microstructure of the steel, such as volume fractions of present ph
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40

Wiewiórowska, Sylwia. "The Influence of Strain Rate and Strain Intensity on Retained Austenite Content in Structure of Steel with TRIP Effect." Solid State Phenomena 165 (June 2010): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.165.216.

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TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steels are low and medium-carbon steels containing soft ferritic groundmass responsible for low yield point and phases of hard particles such as martensite and/or bainite, which ensure high values of tensile strength. The most important content in structure of TRIP steel is occupied by a non-transformation retained austenite. The advantageous properties of these steels are obtained as a result of martensite transformation generated by plastic deformation process. The retained austenite induces increase of steel plasticity till the moment when by the imp
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41

Yang, Chen, Xi Xi Cui, Zhen Bo Zhao, Gao Hua, and Cheng Liu. "Role of Bulky Retained Austenite in Austempered Ductile Iron." Advanced Materials Research 1142 (January 2017): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1142.19.

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In this investigation, the characteristics of bulky retained austenite in an austempered ductile iron are evaluated in two tempered conditions. which were intially tempered at 200oC for 1h before cooling to room temperature, and then tempered at 350oC for 1h. The result shows that the hardness within retained austenite areas is distributed unevenly with a range from 423 HV to 897 HV, which is attributed to the transformation from austenite to martensite during austempering. Also, the mechanism regarding the quenched marteniste formation is discussed. The poor fatigue resistance of ADI is hypot
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Kakefuda, Naoya, Shintaro Aizawa, Ryo Sakata, Junya Kobayashi, Goroh Itoh, and Tomohiko Hojo. "Effect of Cooling Rate below Ms Temperature on Hydrogen Embrittlement of TRIP-Aided Martensitic Steels." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.654.

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Low alloy TRIP steel is expected to be applied to automobile bodies because of its high strength, high ductility, and excellent impact properties and press formability. It has been reported that the low alloy TRIP steel of hydrogen embrittlement resistance is improved by utilizing the hydrogen storage characteristics of highly stable retained austenite. Therefore, for the purpose of increasing the volume fraction of retained austenite, it was produced at various cooling rates below the martensite transformation start temperature. As a result, the volume fraction of retained austenite increased
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43

Kobayashi, Junya, Hiroto Sawayama, Naoya Kakefuda, Goroh Itoh, Shigeru Kuraoto, and Tomohiko Hojo. "Microstructure and Tensile Properties of TRIP-Aided Steel Sheet Subjected to Hot-Rolling and Austempering." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.732.

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Various high strength steel sheets for weight reduction and safety improvement of vehicles have been developed. TRIP-aided steel with transformation induced plasticity of the retained austenite has high strength and ductility. Conventional TRIP-aided steels are subjected to austempering process after austenitizing. Generally, elongation and formability of TRIP-aided steel are improved by finely dispersed retained austenite in BCC phase matrix. The finely dispersed retained austenite and grain refinement of TRIP-aided steel can be achieved by hot rolling with heat treatment. Therefore, the impr
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Grajcar, Adam, Andrzej Kilarski, and Aleksandra Kozlowska. "Microstructure–Property Relationships in Thermomechanically Processed Medium-Mn Steels with High Al Content." Metals 8, no. 11 (2018): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110929.

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Detailed studies on microstructure–property relationships of thermomechanically processed medium-Mn steels with various manganese contents were carried out. Microscopic techniques of different resolution (LM, SEM, TEM) and X-Ray diffraction methods were applied. Static tensile tests were performed to characterize mechanical properties of the investigated steels and to determine the tendency of retained austenite to strain-induced martensitic transformation. Obtained results allowed to characterize the microstructural aspects of strain-induced martensitic transformation and its effect on the me
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45

Lindsley, Bruce, and Thomas Murphy. "Dimensional Precision in Sinter-Hardening PM Steels." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.665.

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Dimensional precision is a critical parameter in net shape processing of ferrous PM components. Beyond the dimensional changes associated with pressing and sintering of typical low alloy PM steels, sinter-hardening alloys undergo a transformation from austenite to martensite. The formation of martensite results in a large expansion during cooling, as martensite is the lowest density phase in steels. Tempering hardened steels results in shrinkage, as the martensite converts to a ferrite and carbide microstructure of higher density. Both of these transformations have a large impact on the dimens
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46

Emadoddin, E., A. Akbarzadeh, R. Petrov, L. Kestens, and H. Pirgazi. "Influence of cold-rolling reduction on retained austenite texture in cold-rolled and intercritically annealed TRIP-assisted steel." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 6 (2011): 1190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811041069.

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The newly developed multiphase transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels are of interest for industrial applications because of their excellent combination of high strength and ductility. Their performance can be successfully controlled by designing an optimum balance in the volume fractions of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite. The characteristics of the retained austenite are considered to be the main key to achieving the desired final properties. Against this background, the effects of retained austenite characteristics, such as volume fraction, carbon concentration, size and sh
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47

Hojo, Tomohiko, Takuya Kochi, and Koh Ichi Sugimoto. "Effects of Warm Working on Microstructural and Shear Deformation Properties of TRIP-Aided Martenitic Steel." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 2312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2312.

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The effects of warm working on microstructural, retained austenite characteristics and shear deformation properties of 0.2C–1.5Si–1.5Mn–1.0Cr–0.2Mo TRIP-aided martensitic (TM) steel for applications to automotive frame and forging parts were investigated. When warm working at 550 °C and post cooling at 1 °C/s was conducted to the TM steel, volume fractions of retained austenite and martensite-austenite constituent phase increased and mixture matrix of ultra fine granular bainitic ferrite and fine bainitic ferrite lath was obtained, whereas microstructure of TM steel warm worked at 750 °C exhib
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48

Lan, Hui Fang, Xiang Hua Liu, and Lin Xiu Du. "Ultra-Hard Bainitic Steels Processed through Low Temperature Heat Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1708.

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Relative high carbon steel bearing Cr and Mo with microstructure consisting of nanoscaled bainitic laths and certain amount of retained austenite was produced through the combination of rolling and isothermal/multi-step heat treatment at low temperatures. The effect of the heat treatment temperature, time and path on the volume fraction of retained austenite and the width of bainitic lath was investigated. Nanoindentation was applied to inspect the separate hardness of the tiny bainite and retained austenite for different heat treatment parameters. The results showed that bainitic lath treated
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49

Grajcar, Adam, and Mateusz Morawiec. "Microstructure-Property Relationships in Medium-Mn Steels with Metastable Retained Austenite." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.619.

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The study addresses relationships between the microstructure and mechanical properties of thermomechanically processed carbide-free bainitic steels containing 3% and 5% Mn. A simulated thermomechanical processing using Gleeble equipment and thermomechanical hot strip rolling were applied to produce fine-grained mixtures of blocky-type and interlath metastable retained austenite embeded between bainitic ferrite laths. To monitor the transformation behaviour of retained austenite into strain-induced martensite interrupted tensile tests were applied. The identification of morphological features o
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50

Park, Seong Jun, Dong Woo Suh, Chang Seok Oh, and Sung Joon Kim. "Crystallographic Texture in Low Alloy TRIP Steel." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.1423.

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Low alloy transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels have a complex microstructure consisting of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite. Their excellent mechanical properties are ascribed to the martensitic transformation of retained austenite during plastic deformation. In the present contribution, the crystallographic texture of fcc and bcc phases in TRIP steels was measured by means of orientation mapping. The austenite texture was close to a typical rolling texture of fcc metals. For bcc phase, the effects of orientation and grain size on the distribution of pattern quality were inve
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