Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rétinopathie diabétique'
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Bon, Marie-Françoise. "Rétinopathie diabétique : étude de cent diabétiques porteurs d' une rétinopathie : évolution sur cinq ans." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF13010.
Full textTaverna, Mariano Javier. "Rétinopathie diabétique humaine : aspects génétiques et physiopathologiques." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066113.
Full textGaucher, David. "La rétinopathie diabétique : inflammation et neuroprotection." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066572.
Full textHaas, Josiane. "Physiopathologie, traitement et prévention des rétinopathies chez le diabétique." Strasbourg 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR10539.
Full textMasson, Elodie. "Rôle des gangliosides dans les perturbations de la prolifération des péricytes rétiniens et des cellules mésangiales rénales : implication dans le développement de la rétinopathie et de la néphropathie diabétiques." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0012/these.pdf.
Full textLoss of retinal pericyte is one of the earliest alteration of diabetic retinopathy. Cell cycle arrest, hypertrophy then death of renal mesangial cells are typical hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy. Glycation (advanced glycation end-products, AGE, formation) and the hexosamine pathway are two biochemical hypotheses proposed to explain cellular alteration occurring during diabetic vascular complication. On the other hand, although gangliosides have often been described as modulators of cellular proliferation, very few studies have explored their potential role in cell proliferation alteration of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of AGE and hexosamine pathway activation, mimicked by glucosamine, on pericyte and mesangial cell proliferation and ganglioside metabolism and then to establish the implication of gangliosides in these regulation of proliferation process. Our result showed that AGE and glucosamine inhibit the proliferation of both cell types studied. Moreover, they revealed that glucosamine blocks the cell cycle and induces hypertrophy of mesangial cells. On the other hand, both AGE and glucosamine are able to affect cellular ganglioside profile by modulating their biosynthetic enzyme activities. Finally, our observations suggested that gangliosides are implicated in the inhibition of cell proliferation and hypertrophy caused by AGE and glucosamine in pericyte and mesangial cells. Thus, they present gangliosides as a novel mechanism of action of AGE and the hexosamine pathway and lead to propose gangliosides, especially a-series gangliosides and GM3 synthase, as a potential common mechanism of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy development. This work is one of the first suggesting the implication of gangliosides in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Through gangliosides, it offers new therapeutic prospects common to both microvascular complications
Massin, Pascale. "Dépistage de la rétinopathie diabétique : aspects techniques et organisationnels." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077122.
Full textMisse, Patrick. "Rétinopathie du diabétique sous pompe à insuline après 5 ans d'évolution." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11036.
Full textMezzadri, Dominique. "Position actuelle du traitement des rétinopathies diabétiques." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON11165.
Full textOmri, Samy. "Etude du rôle de la PKC Zeta dans la rétinopathie diabétique." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T033.
Full textDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in patients younger than 60 years. The formation of edema due to ocular barriers alterations and inflammation are often associated with this pathology. In diabetes, the PKC zeta plays a role at different levels such as the transport of glucose, insulin resistance, and migration of macrophages in ocular inflammation. My work has focused on studying the role of PKC zeta in the molecular mechanisms involved in these alterations on Goto Kakizaki rats model of diabetes type 2. My results have demonstrated: 1°) the characterization of the outer limiting membrane (OLM) as a third retinal barrier with the presence of tight junctions. The rupture of this barrier during RD is associated with the loss of cones. 2 °) We evidenced a short form of PKC zeta and its role in the outer retinal barrier disruption (EPR). 3°) We evidenced a trans-cellular passage of activated microglia through the EPR. Taken together, the activity of PKC zeta plays a key role in this traffic, confirmed by the administration of its specific inhibitor. All these results show that prolonged activation of PKC zeta" is deleterious and contributes to the alterations observed in the DR. The use of its specific inhibitor may protect ocular barriers and decreased the inflammation. Control of prolonged activity of PKC zeta by using its specific inhibitor may be a therapeutic strategy for this pathology
Donnio-Cordoba, Angélique. "La rétinopathie diabétique en Martinique : résultats d'une enquête transversale sur 811 patients." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11008.
Full textZhang, Xiwei. "Méthodes de traitement d’images pour le dépistage de la rétinopathie diabétique assisté par ordinateur." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0024/document.
Full textDiabetic retinopathy is the main cause of blindness among the middle-aged population. An early detection and adapted treatment considerably reduce the risk of sight loss. Medical authorities recommend an annual examination to diabetic patients. Several diabetic retinopathy screening programs have been deployed to enforce this recommendation. The aim of the TeleOphta project was to automatically detect normal examinations in a diabetic screening system, in order to reduce the burden on readers, and therefore serve more patients. This thesis proposes several methods to extract information linked to diabetic retinopathy lesions from color eye fundus images.The detection of exudates, microaneurysms and hemorrhages is discussed in detail. One of the main challenges of this work is to deal with clinical images, acquired by different types of eye fundus cameras, by different persons. Therefore the data base heterogeneity is high. New pre-processing methods, which perform not only normalization and denoising tasks, but also detect reflections and artifacts in the images, are proposed. Novel candidate segmentation methods based on mathematical morphology, and new textural and contextual features for lesion characterization, are proposed. A random forest algorithm is used to detect lesions among the candidates. The proposed methods make extensive use of new residue analysis methods.Moreover, three new publicly available retinal image databases, e-ophtha EX, e-ophtha MA and e-ophtha HM, respectively designed to develop and evaluate exudate, microaneurysms and hemorrhages detections methods, are proposed in this work. The images are extracted from the OPHDIAT telemedicine network for diabetic retinopathy screening. Manual annotations of the lesions are given in detail in these databases. The proposed algorithms are evaluated on these databases.The proposed methods have been integrated within the TeleOphta system, which is presented and evaluated on two large databases. Each patient record is classified into two categories: “To be referred” or “Normal”. The classification is based not only on the results of the presented methods, but also on image signatures provided by other partners, as well as on medical and acquisition-related information. The evaluation shows that the TeleOphta system can make about 2 times more patients benefit from the diagnosis service
Conrath, John. "Caractérisation de la zone avasculaire centrale chez le diabétique en angiofluorographie rétinienne : corrélations quantitatives et qualitatives, influence des facteurs métaboliques et essai de détection semi-automatisée." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20671.
Full textDiabetic retinopathy is the second cause of legal blindness in France and the first cause in the less than 50 years old age group. Retinopathy is one of the three manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy along with nephropathy and neuropathy. Retinal ischemia in diabetes affects peripheral retinal vessels as well as macular vessels. Peripheral ischemia is well known and an effective treatment exists, panretinal photocoagulation. Macular ischemia has been less studied perhaps because there exists no effective treatment for it. The center of the retina is physiologically avascular. This Foveal Avascular Zone enlarges during diabetes. We used our digital image bank of the University Hospital Center of Marseille's ophthalmology departments in a retrospective study of 110 diabetic patients to caracterise the FAZ. We found a correlation between quantitative and qualitative analysis of the FAZ (using the ETDRS grading system) (p=0. 03), with the FAZ enlarging as the grade of macular vessel destruction increased. We found a significantly higher body mass index in patients presenting a normal FAZ (p=0. 033) perhaps because certain type 2 diabetics not requiring insulin present a less severe form of the disease. We also found a protective effect of the Apo A1 fraction of serum cholesterol on the FAZ in the sub-group having undergone that measure (p=0. 004). The FAZ may be measured with an image analysis software programme (ENVI), but it strongly depends upon image quality, and underestimates FAZ surface compared to manual measurement
Walter, Thomas Edgar. "Application de la morphologie mathématique au diagnostic de la rétinopathie diabétique à partir d' images couleur." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1160.
Full textThis thesis deals with the automatic analysis of color fundus images in order to improve diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), a severe and wide-spread eye disease (leading cause of legal blindness for the population between 25 and 65). For the diagnosis of this disease, digital color fundus images are becoming increasingly important. This fact opens the possibility of applying image processing techniques in order to facilitate and improve diagnosis of DR. We present in this thesis new tools for image enhancement, as well as methods for mass screening and monitoring of DR. Within this framework, we present new methods for the detection of anatomical features (vessels, macula, papilla) and the detection of the most important lesions associated with DR (microaneurysms, exudates, hemorrhages). With the algorithms developed in this thesis, it is possible to conceive diagnostic tools that may play a major role in mass-screening and monitoring of DR
Robillart-Guigue, Isabelle. "La stéréogammathérapie hypophysaire interstitielle freinatrice dans le traitement de la rétinopathie diabétique : à propos de 25 cas." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR1M003.
Full textDaleme-Natalizio, Audrey. "Etude des glycosphingolipides des cellules microvasculaires rétiniennes : effet d'un environnement diabétique." Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0010/these.pdf.
Full textIn order to better understand the physiopathological mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy, the aim of this study was to determine whether glycosphingolipid metabolism could be altered by a diabetic environment in retinal microvascular cells. First, the glycosphingolipid profile of bovine retinal pericytes (BRP) and endothelial cells (BREC) has been determined. Both cellular types especially contain monohexoside ceramide, globotriaosylceramide and globoside for neutral glycosphingolipids. For gangliosides, GM3 and GD3 are the majority species. Cell incubation with a high glucose concentration decreases, at long term, the glycosphingolipid content of retinal microvascular cells. On the contrary, the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) increase, at long term, the content of all glycosphingolipid in both cellular types except the content of GD3 in BRP, which is unexpectedly decreased. In BRP, we have also studied the effect of AGEs on ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes. We have shown that AGEs increase the GM3-synthase activity and decrease the GD3-synthase activity, most likely by decreasing its expression. We have also shown that oxidative stress is not implicated in the effect of AGEs on the glycosphingolipid metabolism in retinal microvascular pericytes. Moreover, it seems that the modifications of glycosphingolipids are associated with a decrease in cell proliferation. These results show for the first time the existence of perturbations in the glycosphingolipid metabolism of retinal microvascular cells by a diabetic environment. These alterations could have some consequences on apoptosis and/or cell proliferation, functions which are altered in diabetic retinopathy
Laurent, Erick. "Traitement de la rétinopathie diabétique débutante par un inhibiteur de l'enzyme de conversion le Coversyl : bases physiopathologiques, présentation d'un protocole expérimental, premiers résultats." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11001.
Full textAudren, François. "Acétonide de triamcinolone en injection intravitréenne : effets sur l'oedème maculaire diabétique." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P647.
Full textMacular edema (ME) is the main cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients. Its treatment is based on tight control of glycemia and blood pressure, and on macular laser photocoagulation. Since 2001, Triamcinolone Acetonide (TA) is proposed as a treatment for diffuse diabetic ME, for which photocoagulation is disappointing. We report the results of two phase 2 trials studying the effect and safety of an injection of TA in patients suffering from ME refractory to photocoagulation. Main endpoint was central macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography; secondary endpoints were visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure and lens opacification. The first study included 17 patients with bilateral DME; one eye was treated by 4 mg of TA, the other eye served as control (paired series). After TA injection, central macular thickness significantly decreased and a significant VA gain was observed after 4 and 12 weeks. Ocular hypertension was observed in 9 of the 17 injected eyes. The second study compared 4 mg to 2 mg (16 eyes of 16 patients in each group). This study was unable to find any significant difference between the two groups in terms of magnitude and duration of central macular thickness decrease, neither on VA and intraocular pressure increase. The whole data from OCT measurements were then studied by population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling, producing coherent results, allowing calculation of pharmacological parameters as vitreous elimination half-life, without any direct concentration measure. We suggest this method could replace classical ocular pharmacokinetic studies, which necessitate invasive procedures
Lahouaoui, Hasna. "Impact de la rétinopathie diabétique sur le fonctionnement et l’entraînement par la lumière des horloges centrale et rétinienne." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10305.
Full textDiabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness and is commonly viewed as a vascular complication of type 1 diabetes. However, this kind of diabetes causes visual dysfunction before the onset of clinically visible microvascular changes, associated with diabetic retinopathy. Several histopathological studies in diabetic patients and in chemically-induced or genetic rodent models of diabetes indicate that photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are affected by diabetes with apoptotic degeneration. There is increasing evidence that melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells that are crucial for the regulation of a range of non-visual functions including the photic synchronization of circadian rhythms are altered in retinal pathologies. The link between diabetes and circadian rhythms has only been addressed in a relatively limited number of studies. Using a streptozotocin-induced (STZ) model of diabetes, we investigated the impact of diabetic retinopathy on non-visual functions by analyzing the morphology of melanopsin ganglion cells and light-induced c-fos and Period 1-2 clock genes in the central (SCN) and the retina clocks. The effect of this pathology on the endogenous circadian function of clock and controlled clock genes was assessed in the SCN and the retina at 12 weeks post-diabetes. Behaviorally, the ability of STZdiabetic mice to entrain to light was challenged by the exposure of animals to 1) successive light/dark (LD) cycle of decreasing or increasing light intensities during the light phase and 2) 6-hr advance of the LD cycle. Our results show that diabetes induces morphological changes of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells including soma swelling and dendritic varicosities with no reduction in their total number, associated with decreased c-fos and clock genes induction by light in the SCN and also in the retina at 12 weeks post-onset of diabetes. In addition, the circadian expression of major clock genes was altered in the central and retinal clocks, suggesting that RD affects the endogenous molecular machinery and the light response of these two clocks. Moreover, STZ-diabetic mice exhibited a reduction of overall locomotor activity, a decrease of circadian sensitivity to light at low intensities, and a delay in the time to re-entrain after a phase advance of the LD cycle. These novel findings demonstrate that diabetes alters clock genes and behavioral responses of the circadian timing system to light and suggest that diabetic patients may show an increased propensity for circadian disturbances, in particular when they are exposed to chronobiological challenges
Haddouche, Abdelkader. "Segmentation par une approche statistique de la zone avasculaire centrale sur des angiographies rétiniennes numériques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30033.
Full textThe goal of this thesis consists in automatically detecting the central avascular zone (CAZ) on numerical angiograms during a diabetic retinopathy and objective diagnosis of this disease by using image processing techniques. After having tested various classical methods of image processing which proved to be unsuitable to solve this problem, two original algorithmic methods were proposed. First method is based on the maximum likelihood ratio test and requires singular value decomposition as an additional processing stage. The second one uses Markov Random Fields. These two methods are based on statistical properties of information resulting from retinal angiograms. The Bayesian model used for CAZ edge detection is very promising. We think, through this work, bring to the ophthalmologists a computer-aided detection and follow-up methods for diabetic retinopathy
Rothschild, Pierre-Raphaël. "Remaniements du cytosquelette des barrières hémato-rétiniennes au cours de la rétinopathie diabétique : implications physiopathologiques et thérapeutiques : rôle de la PKCζ et de la voie Rho/ROCK/Myosine II." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB130.
Full textDiabetic retinopathy (DR) mainly results from peripheral retinal ischemia and exudation leading to sight threatening complications such as retinal neovascularization or macular edema. This latter represents the main cause of visual loss among working age individuals. Current treatments address late complications of DR and are non-specific. Therefore, early events are currently not addressed. Chronic hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress and activates PKC leading to blood retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown. The aims of the present work were two fold. First, to assess the implication of PKCζ and the Rho/ROCK/Myosin II pathway on the pathogenesis of DR and second, to assess whether their specific inhibitors have the potential to restore the phenotype. Herein we have demonstrated the pathogenic role of PCKζ and ROCK hyperactivation on the development of diabetes induced external BRB breakdown. Furthermore their inhibitors restored the morphologic and functional aspect of the external BRB. We also found that ROCK hyperactivation was responsible for altered retinal perfusion through several mechanism namely 1) focal constriction of retinal arterioles; 2) endoluminal protrusions of the endothelial cell membrane (blebs) and 3) capillary diffuse vasoconstriction. We were able to demonstrate that all this aspects were reversible by Fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, administrated into the vitreous. Of importance this treatment decreased also retinal VEGF that is a well-known factor responsible for barrier breakdown and a surrogate marker for retinal ischemia. To conclude the present findings not only shed light on the mechanisms of DR but also open new therapeutic avenues addressing the early events of DR a current unmet medical need
Saab, Sara. "Métabolisme des plasmalogènes dans les tissus nerveux : implication dans le développement vasculaire rétinien par l'intermédiaire de la phospholipase A2 indépendante du calcium (iPLA2)." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS028.
Full textRetinal vascular complications are secondary events of several retinopathies that result in blindness at all ages. Such complications can be observed in retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Lipids, and particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), display beneficial properties in the prevention of such retinopathies. Among the different lipid classes, the plasmalogen subclass is particularly interesting since it is known to be rich in PUFAs. These PUFAs are known to be released by a calcium-independent phospholipase (iPLA2) and further converted into biologically active metabolites. Some of these metabolites are known to be involved in the modulation of retinal angiogenesis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the involvement of plasmalogens in retinal vascular development through PUFA release by iPLA2. To check this hypothesis, we have comparatively characterized cellular and molecular mechanisms of postnatal retinal vascular development in an animal model of retinal iPLA2 inhibition as well as in a model of plasmalogens deficiency. On the other hand, we have attempted to identify potential alterations in plasmalogen metabolism in diabetic retinopathy. Our results suggest that plasmalogens are essential for the physiological development of retinal vessels. They are involved in the control of astrocyte template formation and the development of the primary vascular network through PUFA released by iPLA2. Molecular mechanisms by which PUFAs from plasmalogens control retinal vascular development involve Angiopoietin-Tie pathways, without affecting those involving VEGF. In the human study, we have observed a decrease in the bioavailability of circulating PUFAs, and especially docosaexaneic acid and arachidonic acid binded to phosphatidyl-ethanolamine in all diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy. Plasmalogens were not involved in these modifications. Our results suggest that plasmalogen metabolism is involved in the control of primary vascular growth during retinal development but not in diabetic retinopathy. Plasmalogens may control early steps of retinal vascular development through the release of PUFAs by iPLA2
Couturier, Aude. "Effect of high lipid exposure on retinal glial cell activation." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS501.
Full textDiabetic retinopathy (DR) remains the first cause of visual loss in the age-working population in industrialized countries, and current treatments of the disease are not fully satisfying. Growing evidences indicate that Müller glia cells (MGCs) activation is involved in DR formation and may occur early, even before any vascular changes. Glucose may not be the only factor leading to inflammatory and vascular changes in DR, and recent studies demonstrated the role of dyslipidemia and fatty acids in this disease. We aimed to investigate MGCs inflammatory and angiogenic response to high glucose and high lipid exposure. In this work, we described for the first time the production of Müller cells from reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem iPS (hiMGCs) from different origins, and assayed their response to DR-relevant stress to evaluate their potential use in disease modeling approaches. Using a transcriptomic approach, we showed that unstimulated hiMGCs express 18 key MGCs proteins at similar levels to post-mortem human retina. Similar to primary MGCs, hiMGCs poorly respond to glucose but respond to high lipid exposure by up-regulating their inflammatory and angiogenesis reactions. Finally, we showed that PA stimulated hiMGCs secrete angiogenic factors related to DR such as VEGF, IL-8, IL-1ß and ANGPTL4 and have a pro-angiogenic activity ex-vivo. Taken together, these hiMGCs represent an extremely valuable tool to better understand mechanisms of complex diseases and for the development of new therapeutics. In particular, hiMGCs can be generated from donors and easily expanded to be used in high-throughput drug screens
Fagot-Campagna, Anne. "Anomalies lipidiques : rôles sur l'incidence du diabète de type 2 et de ses complications micro et macro vasculaires." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA11T034.
Full textLipid abnormalities (decreased HDL and HDL2 cholesterol, increased VLDL triglycerides and small and dense LDL, glycation, oxidation) are an important component of the insulin-resistance syndrome that precedes type 2 diabetes. Free fatty acids play an aggravating and potentially initiator role in the development of type 2 diabetes. HDL cholesterol may have a protective effect in women only, which may imply a role of sexual hormones. Lipids have a potential effect on the development of micro-vascular complications. Their role on retinopathy has not been well studied. LDL cholesterol and especially its qualitative modifications may have deleterious effects on nephropathy, whereas HDL cholesterol may be protective in women only. Lipids play a major role in the development of macro-vascular complications. LDL and HDL cholesterol and their qualitative modifications are recognized risk factors. Triglycerides may also be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes, and free fatty acids may have deleterious effects on cardiac function and blood pressure. In conclusion, the lipid abnormalities associated with type 2 diabetes bring a fatal combination. As compared with glucose control, lipid abnormalities lead a minor but potential role in the development of micro-vascular complications, but a major role in the development of macro-vascular complications, which correspond to the first cause of mortality. Hypolipidemic treatment, together with other preventive measures of cardiovascular diseases, should probably be ranked first, and may be before diabetes control, during type 2 diabetes care
Baudouin, Christophe. "Étude immunopathologique des affections prolifératives de la rétine : rôle des antigènes de classe II du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité en pathologie oculaire." Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA120002.
Full textGiancardo, Luca. "Automated fundus images analysis techniques to screen retinal diseases in diabetic patients." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00692354.
Full textBonnin, Sophie. "Topologie et morphométrie des capillaires rétiniens humains normaux et pathologiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS070.pdf.
Full textTo date, knowledge of human retinal capillary topology and morphometry remains incomplete, limiting the study of retinal microvascular disease, a common cause of blindness. Modern imaging of the retinal circulation now offers the possibility to observe human retinal perfusion at the microscopic level, a unique opportunity in a nervous tissue. The aim of this work was to deepen the analysis and understanding of the physiological and pathological retinal microcirculation, with a special focus on diabetes, using innovative clinical imaging technologies.In the first part, we characterize the retinal microcirculation in healthy subjects by combining several high-resolution imaging technologies, in particular optical coherence tomography and ophthalmoscopy, both corrected by adaptive optics. The results show for the first time the three-dimensional capillary organization of the central area of the retina, the fovea, and its variations with neuronal organization. We show how the three capillary layers are organized and the morphometry of normal capillaries. This provides a new normative basis for understanding the changes observed in pathological conditions.The second part examines the early microvascular manifestations of diseases affecting the microcirculation. In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, we found focal elongations of the capillaries, which are different from so-called classical lesions such as microaneurysms. The evolution of these focal elongations over time may be toward elongation (looping) and increased tortuosity or, conversely, toward regression. Given the similarity of lesions observed clinically in diabetes and in a disease secondary to chronic hypoperfusion, Takayasu's disease, we hypothesized that diabetic retinopathy may also be related to chronic hypoperfusion. However, we did not find macular capillary abnormalities similar to those found in diabetic patients. Therefore, we hypothesize that hypoperfusion alone is not the cause of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy.The comprehensive characterization of retinal capillaries and their spatial arrangement paves the way for a new in vivo analysis of capillary abnormalities in the human retina. We have discovered a potential new biomarker for diabetic retinopathy that is not yet associated with other manifestations of retinopathy. This may allow us to better monitor the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Finally, our results do not allow us to attribute a role to global retinal hypoperfusion in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, although the involvement of local hypoperfusion remains possible. More generally, our work paves the way for a new analysis of neurovascular relationships in the human retina, which may provide a new basis for modeling neural tissue blood flow
Dow, Courtney. "Dietary Factors, Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS380/document.
Full textBackground : Type 2 diabetes (T2D) presents a significant health burden that is associated with many complications, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), that further burden people with diabetes. Modifiable risk factors, such as the diet, have been identified for both T2D and DR; yet certain aspects of the role of the diet remain unclear. Objectives : The main objectives of this thesis were therefore to examine the role and impact of the diet, and in particular, the consumption of fatty acids (FAs), and other modifiable behaviours on the risk of T2D and to summarize, interpret and analyze the relationship between the diet and DR using data from both the E3N and AusDiab cohort studies. Results : The results suggest that the role of FAs on the risk of T2D and DR may differ between and within subgroups, and by individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The findings also suggest that strongly adhering to national dietary guidelines is not associated with the development of T2D, but strongly adhering to other recommendations for healthy behaviours (for waist circumference, physical activity and smoking) is strongly inversely associated with T2D. Modifiable behaviour could have prevented more than half of the cases of T2D. Conclusions : This work underlines the importance and the complexity of the role of the diet in the development of T2D and DR. It also illustrates the impact of healthy behaviour in the etiology of T2D and confirms that T2D is largely preventable. Efforts should focus on the modification of multiple healthy behaviours in populations, and promote diets that are moderate and widely varied
Durand, Audrey. "Simulation et apprentissage Monte-Carlo de stratégies d'intervention en santé publique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28698/28698.pdf.
Full textDecision makers in public health system, such as the one in the province of Quebec, have a growing need for assessment tools to support their decisions on the interventions to implement. This master’s thesis proposes a generic simulator optimized for public health issues, while being extensible to other areas. It details the software architecture and all the features that make it a tool of choice for decision makers. It also presents the optimization of existing intervention strategies using Monte Carlo reinforcement learning. This includes the proposal of a new algorithm for selecting actions when learning on populations of individuals evolving in parallel. We conclude with the application of this infrastructure to two public health issues : diabetic retinopathy, that has already been the subject of work by other researchers, and osteoporosis, a current application that has been validated by health care specialists.
Pouliot, Mylène. "Le rôle du récepteur B1 des kinines dans le développement de la rétinopathie diabétique." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9227.
Full textDiabetic retinopathy is associated with retinal vascular changes, including blood retinal barrier breakdown, vascular inflammation and blood flow alterations. It has been proposed that kinin B1 receptor, which is upregulated in the diabetic retina, could be involved in the development of these pathological features of diabetic retinopathy. In a rat model of diabetes induced by Streptozotocin (STZ), the effects of kinin B1 receptor antagonists on retinal perfusion, vascular permeability, leukostasis, gene expression of inflammatory mediators and production of superoxide anion in the retina were evaluated. The results show that in 2-week diabetic rats, topical ocular application of the water soluble kinin B1 receptor antagonist LF22-0542 (10 µl of 1% solution, twice per day) for a 7-day period reverses vascular hyperpermeability, leukostasis, oxidative stress and gene expression of inflammatory mediators (B1R, iNOS, COX-2, VEGF-R2, IL-1β and HIF-1α) in the retina. Single oral administration (3 mg/kg) of SSR240612, a selective non-peptide B1 receptor antagonist, induces a decrease of retinal blood flow in 4-day diabetic rats but has no effect on retinal blood flow reduction present at 6 weeks of diabetes. Therefore, B1 receptor has a protective role in early diabetes by preserving a normal blood flow in the retina. These data suggest that B1 receptor exerts protective and adverse effects in the diabetic retina. They also support a key role for B1 receptor in retinal inflammation and the development of vascular alterations. B1 receptor could therefore represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
Khanjari, Dehnavi Ashraf. "The kallikrein-kinin system in relation to retinal vessel tone in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat model." Thèse, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14183.
Full textOthman, Rahmeh. "Rôle et mécanisme d’action du récepteur B1 des kinines dans la rétinopathie diabétique et la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24598.
Full textThe kallikrein-kinins system is a peptidergic system involved in inflammatory processes, the control of the vascular tone and permeability. These effects are mediated by two G proteincoupled receptors, the Bradykinin type 1 (B1R) and type 2 (B2R) receptors. While the B2R is a constitutive receptor, B1R is almost undetectable in physiological condition; it is, however, induced by oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) or by bacterial endotoxins at both systemic and local levels, notably in the retina. Recent studies from our laboratory supported an implication of B1R in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This thesis aims at unraveling: 1) the mechanism by which B1R is involved in diabetic retinopathy in rats; 2) the involvement of iNOS in the inflammatory cascade downstream to the B1R; and, 3) the expression and cellular localization of B1R in human retinae with exudative and atrophic AMD. Our results have shown the implication of B1R in diabetic retinopathy via the activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a type 1 model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. In addition to its generalized localization throughout the retina, B1R is expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium which forms the outer blood-retinal barrier. The protein and transcript expression of inflammatory markers; iNOS, carboxypeptidase M, IL-1β, TNF-α, vascular endothelium growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its receptor, VEGF-R2, including B1R as well as nitrosylated proteins are increased in the retina of diabetic rats at 2 weeks post-STZ. These upregulations, as well as the retinal vascular hyperpermeability induced by diabetes and by the intravitreal injection of an B1R agonist (R-838) are blocked by a topical one-week treatment by eye-drop with the selective iNOS inhibitor (1400W) (first manuscript). The results of the second manuscript show significant increases in the immunoreactivity of B1R in exudative AMD retinae. Despite a slight increase, B1R immunostaining does not reach statistical significance in the retina of donors with atrophic AMD. The reactivity of glial cells is more impressive in the exudative than in the atrophic form of AMD. B1R is co-expressed with markers of Müller cells, astrocytes, microglia, iNOS and fibrosis, suggesting an involvement of B1R in the inflammatory events and the formation of fibrosis in exudative AMD. On the other hand, the expression of B2R remains stable in the retinae of exudative and atrophic AMD, supporting a secondary role of this receptor in AMD in humans.
Cerani, Agustin. "Neuron-Derived Semaphorin 3A is an Early Inducer of Vascular Permeability in Diabetic Retinopathy." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10052.
Full textThe deterioration of the blood retinal barrier and consequent macular edema is a cardinal manifestation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the clinical feature most closely associated with loss of sight. While macular edema affects over 25% of patients suffering from diabetes, currently available treatment modalities such as locally administered corticosteroids and recently approved anti-VEGF therapies, present several drawbacks. Although recent insight on the pathogenesis of DR points to a breakdown in the neurovascular unit, neurovascular cross-talk and its influence on diabetic ocular vasculopathy has thus far received limited attention. Here we provide the first evidence from both human and animal studies for the critical role of the classical neuronal guidance cue Semaphorin3A in instigating pathological macular vascular permeability in type I diabetes. Investigation of the dynamics of expression reveal that Semaphorin3A is induced in the early hyperglycemic phases of diabetes within the neuronal retina and precipitates initial breakdown of endothelial barrier function. Using the streptozotocin mouse model as a proxy for human diabetic retinopathy, we demonstrate by a series of orthogonal approaches (gene silencing or treatment with soluble Neuropilin-1 employed as a Semaphorin3A trap), that neutralization of Semaphorin3A efficiently prevents retinal vascular leakage. Our findings identify a new therapeutic target for DME and provide further evidence for neurovascular cross-talk in pathogenesis of DR.
Hachana, Soumaya. "Expression, distribution et fonction du récepteur B1 des kinines dans la rétine lors du diabète et de la néovascularisation choroïdienne chez le rat." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22596.
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