Journal articles: 'Retard long'

1

Afanasieva, N. L., A. M. Rusina, and V. F. Mordovin. "Antihypertensive and cerebroprotective effects of Egiloc retard in hypertensive patients with chronic hypertensive encephalopathy." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2009): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2009-15-1-50-56.

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Aim. The study addresses antihypertensive and cerebroprotective effects of long acting metoprolol (Egiloc retard, Egis, Hungary). Materials and methods. 47 objects with I-II stages of hypertension without serious concomitant diseases (25 males and 22 females, average age 51,7 ± 10,6 years) were included. Long acting metoprolol was administered (Egiloc retard, Egis, Hungary) in a dose of 25-100 mg given 1-2 times per day. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), magnetic resonance tomography and dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion computer scan of the brain with brain blood flow estimation were performed in all patients initially and after 6-month-therapy. Results. Egiloc retard showed a significant antihypertensive effect according to office and ABPM blood pressure. Egiloc retard normalizes 24-hour blood pressure profile in over-dippers and night-peakers. Subjective amelioration and improvement of functional and structural changes were found in hypertensive patients after 6-month therapy by Egiloc retard. Good tolerance and no significant abnormal changes of glucose and lipid metabolism were observed in patients taking Egiloc retard. It is also shown that Egiloc retard has the cerebroprotective effects.

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Emelyanov, I. V., S. V. Villevalde, E. A. Lyasnikova, and O. M. Moiseeva. "Comparative efficacy of nifedipine-retard and atenolol in correction of target organ damage in patients with essential hypertension." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 12, no. 3 (June 28, 2006): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2006-12-3-194-199.

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The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between antihypertensive effect of nifedipine-retard and atenolol long-term therapy and changes of target organ damage (heart, carotid arteries, endothelial function) in patients with essential hypertension (HT) 2 stage. 45 patients with AH were included in the open prospective randomized study: 24 received nifedipine-retard 40 mg per day, 21 received atenolol 50 - 100 mg per day. There were no clinical and haemodynamic discrepanses between the groups at basline. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), echocardiography (EchoCG), assess of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation were performed at basal state (after 14 days wash-out period) and after 6-month therapy. Both nifedipine-retard and atenolol had comparable and apparent hypotensive effect. The regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and the improvement of left ventricle diastolic function became evident during nifedipine-retard therapy in contrast to atenolol treatment. Long-term nifedipine-retard therapy is accompanied by an increase of volume flow velocity in arteria radialis and leads to correction of endothelium dysfunction in patients with HT.

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Gascoin, G., and C. Cipierre. "Conséquences cardiovasculaires à long terme du retard de croissance intra-utérin." Archives de Pédiatrie 22, no. 5 (May 2015): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(15)30066-x.

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Logacheva, I. V., and E. A. Gunicheva. "Long-term indapamide retard therapy in adolescents with Stage I arterial hypertension." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 10, no. 2 (April 20, 2011): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2011-2-6-12.

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Aim. To study the dynamics of office blood pressure (BP) levels, autonomic balance, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodelling in adolescents with Stage I arterial hypertension (AH), treated with indapamide retard (IR). Material and methods. In total, the study included 41 adolescent boys, aged 16-18 years, with Stage I AH (main group, MG), and 27 healthy adolescents (control group, CG). The MG participants received, IR (1,5 mg/day) for 6 months. At baseline and in the end of the study, all participants underwent office BP measurement, echocardiography, veloergometry, and the assessment of heart rate variability (HRV), endothelial dysfunction (reactive hyperemia test, endotelin-1 levels), microalbuminuria (MAU), and vascular parameters, such as large artery rigidity and intima-media thickness. Results. Target BP levels were achieved in all MG patients by Week 4 of the treatment, with normal BP values registered throughout the follow-up period. Indapamide therapy was associated with decreased hemodynamic cardiovascular load, normalized endothelial function, and MAU disappearance. IR monotherapy had beneficial effects on HRV, due to moderate parasympathetic stimulation. Conclusion. IR is an effective and safe medication for long-term treatment of adolescents with Stage I AH.

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Mo, Sijia, Bingkai Zhang, Kecheng Zhang, Shunning Li, and Feng Pan. "LiAl5O8 as a potential coating material in lithium-ion batteries: a first principles study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 25 (2019): 13758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02650a.

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Zlatovic, Mario, Dusan Sladic, and Miroslav Gasic. "The kinetics of the reduction of the lipophilic quinone avarone by N-alkyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamides of various lipophilicities." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 64, no. 11 (1999): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc9911647z.

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Several NADH model compounds, N-alkyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamides, some of them possessing amphiphilic properties, have been synthesized, and the kinetics of their reaction with a biologically active liphophilic quinone, avarone, has been studied in a protic solvent both in the presence and absence of cationic, anionic or non-ionic surfactants. In the absence of micellar agents, the medium- and long-chain N-dodecyl (3) and N-heptadecyl (4) derivatives show a significant increase in the reaction rates compared to other model compounds, due to the stabilization of the semiquinone intermediate. Anionic surfactants retard the reaction, non-ionic surfactants slightly accelerate the reaction with the short-chain derivatives, and retard the reaction with the medium- and long-chain derivatives, and the cationic surfactants increase the reaction rate with all derivatives except the long-chain 4. The results support the e-p-e mechanism of the reduction of lipophilic quinones byNADHmodels in protic medium.

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Koike, Yasuhiko, and Hideo Imanishi. "Long Term Freezing Storage of Bulbs to Retard Flowering in Asiatic Hydrid Lilies." Engei Gakkai zasshi 62, no. 1 (1993): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.62.181.

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8

Markowska, Alicja L. "Life-long diet restriction failed to retard cognitive aging in Fischer-344 rats☆." Neurobiology of Aging 20, no. 2 (March 1999): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(99)00031-7.

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9

Osório, Joana. "Glucosamine plus chondroitin sulfate: long-term therapy could retard progression of knee OA." Nature Reviews Rheumatology 12, no. 4 (March 3, 2016): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.30.

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Masubuchi, Yoshiko, Toshio Kumai, Taiichiro Ohno, Masami Tanaka, Kunihiko Inamura, and Masanao Hirai. "Endocrine Pharmacology (Report 36) : Long-term prostatectomy retard biosynthesis of androgen in rat testis." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 39 (1985): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)63368-8.

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11

Schreurs, Bernard G., Desheng Wang, Carrie A. Smith-Bell, Lauren B. Burhans, Roger Bell, and Jimena Gonzalez-Joekes. "Dietary Cholesterol Concentration and Duration Degrade Long-Term Memory of Classical Conditioning of the Rabbit’s Nictitating Membrane Response." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/732634.

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A rabbit model of Alzheimer’s disease based on feeding a cholesterol diet for eight weeks shows sixteen hallmarks of the disease, including learning and memory changes. Although we have shown 2% cholesterol and copper in water can retard learning, other studies show feeding dietary cholesterol before learning can improve acquisition whereas feeding cholesterol after learning can degrade long-term memory. We explored this issue by manipulating cholesterol concentration and duration following classical trace conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response and assessed conditioned responding after eight weeks on cholesterol. First, rabbits given trace classical conditioning followed by 0.5%, 1%, or 2% cholesterol for eight weeks showed body weight and serum cholesterol levels that were a function of dietary cholesterol. Although all concentrations of cholesterol showed some sign of retarding long-term memory, the level of memory retardation was correlated with serum cholesterol levels. Second, rabbits given trace conditioning followed by different durations of a 2% cholesterol diet combined with different durations of a 0% control diet for 8 weeks showed duration and timing of a 2% cholesterol diet were important in affecting recall. The data support the idea that dietary cholesterol may retard long-term memory.

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12

Poljatykina, T. S., I. E. Mishina, G. I. Bulychev, V. L. Geller, G. I. Sevastjanova, L. V. Kitaeva, and O. E. Kolobova. "Effects on cognitive function, psychoemotional state, efficiacy and safety of antihypertensive therapy by metoprolol retard in females with the mild to moderate hypertension." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 12, no. 4 (August 28, 2006): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2006-12-4-358-361.

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The paper presents the results of research in which 50 women with essential hypertension illness (arterial hypertension I-II degree) have taken part. 20 patients received long-acting metoprolol therapy (Egilok - retard, EGIS AO) in the dose of 25-100 mg, if necessary in a combination with hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg. In group of comparison (30 subjects) treatment with enalapril (5-10 mg/сут) or by a combination of enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide was administarted. It is shown, that monotherapy by metoprolol-retard allowed to reach a «target» levels of blood pressure in 89,5 % of women, in 10,5 % cases the combined therapy was required. At 12-week of treatment significant improvement of parameters of concentration of attention and anxiety decrease was observed.

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13

Gori, P. L., and M. R. Greene. "The Influence of National Attention on Long-Term Earthquake Preparedness Policy in Charleston, South Carolina." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 1 (February 1987): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585421.

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The Charleston, South Carolina, area offers a unique opportunity to study the implementation of policy for long-term earthquake preparedness at the local level. Our interviews of public officials and others documented the low state of preparedness in 1981 and an improved situation in 1986. Since 1981, increased national attention has been used by citizens of the Charleston area to overcome political, informational, social, organizational, and economic barriers that retard the implementation of policies to mitigate the damage caused by earthquakes.

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14

Masuo, K. "Metabolic Effects of Long-term Treatments With Nifedipine-Retard and Captopril in Young Hypertensive Patients." American Journal of Hypertension 10, no. 6 (June 1997): 600–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00047-2.

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15

McCarter, R., E. J. Masoro, and B. P. Yu. "Does food restriction retard aging by reducing the metabolic rate?" American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 248, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): E488—E490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.4.e488.

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Metabolic rate was determined by measuring O2 consumption in two groups of 6-mo-old male rats fed ad libitum (group 1) or maintained on a life-prolonging food-restriction regimen for 4.5 mo (group 2). These measurements were made continuously for 23.75 h under conditions nearly identical to those of the daily life of the rats. The metabolic rate per kilogram lean body mass was the same for both groups, a finding contrary to the hypothesis that food restriction retards the aging process and prolongs life by slowing the metabolic rate per unit of metabolic mass. This and our previous work strongly suggest that the classic views of the action of food restriction on aging must be re-evaluated because retardation of the aging process can occur without the restriction of calories or any other nutrient per unit of lean body mass. The long held belief that reducing food intake lowers the metabolic rate per unit of metabolic mass may be true in short-term dietary programs but appears not to be true when a significant portion of the life span is involved.

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16

Salle, Bernard Louis, Pierre Chatelain, Marc Nicolino, and Olivier Claris. "Retard de croissance intra-utérin, ses conséquences à la naissance, dans l’enfance et à long terme." Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine 185, no. 7 (October 2001): 1271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4079(19)34449-8.

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17

Stewart, Trina J., and Scott I. Abrams. "Altered Immune Function during Long-Term Host-Tumor Interactions Can Be Modulated to Retard Autochthonous Neoplastic Growth." Journal of Immunology 179, no. 5 (August 20, 2007): 2851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.2851.

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18

Hori, Masatoshi, Jeffrey D. Jones, Lee Janson, Keith Ragsdale, and Katherine Luby-Phelps. "Light – microscopic analysis of the physical properties of cytoplasm in living cells." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 734–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100166130.

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We have used a variety of optical techniques to explore the intracellular constraints on diffusion, cytoplasmic compartmentalization and biomechanics of living tissue culture cells. Fluorescence ratio imaging measurements of solvent viscosity in single cells indicate that the solvent viscosity of cytoplasm does not differ detectably from bulk water. Nevertheless, data obtained by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of inert tracer molecules suggest that macromolecular crowding and molecular sieving retard the long-range translational diffusion of protein-sized molecules from 4 to 50-fold relative to their diffusion in dilute aqueous solution.Transient binding interactions with intracellular components may additionally retard the diffusion of proteins. Recent FRAP studies of fluorescent analogs of calmodulin suggest that as little as 5% of this protein is freely diffusing, even in unstimulated cells where intracellular [Ca2+] is below the threshold for activation of calmodulin binding to calcium-dependent targets in vitro. Preliminary data show that binding is mitigated or abolished by charge reversal mutations in the central helix of calmodulin or by a point mutation in calcium binding loop 4 that greatly reduces the affinity of calmodulin for Ca2+.

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19

Van Der Westhuyzen, Justin, Richard E. Davis, Graham C. Icke, and Jack Metz. "Tissue folates in fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with nitrous oxide-induced vitamin B12deficiency and neurological impairment." British Journal of Nutrition 58, no. 3 (November 1987): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19870116.

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1. Long-term exposure of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus to nitrous oxide, which inactivates methylco balamin, leads to neurological impairment and ataxia.2. In N2, O-exposed animals, liver concentrations of total folates and methyl folates decreased to less than one fifth that of control animals. Pediococcus cerevisiue-active folates were also reduced.3. In brain, there were no changes in total or methyl folates, but P.cerevisiae-active folates were lower in N2, O-exposed animals.4. Supplementation with methionine retarded the development of neurological impairment and the fall in liver total and methyl folates, but not that in P. cerevisiae-active folates.5. Supplementation with serine failed to retard the development of neurological impairment or fall in hepatic folates.6. The present results suggest that the N2O-induced neurological impairment in the bat is not related to depletion of cerebral folates, but do not exclude changes in the subcellular distribution of folates.

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Kang, Hyun Gu, Jung Kyu Park, Young Bae Seu, and Sei Kwang Hahn. "A Novel Branch-Type PEGylation of Aptamer Therapeutics." Key Engineering Materials 342-343 (July 2007): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.529.

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We have developed a novel protocol to prepare a branch-type PEGylation for a long acting formulation of aptamer therapeutics. A symmetric doubler phosphoramidite and the following amine modified phosphoramidite synthon were introduced to the final sequence of antithrombin aptamer, as a model for various aptamer therapeutics. The conventional linear PEGylation reagents were conjugated to the terminal amine groups of oligonucleotide to prepare the branchtype PEGylated anti-thrombin DNA aptamer. The PEGylated aptamer exhibited the improved bioactivity to retard the occlusive thrombus formation in vitro.

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Li, Lillian M. "Life and Death in a Chinese Famine: Infanticide as a Demographic Consequence of the 1935 Yellow River Flood." Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, no. 3 (July 1991): 466–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041750001714x.

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Famine mortality has a special interest for those interested in population history. After Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798, famine was viewed as an event that “checks” population growth, perhaps the inevitable consequence of overpopulation. Although demographers have recently tried to show that a single famine or demographic crisis cannot retard population growth in the long run (Watkins and Menken 1985; Bongaarts and Cain 1982), yet famine, to the extent that it exists today, still constitutes a most dramatic demographic event.

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22

Hadváry, P., H. Lengsfeld, and H. Wolfer. "Inhibition of pancreatic lipase in vitro by the covalent inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin." Biochemical Journal 256, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2560357.

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Tetrahydrolipstatin inhibits pancreatic lipase from several species, including man, with comparable potency. The lipase is progressively inactivated through the formation of a long-lived covalent intermediate, probably with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The lipase substrate triolein and also a boronic acid derivative, which is presumed to be a transition-state-form inhibitor, retard the rate of inactivation. Therefore, in all probability, tetrahydrolipstatin reacts with pancreatic lipase at, or near, the substrate binding or active site. Tetrahydrolipstatin is a selective inhibitor of lipase; other hydrolases tested were at least a thousand times less potently inhibited.

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Schreurs, Bernard G. "Cholesterol and Copper Affect Learning and Memory in the Rabbit." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/518780.

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A rabbit model of Alzheimer’s disease based on feeding a cholesterol diet for eight weeks shows sixteen hallmarks of the disease including beta amyloid accumulation and learning and memory changes. Although we have shown that feeding 2% cholesterol and adding copper to the drinking water can retard learning, other studies have shown that feeding dietary cholesterol before learning can improve acquisition and feeding cholesterol after learning can degrade long-term memory. We explore the development of this model, the issues surrounding the role of copper, and the particular contributions of the late D. Larry Sparks.

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El. Assaad, Hind, Aicha Merzem, Ghita Elkorchi, Hasnae Belgadir, Nadia Moussali, Omar Amriss, Naima El. Benna, Sami El. Hamid, and Faycal Slimani. "LE SYNDROME DEAGLE: UNE ENTITE RADIO-CLINIQUE RARE: A PROPOS DUN CAS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 08 (August 31, 2021): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13255.

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Le syndrome dEagle est caracterise par lossification du ligament stylo- hyoidien ou par un processus styloidien trop long. Cest une entite rare peu connue par les cliniciens et les radiologues ayant une large presentation clinique a lorigine dun retard diagnostique. Nous rapportons le cas dune jeune patiente agee de 28 ans, sans antecedents pathologiques particuliers qui consulte pour des otalgies bilaterales resistantes au traitement medical. Nous insistons a travers cette observation et sous la lumiere de la revue de la litterature sur les aspects clinico-radiologiques et le role diagnostic de la tomodensitometrie dans la prise en charge du syndrome dEagle.

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CHILLIARD, Y., R. VERITE, and A. PFLIMLIN. "Effets de la somatotropine bovine sur les performances des vaches laitières dans les conditions françaises d’élevage." INRAE Productions Animales 2, no. 5 (December 10, 1989): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1989.2.5.4423.

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Vingt essais ont été réalisés en France sur 360 vaches recevant de la somatotropine (BST) retard tous les 14 ou 28 jours, à des doses correspondant à 24 ou 35 mg/j. Les données obtenues suggèrent, en première approximation, que l’effet de la BST retard sur la production laitière varie assez nettement selon la dose totale injectée chaque mois, et assez faiblement selon la fréquence d’injection (1 ou 2 fois par mois). Selon les conditions d’utilisation (dose et fréquence), les effets moyens ont été compris entre + 2,2 et + 3,7 kg de lait par jour avec des rations hivernales, et entre + 1,2 et + 2,3 kg de lait par jour au pâturage. Les réponses inférieures au pâturage pourraient être dues à la qualité de l’herbe, au stade de gestation ou à la durée du traitement. La composition du lait n’est pas modifiée au pâturage chez des vaches en milieu de lactation. Il existe une tendance à la diminution du taux protéique (- 0,5 g/l environ) avec les rations hivernales distribuées lorsque le traitement à la BST est de 3 à 4 mois après le pic de lactation. Ces chiffres provisoires devront être réévalués sur la base d’un plus grand nombre d’essais et après dépouillement statistique approfondi. Outre ces valeurs moyennes, la production et la composition du lait fluctuent entre deux injections successives, de façon croissante lorsque s’accroît l’intervalle entre injections. Les vaches traitées montrent aussi une diminution de leur note d’état corporel (- 0,3 point environ) lorsqu’elles reçoivent une ration hivernale au pic de lactation (ce qui peut entraîner un retard de fécondation non négligeable), ou lorsqu’elles sont au pâturage avec des quantités limitées de concentré. La variabilité de la réponse est très grande entre essais et entre vaches. Les données actuellement publiées ne permettent pas d’évaluer d’éventuels effets à long terme sur la santé et la carrière des animaux.

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Kurtzer, Isaac L. "Shoulder reflexes integrate elbow information at “long-latency” delay throughout a corrective action." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00611.2018.

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Previous studies have demonstrated a progression of function when healthy subjects counter a sudden mechanical load. Short-latency reflexes are linked to local stretch of the particular muscle and its antagonist. Long-latency reflexes integrate stretch information from both local sources and muscles crossing remote joints appropriate for a limb’s mechanical interactions. Unresolved is how sensory information is processed throughout the corrective response, since capabilities at some time can be produced by circuits acting at that delay and at briefer delays. One possibility is that local abilities are always expressed at a short-latency delay and integrative abilities are always expressed at a long-latency delay. Alternatively, the neural circuits may be altered over time, leading to a temporal shift in expressing certain abilities; a refractory period could retard integrative responses to a second perturbation, whereas priming could enable integrative responses at short latency. We tested between these three hypotheses in a shoulder muscle by intermixing trials of step torque with either torque pulses ( experiment 1) or double steps of torque ( experiment 2). The second perturbation occurred at 35, 60, and 110 ms after the first perturbation to probe processing throughout the corrective action. The second perturbation reliably evoked short-latency responses in the shoulder muscle linked to only shoulder motion and long-latency responses linked to both shoulder and elbow motion. This pattern is best accounted by the continuous action of controllers with fixed functions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sudden displacement of the limb evokes a short-latency reflex, 20–50 ms, based on local muscle stretch and a long-latency reflex based on integrating muscle stretch at different joints. A novel double-perturbation paradigm tested if these abilities are temporally conserved throughout the corrective response or are shifted (retarded or delayed) due to functional changes in the responsible circuits. Multi-joint integration was reliably expressed at a long-latency delay consistent with the continuous operation of circuits with fixed abilities.

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Froy, Oren, Nava Chapnik, and Ruth Miskin. "Long-lived αMUPA transgenic mice exhibit pronounced circadian rhythms." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 5 (November 2006): E1017—E1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00140.2006.

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Robust biological rhythms have been shown to affect life span. Biological clocks can be entrained by two feeding regimens, restricted feeding (RF) and caloric restriction (CR). RF restricts the time of food availability, whereas CR restricts the amount of calories with temporal food consumption. CR is known to retard aging and extend life span of animals via yet-unknown pathways. We hypothesize that resetting the biological clock could be one possible mechanism by which CR extends life span. Because it is experimentally difficult to uncouple calorie reduction from temporal food consumption, we took advantage of the murine urokinase-like plasminogen activator (αMUPA) transgenic mice overexpressing a serine protease implicated in brain development and plasticity; they exhibit spontaneously reduced eating and increased life span. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that αMUPA mice exhibit robust expression of the clock genes mPer1, mPer2, mClock, and mCry1 but not mBmal1 in the liver. We also found changes in the circadian amplitude and/or phase of clock-controlled output systems, such as feeding behavior, body temperature, and enteric cryptdin expression. A change in the light-dark regimen led to modified clock gene expression and abrogated circadian patterns of food intake in wild-type (WT) and αMUPA mice. Consequently, food consumption of WT mice increased, whereas that of αMUPA mice remained the same, indicating that reduced food intake occurs upstream and independently of the biological clock. Thus we surmise that CR could lead to pronounced and synchronized biological rhythms. Because the biological clock controls mitochondrial, hormonal, and physiological parameters, system synchronicity could lead to extended life span.

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Webb, Jeff. "Desarrollo del reflejo táctil a través de las “manos pegajosas” del wing tsun." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 4, no. 3 (July 16, 2012): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v4i3.179.

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<p>It was the late Bruce Lee who first demonstrated Wing Tsun gongfu’s “sticking hands” (chi-sau) exercise in the US, during the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships. Forty-four years later, very few outside of the art truly understand the purpose of chi-sau let alone how it develops tactile reflexes. This article will describe both the fundamental and complex methods of chi-sau training in detail. It will also explain the rationale and theories behind this method as well as discuss a variety of factors that can either improve or retard the acquisition of tactile reflexes.</p>

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Estay, Christophe. "Les dynamiques de la création d’entreprises en France et aux États-Unis : une société du salariat face à un environnement entrepreneurial." Revue internationale P.M.E. 16, no. 3-4 (February 16, 2012): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008447ar.

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Cet article a pour objet d’expliquer pourquoi les États-Unis connaissent une dynamique entrepreneuriale à moyen et long terme plus importante que la France. Les raisons avancées sont de trois ordres : économiques, socioculturelles et politiques. Contrairement aux explications soutenues par certains responsables politiques français, l’auteur conclut que le retard en matière de créations d’entreprises dans l’Hexagone ne trouve pas son origine dans les défaillances des dispositifs d’encadrement et d’aide aux porteurs de projets. Les véritables causes se situent dans la faiblesse relative de la croissance française, dans les difficultés de financement des petites entreprises ou dans le manque d’intérêt des organismes de formation français pour les technologies nouvelles.

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Mothuti, Gosego, and Andrew Phiri. "Inflation-Growth Nexus in Botswana: Can Lower Inflation Really Spur Growth in the Country?" Global Economy Journal 18, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 20180045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2018-0045.

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Does inflation affect economic growth in Botswana over the short-run and long-run? In applying bounds procedure for modelling ARDL cointegation effects applied to empirical data collected between 1975 and 2016 we find that this hypothesis does not hold true for Botswana as inflation is found to be insignificantly related with economic growth over both the short and long-run. Our growth equation estimates point to exports (positive), government size (negative) and an Pula/Dollar exchange rate (negative) as being significantly correlated with steady-state GDP growth. Further empirical exercises show that an appreciated Pula/dollar exchange rate increases inflation whilst bearing no effect on economic growth. Conversely, a depreciated Pula/Dollar exchange simultaneously decreases inflation and economic growth for the Botswana economy. Policymakers should be this aware that attainment of lower inflation rates which occurs through a depreciated Pula/Dollar currency will only retard economic growth.

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Li, Qigui, Lisa Xie, Diana Caridha, Qiang Zeng, Jing Zhang, Norma Roncal, Ping Zhang, et al. "Long-Term Prophylaxis and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Intramuscular Nano- and Microparticle Decoquinate in Mice Infected with P. berghei Sporozoites." Malaria Research and Treatment 2017 (April 13, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7508291.

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Decoquinate nanoparticle and microparticle suspended in an oily vehicle to retard drug release are evaluated for long-term malaria prophylaxis. Pharmacokinetic studies in normal animals and antimalarial efficacy in liver stage malaria mice were conducted at various single intramuscular-decoquinate doses for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks prior to infection with P. berghei sporozoites. The liver stage efficacy evaluation was monitored by using an in vivo imaging system. Full causal prophylaxis was shown in mice with a single intramuscular dose at 120 mg/kg of nanoparticle decoquinate (0.43 μm) for 2-3 weeks and with microparticle decoquinate (8.31 μm) injected 8 weeks earlier than inoculation. The time above MIC of 1,375 hr observed with the microparticle formulation provided a 2.2-fold longer drug exposure than with the nanoparticle formulation (624 hr). The prophylactic effect of the microparticle formulation observed in mice was shown to be 3-4 times longer than the nanoparticle decoquinate formulation.

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Lardinois, Sara, and Kyle Normandin. "Conserving the Teak Window Wall Assemblies at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies." Louis I. Kahn – The Permanence, no. 58 (2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/58.a.w7hvpush.

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In 2013 the Salk Institute for Biological Studies partnered with the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) to commence development of a conservation program for the long-term care of the teak window walls. Phase 1 of the program included preliminary historic research and an assessment of significance, surveys and investigative inspection openings, wood and fungus identification, and analyses of past surface treatments. Guidelines were then developed based on three treatment approaches, ranging from in situ cleaning and treatment, to selective repairs, and finally in-kind replacement of teak wood. In Phase 2 of the work, the GCI and Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. (WJE) developed a trial mock-up program to assess the protocols of the three treatments. This article will review the overarching goal of the treatment approaches, integrating conservation and repair needs with select modifications to the window detailing to improve long-term performance, including surface treatments to protect the teak wood and retard fungal growth and weathering over time.

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Oleynikov, V. E., V. A. Budanova, and A. V. Kulucin. "CLINICAL EFFICACY AND PECULIARITY OF COMPLIANCE WITH 48-WEEK LONG THERAPY WITH EGILOK RETARD IN PATIENTS WITH MILD TO MODERATE HYPERTENSION." Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 2, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2006-2-2-25-31.

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Kaji, Ryuji, Takashi Imai, Yasuo Iwasaki, Koichi Okamoto, Masanori Nakagawa, Yasuo Ohashi, Takao Takase, et al. "Ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a long-term phase II/III randomised controlled study." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, no. 4 (January 13, 2019): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-319294.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of intramuscular ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Methods373 patients with ALS (El Escorial definite or probable; laboratory-supported probable; duration ≤36 months) were randomly assigned to placebo, 25 mg or 50 mg of methylcobalamin groups. The primary endpoints were the time interval to primary events (death or full ventilation support) and changes in the Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score from baseline to week 182. Efficacy was also evaluated using post-hoc analyses in patients diagnosed early (entered ≤12 months after symptom onset).ResultsNo significant differences were detected in either primary endpoint (minimal p value=0.087). However, post-hoc analyses of methylcobalamin-treated patients diagnosed and entered early (≤12 months’ duration) showed longer time intervals to the primary event (p<0.025) and less decreases in the ALSFRS-R score (p<0.025) than the placebo group. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was similar and low in all groups.ConclusionAlthough ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin did not show significant efficacy in the whole cohort, this treatment may prolong survival and retard symptomatic progression without major side effects if started early.Trial registration numberNCT00444613.

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Messin, Roger, Youri Karpov, Natalia Baikova, Jacques Bruhwyler, Marie-Joëlle Monseu, Corry Guns, and Joseph Géczy. "Short- and Long-Term Effects of Molsidomine Retard and Molsidomine Nonretard on Exercise Capacity and Clinical Status in Patients with Stable Angina." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 31, no. 2 (February 1998): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199802000-00013.

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Gascoin, G., and C. Flamant. "Conséquences à long terme des enfants nés dans un contexte de retard de croissance intra-utérin et/ou petits pour l’âge gestationnel." Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction 42, no. 8 (December 2013): 911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.09.014.

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Balistreri, Carmela Rita. "Anti-Inflamm-Ageing and/or Anti-Age-Related Disease Emerging Treatments: A Historical Alchemy or Revolutionary Effective Procedures?" Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3705389.

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The “long-life elixir” has long represented for humans a dream, a vanity’s sin for remaining young and to long survive. Today, because of ageing population phenomenon, the research of antiageing interventions appears to be more important than ever, for preserving health in old age and retarding/or delaying the onset of age-related diseases. A hope is given by experimental data, which evidence the possibility of retarding ageing in animal models. In addition, it has been also demonstrated in animal life-extending studies not only the possibility of increasing longevity but also the ability to retard the onset of age-related diseases. Interestingly, this recent evidence is leading to promise of obtaining the same effects in humans and resulting in benefits for their health in old ages. In order to achieve this goal, different approaches have been used ranging from pharmacological targeting of ageing, basic biological assays, and big data analysis to the recent use of young blood, stem cells, cellular, genetic, and epigenetic reprogramming, or other techniques of regenerative medicine. However, only a little fraction of these approaches has the features for being tested in clinical applications. Here, new emerging molecules, drugs, and procedures will be described, by evidencing potential benefits and limitations.

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Fantini, Bernardino. "La révolution pastorienne et les théories sur l'étiologie du goitre et du crétinisme." Gesnerus 49, no. 1 (November 27, 1992): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-04901004.

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Tout au long du XIXe siècle un grand nombre de théories étiologiques différentes et contradictoires sur le goitre et le crétinisme avait été proposé. La reconnaissance par le corps scientifique et médical du poids de la théorie microbienne des maladies infectieuses poussa à chercher un agent microbien pour tous les états pathologiques et on chercha longtemps un microbe responsable du goitre endémique. Cette attitude, associé à l’absence d’une théorie générale des maladies de carence, qui ne sera élaborée qu’au début du XXe siècle, résulta en un retard important dans les connaissances sur l’étiologie du goitre et du crétinisme. Toutefois, le développement de la théorie des germes a déterminé des effets positifs, en particulier la diffusion d’un modèle scientifique nouveau et la confiance dans la possibilité de lutter efficacement contre les endémies par des mesures simples de prophy laxie généralisée.

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Santhosh Kumar R and Sureshkumar R. "A Review on Precipitation inhibitors in supersaturable self emulsifying drug delivery system." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (May 16, 2020): 2481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2242.

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The super saturable formulation has been widely used as an effective method to improve solubility and oral absorption of poorly aqueous-soluble drugs. When the super saturable formulation comes in contact with gastrointestinal fluids, its drug concentration goes over the equilibrium solubility, but this state does not exist for too long, the drug may precipitate before being absorbed, which minimizes the efficacy and bioavailability of the drug. Therefore, it is necessary to inhibit or retard the precipitation of drugs to achieve the maximum benefits of the super saturable formulation. Polymers (watersoluble and insoluble) are the commonly used excipients to inhibit precipitation. Cyclodextrins and surfactants are the other two excipients used as precipitation inhibitors. In some of the cases, even solid carriers can effectively retard precipitation. The precipitation inhibitors (PI) have the capacity to maintain a super saturable state of the formulation in GI for a particular time period. Therefore, it is important to properly select the precipitation inhibitor; too frequently used methods to select precipitation inhibitor are casting film method and solvent-shift method. Such selected and successfully used precipitation inhibitors are HPMC E5LV, PVP K17, HPMC E5, soluplus, poloxamer 407, HPMCAS, maltodextrin (mal) and microcrystalline cellulose (mcc). Since the super saturable technique has been widely used for delivering poorly water-soluble drugs like ezetimibe, indirubin, feno fibrate, butyl paraben and rosu vastatin calcium. There is a necessity for bio relevant evaluation of supersaturation/precipitation because simple methods like dissolution tests cannot be bio relevant in a supersaturation/precipitation context. Some of the important factors like sink versus non-sink conditions, hydrodynamic, medium selection and temperature play a vital role in the evaluation of in-vitro supersaturation

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Curtis, Lawrence A., Jeffrey L. Kinley, and Nathan L. Tanner. "Longevity of oversized individuals: growth, parasitism, and history in an estuarine snail population." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 5 (October 2000): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002782.

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Ilyanassa obsoleta is mainly an eastern North American estuarine gastropod. Previous work on growth rate revealed a longevity of 30–40 y for this snail. Trematode infections retard growth, appear to be long-lived ([ges ]10 y) and can be frequent in this host. In 1995 a population made up of unusually large, trematode-parasitized individuals was located in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware. It was interesting to discover whether the oversized snails were the result of locally faster growth or greater age. Therefore in 1996 individually marked snails, uninfected and infected, were deployed to assess growth rates. Uninfected snails were tracked mostly in summer and autumn 1996; infected snails could be tracked longer, some through autumn 1999. Estimated growth rates of uninfected (1.5 mm y−1) and infected (0.2 mm y−1) snails in this habitat were similar to previous results and the large size of individuals in this population must be explained by greater age. Habitat history and growth rate evidence indicate the population includes snails as old as about 70 y. If correct, this becomes the greatest documented snail longevity. Trematodes gain long-term reproduction by their association with this host. By virtue of the enduring effects of long-lived individuals, and the wider potential effects of their long-lived infections (on the snails themselves and on other hosts in their life cycles), I. obsoleta stands to contribute more to the stability of coastal ecosystems than heretofore recognized.

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Albertsson, Per-Åke, Rickard Köhnke, Sinan C. Emek, Jie Mei, Jens F. Rehfeld, Hans-Erik Åkerlund, and Charlotte Erlanson-Albertsson. "Chloroplast membranes retard fat digestion and induce satiety: effect of biological membranes on pancreatic lipase/co-lipase." Biochemical Journal 401, no. 3 (January 12, 2007): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20061463.

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Human obesity is a global epidemic, which causes a rapidly increased frequency of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. One reason for obesity is the ready availability of refined food products with high caloric density, an evolutionarily new event, which makes over-consumption of food inevitable. Fat is a food product with high caloric density. The mechanism for regulation of fat intake has therefore been studied to a great extent. Such studies have shown that, as long as fat stays in the intestine, satiety is promoted. This occurs through the fat-released peptide hormones, the best known being CCK (cholecystokinin), which is released by fatty acids. Hence, retarded fat digestion with prolonged time for delivery of fatty acids promotes satiety. Pancreatic lipase, together with its protein cofactor, co-lipase, is the main enzymatic system responsible for intestinal fat digestion. We found that biological membranes, isolated from plants, animals or bacteria, inhibit the lipase/co-lipase-catalysed hydrolysis of triacylglycerols even in the presence of bile salt. We propose that the inhibition is due to binding of lipase/co-lipase to the membranes and adsorption of the membranes to the aqueous/triacylglycerol interface, thereby hindering lipase/co-lipase from acting on its lipid substrate. We also found that chloroplast membranes (thylakoids), when added to refined food, suppressed food intake in rats, lowered blood lipids and raised the satiety hormones, CCK and enterostatin. Consequently, the mechanism for satiety seems to be retardation of fat digestion allowing the fat products to stay longer in the intestine.

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Wahren, John, Karin Ekberg, Jan Johansson, Mikael Henriksson, Aladdin Pramanik, Bo-Lennart Johansson, Rudolf Rigler, and Hans Jörnvall. "Role of C-peptide in human physiology." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 278, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): E759—E768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.5.e759.

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The C-peptide of proinsulin is important for the biosynthesis of insulin but has for a long time been considered to be biologically inert. Data now indicate that C-peptide in the nanomolar concentration range binds specifically to cell surfaces, probably to a G protein-coupled surface receptor, with subsequent activation of Ca2+-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. The association rate constant, K ass, for C-peptide binding to endothelial cells, renal tubular cells, and fibroblasts is ∼3 ⋅ 109M− 1. The binding is stereospecific, and no cross-reaction is seen with insulin, proinsulin, insulin growth factors I and II, or neuropeptide Y. C-peptide stimulates Na+-K+-ATPase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activities. Data also indicate that C-peptide administration is accompanied by augmented blood flow in skeletal muscle and skin, diminished glomerular hyperfiltration, reduced urinary albumin excretion, and improved nerve function, all in patients with type 1 diabetes who lack C-peptide, but not in healthy subjects. The possibility exists that C-peptide replacement, together with insulin administration, may prevent the development or retard the progression of long-term complications in type 1 diabetes.

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Isaev, Nickolay K., Elena V. Stelmashook, Elisaveta E. Genrikhs, Galina A. Korshunova, Natalya V. Sumbatyan, Marina R. Kapkaeva, and Vladimir P. Skulachev. "Neuroprotective properties of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants of the SkQ-type." Reviews in the Neurosciences 27, no. 8 (December 1, 2016): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2016-0036.

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AbstractIn 2008, using a model of compression brain ischemia, we presented the first evidence that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants of the SkQ family, i.e. SkQR1 [10-(6′-plastoquinonyl)decylrhodamine], have a neuroprotective action. It was shown that intraperitoneal injections of SkQR1 (0.5–1 μmol/kg) 1 day before ischemia significantly decreased the damaged brain area. Later, we studied in more detail the anti-ischemic action of this antioxidant in a model of experimental focal ischemia provoked by unilateral intravascular occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The neuroprotective action of SkQ family compounds (SkQR1, SkQ1, SkQTR1, SkQT1) was manifested through the decrease in trauma-induced neurological deficit in animals and prevention of amyloid-β-induced impairment of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. At present, most neurophysiologists suppose that long-term potentiation underlies cellular mechanisms of memory and learning. They consider inhibition of this process by amyloid-β1-42as anin vitromodel of memory disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease. Further development of the above studies revealed that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants could retard accumulation of hyperphosphorylated τ-protein, as well as amyloid-β1-42, and its precursor APP in the brain, which are involved in developing neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer’s disease.

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Gerring, John, and Strom C. Thacker. "Do Neoliberal Economic Policies Kill or Save Lives?" Business and Politics 10, no. 3 (December 2008): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1212.

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Do neoliberal economic policies help or hinder human development? Many have argued that such policies promote economic stability and growth, which may have indirect positive effects on human welfare. Others claim that neoliberal policies retard human development. We argue that neoliberal economic policies may improve the human welfare in ways that are independent of their effects on economic performance. Specifically, this paper hypothesizes that open international trade policies, low-inflation macroeconomic environments, and market-oriented property rights regimes promote human development across the world. We test this argument by examining the impact of several measures of neoliberal policies on infant mortality rates across the world between 1960 and 1999. Results suggest that openness to imports, long-term membership in the GATT and WTO, low rates of inflation, and effective contract enforcement are each associated with lower rates of infant mortality across the world, even when controlling for countries' economic performance.

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Liu, Chia Hsin, Jo Chuan Kan, and Maw Tien Lee. "Effects of Octyl Phenyl Sulfoxide on the Hydration of Cement." Key Engineering Materials 765 (March 2018): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.765.314.

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Controlling the hydration rate of cement can influence the properties of cement hydrates. Many commercial cement retarders are mainly adopted for slowing down the rate of cement hydration. In this study, the surface of the cement particles was modified by an organic sulfoxide to retard the rate of cement hydration. The organic sulfoxide, octyl phenyl sulfoxide (OPS), was firstly synthesized by mixing 1-dodecanethiol with aryl iodide to produce organic sulfide, and then organic sulfide was oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide. The organic sulfoxide was identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). Hydrates of cement and cement modified with OPS were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and powder X-Ray Diffraction (pXRD). Experimental results showed that OPS successfully reduced the rate of cement hydration and had positive effect on the long term microstructures of the harden cement paste.

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Matsuda, J. J., R. F. Zernicke, A. C. Vailas, V. A. Pedrini, A. Pedrini-Mille, and J. A. Maynard. "Structural and mechanical adaptation of immature bone to strenuous exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 2028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.2028.

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To investigate the adaptive responses of immature bone to increased loads, young (3-wk-old) White Leghorn roosters were subjected to moderately intense treadmill running for 5 or 9 wk. The training program induced significant increases in maximal O2 consumption and muscle fumarase activity in the 12-wk-old birds, demonstrating that growing chickens have the ability to enhance their aerobic capacity. The structural and mechanical properties of the runners' tarsometatarsus bones were compared with sedentary age-matched controls at 8 and 12 wk of age. Suppression of circumferential growth occurred with exercise at both ages, whereas exercise enhanced middiaphysial cortical thickening, especially on the bones' concave surfaces. Although cross-sectional area moments of inertia did not change with exercise, significant decreases in bending stiffness, energy to yield, and energy to fracture were observed. It was concluded that strenuous exercise may retard long-bone maturation, resulting in more compliant bones.

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YAP, WEI YIM, JASMINE SIU LEE LAM, and KEVIN CULLINANE. "A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF COMPETITION BETWEEN CONTAINER TERMINAL OPERATORS." Singapore Economic Review 56, no. 04 (December 2011): 535–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590811004456.

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This paper presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the outcomes of potential competitive strategies and their expected payoffs for container terminal operators in the container handling industry. The framework is based on the integration of Bowley's linear model of aggregate demand of product differentiation with Porter's "Diamond" model. It focuses on the number of containers handled, prices charged, and profits earned to analyze a variety of strategies that could be employed by container terminal operators to enhance their competitive position. The findings suggest that strategies to build complementary relationships and stimulate greater demand are more desirable than alternatives because they generate benefits that accrue to the entire container port cluster. Conversely, strategies that are intended to raise entry barriers, employ strategic pricing mechanisms, and/or involve collusion are found to lead to the formation of insular clusters and retard competitive advantage in the long-run.

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Singh, Bir, Luke Haley, Jamie Nightengale, Won Hee Kang, Candace H. Haigler, and A. Scott Holaday. "Long-term night chilling of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) does not result in reduced CO2 assimilation." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 7 (2005): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05018.

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The aim of this study was to characterise the response of CO2 assimilation (A) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to short- and long-term exposures to night chilling. We hypothesised that short-term exposures to night chilling would induce reductions in gs and, therefore, A during the following days, while growth of cotton plants for several weeks in cool night conditions would cause elevated leaf carbohydrate content, leading to the down-regulation of the capacity for A. Transferring warm-grown seedlings of wild type cotton, transgenic cotton with elevated sucrose-phosphate synthase activity (SPS+) that might produce and export more sucrose from the leaf, and a segregating null to cool nights (9°C minimum) for 1 or 2 d caused a small reduction in A (12%) and gs (21–50%) measured at 28°C. Internal CO2 did not change, suggesting some biochemical restriction of A along with a gs restriction. After 30 d, new leaves that developed in cool nights exhibited acclimation of A and partial acclimation of gs. Despite the elevated leaf carbohydrate content when plants were grown to maturity with night chilling, no reduction in A, gs, carboxylation capacity, electron transport capacity, or triose-phosphate utilisation capacity occurred. Instead, growth in cool nights tended to retard the diminishing of photosynthetic parameters and gs for aging stem and subtending leaves. However, elevated SPS activity did not affect any photosynthetic parameters. Therefore, when cotton that is well fertilised with nitrogen is grown with continuous night chilling, photosynthesis should not be negatively affected. However, an occasional exposure to cool nights could result in a small reduction in A and gs for leaves that have developed in warm night conditions.

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Demain, Arnold L., and Spyridon N. Agathos. "Studies on in vivo inactivation of gramicidin S synthetase and its retardation." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-042.

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The oxygen-dependent in vivo inactivation of gramicidin S synthetase was investigated in Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999. Inhibitors of energy metabolism and of protein synthesis added to aerated cell suspensions did not provide any protection against inactivation, thus indicating that the process does not depend on energy-yielding metabolism nor on de novo protein synthesis. Organic thiols added to anaerobic long-term incubations retarded synthetase inactivation for several hours, whereas in short-term incubations of previously air-exposed cells they resulted in partial restoration of activity. The in vivo inactivation of the enzyme was found to be accompanied by a parallel drop in intracellular thiols. These results implicate enzyme SH oxidation as a mechanism of in vivo inactivation. Retardation of inactivation was achieved upon addition of utilizable carbon sources (glycerol, fructose, inositol) to aerated cell suspensions in buffer, the degree of stabilization being proportional to the ease of uptake and to the concentration of C source. This effect involves actual consumption of the exogenous C source and is accompanied by lower dissolved oxygen levels in the cell suspension. Pulsed additions of C source could retard inactivation but could not restore partly or fully lost activity. The C-source effect was blocked by the uncoupler dinitrophenol, while dissolved oxygen levels in the suspension remained low. C-source-supplemented cell suspensions incubated under air had a decreased intracellular redox state, as revealed by intracellular SH concentration.

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Singh, Rohit R., Ashok S. Sangani, Susan Daniel, and Donald L. Koch. "The combined hydrodynamic and thermodynamic effects of immobilized proteins on the diffusion of mobile transmembrane proteins." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 877 (August 27, 2019): 648–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.592.

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The plasma membranes of cells are thin viscous sheets in which some transmembrane proteins have two-dimensional mobility and some are immobilized. Previous studies have shown that immobile proteins retard the short-time diffusivity of mobile particles through hydrodynamic interactions and that steric effects of immobile proteins reduce the long-time diffusivity in a model that neglects hydrodynamic interactions. We present a rigorous derivation of the long-time diffusivity of a single mobile protein interacting hydrodynamically and thermodynamically with an array of immobile proteins subject to periodic boundary conditions. This method is based on a finite element method (FEM) solution of the probability density of the mobile protein diffusing with a position-dependent mobility determined through a multipole solution of Stokes equations. The simulated long-time diffusivity in square arrays decreases as the spacing in the array approaches the particle size in a manner consistent with a lubrication analysis. In random arrays, steric effects lead to a percolation threshold volume fraction above which long-time diffusion is arrested. The FEM/multipole approach is used to compute the long-time diffusivity far away from this threshold. An approximate analysis of mobile protein diffusion through a network of pores connected by bonds with resistances determined by the FEM/multipole calculations is then used to explore higher immobile area fractions and to evaluate the finite simulation cell size scaling behaviour of diffusion near the percolation threshold. Surprisingly, the ratio of the long-time diffusivity to the spatially averaged short-time diffusivity in these two-dimensional fixed arrays is higher in the presence of hydrodynamic interactions than in their absence. Finally, the implications of this work are discussed, including the possibility of using the methods developed here to investigate more complex diffusive phenomena observed in cell membranes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Retard long'

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