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Journal articles on the topic 'Retinoblastoma'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Johnson, Dennis L., Roma Chandra, Wink S. Fisher, M. Kathryn Hammock, and Craig A. McKeown. "Trilateral retinoblastoma: ocular and pineal retinoblastomas." Journal of Neurosurgery 63, no. 3 (1985): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.3.0367.

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✓ Trilateral retinoblastomas, the syndrome of bilateral retinoblastoma associated with ectopic retinoblastoma in the pineal gland, is rare but well recognized. In contrast to bilateral retinoblastomas alone, the ocular retinoblastomas in trilateral retinoblastoma develop before the age of 6 months, and a family history positive for retinoblastoma is usually obtained. The retinal tumors are often quiescent at the time that the pineal tumor is discovered, and show no evidence of metastatic spread after enucleation of the globes. Pathologically, the pineal tumor is indistinguishable from the ocul

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2

Putri, Mutia Arnisa. "Molecular Genetics Mutations of Retinoblastoma." Sriwijaya Journal of Ophthalmology 4, no. 2 (2021): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/sjo.v4i2.50.

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Retinoblastoma is a cancer that arises because both copies of the RB1 gene that normally suppresses retinoblastoma are lost from a developing retinal cell in fetuses, babies, and young children. Retinoblastoma is the prototype genetic cancer in one or both eyes of young children, most retinoblastomas are initiated by biallelic mutation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene, RB1, in a developing retinal cell. All those with bilateral retinoblastoma have heritable cancer, although 95% have not inherited the RB1 mutation. Nonheritable retinoblastoma is always unilateral, with 98% caused

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3

Kitazawa, Koji, Kenji Nagata, Yukito Yamanaka, et al. "Diffuse Anterior Retinoblastoma with Sarcoidosis-Like Nodule." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 6, no. 3 (2015): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442744.

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Background: Retinoblastomas account for 4% of malignancies in children, 1-2% of which are diffuse infiltrating retinoblastomas. Diffuse anterior retinoblastoma is rare and does not involve the retina. Here, we report on a diffuse anterior retinoblastoma with large sarcoidosis-like nodules on the iris that were responsive to anti-inflammatory therapy. Case: We present a 6-year-old girl who had anterior uveitis with white nodules on the iris and posterior surface of the cornea in her right eye. The nodules initially responded well to anti-inflammatory treatment. However, anterior segment optical

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4

Laurie, Nikia, Adithi Mohan, Justina McEvoy, et al. "Changes in Retinoblastoma Cell Adhesion Associated with Optic Nerve Invasion." Molecular and Cellular Biology 29, no. 23 (2009): 6268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00374-09.

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ABSTRACT In the 1970s, several human retinoblastoma cell lines were developed from cultures of primary tumors. As the human retinoblastoma cell lines were established in culture, growth properties and changes in cell adhesion were described. Those changes correlated with the ability of the human retinoblastoma cell lines to invade the optic nerve and metastasize in orthotopic xenograft studies. However, the mechanisms that underlie these changes were not determined. We used the recently developed knockout mouse models of retinoblastoma to begin to characterize the molecular, cellular, and gene

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5

Katayama, Yoichi, Takashi Tsubokawa, Takamitsu Yamamoto, and Norimichi Nemoto. "Ectopic Retinoblastoma within the 3rd Ventricle: Case Report." Neurosurgery 28, no. 1 (1991): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199101000-00024.

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Abstract Ectopic intracranial retinoblastomas arc rare. These tumors usually occur in the pineal, parasellar. or suprasellar regions several years after the successful treatment of ocular retinoblastomas with no evidence of direct extension or distant metastasis. We report here a case of ectopic retinoblastoma occurring within the third ventricle. The tumor was surgically excised by the transventricular approach. Ectopic retinoblastomas exhibit greater differentiation than one would expect to observe in a metastatic lesion of this tumor. The distinction of ectopic retinoblastomas and metastasi

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6

Setiawan, Arif. "Classification of Retinoblastoma Eye Disease on Digital Fundus Images Using Geometric Features and Machine Learning." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 9, no. 3 (2025): 227–36. https://doi.org/10.29207/resti.v9i3.6337.

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Medical image analysis is essential for detecting retinoblastoma tumors due to the ability of this method to assist doctors in examining the morphology, density, and distribution of blood vessels. The classification of normal and retinoblastoma-affected retinas is a preliminary step in treating retinoblastoma tumors. Therefore, this study aimed to propose a new method for classifying normal and retinoblastoma-affected retinas using geometric feature extraction and machine learning. The workflow consisted of (1) fundus image data collection for retinoblastomas, (2) image segmentation, (3) featu

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7

Giri, Winda W., Yuli Anandasari, Ni Nyoman Margiani, Dwija Putra Ayusta, Ketut Ariawati, and Sri Mahendra Dewi. "Retinoblastoma or Neuroblastoma: an imaging polemic issues." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 2 (2020): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20200273.

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Both retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma are common childhood malignancy, which classified as malignant round cell tumors, but have different diagnostic, therapeutic, prognostic criteria and metastases pattern. A case was evaluated with an imaging examination resembled neuroblastoma metastatic process but was diagnosed as retinoblastoma. A 2-years-old boy came with chief complaint swollen right eye. Prior history was itchy and increasingly swollen right eye, decreased vision and gradually increases pain. There was no sign of leukocoria. Histopathology result confirmed malignant round cell tumor.

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8

Lindahl, S. "Computed Tomography of Retinoblastoma." Acta Radiologica. Diagnosis 27, no. 5 (1986): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518602700505.

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Retinoblastoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in children. The clinical features are leucocoria and/or strabismus. The ophthalmic diagnosis is straight forward in clear eye media with a white gray mass in the fundus. With opaque ocular media, other diagnostic procedures such as CT and ultrasonography are important. In the present study the results of CT examinations of 23 patients with histologically proven retinoblastomas are presented. The mean age of the patients was two years. The characteristic CT finding is a partly calcified intravitreous mass lesion mostly confi

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9

Fang, Xiaolian, Huanmin Wang, Xiaoli Ma, et al. "Clinical Features of Children with Retinoblastoma and Neuroblastoma." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (July 10, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9315784.

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Purpose. Retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma are the most common malignant extracranial solid tumors in children. This study aimed to summarize the clinical features, especially the delayed diagnosis in children with retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma. Methods. In a single hospital-based case-control study, a retrospective cohort of 175 children with retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma diagnosed from January 2016 to January 2018 were reviewed. The state of enucleation in retinoblastomas and pathological prognosis in neuroblastomas were outcome indicators. Hereby, the patients were divided into two gro

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10

Eagle Jr, Ralph C. "High-Risk Features and Tumor Differentiation in Retinoblastoma: A Retrospective Histopathologic Study." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 133, no. 8 (2009): 1203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/133.8.1203.

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Abstract Context.—Certain histopathologic risk factors in enucleated eyes are important indicators for adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with retinoblastoma. Objectives.—To determine the frequency of histopathologic risk factors in a large series of retinoblastomas treated by enucleation on file in the pathology laboratory of a large American eye hospital, assess the relationship between tumor differentiation and age at enucleation, and investigate the frequency of photoreceptor differentiation and the role of retinoma/retinocytoma as retinoblastoma precursor. Design.—Retrospective histopathol

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11

Bai, Jinlun, David S. Koos, Kayla Stepanian, et al. "Abstract 236: Modeling multi-step retinoblastoma genesis with cone reporter retinal organoids." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (2024): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-236.

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Abstract Purpose: This study aims to develop a human retinoblastoma organoid (RBRO) model that recapitulates the cell-of-origin and multi-step retinoblastoma genesis. Background: Retinoblastomas originate from maturing cone photoreceptor precursors with biallelic RB1 inactivation. Rb1 mutant animal models fail to recapitulate retinoblastomagenesis with a cone precursor cell-of-origin, likely due to human-specific cone development features. In explanted fetal retina, pRB-depleted post-mitotic cone precursors proliferate, followed by a 3-5 month premalignant indolence phase before retinoblastoma

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12

Singh, Hardeep P., Sijia Wang, Kevin Stachelek, et al. "Developmental stage-specific proliferation and retinoblastoma genesis in RB-deficient human but not mouse cone precursors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 40 (2018): E9391—E9400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808903115.

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Most retinoblastomas initiate in response to the inactivation of theRB1gene and loss of functional RB protein. The tumors may form with few additional genomic changes and develop after a premalignant retinoma phase. Despite this seemingly straightforward etiology, mouse models have not recapitulated the genetic, cellular, and stage-specific features of human retinoblastoma genesis. For example, whereas human retinoblastomas appear to derive from cone photoreceptor precursors, current mouse models develop tumors that derive from other retinal cell types. To investigate the basis of the human co

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13

Dr., Hassan Mehmood Raja Muhammad Muaaz Hussain Dr Rabia Iqbal. "RETINOBLASTOMA TO ASSESS CHARACTER OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 09 (2019): 11740–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3408159.

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<em>The current future research remained approved out in cases supposed of retinoblastoma to assess character of CT in judgement in addition production. The offering structures remained leukocoria also proptosis for which CT remained directed afterwards medical assessment. Calcification remains understood in completely cases by retinoblastoma also tall understanding of CT for perceiving calcium brands this cost actual also dependable indicative modality. CT perusing similarly rise exactness in distinguishing retinoblastomas from additional pretending grazes. In addition, concurrent scanning of

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14

Švojgr, Karel. "Retinoblastoma." Onkologie 10, no. 5 (2016): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/xon.2016.046.

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15

Almarzouki, Nawaf. "Impact of global DNA methylation on retinal gene expression in various stages of retinoblastoma: A clue for biomarkers." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 11, no. 1 (2025): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2025.017.

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: Retinoblastoma, the most prevalent intraocular cancer in children, originates from the eye's retina. Multi-omics studies reveal a complex molecular foundation for retinoblastoma, underscoring the crucial interconnected roles of epigenetic and gene expression processes in understanding pathological mechanisms, identifying biomarkers, and exploring potential therapeutic options. The DNA methylation array and gene expression datasets of retinoblastoma were searched in repositories. The relevant datasets were merged based on a common reference platform, and various regulatory patterns were const

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16

Garcia, Jesús R., Dan S. Gombos, Claudia M. Prospero, Aravindh Ganapathy, Rebecca L. Penland, and Patricia Chévez-Barrios. "Expression of Angiogenic Factors in Invasive Retinoblastoma Tumors Is Associated With Increase in Tumor Cells Expressing Stem Cell Marker Sox2." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 139, no. 12 (2015): 1531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2014-0262-oa.

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Context Progression of retinoblastoma is associated with increased tumor angiogenesis. However, a clear relationship between the expression of angiogenic markers in specific regions of the tumor and tumor progression has not been established. This study investigates the association between angiogenic factors in retinoblastomas with choroidal and/or optic nerve invasion (high-risk/invasive retinoblastoma) and expression of Sox2, a stem cell marker. Objective To investigate the association between the expression of angiogenic factors and markers of tumor invasiveness, such as the stem cell marke

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17

Singh, Brijendra. "Retinoblastoma: A Glance." Indian Journal of Genetics and Molecular Research 6, no. 2 (2017): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijgmr.2319.4782.6217.2.

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18

Nag, Adwaita, and Vikas Khetan. "Retinoblastoma – A comprehensive review, update and recent advances." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 72, no. 6 (2024): 778–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_2414_23.

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Retinoblastoma is the most common pediatric ocular malignancy. It is triggered by a biallelic mutation in the RB1 gene or MYCN oncogene amplification. Retinoblastomas can be unilateral (60%–70%) or bilateral (30%–40%); bilateral tumors are always heritable and present at an earlier age as compared to unilateral ones (18–24 months vs. 36 months in India). High prevalence rates, delayed presentation, and inaccessibility to healthcare lead to worse outcomes in developing countries. The past few decades have seen a paradigm change in the treatment of retinoblastomas, shifting from enucleation and

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19

Chang, Ying, Jitong Shi, Junyang Zhao, et al. "Retinoblastoma in Chinese Children Aged Five to Fourteen Years." Ophthalmologica 233, no. 3-4 (2015): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381220.

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Objective: To assess the characteristics of retinoblastomas enucleated from Chinese children aged 5-14 years. Methods: This retrospective hospital-based study included all eyes with retinoblastomas consecutively enucleated in the Beijing Tongren Hospital between August 2003 and July 2013. Results: Out of 1,205 patients, 47 (3.9%) were 5 years or older. All tumors in this age group occurred unilaterally, the patients had a negative family history, and the tumors were detected at an age of 6.9 ± 1.8 years (range: 5-14). The main clinical features at the time of examining the as yet untreated chi

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20

Hülsenbeck, Isabel, Mirjam Frank, Eva Biewald, Deniz Kanber, Dietmar R. Lohmann, and Petra Ketteler. "Introduction of a Variant Classification System for Analysis of Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in Heritable Retinoblastoma." Cancers 13, no. 7 (2021): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13071605.

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Constitutional haploinsufficiency of the RB1 gene causes heritable retinoblastoma, a tumor predisposition syndrome. Patients with heritable retinoblastoma develop multiple retinoblastomas early in childhood and other extraocular tumors later in life. Constitutional pathogenic variants in RB1 are heterogeneous, and a few genotype-phenotype correlations have been described. To identify further genotype-phenotype relationships, we developed the retinoblastoma variant effect classification (REC), which considers each variant’s predicted effects on the common causal mediator, RB1 protein pRB. For v

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21

Beletskaya, L. V., N. A. Khasanova, R. A. Shamsutdinova, L. V. Ayupova, and M. Kh Khismatov. "Long-term results of retinoblastoma treatment in children." Kazan medical journal 69, no. 3 (1988): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj97064.

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Retinoblastoma is a malignant retinal tumor in young children. It usually develops in the first two years of life. In 25-30% of patients, the tumor affects both eyes. Nowadays, the hereditary nature of retinoblastomas has been proved in 50-70% of patients. The tumor grows rapidly and has a tendency to metastasize. Metastases to lymph nodes, skull bones, brain, ribs, sternum, spine, less often to internal organs can appear already in stage I or more often in stage II of the disease.

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22

Макаревич, О. О. "Retinoblastoma: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Features in Children." Педиатрия. Восточная Европа, no. 2 (July 24, 2020): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.8.2.010.

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Ретинобластома – это редкая внутриглазная опухоль детского возраста, имеющая нейроэктодермальное происхождение. Распространенность данного заболевания составляет 1 случай на 10 000–17 000 живых новорожденных. Наиболее распространенными клиническими проявлениями ретинобластомы являются лейкокория и косоглазие. Могут наблюдаться такие симптомы, как неоваскуляризация радужки, гипопион, гифема, буфтальм, целлюлит орбиты, повышение внутриглазного давления, а также экзофтальм. В 60% случаев заболевание одностороннее, и, как правило, монокулярная ретинобластома не является наследственной (средний воз

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23

Bai, Jinlun, David S. Koos, Kayla Stepanian, et al. "Abstract 3944: Deciphering retinoblastoma indolence-malignancy transition with RB1 knockout cone reporter retinal organoids." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 3944. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-3944.

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Abstract Purpose: This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving the transition from pre-malignant lesions to malignancy using a human retinoblastoma retinal organoid (RBRO) model that faithfully recapitulates the cell-of-origin and multi-step retinoblastoma genesis. Background: Retinoblastoma originates from maturing cone photoreceptor precursors with biallelic RB1 inactivation. In explanted fetal retinae, pRB-depleted post-mitotic cone precursors proliferate, followed by a 3-5 month premalignant indolence phase before retinoblastoma-like masses emerge at tissue ages mirroring

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24

Margo, Curtis E., Lynn E. Harman, and Zuber D. Mulla. "Retinoblastoma." Cancer Control 5, no. 4 (1998): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107327489800500402.

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Background Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of infants and children. With early diagnosis and treatment, survival is greater than 90%; however, patients with a germline retinoblastoma mutation have a substantial risk of having a second high-grade malignancy. Methods The recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma are reviewed. Results Identification of the retinoblastoma germline mutation is now possible with the discovery of the retinoblastoma gene. Patients with the germline mutation have a 51% cumulative risk over 50 years of developing a sec

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25

Indrakila, Senyum, Muhammad Ilham Malda, Widyanti Soewoto, et al. "Pendekatan Deteksi Dini Retinoblastoma pada Anak di RSUD Moewardi Surakarta." Jurnal Kreativitas Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) 6, no. 9 (2023): 3514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v6i9.10799.

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ABSTRAK Retinoblastoma merupakan keganasan pada mata yang sering terjadi pada anak-anak dengan insiden terjadinya berkisar antara 1 dalam 14.000 sampai 1 dalam 20.000 kelahiran. Diagnosis dan penanganan retinoblastoma yang terlambat menjadi salah satu permasalahan yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya metastasis ke bagian ekstraokuler, kehilangan penglihatan dan kematian. Pada negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia penyebab keterlambatan diagnosis retinoblastoma berasal dari orang tua anak yang disebabkan oleh faktor ekonomi dan ketidaktahuan pada penyakit retinoblastoma serta kewaspadaan dari ge

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26

Sultana, Aliya, and Varsha Mallapragada. "Retinoblastoma – Typical and atypical clinical manifestations presented at tertiary eye care centre." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 8, no. 4 (2022): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2022.110.

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: Purpose is to study the various typical and atypical manifestations of the retinoblastoma presented to our department.: Prospective study.: 2 years, January 2020 to December 2021.: All children presented with various signs and symptoms and cases with tumour suspicious manifestations were evaluated. Detailed birth history from parents, slit lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy, B Scan, CT Scan Orbit (plain and contrast), MRI Orbit (plain and contrast) when tumour extension was suspected and documentation done in all cases.: Atypical manifestations requires proper evaluation to exclude Ps

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27

Partha Haradhan Chowdhury, Dr, and Brinda Haren Shah. "Retinoblastoma." Acta Scientific Ophthalmology 4, no. 5 (2021): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asop.2021.04.0287.

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28

Wilson, W. G., and J. R. Serwint. "Retinoblastoma." Pediatrics in Review 28, no. 1 (2007): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.28-1-37.

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29

Joseph, Biju, Mahesh Palanivelu Shanmugam, Madhuravasal Krishnan Srinivasan, and Govindasamy Kumaramanickavel. "Retinoblastoma." Molecular Diagnosis 8, no. 4 (2004): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00066982-200408040-00005.

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30

Aerts, I., L. Lumbroso-Le Rouic, M. Gauthier-Villars, H. J. Brisse, P. Fréneaux, and F. Doz. "Retinoblastoma." EMC - Pediatría 56, no. 1 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1245-1789(21)44723-2.

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31

Kaste, S. C., J. J. Jenkins, C. B. Pratt, J. W. Langston, and B. G. Haik. "Retinoblastoma." American Journal of Roentgenology 175, no. 2 (2000): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.175.2.1750495.

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32

Peeler, Crandall E., and Efren Gonzalez. "Retinoblastoma." New England Journal of Medicine 386, no. 25 (2022): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm2118356.

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33

Wilson, William G. "Retinoblastoma." Pediatrics In Review 28, no. 1 (2007): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.28.1.37.

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34

Hanks, Jacquie, Sheilah Snyder, and Sharon Stoolman. "Retinoblastoma." Nurse Practitioner 46, no. 9 (2021): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000769776.57850.9a.

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35

Helveston, Eugene M., Keith R. Knuth, and Forrest D. Ellis. "Retinoblastoma." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 24, no. 6 (1987): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-19871101-07.

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36

Wagner, Rudolph. "Retinoblastoma." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 40, no. 1 (2003): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-20030101-04.

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37

Samson, Kurt. "Retinoblastoma." Oncology Times 35, no. 7 (2013): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000429344.54506.70.

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38

Bankhead, Charles. "Retinoblastoma." Oncology Times 27, no. 12 (2005): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000292749.74612.7e.

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39

Carlson, Robert H. "Retinoblastoma." Oncology Times 28, no. 12 (2006): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000295100.00039.e2.

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40

Carlson, Robert H. "Retinoblastoma." Oncology Times 28, no. 12 (2006): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000295101.07663.78.

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41

Bekibele, Charles O., Adejumoke I. Ayede, Olumide O. Asaolu, and Biobele J. Brown. "Retinoblastoma." Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 31, no. 8 (2009): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mph.0b013e31819c5275.

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42

Blumenkranz, Mark S. "Retinoblastoma." Retina 14, no. 1 (1994): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006982-199401000-00024.

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43

Ortiz, Michael V., and Ira J. Dunkel. "Retinoblastoma." Journal of Child Neurology 31, no. 2 (2015): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073815587943.

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44

Hungerford, J. L. "Retinoblastoma." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 3 (1990): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199001030-00002.

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45

Hungerford, J. L. "Retinoblastoma." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 3 (1990): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199006000-00002.

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46

Abramson, David H., and Brenda L. Gallie. "Retinoblastoma." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 3, no. 3 (1992): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199206000-00002.

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47

Villegas, Victor M., Ditte J. Hess, Andrea Wildner, Aaron S. Gold, and Timothy G. Murray. "Retinoblastoma." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 24, no. 6 (2013): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000002.

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48

Kim, Jonathan W. "Retinoblastoma." International Ophthalmology Clinics 55, no. 1 (2015): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iio.0000000000000048.

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49

Chung, Charlotte Y., Carlos A. Medina, Hassan A. Aziz, and Arun D. Singh. "Retinoblastoma." International Ophthalmology Clinics 55, no. 1 (2015): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iio.0000000000000054.

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50

Singh, Arun D. "Retinoblastoma." International Ophthalmology Clinics 59, no. 2 (2019): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iio.0000000000000267.

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