Relevant bibliographies by topics / Retinal shape

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Retinal shape'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Retinal shape"

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van Vught, Luc, Denis P. Shamonin, Gregorius P. M. Luyten, Berend C. Stoel, and Jan-Willem M. Beenakker. "MRI-based 3D retinal shape determination." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 6, no. 1 (2021): e000855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000855.

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ObjectiveTo establish a good method to determine the retinal shape from MRI using three-dimensional (3D) ellipsoids as well as evaluate its reproducibility.Methods and analysisThe left eyes of 31 volunteers were imaged using high-resolution ocular MRI. The 3D MR-images were segmented and ellipsoids were fitted to the resulting contours. The dependency of the resulting ellipsoid parameters on the evaluated fraction of the retinal contour was assessed by fitting ellipsoids to 41 different fractions. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the complete procedure was evaluated in four subjects. Finall
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Cessac, Bruno. "Retinal Processing: Insights from Mathematical Modelling." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 1 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8010014.

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The retina is the entrance of the visual system. Although based on common biophysical principles, the dynamics of retinal neurons are quite different from their cortical counterparts, raising interesting problems for modellers. In this paper, I address some mathematically stated questions in this spirit, discussing, in particular: (1) How could lateral amacrine cell connectivity shape the spatio-temporal spike response of retinal ganglion cells? (2) How could spatio-temporal stimuli correlations and retinal network dynamics shape the spike train correlations at the output of the retina? These
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Zhang, Ju, Bin Li, Xiao-Lin Xu, and Jost Bruno Hermann Jonas. "Histopathological analysis of the correlation between uveal melanomas and retinal tissue." International Eye Research 2, no. 1 (2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ier.2021.01.05.

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AIM: To analyze the impacts of the shape of uveal melanoma on retinal structure. METHODS: Histopathological sections and clinical data from patients with uveal melanoma were retrospectively observed and analyzed, and key indicators including the tumor’s shape, size, height-to-base ratio, retinal thinning and retinal invasion were analyzed. RESULTS: The study included 102 patients (102 eyes) with a mean age of 45.6±12.4y, with 76 (75%) uveal melanomas showing the spindle cell type, 6 (6%) showing the epitheloid cell type, 16 (16%) showing the mixed cell type and 4 (4%) showing predominantly oth
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Nijhawan, Romi. "‘Reversed’ Illusion with Three-Dimensional Müller-Lyer Shapes." Perception 24, no. 11 (1995): 1281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p241281.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Müller-Lyer illusion is produced by a mechanism which uses information defined in the retinal coordinates, or by a mechanism taking into account the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of the illusion figure. The classical Müller-Lyer figure could not be used to address this question since it is two-dimensional. Three-dimensional Müller-Lyer figures were created to see if the illusion they produce is correlated with the shape of the projected retinal image, or with the shape of these figures defined in a 3-D coordinate frame. In the experiments
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Weitz, Andrew C., Matthew R. Behrend, Nan Sook Lee, et al. "Imaging the response of the retina to electrical stimulation with genetically encoded calcium indicators." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 7 (2013): 1979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00852.2012.

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Epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to stimulate surviving retinal neurons, thus bypassing the diseased photoreceptor layer. Single-unit or multielectrode recordings from isolated animal retina are commonly used to inform the design of these implants. However, such electrical recordings provide limited information about the spatial patterns of retinal activation. Calcium imaging overcomes this limitation, as imaging enables high spatial resolution mapping of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity as well as simultaneous recording from hundreds of RGCs. Prior experiments in amphibian r
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Isakova, Krystyna, Jan O. Pralits, Mario R. Romano, Jan-Willem M. Beenakker, Denis P. Shamonin, and Rodolfo Repetto. "Equilibrium shape of the aqueous humor-vitreous substitute interface in vitrectomized eyes." Modeling and Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology 1, no. 3 (2017): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35119/maio.v1i3.36.

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Purpose: To predict the shape of the interface between aqueous humor and a tamponade, gas or silicone oil (SO), in vitrectomized eyes. To quantify the tamponated retinal surface for various eye shapes, from emmetropic to highly myopic eyes. Methods: We use a mathematical model to determine the equilibrium shape of the interface between the two fluids. The model is based on the VOF (volume of fluids) method. The governing equations are solved numerically using the free software OpenFOAM. We apply the model both to the case of idealized, yet realistic, geometries of emmetropic and myopic eyes an
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SPRINGER, ALAN D. "New role for the primate fovea: A retinal excavation determines photoreceptor deployment and shape." Visual Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (1999): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523899164034.

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In humans, an increasing density of foveal cone photoreceptors occurs slowly over several years after birth, and accounts for a region that subserves high visual acuity. Concurrently, inner retinal cells move centrifugally away from the foveal center. Such developmental rearrangements reflect complex cellular remodeling after the retinal neuronal cells have differentiated and have formed synapses. Explaining foveal morphogenesis is difficult, because differentiated neuronal cells seem incapable of moving actively. Presented here is a biomechanical explanation of how the above events occur. Thi
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Waheed, Amna, Zahra Waheed, M. Usman Akram, and Arslan Shaukat. "Removal of False Blood Vessels Using Shape Based Features and Image Inpainting." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/839894.

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Automated quantification of blood vessels in human retina is the fundamental step in designing any computer-aided diagnosis system for ophthalmic disorders. Detection and analysis of variations in blood vessels can be used to diagnose several ocular diseases like diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic Retinopathy is a progressive vascular disorder caused due to variations in blood vessels of retina. These variations bring different abnormalities like lesions, exudates, and hemorrhages in human retina which make the vessel detection problematic. Therefore, automated retinal analysis is required to cate
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Alimanović-Halilović, Emina. "Correlation Between Refraction Level and Retinal Breaks in Myopic Eye." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 8, no. 4 (2008): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2008.2895.

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In this study we analyzed 180 myopic eyes in order to determine the refraction that is “critical” for the occurrence of retinal breaks as a main cause of retinal detachment. Detachment of retina involves separation of the neurosensory retina from the pigmented epithelium with the severe impairment of vision. After the focused ophthalmological assessment, determination of objective refraction, indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy, we compared the diagnosed retinal breaks according to the shape with the refraction. All the examined eyes were divided into six groups according to the axis length. Mea
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Ha, Yoonhee, Hyun-Ji Yoo, Soowon Shin, and Sang Jun. "Hemispherical Microelectrode Array for Ex Vivo Retinal Neural Recording." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (2020): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050538.

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To investigate the neuronal visual encoding process in the retina, researchers have performed in vitro and ex vivo electrophysiological experiments using animal retinal tissues. The microelectrode array (MEA) has become a key component in retinal experiments because it enables simultaneous neural recording from a population of retinal neurons. However, in most retinal experiments, it is inevitable that the retinal tissue is flattened on the planar MEA, becoming deformed from the original hemispherical shape. During the tissue deforming process, the retina is subjected to mechanical stress, whi
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Retinal shape"

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Mazade, Reece E., and Erika D. Eggers. "Light adaptation alters inner retinal inhibition to shape OFF retinal pathway signaling." AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617205.

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The retina adjusts its signaling gain over a wide range of light levels. A functional result of this is increased visual acuity at brighter luminance levels (light adaptation) due to shifts in the excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive field parameters of ganglion cells that increases their sensitivity to smaller light stimuli. Recent work supports the idea that changes in ganglion cell spatial sensitivity with background luminance are due in part to inner retinal mechanisms, possibly including modulation of inhibition onto bipolar cells. To determine how the receptive fields of OFF c
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Verkicharla, Pavan Kumar. "Use of partial coherence interferometry in measuring retinal shape." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81595/1/Pavan%20Kumar_Verkicharla_Thesis.pdf.

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This study concerned development and validation of a simple and inexpensive method involving partial coherence interferometry for measuring retinal shape, and its use in exploring association between retinal shape and myopia. Retinal shapes estimates using partial coherence interferometry were validated against estimates obtained from magnetic resonance imaging. Steeper retinas were found along the horizontal than along the vertical meridian, in myopes than in emmetropes, and in East Asian myopes than in Caucasian myopes. The racial differences, combined with the high prevalence of myopia in E
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Miller, John William. "Differentiation between causes of optic disc swelling using retinal layer shape features." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6215.

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The optic disc is the region of the retina where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye. A number of conditions can cause the optic disc to swell. Papilledema, optic disc swelling caused by raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), swelling caused by reduced blood flow to the back of the eye, are two such conditions. Rapid, accurate diagnosis of the cause of disc swelling is important, as with papilledema the underlying cause of raised ICP could potentially be life-threatening and may require immediate intervention. The current clinical
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Yadav, Sunil Kumar [Verfasser]. "Surface Denoising based on The Variation of Normals and Retinal Shape Analysis / Sunil Kumar Yadav." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1171431228/34.

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Yu, Jie. "Classification of Genotype and Age of Eyes Using RPE Cell Size and Shape." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/118.

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Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a principal site of pathogenesis in age-related macular de-generation (AMD). AMD is a main source of vision loss even blindness in the elderly and there is no effective treatment right now. Our aim is to describe the relationship between the morphology of RPE cells and the age and genotype of the eyes. We use principal component analysis (PCA) or functional principal component method (FPCA), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) methods to analyze the morphological data of RPE cells in mouse eyes to classify their age and genotype. Our analyse
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Chavadimane, Shivakumar Pruthvi. "Mechanical basis of cell shapes and cell arrangements during retinal morphogenesis in Drosophila." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0374/document.

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Il y a exactement un siècle, D'Arcy Thompson a proposé dans son ouvrage "On Growth and Form" que certains principes mathématiques et physiques généraux régissent la diversité de l'organisation cellulaire et tissulaire. L'un de ces principes est l'existence d'une tension superficielle entre les contacts cellulaires, une grandeur physique qui détermine la forme des cellules. On sait aujourd'hui que la tension mécanique au niveau des contacts cellulaires dépend de deux systèmes biologiques: le cytosquelette, un réseau actif générant des forces contractiles, et les molécules d’adhésion, qui lient
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Noble, Andrew G. "The Repeatability of Peripheral Axial Length Measurements." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330654198.

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Leandro, Jorge de Jesus Gomes. "Dois problemas em análise de formas de estruturas de ramificação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-02092008-113204/.

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O presente texto descreve métodos e apresenta resultados do projeto de pesquisa de mestrado intitulado \"Dois Problemas em Análise de Formas de Estruturas de Ramificação\". Ambos os problemas abordados estão relacionados às sub-áreas da Análise de Formas denominadas Caracterização e Descrição de Formas. O primeiro problema consiste na investigação de um conjunto de características propostas para distingüir, primeiramente, entre estruturas de ramificação de vasos sangüíneos em imagens de retina segmentadas manualmente e automaticamente. A seguir, as mesmas características são aplicadas para dis
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Liu, Ching-Yu, and 劉景玉. "A Contact-Lens-Shaped Silicon Chip Technology for Retinal Prosthesis." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/h5d769.

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Verkicharla, P. K., M. Suheimat, Edward A. H. Mallen, and D. A. Atchison. "Influence of eye rotation on peripheral eye length measurement obtained with a partial coherence interferometry instrument." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10549.

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No<br>The eye rotation approach for measuring peripheral eye length leads to concern about whether the rotation influences results, such as through pressure exerted by eyelids or extra-ocular muscles. This study investigated whether this approach is valid. Peripheral eye lengths were measured with a Lenstar LS 900 biometer for eye rotation and no-eye rotation conditions (head rotation for horizontal meridian and instrument rotation for vertical meridian). Measurements were made for 23 healthy young adults along the horizontal visual field (+/- 30 degrees ) and, for a subset of eight participan
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Books on the topic "Retinal shape"

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Fleming, Roland W., and Daniel Holtmann-Rice. “Shape From Smear”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0017.

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Of the many mysteries of sensory perception, one of the greatest is surely our ability to see in three dimensions. While the world is 3D, the retinal images are 2D: So how does the brain work out the extra dimension? Under ordinary conditions, viewing the world with two eyes provides rich sources of information for inferring depths. However, we are also very good at working out 3D shape even from single, static photographs of objects. This chapter presents a novel illusion in which 2D patterns appear vividly 3D, revealing specific image information that the brain uses for inferring 3D shape, b
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Maniatis, Lydia M. Symmetry and Uprightness in Visually Perceived Forms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0023.

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Why do some two-dimensional (2D) drawings look three-dimensional (3D)? The answer is because their projection on our retinas is consistent with a 3D percept that has a “better” shape and orientation than the 2D figure. Whenever a retinal projection is interpreted by the visual system as the projection of a surface that is not frontoparallel (i.e., not parallel to the retinal surface), then the retinal image will differ in shape from the source of the projection in (a) the sizes of its internal angles and/or (b) the relative extents of its surfaces. The latter differences arise because, when an
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Maniatis, Lydia M. The Bathtub Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0024.

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As we move around a picture, the light pattern projecting from it to our eye changes. The resulting percept also changes, but the nature of these changes varies from picture to picture. The contents of the picture may appear to remain parallel to the picture plane as it slants away from us, or they may undergo changes in their apparent shape and/or their orientation relative to the picture plane. The changes are a function of the geometry of the retinal projection competing with parallax cues to flatness. Here, a bathtub in a photo undergoes a radical shape change—from long and skinny to short
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Chalupa, Leo M., and John S. Werner, eds. The Visual Neurosciences, 2-vol. set. The MIT Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7131.001.0001.

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An essential reference book for visual science. Visual science is the model system for neuroscience, its findings relevant to all other areas. This massive collection of papers by leading researchers in the field will become an essential reference for researchers and students in visual neuroscience, and will be of importance to researchers and professionals in other disciplines, including molecular and cellular biology, cognitive science, ophthalmology, psychology, computer science, optometry, and education. Over 100 chapters cover the entire field of visual neuroscience, from its historical f
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Walsh, Thomas, ed. Visual Fields. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195389685.001.0001.

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Visual Fields: Examination and Interpretation, 3rd edition contains revisions and updates of earlier material as well as a discussion of newer techniques for assessing visual field disorders. The book begins with a short history of the field of perimetry and goes on to present basic clinical aspects of examination and diagnosis of visual field defects in the optic nerve, optic disc, chorioretina, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate field bodies, and the calcarine complex. Additional aspects of visual field examination are explored including those of monocular, binocular, and junction
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Kim-Cohen, Seth. In the Blink of an Ear. Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501382796.

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An ear-opening reassessment of sonic art from World War II to the present Marcel Duchamp famously championed a "non-retinal" visual art, rejecting judgments of taste and beauty. In the Blink of an Ear is the first book to ask why the sonic arts did not experience a parallel turn toward a non-cochlear sonic art, imagined as both a response and a complement to Duchamp's conceptualism. Rather than treat sound art as an artistic practice unto itself-or as the unwanted child of music-artist and theorist Seth Kim-Cohen relates the post-War sonic arts to contemporaneous movements in the gallery arts.
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Book chapters on the topic "Retinal shape"

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Tanimoto, Naoyuki, Arne Brombas, Frank Müller, and Mathias W. Seeliger. "HCN1 Channels Significantly Shape Retinal Photoresponses." In Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0631-0_103.

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Tanimoto, Naoyuki, Arne Brombas, Frank Müller, and Mathias W. Seeliger. "Erratum to: HCN1 Channels Significantly Shape Retinal Photoresponses." In Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0631-0_108.

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Duan, Jinming, Weicheng Xie, Ryan Wen Liu, et al. "OCT Segmentation: Integrating Open Parametric Contour Model of the Retinal Layers and Shape Constraint to the Mumford-Shah Functional." In Shape in Medical Imaging. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04747-4_17.

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Choe, Tae Eun, Isaac Cohen, Gerard Medioni, Alexander C. Walsh, and SriniVas R. Sadda. "Evaluation of 3-D Shape Reconstruction of Retinal Fundus." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2006. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11866565_17.

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Apostolopoulos, Stefanos, Sandro De Zanet, Carlos Ciller, Sebastian Wolf, and Raphael Sznitman. "Pathological OCT Retinal Layer Segmentation Using Branch Residual U-Shape Networks." In Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention − MICCAI 2017. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66179-7_34.

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Jiang, Xiaoyi, and Daniel Mojon. "Blood Vessel Detection in Retinal Images by Shape-Based Multi-Threshold Probing." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45404-7_6.

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Rathke, Fabian, Stefan Schmidt, and Christoph Schnörr. "Order Preserving and Shape Prior Constrained Intra-retinal Layer Segmentation in Optical Coherence Tomography." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23626-6_46.

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Schwartz, B., and T. Takamoto. "Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Relation to Optic Disc Cup Shape in Open-Angle Glaucoma." In Glaucoma Update IV. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76084-6_14.

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Sadhukhan, Sandip, Goutam Kumar Ghorai, Souvik Maiti, Vikrant Anilrao Karale, Gautam Sarkar, and Ashis Kumar Dhara. "Optic Disc Segmentation in Retinal Fundus Images Using Fully Convolutional Network and Removal of False-Positives Based on Shape Features." In Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis and Multimodal Learning for Clinical Decision Support. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00889-5_42.

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Craft, Cheryl M., Jing Huang, Daniel E. Possin, and Anita Hendrickson. "Primate Short-Wavelength Cones Share Molecular Markers with Rods." In Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Retinal shape"

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Azemin, M. Z. Che, Dinesh K. Kumar, and Hong Ren Wu. "Shape Signature for Retinal Biometrics." In 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dicta.2009.69.

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Nanduri, D., M. S. Humayun, R. J. Greenberg, M. J. McMahon, and J. D. Weiland. "Retinal prosthesis phosphene shape analysis." In 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2008.4649524.

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Ficocelli, Maurizio, and Foued Ben Amara. "Control System Design for Retinal Imaging Adaptive Optics Systems Using Orthonormal Basis Functions." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-16037.

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This paper presents a solution to control system design issues for membrane mirrors used in retinal imaging adaptive optics systems. Such systems allow for the early diagnosis of eye diseases through high resolution imaging of the retina. Optical defects in the eye, known as aberrations, distort the retinal images, hence reducing their resolution. A retinal imaging adaptive optics system makes use of a deformable mirror whose shape is adjusted in real time to cancel the aberration effects. Due to the unknown and time-varying nature of the aberrations in the eye, the main control problem addres
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Saha, Sourav, Ankita Mandal, Sayantan Ganguly, Shreyan Giri, Priyodarshini Mondal, and Priya Ranjan Sinha Mahapatra. "A shape characterization framework for retinal vascular structure analysis." In 2017 8th IEEE Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemcon.2017.8117241.

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Hernandez-Matas, Carlos, Xenophon Zabulis, and Antonis A. Argyros. "Retinal image registration through simultaneous camera pose and eye shape estimation." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7591421.

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Wang, Ying, Huijie Fan, and Dawei Yang. "TS-Net: Texture and Shape Stream Network for Retinal Vessel Segmentation." In 2021 27th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/m2vip49856.2021.9665149.

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Ficocelli, Maurizio, and Foued Ben Amara. "Control System Design for Retinal Imaging Adaptive Optics Systems." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81800.

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This paper presents a solution to control system design issues for adaptive optics systems used in retinal imaging. In this paper, the control problem for adaptive optics systems is generalized to that of shape control for a flexible membrane representing a deformable membrane mirror. Due to the dynamic nature of the aberrations in the eye, the shape control problem addressed is the tracking of an unknown and time-varying shape for a distributed membrane (i.e., desired shape of the mirror). The design of a controller to achieve the shape control objective is based on a model of a distributed p
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Tang, Yongchuan, and Ping Zhou. "Segmentation of Retinal Blood Vessel by Merging Shape, Region and Edge Information." In 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbeb.2012.348.

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Iqbal, Azhar, and Foued Ben Amara. "Modeling of the Dynamic Surface Profile in Magnetic Fluid Mirrors." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-16045.

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Magnetic fluid deformable mirrors (MFDMs) present a simple alternative to the expensive and delicate wavefront correctors currently in use in adaptive optics (AO) systems. Such mirrors are particularly suitable for retinal imaging AO systems. The practical implementation of a retinal imaging AO system incorporating a MFDM requires an effective control system to control the shape of the mirror surface. The real-time control of the mirror surface requires a model of the mirror that can be used to determine the dynamic response of the mirror to a magnetic field applied as the control input. This
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DeGiorgi, Virginia G., Siddiq M. Qidwai, and Nithyanand Kota. "New Metrics for Pit Shape Characterization." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35140.

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Currently a variety of approaches are used to match stress concentration factors with corrosion pit geometry. The majority of these approaches use standardized stress concentration factors, such as concentration factors for circles or ellipses, to estimate the maximum stress values along the pit front. These factors are based on regular geometric shapes. Pits that form in a microstructure are influenced by the individual grains surrounding the pit. These pits often do not have simple shapes. Use of standardized geometric factors do not capture the geometric complexity of the pit. Rather than a
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