Journal articles: 'Retaining walls – Design and construction'

1

Day, Robert W. "Design and Construction of Cantilevered Retaining Walls." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 2, no. 1 (February 1997): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(1997)2:1(16).

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Garga, Vinod K., and Vince O'Shaughnessy. "Tire-reinforced earthfill. Part 1: Construction of a test fill, performance, and retaining wall design." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-084.

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The satisfactory disposal of scrap tires is a major environmental problem worldwide. This waste occupies valuable space in landfill sites, and tire stockpiles pose serious health and fire hazards. The use of scrap tires as reinforcement for construction of retaining walls and slopes is a viable method towards reduction of this waste. This paper describes the construction of a 57 m high × 17 m wide instrumented test fill, comprising both retaining wall and reinforced slope sections. Approximately 10 000 whole tires and tires with one sidewall removed, tied together with polypropylene rope, were used in both cohesionless and cohesive backfills. The testing program also included plate loading tests, field pull-out tests on tire mats, water-quality assessment in the field and laboratory, and other complementary laboratory testing. This first paper, in a series of three, demonstrates the practical feasibility of constructing reinforced earth fills using scrap tires. Results of large plate load tests and the field behaviour with particular reference to the design of the retaining wall sections are presented. The paper emphasizes the role of negative wall friction in increasing the active thrust when the retaining wall becomes more compressible than the backfill. Recommendations for the design of retaining walls using scrap tires are presented.Key words: scrap tires, earth reinforcement, retaining walls, reinforced slopes, plate load test, construction, performance.

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Wen, Hua, Jiu-jiang Wu, Jiao-li Zou, Xin Luo, Min Zhang, and Chengzhuang Gu. "Model Tests on the Retaining Walls Constructed from Geobags Filled with Construction Waste." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4971312.

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Geobag retaining wall using construction waste is a new flexible supporting structure, and the usage of construction waste to fill geobags can facilitate the construction recycling. In this paper, model tests were performed on geobag retaining wall using construction waste. The investigation was concentrated on the slope top settlement, the distribution characteristics of the earth pressures on retaining walls and horizontal wall displacements, and slope failure modes. The results indicated that the ultimate loads that the slope tops with retaining walls could bear were 87.5%~125% higher than that of the slope top without retaining walls. The ultimate loading of strengthened slopes with different slope ratios from 1 : 0.75 to 1 : 0.25 could be reduced by 11.8% to 29.4%. The horizontal displacements of the retaining walls constructed from geobags were distributed in a drum shape, with the greatest horizontal displacements occurring about 1/3~1/2 of the wall height away from the bottom of the wall. As the slope ratio increased, the failure of the slope soil supported by geobag retaining wall using construction waste changed from sliding to sliding-toppling (dominated by sliding) and then to toppling-sliding (dominated by toppling). The range of 1/3~1/2 of wall height is the weak part of the retaining walls, which should be strengthened with certain measures during the process of design and construction.

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Ahn, Kwangkuk, and Hongsig Kang. "Behavior of Reinforced Retaining Walls with Different Reinforcement Spacing during Vehicle Collisions." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/920628.

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Accidents involving vehicles crashing into reinforced retaining walls are increasing because of the increased construction of reinforced retaining walls on roads. Unlike a normal retaining wall, a reinforced retaining wall is not one united body but is made up of blocks. Hence, a reinforced wall can break down when a vehicle crashes into it. The behavior of such a wall during vehicle collision depends upon the reinforcement material used for its construction, its design, and the method of the construction. In this study, the behavior of a reinforced retaining wall was analyzed while changing the reinforcement spacing using LS-DYNA, a general finite-element program. Eight tons of truck weight was used for the numerical analysis model. The behavior of a reinforced retaining wall under variable reinforcement spacing and positioning was analyzed. The results indicated that the reinforcement material was an important resistance factor against external collision load.

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Talatahari, S., R. Sheikholeslami, M. Shadfaran, and M. Pourbaba. "Optimum Design of Gravity Retaining Walls Using Charged System Search Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/301628.

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This study focuses on the optimum design retaining walls, as one of the familiar types of the retaining walls which may be constructed of stone masonry, unreinforced concrete, or reinforced concrete. The material cost is one of the major factors in the construction of gravity retaining walls therefore, minimizing the weight or volume of these systems can reduce the cost. To obtain an optimal seismic design of such structures, this paper proposes a method based on a novel meta-heuristic algorithm. The algorithm is inspired by the Coulomb's and Gauss’s laws of electrostatics in physics, and it is called charged system search (CSS). In order to evaluate the efficiency of this algorithm, an example is utilized. Comparing the results of the retaining wall designs obtained by the other methods illustrates a good performance of the CSS. In this paper, we used the Mononobe-Okabe method which is one of the pseudostatic approaches to determine the dynamic earth pressure.

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D'Andrea, Robert, and Robert W. Day. "Discussion and Closure: Design and Construction of Cantilevered Retaining Walls." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 3, no. 2 (May 1998): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(1998)3:2(87).

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Gofar, Nurly, and Hanafiah. "Contribution of suction on the stability of reinforced-soil retaining wall." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819503004.

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Existing design methods of a reinforced-soil retaining wall were established for walls with cohesionless soil backfill. However, local soil has been used widely in the construction of such a wall for economic reasons. Laboratory and numerical studies have pointed out the merit of using cohesive backfill in association with geosynthetic reinforcement. Since the compacted soil was in an unsaturated condition during the construction of the reinforced wall, the apparent cohesion derived from both soil mineralogy and suction could contribute to the stability of the wall. This paper considers methods to include the suction contribution to the existing design guidelines based on slope stability analysis, i.e. simplified method and simplified stiffness method. The analyses were carried out on a case study of geosynthetics reinforced soil retaining wall. Results show that the contribution of suction as part of cohesion existing in the cohesive backfill could be considered for the stability analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls using the available design guidelines.

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Thi Thu Nga, Nguyen, Ngo Van Thuc, Lam Thanh Quang Khai, and Nguyen Thanh Trung. "The effect of the setback angle on overturning stability of the retaining wall." Transport and Communications Science Journal 72, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.72.1.8.

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Retaining walls are a relatively common type of protective structure in construction to hold soil behind them. The form of the retaining wall is also relatively diverse with changing setback angle. Design cross-selection of retaining wall virtually ensures the stability of the retaining wall depends on many aspects. It is essential to consider these to bring the overall picture. For this reason, the authors selected a research paper on the influence of the setback angle on the overturning stability of the retaining wall. To evaluate the behavior stability of retaining wall with some key factors having different levels such as setback angle, internal friction angle of the soil, the slope of the backfill is based on the design of the experiment (DOE) with useful statistical analysis tools. These, proposing the necessary technical requirements in choosing significant cross-sections of retaining structure to suit natural terrain and save construction costs, ensure safety for the project.

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Qiu, Gang, and Xin Sheng Ge. "The Research of the Governance of Instability Retaining Wall." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.85.

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According to retaining walls of joint construction buildings and office building of the mine of three yuan weizi town, outdoor pavement reinforcement of engineering practice, introduced the design parameters and construction process of the high-pressure jet grouting pile, soil nail wall and drilling grouting, the results showed that reinforcement scheme is reasonable and feasible, there is reference to other similar projects.

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Skochko, Liudmyla, Viktor Nosenko, Vasyl Pidlutskyi, and Oleksandr Gavryliuk. "Influence of parameters of retaining walls and loose soils on the stability of slopes in the new construction of residential complexes." Bases and Foundations, no. 40 (June 4, 2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/0475-1132.40.2020.65-75.

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The stability of the slope in the existing and design provisions is investigated, the constructive decisions of retaining walls on protection of the territory of construction of a residential complex in a zone of a slope are substantiated. The stability of the slope when using rational landslide structures is estimated. The results of the calculation of the slope stability for five characteristic sections on the basis of engineering-geological survey are analyzed. For each of the given sections the finite-element scheme according to the last data on change of a relief is created. The slope was formed artificially by filling the existing ravine with construction debris from the demolition of old houses and from the excavation of ditches for the first houses of the complex. Five sections along the slope are considered and its stability in the natural state and design positions is determined. Also the constructive decisions of retaining walls on protection of the territory of construction of a residential complex as along the slope there are bulk soils with various difference of heights are substantiated. This requires a separate approach to the choice of parameters of retaining walls, namely the dimensions of the piles and their mutual placement, as well as the choice of the angle of the bulk soil along the slope. The calculations were performed using numerical simulation of the stress-strain state of the system "slope soils-retaining wall" using the finite element method. An elastic-plastic model of soil deformation with a change in soil parameters (deformation module) depending on the level of stresses in the soil is adopted. Hardening soil model (HSM) used. Calculations of slope stability involve taking into account the technological sequence of erection of retaining walls and modeling of the phased development of the pit. The simulation was performed in several stages: Stage 1 - determination of stresses from the own shaft, Stage 2 - assessment of slope stability before construction, Stage 3 - installation of retaining wall piles, Stage 4 - assessment of slope stability after landslides. Based on these studies, practical recommendations were developed for the design of each section of the retaining wall in accordance with the characteristic cross-sections.

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Kim, Young Je, Hyuk Sang Jung, Yong Joo Lee, Dong Wook Oh, Min Son, and Hwan Hee Yoon. "Behaviour Analysis of Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall According to Laboratory Scale Test." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030901.

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Reinforced soil retaining wall are ground structures that can be readily seen all around us. The development of reinforcements to these walls and their demand have increased rapidly. These walls are advantageous because they can be used not only in simple construction compared with reinforced concrete retaining walls but also when the height of the wall needs to be higher. However, unlike reinforced concrete retaining walls, in which the walls are integrated and resist the earth pressure on the back, the block-type reinforced earth retaining wall method secures its structural stability by frictional force between the buried land and reinforcements. A phenomenon in which a block is cracked or dropped owing to deformation has been frequently reported. In particular, this phenomenon is concentrated at the curved parts of a reinforced soil retaining wall and is mainly known as a stress concentration. However, to date, the design of reinforced soil retaining walls has been limited by the two-dimensional plane strain condition and has not considered the characteristics of the curved part. There is a lack of research on curved part. Therefore, this research determines the behavioural characteristics of curved-part reinforced soil retaining walls with regard to the shape (convex or concave) and angle (60°, 90°, 120°, and 150°). The displacement generated in the straight part and the curved part was analysed through an Laboratory Scale Test. The results showed that the horizontal displacement of the curved part increases as a convex angle becomes smaller, and the horizontal displacement of the curved part decreases as a concave angle becomes smaller. At the center (D and H have the same length, but H represents the height and D represents the separation distance from the center of the curved part) of the convex curve, the horizontal displacement of the 0.5 D section decreased to 13.8%; it decreased to 41.0% in the 1.0 D section. For concave angles, it was revealed that the horizontal displacement from the center 0.0 D to the 0.5 D section of the curved part increased by 25%, and from the 1.0 D section, by 75%. It was confirmed that the displacement difference was largely based on the value of 0.5 D. It was judged that this can be used as basic data for the design and construction guidelines for reinforced soil retaining wall of reinforced soil retaining walls.

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Varga, Rok, Bojan Žlender, and Primož Jelušič. "Multiparametric Analysis of a Gravity Retaining Wall." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 6233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136233.

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The design of a gravity retaining wall should be simple to construct, quick to build and the best economic solution to a problem. This can be achieved by using advanced optimization methods. Since geotechnical engineers are not always able to determine the exact soil properties and other project data, an optimal design of a gravity retaining wall should also be determined for a wide range of input parameters. Therefore, a multiparametric analysis of an optimal designed gravity retaining wall was carried out. Optimum designs of gravity retaining walls were obtained for 567 combinations of different design parameters. Diagrams were developed to help engineers determine the optimum section of the wall, based on construction costs. An exhaustive search was carried out within the available parameters (project data). The parameters were ranked according to which had the most influence on the optimum cost of the gravity retaining wall and the utilization of multiple constraints. The most important parameter for the optimal cost of a gravity retaining wall is the height of the retained ground, followed by the shear angle of the soil, the soil–wall interaction coefficient, the slope angle and the variable surcharge load. The shear angle of the soil is most relevant to the bearing capacity and eccentricity condition, while the soil–wall interaction coefficient is most relevant to the sliding condition. Since European countries apply different load, material and resistance safety factors, the optimization model was developed in a general form, where different design approaches and unit prices could be applied. The case study provides an improved optimization model for selecting the optimal design of gravity walls, for engineers.

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Ha, Yongsoo, Gichul Kweon, and Yuntae Kim. "Monitoring Technique Using a Vision-based Single-Camera System for Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.209.

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Reinforced soil retaining walls are widely applied, and their frequency of collapse increases along with their use. Safety inspections are regularly conducted to ensure the structural safety of such walls. However, unexpected collapses occur for different reasons, such as design and construction problems, maintenance issues, and natural disasters including intensive rainfall. In this study, a single-camera system is proposed to evaluate the behavior of a retaining wall based on a single-perspective image. Various feature matching methods were compared to determine the optimal method for monitoring the retaining wall structure. The behaviors of the retaining wall structure were analyzed using the optimal method. The results indicate that the KAZE method provides the best results for monitoring the behaviors of a retaining wall, with errors ranging from 0.03% to 7.37%. The proposed single-camera system is widely used to evaluate the stability of a structure with high accuracy.

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Yepes, Víctor, José V. Martí, and José García. "Black Hole Algorithm for Sustainable Design of Counterfort Retaining Walls." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072767.

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The optimization of the cost and CO 2 emissions in earth-retaining walls is of relevance, since these structures are often used in civil engineering. The optimization of costs is essential for the competitiveness of the construction company, and the optimization of emissions is relevant in the environmental impact of construction. To address the optimization, black hole metaheuristics were used, along with a discretization mechanism based on min–max normalization. The stability of the algorithm was evaluated with respect to the solutions obtained; the steel and concrete values obtained in both optimizations were analyzed. Additionally, the geometric variables of the structure were compared. Finally, the results obtained were compared with another algorithm that solved the problem. The results show that there is a trade-off between the use of steel and concrete. The solutions that minimize CO 2 emissions prefer the use of concrete instead of those that optimize the cost. On the other hand, when comparing the geometric variables, it is seen that most remain similar in both optimizations except for the distance between buttresses. When comparing with another algorithm, the results show a good performance in optimization using the black hole algorithm.

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Mangushev, Rashid A., and Alexandr B. Fadeev. "THE ACCOUNT OF OPTIONS SHEET OF WALLS PROFILE LARSEN IN THE DESIGN OF EXCAVATIONS SUPPORTING." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2017-13-4-114-120.

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Bending stiffness and strength of steel sheet retaining walls is strongly dependent on shear resistance of pile interlocks. This fact, usually, is not taken into account in domestic practice of design and construction of sheet walls

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Rubin, Oleg D., Sergey E. Lisichkin, and Fedor A. Pashchenko. "Results of experimental researches of reinforced concrete retaining walls." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 16, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2020-16-2-152-160.

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Relevance. Hydroelectric facilities include reinforced concrete retaining walls. They are intended to protect the main structures from the collapse and sliding of soil massifs. Retaining walls are characterized by significant size, relatively low content of reinforcement, the presence of horizontal interblock seams, which considerably affects the features of the work and the state of retaining walls. The normative documents that were in force during the design and construction of most retaining walls (the second half of the last century) did not fully take into account the features of the retaining walls, as a result of which long-term operation revealed deviations from the design premises, including excessive displacement of the top of the walls, the disclosure of horizontal interblock joints, which exceeded the design values. In a number of cases, reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls were reinforced in areas of interblock joints. The aim of the work is to conduct experimental studies of reinforced concrete retaining walls, including taking into account their reinforcement by inclined reinforcing bars. Methods. The technique of experimental studies of hydraulic engineering reinforced concrete structures was applied in accordance with regulatory documents and the developed program of experimental studies of reinforced concrete retaining walls. The results obtained showed the opening of horizontal interblock joints, the formation of inclined cracks emerging from the joints. An increase in the strength of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls and a decrease in their deformability due to reinforcement by inclined rods in the area of the interblock weld were recorded.

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Lissel, S. L., N. G. Shrive, and J. Gilliland. "Design of carbon fibre reinforced polymer post-tensioned masonry diaphragm retaining walls." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-008.

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Two masonry diaphragm retaining walls were constructed on the University of Calgary campus and post-tensioned with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons. As these are the first masonry diaphragm walls post-tensioned with CFRP tendons outside of a laboratory, one objective in the design was to provide a wide margin of safety, especially concerning the effective, or sustained, prestressing force and losses. The tendons are unbonded, so guidance chairs were placed during construction to meet the requirements of the clauses expected in the next edition of the Canadian masonry design code. Research has shown that the strength of masonry to resist shear in the webs is enhanced by the normal stress induced by post-tensioning, so this was used in the design. The webs of the walls interlock with the flanges, imposing restrictions on the spacing of the webs. A centre-to-centre spacing of 500 mm was selected, with one tendon per cavity. The design of the walls and capping beams is detailed, and the construction sequence and monitoring program are described briefly. Key words: post-tensioning, masonry, retaining walls, design, FRP tendons, corrosion free

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HOWDEN, C., and J. D. CRAWLEY. "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE RETAINING WALL." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 108, no. 5 (February 1995): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/icien.1995.27314.

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Kayabekir, Aylin Ece, Zülal Akbay Arama, Gebrail Bekdaş, and İlknur Dalyan. "L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining wall design: cost and sizing optimization." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.03.005.

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In the context of this study, the design of L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining walls have been scrutinized parametrically depending on the simultaneous analysis of cost and sizing with the use of a recent optimization algorithm. The differences and restrictions of L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining wall design than classical T-shaped walls have been also discussed. The foundation width and the thickness of the wall required for a safe design has been also investigated according to the change of excavation depth, the type of soil dominating field and the external loading conditions. The observed results from optimization analyses shows that the variation of the shear strength angle is the most significant soil geotechnical parameter for supplying an envisaged safe design against sliding, overturning and adequate bearing capacity. Concurrently, the excavation depth is the most important factor that is forming the necessity of the construction of the retaining structure and optimal dimension evaluation. It is also proved that the wall foundation width is the most effected dimension of the retaining structures by the change of design parameters and the cost difference is directly influenced by the change of sizing. A cost-effective wall design can be performed with the use of proposed optimization analysis is capable in a shorter time than the traditional methods. Eventually, it has shown that such optimization methods may be useful to find the optimal design requirements for geotechnical engineering structures.

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Moayyeri, Neda, Sadjad Gharehbaghi, and Vagelis Plevris. "Cost-Based Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Considering Different Methods of Bearing Capacity Computation." Mathematics 7, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7121232.

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This paper investigates the effect of computing the bearing capacity through different methods on the optimum construction cost of reinforced concrete retaining walls (RCRWs). Three well-known methods of Meyerhof, Hansen, and Vesic are used for the computation of the bearing capacity. In order to model and design the RCRWs, a code is developed in MATLAB. To reach a design with minimum construction cost, the design procedure is structured in the framework of an optimization problem in which the initial construction cost of the RCRW is the objective function to be minimized. The design criteria (both geotechnical and structural limitations) are considered constraints of the optimization problem. The geometrical dimensions of the wall and the amount of steel reinforcement are used as the design variables. To find the optimum solution, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed. Three numerical examples with different wall heights are used to capture the effect of using different methods of bearing capacity on the optimal construction cost of the RCRWs. The results demonstrate that, in most cases, the final design based on the Meyerhof method corresponds to a lower construction cost. The research findings also reveal that the difference among the optimum costs of the methods is decreased by increasing the wall height.

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Bathurst, Richard J., Nicholas Vlachopoulos, Dave L. Walters, Peter G. Burgess, and Tony M. Allen. "The influence of facing stiffness on the performance of two geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-076.

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Current limit equilibrium-based design methods for the internal stability design of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls in North America are based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Simplified Method. A deficiency of this approach is that the influence of the facing type on reinforcement loads is not considered. This paper reports the results of two instrumented full-scale walls constructed in a large test facility at the Royal Military College of Canada. The walls were nominally identical except one wall was constructed with a stiff face and the other with a flexible wrapped face. The peak reinforcement loads in the flexible wall were about three and a half times greater than the stiff-face wall at the end of construction and about two times greater at the end of surcharging. The stiff-face wall analysis using the Simplified Method gave a maximum reinforcement load value that was one and a half times greater than the measured value at the end of construction. Furthermore, the surcharge pressure required to reach the creep-limited strength of the reinforcement was about two times greater than the predicted value. The results demonstrate quantitatively that a stiff facing in a reinforced soil wall is a structural component that can lead to significant reductions in reinforcement loads compared to flexible facing systems.Key words: geosynthetics, retaining walls, reinforced soil, wrapped face, structural facings.

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Melentev, Alexey, and Vladimir Korovkin. "Calculation of Retaining Walls with Anchoring at Different Levels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.185.

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Shows the proposed method for the calculation of mirroring duhaney retaining wall. This method is through the use of multiple design schemes can more accurately determine the lateral pressure on the wall, given compliance supports. In this case, the bending moment diagram in the wall and supports efforts depend on the variable diagrams of lateral pressure on the wall associated with the position of the line relative to its elastic neutral axis. Given the uncertainty about the quantities displacement of supports, it is proposed to take into account the upper limit of the voltage equal to the appearance of the yield plateau in the anchor rod. In this case, the plastic yielding of the anchor rod to limit effort in it, due to the redistribution of stresses to the other rod. Practical recommendations for the optimal production of works in the construction of continuous dvuhankerny walls.

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Denies, Nicolas, and Noël Huybrechts. "Deep mixing method for the construction of earth and water retaining walls." RILEM Technical Letters 2 (September 21, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2017.27.

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In the deep mixing method, the ground is mechanically mixed in place while a binder, often based on cement, is injected. After hardening of the soil-cement mixture, called soil mix material, soil mix elements are formed in the ground. Originally known as a ground improvement technique, the deep mixing is more and more applied for the construction of earth-water retaining structures within the framework of excavation works. After a short introduction to the execution aspects of the method, the authors discuss the hydro-mechanical properties of the soil mix material mainly based on the results of the BBRI Soil Mix project (2009-2013). A design approach dedicated to the soil mix retaining walls and developed in collaboration with the SBRCURnet is then presented. In this methodology, which is in line with the structural Eurocodes, design rules are adapted to the functions of the soil mix wall (earth-water retaining, bearing and cut-off functions) including the temporary or permanent character of the application. Based on the result of large-scale bending tests, the interaction between the soil mix material and the steel reinforcement is considered in the calculations allowing a reduction of the steel section between 10 and 40 %.

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Packer, David, Peter Masters, and Greg Riordan. "Port Botany expansion project, Sydney, Australia: design and construction of counterfort retaining walls." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 166, no. 5 (May 2013): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.12.00028.

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Nakazawa, Hiroshi, Kazuya Usukura, Tadashi Hara, Daisuke Suetsugu, Kentaro Kuribayashi, Tsuyoshi Nishi, Shun Kimura, and Shoji Shimomura. "Problems in Earthquake Resistance Evaluation of Gabion Retaining Wall Based on Shake Table Test with Full-Scale Model." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 9 (December 1, 2019): 1154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1154.

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The earthquake (Mw 7.3) that struck Nepal on April 25, 2015 caused damage to many civil engineering and architectural structures. While several road gabion retaining walls in mountainous regions incurred damage, there was very little information that could be used to draw up earthquake countermeasures in Nepal, because there have been few construction cases or case studies of gabion structures, nor have there been experimental or analytical studies on their earthquake resistance. Therefore, we conducted a shake table test using a full-scale gabion retaining wall to evaluate earthquake resistance. From the experiments, it was found that although gabion retaining walls display a flexible structure and deform easily due to the soil pressure of the backfill, they are resilient structures that tend to resist collapse. Yet, because retaining walls are assumed to be rigid bodies in the conventional stability computations used to design them, the characteristics of gabions as flexible structures are not taken advantage of. In this study, we propose an approach to designing gabion retaining walls by comparing the active collapse surface estimated by the trial wedge method, and the experiment results obtained from a full-scale model of a vertically-stacked wall, which is a structure employed in Nepal that is vulnerable to earthquake damage. When the base of the estimated slip line was raised for the trial wedge method, its height was found to be in rough agreement with the depth at which the gabion retaining wall deformed drastically in the experiment. Thus, we were able to demonstrate the development of a method for evaluating the seismic stability of gabion retaining walls that takes into consideration their flexibility by adjusting the base of the trial soil wedge.

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Zakrzewska, Aleksandra, and Jacek Korentz. "Numerical Analysis of Structural and Material Solutions for Selected Retaining Walls." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2020-0012.

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AbstractDesigning retaining structures depends on many factors, primarily the function of the retaining structure and soil conditions. It is not easy to choose the right retaining structure due to the great variety of their structural and material solutions. Preliminary numerical analyses in this case can be very useful. This article presents the results of numerical analyses of the behaviour of retaining structures and soil for various structural and material solutions as well as defined soil and water conditions. Six variants of retaining structures were analysed, in which the type of retaining walls, the materials used and the height of the walls were varied. The assessment was done basing on maps of stress and displacement of the retaining structure and soil. An additional factor in the selection of retaining structures are costs, durability and lead time. The finite element method allows the analysis of the behaviour of the structure - soil system. It enables comparison of various construction variants at the design stage and selection of the best solution in given soil and water conditions for the set selection criteria.

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Pashchenko, Fedor A. "Experimental-theoretical studies of hydrotechnical angular-type retaining walls." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-1-82-91.

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Relevance. Retaining walls are common structures that are part of waterworks. They have the characteristic features of hydraulic structures, such as large dimensions, low percentages of reinforcement (up to 1.0%), horizontal interblock joints. The listed features determine the nature of the work and the stress-strain state of the retaining walls. The main loads on the rear faces of the retaining walls are loads from the action of the backfill soil. The incomplete consideration of the design features and the nature of the loads action in the design of a number of retaining walls that are in the stage of long-term operation has caused the need to strengthen them. One of the reinforcement methods was to install reinforcement rods in drilled inclined holes in the zones of horizontal interblock joints. It was necessary to conduct experimental studies of reinforced concrete retaining walls under the action of various loads, in particular conside- ring the reinforcement by inclined rods. The aim of the experimental research was to study the effect of variable load on the stress-strain state of these structures, among others with due regard to inclined reinforcement installed in the zones of horizontal interblock joints. When solving the set tasks, proven experimental methods of researching reinforced concrete structures of hydrotechnical structures were used. Results. Experimental data from the study of models of retaining walls, including those with reinforcement by inclined reinforcement, at different locations of the resultant load on rear faces of models were obtained. An experimental substantiation of the reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures of retaining walls with an inclined reinforcement crossing horizontal construction joints has been carried out.

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Fok, Paul, Bian Hong Neo, Dazhi Wen, and Chepurthy Veeresh. "Design and construction of earth retaining walls for deep excavation – a risk management process." IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering 5, no. 3 (August 2012): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19373260.2012.696441.

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Yasrifullah, Achmad, and Adriani Adriani. "THE DESIGN OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALLS ON THE RIVER SLOPES OF KUIN." CERUCUK 4, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/crc.v4i1.3580.

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North Kuin Street, North Kuin, North Banjarmasin Subdistrict, South Kalimantan Sub-district is right on the outskirts of Kuin River. Precisely the road that is in front of the Sultan Suriansyah Mosque, where the road has experienced cracks that can potentially occur landslides. In the event of an avalanche, it will result in obstructed traffic activities on the road which also affect the economy of the surrounding community. So from that the soil retaining wall is needed to maintain the stability of the land on the outskirts of the Kuin River so that landslides do not occur.This design begins with identifying problems that occur. Next is data collection of investigations in the field and laboratory. Then the data obtained are analyzed and interpreted and then visualized in the form of stratigraphy by plotting the type of soil by the results of sondir and boring that have been interpreted. After that, check the initial condition of the slope so that the shape of the avalanche can be identified. Then proceed with calculating the forces acting on the retaining wall due to traffic loads and other loads above it to obtain carrying capacity from the ground. Then proceed with modeling and analysis using Geo Studio 2012 software to see the value of SF (safety factor). At the end of the calculation the volume and price of the work unit are calculated to obtain the amount of the budget plan (RAB). From the results of the analysis of the design of anchor plaster, it was obtained a box profile of FSP VIL steel plaster with a total length of 28 m plaster. At stake uses a steel pipe with a diameter of 91.44 cm which is set at a depth of 28 m. For slope stability with pile reinforcement obtained SF = 1.835> 1.5, it can be said to be safe. Based on the calculation of the volume and price of the work unit, this design requires a cost of Rp. 7,340,166,486, -

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Camp, Charles V., and Alper Akin. "Design of Retaining Walls Using Big Bang–Big Crunch Optimization." Journal of Structural Engineering 138, no. 3 (March 2012): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000461.

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Martínez-Muñoz, David, José V. Martí, José García, and Víctor Yepes. "Embodied Energy Optimization of Buttressed Earth-Retaining Walls with Hybrid Simulated Annealing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041800.

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The importance of construction in the consumption of natural resources is leading structural design professionals to create more efficient structure designs that reduce emissions as well as the energy consumed. This paper presents an automated process to obtain low embodied energy buttressed earth-retaining wall optimum designs. Two objective functions were considered to compare the difference between a cost optimization and an embodied energy optimization. To reach the best design for every optimization criterion, a tuning of the algorithm parameters was carried out. This study used a hybrid simulated optimization algorithm to obtain the values of the geometry, the concrete resistances, and the amounts of concrete and materials to obtain an optimum buttressed earth-retaining wall low embodied energy design. The relation between all the geometric variables and the wall height was obtained by adjusting the linear and parabolic functions. A relationship was found between the two optimization criteria, and it can be concluded that cost and energy optimization are linked. This allows us to state that a cost reduction of €1 has an associated energy consumption reduction of 4.54 kWh. To achieve a low embodied energy design, it is recommended to reduce the distance between buttresses with respect to economic optimization. This decrease allows a reduction in the reinforcing steel needed to resist stem bending. The difference between the results of the geometric variables of the foundation for the two-optimization objectives reveals hardly any variation between them. This work gives technicians some rules to get optimum cost and embodied energy design. Furthermore, it compares designs obtained through these two optimization objectives with traditional design recommendations.

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Bolander, Peter. "Design and Construction of Welded Wire Retaining Walls in the Siuslaw and Willamette National Forests." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2473, no. 1 (January 2015): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2473-13.

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Tian, Jin Zhou, and Bing Shuang Yan. "Research and Application of the Type about Rapid Prototyping Mold Bag Retaining Wall Applied to Filling Stope Drift Ends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 1411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.1411.

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Coal mining and filling connection is very fast in continuous mining and filling working face. How to build airtight walls at ends of filling stope drift efficiently is one of the bottleneck problems, which restricts production improving in continuous mining working face. This paper presented a design idea of the rapid prototyping mold bag wall, analyzed its structure, did much research and finally provided the design. Field application showed that it improved construction efficiency and reduced cost.

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Qingbiao, Wang, Zhang Cong, Wang Tiantian, Bai Yun, LÜ Rongshan, Xu Lei, Zhang Junxian, et al. "The Mechanical Property of Bidirectional Geogrid and its Application Research in Retaining Wall Design." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (September 10, 2015): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801509010214.

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The introduction and rise of new geotechnical composite material greatly promote the development of civil engineering construction. Studying the mechanical properties of bidirectional geogrid and determining the reinforced soil retaining wall design calculation based on the friction reinforcement theory provide theoretical basis and research foundation for its application in the practical engineering. The mechanical properties of bidirectional geogrid are analyzed in depth through theoretical analysis, experimental research and numerical simulation. The mechanical property tests in light of different affecting factors are studied and the application of geogrid material in the reinforced soil retaining wall is simulated, thus yielding the conclusions as follows: (1) Study the mechanical properties in different temperature, loading and packing with the help of indoor pullout test and analyze the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of the geogrids in theory. (2) Analyze the reinforced soil retaining wall with friction reinforcement principle. Determine the calculation method of soil pressure and reinforcement and the check formula of the overall stability of the whole wall design and calculate the geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall in theory. (3) Simulate the bidirectional geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall with FLAC3D and analyze the force of the retaining wall. Study the stress-strain curve according to the parameters of reinforced geogrid and retaining wall and analyze the overall force to guide the safety of the site construction. (4) Apply to the reinforced soil the retaining wall design. Thus the result is achieved that bidirectional geogrid is simple in construction, excellent in performance and economic in cost and has a good application prospect and social benefit.

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Esposito, Steven, and Husam Najm. "Comparison of AASHTO LRFD and ASD specifications for structural design of cantilever abutments and retaining walls." Bridge Structures 6, no. 3,4 (2010): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/brs-2010-013.

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MOTOI, Yasuo. "DESIGN VALUE OF EARTH RETAINING WALLS BY THE WINKLERIAN MODEL WITH SPRINGS ON THE BOTH SIDES OF THE WALL." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 74, no. 641 (2009): 1345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.74.1345.

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Chmielewski, Ryszard. "Analysis of retaining wall stability in areas specified in register of objects of cultural heritage." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817403010.

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The case study of the assurance of retaining wall stability in densely urbanized conservation and cultural heritage areas are described in this paper. During The Second World War many of these historic buildings in Warsaw were completely or partially destroyed and until these days their remains constitute elements of the existing building development of the capital of Poland. This may be connected with a change in the nature of applied loads as well as current functions of these buildings. The results of expert opinions and investigations are presented, regarding the operational and technical state of two retaining walls submitted to an expert before the repair works. When designing the design concept, both the historic character of structures, the technical feasibility of performing construction works in the densely urbanized area, as well as determined water and ground conditions were considered. The first of the analysed cases concerns the retaining wall localised in the vicinity of the Ordynacka Street and the Tamka street. After analysing the historical aerial photographs, it was found that the retaining wall constitutes an underground part of the apartment house destroyed during the warfare. The second case study refers to Warsaw Old Town - the retaining wall ensuring the stability of the Vistula escarpment along Brzozowa Street in Warsaw.

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García, José, José V. Martí, and Víctor Yepes. "The Buttressed Walls Problem: An Application of a Hybrid Clustering Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm." Mathematics 8, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8060862.

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The design of reinforced earth retaining walls is a combinatorial optimization problem of interest due to practical applications regarding the cost savings involved in the design and the optimization in the amount of CO 2 emissions generated in its construction. On the other hand, this problem presents important challenges in computational complexity since it involves 32 design variables; therefore we have in the order of 10 20 possible combinations. In this article, we propose a hybrid algorithm in which the particle swarm optimization method is integrated that solves optimization problems in continuous spaces with the db-scan clustering technique, with the aim of addressing the combinatorial problem of the design of reinforced earth retaining walls. This algorithm optimizes two objective functions: the carbon emissions embedded and the economic cost of reinforced concrete walls. To assess the contribution of the db-scan operator in the optimization process, a random operator was designed. The best solutions, the averages, and the interquartile ranges of the obtained distributions are compared. The db-scan algorithm was then compared with a hybrid version that uses k-means as the discretization method and with a discrete implementation of the harmony search algorithm. The results indicate that the db-scan operator significantly improves the quality of the solutions and that the proposed metaheuristic shows competitive results with respect to the harmony search algorithm.

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He, Fang Ding, Guang Jun Guo, Zhi Dong Zhou, and Jian Qing Wu. "Numerical Simulation on Soil Pressure Distribution Characteristics of Gravity Retaining Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.562.

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The anchor plays a very important role in gravity retaining wall. The displacement of retaining and soil pressure distribution with anchor is different from that without anchor. The numerical simulation software FLAC3D is used to analysis the soil pressure distribution characteristics of gravity retaining wall. The results show that the anchor plays a supporting role in gravity retaining wall. There is a critical length in the anchor in gravity retaining wall. The soil pressure distribution of gravity retaining wall with anchor does not conform to the classical Coulomb linear distribution theory and more research is needed for the soil pressure distribution theory. The research has important guiding significance on the design and construction development of gravity retaining wall.

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NISHIOKA, Takahisa, Satoru SHIBUYA, Yoshitaka NISHIGUCHI, Jinsuk HUR, and Shuuji ITOU. "PLANING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A GEOSYNTHETIC RETAINING WALL WITH HIGH EMBANKMENT." Geosynthetics Engineering Journal 32 (2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5030/jcigsjournal.32.133.

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Drusa, Marián, Jozef Vlček, Martina Holičková, and Ladislav Kais. "Analytical and Numerical Evaluation of Limit States of MSE Wall Structure." Civil and Environmental Engineering 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2016-0020.

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Abstract Simplification of the design of Mechanically Stabilized Earth wall structures (MSE wall or MSEW) is now an important factor that helps us not only to save a time and costs, but also to achieve the desired results more reliably. It is quite common way in practice, that the designer of a section of motorway or railway line gives order for design to a supplier of geosynthetics materials. However, supplier company has experience and skills, but a general designer does not review the safety level of design and its efficiency, and is simply incorporating into the overall design of the construction project. Actually, large number of analytical computational methods for analysis and design of MSE walls or similar structures are known. The problem of these analytical methods is the verification of deformations and global stability of structure. The article aims to clarify two methods of calculating the internal stability of MSE wall and their comparison with FEM numerical model. Comparison of design approaches allows us to draft an effective retaining wall and tells us about the appropriateness of using a reinforcing element.

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Bizjak, Karmen Fifer, Barbara Likar, and Stanislav Lenart. "Using Recycled Material from the Paper Industry as a Backfill Material for Retaining Walls near Railway Lines." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020979.

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The construction industry uses a large amount of natural virgin material for different geotechnical structures. In Europe alone, 11 million tonnes of solid waste is generated per year as a result of the production of almost 100 million tonnes of paper. The objective of this research is to develop a new geotechnical composite from residues of the deinking paper industry and to present its practical application, e.g., as a backfill material behind a retaining structure. After different mixtures were tested in a laboratory, the technology was validated by building a pilot retaining wall structure in a landslide region near a railway line. It was confirmed that a composite with 30% deinking sludge and 70% deinking sludge ash had a high enough strength but experienced some deformations before failure. Special attention was paid to the impact of transport, which, due to the time lag between the mixing and installation of the composite, significantly reduced its strength. The pilot retaining wall structure promotes the use of recycled materials with a sustainable design, while adhering to government-mandated measures.

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Qasim, Sadaf, Danish Kazmi, Indra S. H. Harahap, Muhammad Imran, and Abdul Razzaque Sandhu. "Probabilistic Assessment of Bored Pile Wall: A Slope Stabilisation Technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820304006.

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One of the potential applications of bored piles is the construction of a retaining wall where the piles are closely installed and the spacing between them is often grouted to build a waterproof retaining wall. Based on previous experience, it is observed that the selection of an appropriate retaining structure is crucial to the strength and stability of a structure, provided that the design of retaining structure is adequate and it satisfies the structural requirements. This study considers a Malaysian slope, Bukit Antarabangsa, to perform the probabilistic stability analysis of bored piles. Statistical tools of FORM and Monte Carlo are used to demonstrate the influence of soil parameters on the reliability levels of structure. This paper also presents the load and resistance factors which are developed to counter the rotational and flexural failure modes of a bored pile wall. It is expected that this study will provide a support to the Malaysian geotechnical industry to integrate a reliability-based design for slope construction.

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Castillo, Enrique, Roberto Mı́nguez, Ana Ruiz Terán, and Alfonso Fernández-Canteli. "Design and sensitivity analysis using the probability-safety-factor method. An application to retaining walls." Structural Safety 26, no. 2 (April 2004): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4730(03)00039-0.

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Li, Peng, and Hai Tao Wan. "Research on the Level Soil Pressure of Multi-Stage Retaining Wall in Mountain Road." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1929.

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This study presents the research of soil pressure distribution form of multi-stage mountain gravity retaining wall through specific engineering tests. There has a further discussion on the soil pressure calculation formula of the multi-stage gravity retaining wall in different conditions, which aims at providing the useful reference for the formal construction design.

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Yücel, Melda, Aylin Ece Kayabekir, Gebrail Bekdaş, Sinan Melih Nigdeli, Sanghun Kim, and Zong Woo Geem. "Adaptive-Hybrid Harmony Search Algorithm for Multi-Constrained Optimum Eco-Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041639.

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In the optimum design of reinforced concrete (RC) structural members, the robustness of the employed method is important as well as solving the optimization problem. In some cases where the algorithm parameters are defined as non-effective values, local-optimum solutions may prevail over the existing global optimum results. Any metaheuristic algorithm can be effective to solve the optimization problem but must give the same results for several runs. Due to the randomization nature of these algorithms, the performance may vary with respect to time. The essential and novel work done in this study is the comparative investigation of 10 different metaheuristic algorithms and two modifications of harmony search (HS) algorithm on the optimum cost design of RC retaining walls constrained with geotechnical and structural state limits. The employed algorithms include classical ones (genetic algorithm (GA), differential evaluation (DE), and particle swarm optimization (PSO)), proved ones on structural engineering applications (harmony search, artificial bee colony, firefly algorithm), and recent algorithms (teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), flower pollination algorithm (FPA), grey wolf optimization, Jaya algorithm (JA)). The modifications of HS include adaptive HS (AHS) concerning the automatic change of algorithm parameters and hybridization of AHS with JA that is developed for the investigated problem. According to the numerical investigations, recent algorithms such as TLBO, FPA, and JA are generally the best at finding the optimum values with less deviation than the others. The adaptive-hybrid HS proposed in this study is also competitive with these algorithms, while it can reach the best solution by using a lower population number which can lead to timesaving in the optimization process. By the minimization of material used in construction via best optimization, sustainable structures that support multiple types of constraints are provided.

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Zhong, Yu, Guillermo Narsilio, Nikolas Makasis, Zhangshun Li, and Gregorious Aditya. "Thermal response of energy soldier pile walls." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020506003.

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Utilising foundation systems as heat exchangers has received significant public interest worldwide, as these energy geo-structures can constitute a clean, renewable, and economical solution for space heating and cooling. Despite their potential, the thermal performance of energy retaining walls, especially soldier pile walls, has not been sufficiently studied and understood and thus further research is required. This work utilises the first ever energy soldier pile wall in the currently under-construction Melbourne CBD North metro station as a case study. A section of this wall has been instrumented and monitored by the University of Melbourne. Full scale thermal response tests (TRTs) have been conducted on a single thermo-active soldier pile at two different excavation levels. Thermal response testing field data results are presented in terms of mean fluid temperatures and further analysed to show the potential impact of the excavation level on the structure’s thermal performance. To further explore this impact of excavation depth (or pile embedment depth) and the long-term thermal performance of energy pile walls, a detailed 3D finite element numerical model is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics and validated against the field-testing results. The simulation suggests that thermally activating all the soldier piles in the station can provide enough energy to fulfil the heating and cooling demand of the station and to satisfy partial heating demand to the surrounding buildings. Furthermore, results suggest that current energy pile design approaches may be adapted for designing energy pile walls.

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Shenjie, Shi, Tian Angran, Zheng Yongsheng, Yin Peng, Qi Weilin, and Tang Qiang. "Design, construction and analysis for super-wide, deep and large foundation pit." Transport and Communications Science Journal 72, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.72.1.13.

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Both developing and developed countries are facing a series of difficulties and challenges in the process of urbanization. In recent years, in order to alleviate the problem of urban congestion, underground space has developed rapidly, and the excavation of foundation pit is the most important step in the development of underground space. This paper takes the foundation pit of the tunnel under construction in Suzhou as a research object. The design width of the foundation pit reaches 61.5 m and the depth reaches 18 m, so it belongs to the super wide and deep foundation pit. Numerical analysis is performed by finite element software to calculate the deformation of the foundation pit. The research shows that the main problem to be solved is the deformation of the foundation pit, and the deformation of side wall of foundation pit tunnel is the most obvious. The maximum deformation of the side wall of the main tunnel and the auxiliary tunnel reached the maximum at 15 m. The maximum deformation of the main tunnel is about 1.3 cm, and that of the auxiliary tunnel is about 0.9 cm. Through targeted design and construction, the mechanical performance of the foundation pit retaining structure is optimized, and the stability of the foundation pit is strengthened. The reasonable retaining structure can ensure the good construction quality. The design and construction of the project can provide reference for related engineering construction.

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Zhou, Guang Zhu, Xu Wei, and Chen Yu. "Analyses of Earth Pressure on Gridding Concrete Retaining Wall in the Excavation of Deep Foundation Pit in Soft Soil Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 2181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.2181.

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This paper is mainly to study earth pressure on Gcrw used as a new kind of supporting structures in the excavation of deep foundation pits in soft soil region. On the basis of the simulation of step by step excavation by using big finite element software Abaqus/CAE and considering three-dimension elastoplastic stress state, the characteristics of different earth pressure are systematically discussed upon practical engineering. By comparing simulation results with calculated results based on calculation formula of Rankine Theory, it can be seen that the earth pressure in active zone is different from theoretic active earth pressure and earth pressure at rest while walls and soil in the gridding are regarded as a whole, which is greater than the former and somewhere similar to the latter, the earth pressure in passive zone is bigger than theoretic value of passive earth pressure, it is the tensive force from partition wall that prevent the front wall from overturning. These conclusions will be helpful for design and construction of new retaining wall.

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ONISHI, Yoshihiro, Jumpei KOMAKI, Noriko TAKIYAMA, and Yasuhiro HAYASHI. "DESIGN CASE RESEARCH FOR COLLISION ANALYSIS OF BASE-ISOLATED BUILDING WITH RETAINING WALL." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 19, no. 41 (2013): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.19.43.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Retaining walls – Design and construction'

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