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Shamsuzzaman, Mohammad, Sheikh Md Shahriar Quader, Shakila Fatema, Md Abdul Gofur, and Khaleda Akter. "Effect of gingival retraction cord and retraction paste on gingival tissue in fixed prosthodontics impression." Update Dental College Journal 3, no. 2 (2014): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17995.
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Background & Objectives: Of the various gingival retraction systems available in the market, a cordless paste system is fairly new entrant into this field. This system promises to provide an easier method to obtain optimum retraction with excellent hemorrhage control. The present study was designed to clinically evaluate the efficacy of paste retraction system and medicated retraction cords on the basis of relative easy of working, hemorrhage control and amount of vertical gingival retraction. Methods: 40 subjects were selected requiring full veneer restoration where more than one abutment teeth were to be prepared. After the preparation of the abutment teeth flexible scales were used to measure the sulcus depth before retraction and after retraction. Medicated retraction cord technique was used on one abutment tooth and on the other abutment tooth paste retraction system was employed. Subjectively easy of placement and hemorrhage scores was assessed. Results: The mean time taken for paste retraction technique was 45.13 seconds and for medicated retraction cord technique was 105.4 seconds. In all the subjects paste retraction technique was relatively easier as compared with medicated retraction cord technique. Mean hemorrhage scores using paste retraction technique was 0.05 and using medicated retraction cord technique it was 1.70. Mean vertical gingival retraction using paste retraction technique was .36mm and using medicated retraction cord technique was 0.54mm Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, paste retraction system requires reduced time for application, is easier to place, and provides excellent hemorrhage control in comparison to medicated retraction cord. However, medicated retraction cord provides increased amount of vertical retraction as compared to paste retraction technique. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17995 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 20-27
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Amisha, Kumar, Nandini V.Vidyashree, Boruah Shiney, and Jailance L. "Comparison of gingival displacement using paste technique and combination technique (cord and paste) in digital impressions: A pilot study." Journal of Orofacial Rehabilitation 4, no. 3 (2024): 16–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14545714.
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<strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Statement of the problem: </strong>Digital impressions require a good amount of gingival displacement to capture finish line precisely. A clinical comparison between the paste and a combination of paste and cord technique of gingival displacement for digital impression is required. <strong>Purpose of the study: </strong>The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate which gingival displacement system would show better gingival retraction in digital intraoral scanners (digital impression). <strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A series of four cases and eight teeth were conventionally prepared according to the guideline dimensions for porcelain fused to metal crowns, and allocated at random to two groups: gingival retraction paste system and retraction cord with paste (combination system). Segmental digital impressions were taken before and after gingival displacement. The stereolithography (STL) files were assessed in vertical dimension in the buccal and lingual aspects on a CAD superimposition software, 3D Tool. The differences in the amount of gingival displacement were measured and statistically analysed. <strong>Results: </strong>PB (paste only for buccal aspect) and CB (cord and paste for buccal aspect), demonstrated no significant difference in gingival displacement (P= 0.442), whereas PL (paste only for lingual aspect), and CL (cord and paste for the lingual aspect) showed a significant gingival displacement (P= 0.042 or P<0.05), with paste showing better gingival displacement. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Within the limitations of the study, vertical gingival displacement achieved using the paste and the combination technique was equal. Additional use of a cord for gingival displacement did not provide better retraction when the intraoral scanner impression was made. <strong>Keywords: </strong>Combination System, Digital Impression, Gingival Displacement, Intraoral Scanner, Retraction Paste, Vertical Displacement.
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V., Amruthasree, Leena Tomer, Sunita Choudhary, et al. "COMPARITIVE EVALUATION OF HORIZONTAL GINGIVAL DISPLACMENT USING STAY-PUT RETRACTION CORD AND ASTRINGENT RETRACTION PASTE: AN IN VIVO STUDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 05 (2023): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16857.
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Introduction: Gingival retraction cord is the most commonly used gingival displacement material however, it causes discomfort and produces damage to the periodontium. Various new gingival retraction materials have been introduced to overcome these problems. Aim: Thisstudy aims at comparative evaluation of horizontal gingival displacement using Stay-put retraction cord and Astringent retraction paste. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 subjects were selected and 40 samples were made for the study. Samples were divided into two groups,20 subjects in each group) depending on the materials used for gingival displacement.The impressions obtained after placing retraction system were poured in type IV die stone.The amount of gingival displacement was then measured as a distance from the tooth to the crest of the gingiva in a horizontal plane using stereomicroscope &analysed in image analysis software. Results: Among the experimental groups, astringent gingival retraction paste showed the highest value for gingival displacement (0.518mm) and the stay‑put retraction cord (0.435mm ) showed the least value. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vivo study, astringent gingival retraction paste showed the highest value for gingival displacement whereas, stay‑put retraction cord showed the least value.
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Kohli, Parampreet Kaur, and Veena Hegde. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF EFFICACY OF GINGIVAL RETRACTION USING CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL METHODS: AN IN VIVO STUDY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 2 (2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.22674.
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Objective: The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare and evaluate the clinical efficacy of two gingival retraction systems; Ultrapak and Traxodent, on the basis of the amount of gingival retraction achieved in vertical and horizontal direction and their hemorrhage control. Methods: A total of 60 subjects were selected requiring fixed prosthesis. The two gingival retraction systems were used on the prepared abutments randomly. The vertical gingival retraction was measured before and after retraction using flexible measuring strip with 0.5 mm grading. The horizontal retraction was measured on the casts poured in polysilicone impressions made before the retraction and after retraction. Results: Statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was found between the amount of the retraction (vertical and horizontal) achieved by Ultrapak as compared to Traxodent. However, in achieving hemostasis Traxodent showed better efficiency than Ultrapak (p<0.05). Conclusion: The mean retraction width and depth achieved with retraction cord (Ultrapak) was significantly greater when compared with retraction paste. Although retraction paste (Traxodent) showed bleeding index significantly less when compared to that of retraction cord (Ultrapak).
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SMELTZER, MARSHA. "An alternative way to use gingival retraction paste." Journal of the American Dental Association 134, no. 11 (2003): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0078.
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Kazakova, Rada, Angelina Vlahova, Georgi Tomov, et al. "A Comparative Analysis of Post-Retraction Changes in Gingival Height after Conventional and Surgical Gingival Displacement: Rotary Curettage, Diode and Er:YAG Laser Troughing." Healthcare 11, no. 16 (2023): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162262.
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The aim of the current article is to analyze and compare post-retraction gingival height changes resulting from six different types of gingival-displacement methods, encompassing both conventional and surgical approaches. The study involved a comparative analysis of 263 teeth (consisting of 128 front teeth, 69 premolars, and 66 molars) from 23 patients. For the investigation, three classic retraction methods were utilized, namely the single-cord technique, retraction paste Expasyl, and retraction paste Astringent. Additionally, three surgical techniques were employed, which included ceramic bur rotary curettage, Er:YAG laser troughing, and diode laser troughing. A randomized split-mouth design was implemented, and a significance level of 0.05 was used for the study. The recovery of the free gingival margin height was assessed on gypsum models that were scanned using an intraoral scanner during the first and second week after the retraction procedure. The results revealed that all retraction methods, except for ceramic bur rotary curettage, led to clinically insignificant levels of gingival recession. The article provides insights into the effectiveness and safety of various gingival-displacement techniques, highlighting that most methods tested in the study resulted in minimal or negligible gingival recession post-retraction.
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Goyal, Chitra, Sunil Kumar Mv, Alok Sharma, Rahi Goyal, and Shirish Sharma. "Comparative study on the efficacy of gingival retraction using Retraction cord and Expasyl paste in implant patients In-vivo study." International Journal of Dentistry Research 8, no. 2 (2023): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/dentistry.2023.8206.
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Introduction: The precise reproduction of the abutment (implant) provides clinician with crucial clinical information of the relative position and orientation of the implant to other implants, teeth and soft tissue that allow them to fabricate exact- fitting, bio-integrated restoration. For that it is necessary to expose, access & isolate the implant region, especially when cement retained implant prosthesis are in consideration, where conventional crown and bridge impression and optical impression technique is used. Material and Method: Patient who accepted to participate were chosen for the study. Coincidentally all 15 patients were female. They were explained the purpose and methodology, agreed for periodic follow up at the interval of one month after placement of healing abutment and 7 days after using the retraction cord. Conclusion: The conclusions that were drawn from this study are: Both materials showed clinically and statistically significant amount of vertical soft tissue displacement. Among the both soft tissue displacement agents, non-impregnated retraction cord showed the more vertical soft tissue displacement than Expasyl Paste. But, the amount of retraction offered by this paste is limited with extremely subgingival margins. But the advantages with Expasyl paste over the retraction cord were its ease of application, painless, quick, and without agony to the patient.
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Григорьев, С., S. Grigoriev, Н. Ефремов, and N. Efremov. "THE METHOD OF GINGIVAL RETRACTION IN PATIENTS WITH THIN ALVEOLAR RIDGE AND THIN TISSUES BIOTYPE." Actual problems in dentistry 9, no. 4 (2013): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2013-0-4-24-26.
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<p>Only impress retraction paste should be used in patients with a thin biotype of mucosa and the low position of the alveolar ridge for gingival retraction. Application of this technique allows to achieve high-quality produce negative display to be solid tissue. </p>
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Prasanna, GS Renuka, Kesava Reddy, RK Naveen Kumar, and S. Shivaprakash. "Evaluation of Efficacy of Different Gingival Displacement Materials on Gingival Sulcus Width." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 2 (2013): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1302.
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ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of the present in vivo study was to measure the efficacy of different gingival displacement materials in achieving gingival tissue displacement and to compare the efficacy of Expasyl displacement paste (Pierre Rolland, France) and gingival displacement cord for gingival displacement. Materials and methods Sixteen subjects were included in the study. Premolars were prepared to receive full veneer crown, gingival displacement was carried using gingival retraction cord and gingival displacement paste. Impression of the gingival sulcus was made. Sulcus width after displacement was measured under magnification. Results The mean displacement value of sulcus width was 0.21 ± 0.01 mm for the gingival retraction cord and 0.26 ± 0.02 mm for the gingival displacement paste. ‘F’ test was used for statistical analysis. Difference among the two test agents was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion Gingival displacement paste showed better response in achieving horizontal displacement of the gingival sulcus than gingival retraction cord. Clinical significance Gingival displacement helps in recording the unprepared tooth surface adjacent to the finish line in the impression being made, thereby helping a better marginal adaptation and emergence profile in the extracoronal restoration. How to cite this article Prasanna GSR, Reddy K, Kumar RKN, Shivaprakash S. Evaluation of Efficacy of Different Gingival Displacement Materials on Gingival Sulcus Width. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):217-221.
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Bennani, Vincent, Y.-S. Chuang, John M. Aarts, and Paul Brunton. "Evaluation of Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Retraction Cord vs Retraction Paste: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 11, no. 4 (2022): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1344.
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Ahmad, Zeeshan H., Sukumaran Anil, Alaa El Araby, and Mohammad D. Al Amri. "The Impact of Expasyl® Gingival Retraction Paste on the Bond Strength of Self-etch and Total-etch Systems." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 5 (2015): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1686.
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ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the influence of Expasyl® gingival retraction paste on the shear bond strength of self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems. Materials and methods Twenty-four specimens of extracted, caries-free, sound human molars were used in this study. The molars were then cut vertically into halves through the buccal and lingual cusps. Forty-eight specimens were divided into four groups (total-etch, total-etch with Expasyl application, self-etch, self-etch with Expasyl application) and the shear bond strength was tested. Results Expasyl significantly reduced the shear bond strength of the self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems. The self-etch system showed relatively lower performance compared with the total-etch adhesive system. The shear bond strength values of the total-etch adhesive without Expasyl showed the highest bond strength (21.48 ± 2.89), while the self-etching group adhesive treated with Expasyl showed the lowest shear bond strength value (14.89 ± 1.81). Conclusion From the observations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that the use of Expasyl® gingival retraction system can negatively affect bond strength of adhesives. The total-etch system showed better compatibility to the Expasyl gingival retraction system than the self-etch. How to cite this article Al Baker AMA, El Araby A, Al Amri MD, Sukumaran A. The Impact of Expasyl® Gingival Retraction Paste on the Bond Strength of Self-etch and Total-etch Systems. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(5):335-339.
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Balčiūnaitė, Aušra, Henrikas Rusilas, and Inga Bulotienė. "PERIODONTIUM RESPONSE TO GINGIVAL DISPLACEMENT." Health Sciences 33, no. 3 (2023): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2023.121.
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Aim. To evaluate the effect on post-operative results of different types of retraction techniques on periodontium. Material and methods. The following electronic databases sources were searched: PubMed, the Cochrane library and Researchgate. The search was carried out according to PRISMA guidelines. Due to lack of appropriate articles earliest period was not restricted, but only in vivo studies were included, articles were collected using keywords: “gingiva”, “displace”, “periodontal health”. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated using Cochrane risk of bias tool. Only low and moderate risk articles were included into this systematic review. Results. After duplicates removal 55 articles left from which 9 were included into this systematic review. The data from studies were collected and evaluated in a systematic manner. Data tables were created for summarisation. Conclusion. Gingival retraction has negative, but reversible effect on periodontium, which could lead to gingival bleeding, inflammation and even recession. Conventional retraction using retraction cord has more negative effect on periodontium also it is more painful method, than retraction paste.
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Джафарова, Ф. Ш., С. С. Гаджиева, Г. В. Тобоев, et al. "The use of gum retraction systems in orthopedic dentistry: a literature review." Clinical Dentistry (Russia) 27, no. 2 (2024): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37988/1811-153x_2024_2_28.
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Этап ретракции десны является ключевым при протезировании, так как уступ, который является опорой для будущей коронковой части зубного протеза, должен быть отображен на оттиске качественно. Тем самым ретракция десны фактически позволяет визуализировать конечную линию препарирования и качественно воспроизвести границу будущей реставрации. Методы ретракции десен можно классифицировать как механические, химические или хирургические. В этой статье описаны различные методы ретракции десен, включающие непропитанные нити, лекарственные нити, безнитьевые методы, вяжущие кровоостанавливающие средства, десневую ретракционную пасту, сосудосуживающие агенты, лазеры, ротационное выскабливание, электрохирургию. Также обсуждены методы ретракции десен при протезировании дентальными имплантатами и получении цифрового оттиска. Gingival retraction is a key step in prosthetics because the ledge, which supports the future crown part of the denture, must be reproduced on the impression in a high-quality manner. In this way, gingival retraction actually makes it possible to visualize the final preparation line and to reproduce the border of the future restoration qualitatively. Gingival retraction methods can be classified as mechanical, chemical or surgical. This article describes the various methods of gingival retraction, which include unimpregnated threads, medicated threads, threadless methods, astringent hemostatic agents, gingival retraction paste, vasoconstrictive agents, lasers, rotary scraping, and electrosurgery. Gingival retraction techniques for dental implant prosthetics and digital impressions are also discussed.
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Gupta, Sugandha, Pankaj Dhawan, Pankaj Madhukar, Piyush Tandan, and Aman Sachdeva. "Clinical evaluation of the effect of two gingival retraction systems, gingival cuff and gingival retraction paste, on peri-implant soft tissue." Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry 7, no. 2 (2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jid.jid_3_17.
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Chang, Yin-Szu (Madison), Vincent Bennani, Andrew Tawse-Smith, and Liz Girvan. "Effect of a cordless retraction paste material on implant surfaces: an in vitro study." Brazilian Oral Research 25, no. 6 (2011): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242011000600004.
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Memon, Sarfaraz, Sonal Mehta, Hemali Virani, and Narendra Nirmal. "A comparative evaluation of efficacy of gingival retraction using polyvinyl siloxane foam retraction system, vinyl polysiloxane paste retraction system, and copper wire reinforced retraction cord in endodontically treated teeth: An in vivo study." Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 10, no. 3 (2019): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_708_18.
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Wenyu, Lv, and Zhang Zhihui. "Retraction Notice: Partially Replacing Fly Ash with Limestone Powder in the Paste - Influence and Characterization." Open Construction & Building Technology Journal 10, no. 1 (2016): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801610010524.
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Cooper, Katherine, Vincent Bennani, Andrew Tawse-Smith, Malcolm Reid, Claudine Stirling, and George Dias. "Effect of a cordless retraction paste on titanium surface: a topographic, chemical and biocompatibility evaluation." Brazilian Oral Research 27, no. 3 (2013): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242013000300002.
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Hidajati, Hanoem Eka, and Ratri Maya Sitalaksmi. "Retraksi gingiva sebelum pencetakan untuk mendapatkan gigitiruan cekat yang ideal Gingiva retraction before impression to get an ideal fixed prostheses restoration." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 10, no. 2 (2011): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v10i2.270.
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Since the discovery of making impression for fixed protheses directly in the mouth, impresions material or negativeform resembling the tooth and surrounding structures are used to get a working model. Impression received must bea real replica of a tooth that has been prepared. The impressions that are not clear between the borders withgingival preparation are the common cause of failure when impression was made. Good impression is one of thesupporting factors to produce a fixed protheses which can well adapted to the tooth tissue that does not cause leaksand dissolve the cement. So the tooth is protected from caries and the fixed denture can have a better function,durable and good aesthetic. These problems can be overcome by performing gingival retraction on abutment teeththat have been prepared. Gingival retraction can be done mechanically, chemically on prepared abutment teeth byusing gingival cord or paste, and by using electrosurgery.
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Kuhn, Katharina, David Zügel, Victor-Sebastian A. Korbay, et al. "Gingival Displacement in the Vertical and Horizontal Dimension under the Condition of Mild Gingivitis—A Randomized Clinical Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 2 (2022): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020437.
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This randomized clinical study aimed at quantifying the gingival displacement performance in the vertical and horizontal directions of the 3M™ Astringent Retraction Paste (3M Oral Care, Seefeld, Germany) in comparison with the double-cord technique with aluminum chloride as an astringent. Afterward, any soft-tissue changes were assessed for 12 months. After inducing mild gingivitis, 18 probands received the intervention ‘cord’ and 22 probands received the intervention ‘paste’ at the palatal half of upper premolars prior to conventional impression making. The resulting plaster casts were digitized and analyzed for the vertical and horizontal gingival displacement, applying a newly developed computer-assisted methodology. The entire palatal half of the tooth was evaluated instead of only single sites. Under the condition of mild gingivitis, the gingival displacement performance was comparable for both techniques in the horizontal direction (width) and only somewhat better for the cord technique in the vertical direction (depth). The magnitude of displacement was in a similar range in both directions, with somewhat higher values in the vertical direction. The marginal gingiva height changes were of such low extent during the follow-up period of 12 months with only minimally higher values for the paste that they cannot be considered as clinically relevant recessions.
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Ismail, Asma, Yosra Gassara, Dalenda Hadyaoui, and Mounir Cherif. "The Causes of Marginal Discrepancy of Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Cross-Sectional Study." Dentistry – Open Journal 6, no. 1 (2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/doj-6-141.
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Objective Periodontal destruction observed in restored teeth is strongly caused by marginal discrepancy of the restoration, which is closely influenced by the tooth preparation, the technique of retraction and impression. Materials and Methods A hundred practitioners were selected to constitute the study’s sample. A self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out. The questionnaire was filled in the practitioner's office, completed in the absence of the investigator. However, it has been completed for some clarifications by an interview. A digital form made through the Google Forms application provided free by the Google search engine. The questionnaire included two sections: The identification of the practitioner: this is general information about the practitioner. The conduct of prosthetic treatment. The causes of marginal discrepancy: This section concerns the major factors responsible for a good marginal fit. The collected data was introduced and processed by the microcomputer using the statistical software XLSTAT 2015 for Windows. A simple statistical analysis made it possible to calculate the percentage of the different variables, from their frequency. Results There is a significant correlation between marginal discrepancy and the respect of the finish line geometry (p=0.001). The technique of retraction which provided the best marginal fit was the use of expasyl paste (p=0.18). There was a significant association between marginal discrepancy and the material of impression, marginal adaptation is found in 76% for impressions made by alginate, 45% for impressions made by silicone, and 100% for impressions made by polysulphides (p=0.01). Conclusion Within limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the respect of guidelines of preparation especially the finish line and the good choice of the retraction technique and the material of impression are the major keys to have a good marginal fit.
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Abduljabbar, Tariq S., Mohammad D. Al Amri, Mohammad Q. Al Rifaiy, et al. "Effects of Gingival Retraction Paste and Subsequent Cleaning with Hydrogen Peroxide on the Polymerization of Three Elastomeric Impression Materials: An In Vitro Study." Journal of Prosthodontics 28, no. 6 (2017): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12641.
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Mahallawi, Nermin Ahmed Abd El Gawwad Omaima Salah El Din El, and Gihan Abd El Hady Al Naggar. "Assessment of lateral and vertical tissue displacement obtained by the retraction cord and the Magic Foam® paste: a randomized controlled clinical trial." Brazilian Dental Science 25, no. 4 (2022): e3294. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/bds.2022.e3294.
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Khasanah, Miratul, Handoko Darmokoesoemo, Nesti Widayanti, Yassine Kadmi, Hicham Elmsellem, and Heri Septya Kusuma. "Retraction notice to “Development of carbon paste electrodes modified by molecularly imprinted polymer as potentiometry sensor of uric acid” [Results Phys. (2017) 1833–1844]." Results in Physics 19 (December 2020): 103542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103542.
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Khasanah, Miratul, Handoko Darmokoesoemo, Nunung Mareta Sari, Yassine Kadmi, Hicham Elmsellem, and Heri Septya Kusuma. "Retraction notice to “Development of electrode carbon paste modified by molecularly imprinted polymer as sensor for analysis of creatinine by potentiometric” [Results Phys. (2017) 1808–1817]." Results in Physics 19 (December 2020): 103540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103540.
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Khasanah, Miratul, Handoko Darmokoesoemo, Lendhy Kustyarini, Yassine Kadmi, Hicham Elmsellem, and Heri Septya Kusuma. "Retraction notice to “Development of electrode carbon paste/molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with methacrylic acid as monomer to analyze glucose by potentiometry“ [Results Phys. (2017) 1781–1791]." Results in Physics 19 (December 2020): 103541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103541.
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Paes, Ana Luiza, Jonas Alexandre, Gustavo de Castro Xavier, Sérgio Neves Monteiro, and Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo. "Feasibility Analysis of Mortar Development with Ornamental Rock Waste for Coating Application by Mechanized Projection." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (2022): 5101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095101.
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The industrial production of lime generates greenhouse gases, which contributes to increase the global warming. Therefore, the present study evaluated the feasibility of replacing lime by ornamental rock waste (ORW) as a by-product of the related stone industry, and developed a cost-effective mortars. These new low-costing mortars are intended as fresh fluid paste coatings to be applied on walls by the mechanized projection technique. The ornamental rock waste was collected from a marble and granite industry as ground stone. It was finely crushed before mixing with cement, sand, water and superplasticizer in amounts of 1.0% (R01), 1.2% (R02) and 1.3% (R03), to prepare the mortars, which had the mixture, cement: ORW: sand, 1:1:4 in wt.%. These novel mortars were characterized in both fresh, for well projection, and hardened state, to evaluate the properties after curing performance. The results showed that mortar R03, achieved the best results and did not present cracks in the hardened state. Its water retention was found above 30%. Both tensile strength of 0.312 MPa and compressive strength 7.88 MPa, which are above the corresponding minimum required by the standard for external coating. Water absorption by immersion of 19.37% and void content of 20.23% were close to the corresponding values for hydrated lime mortar. Dry shrinkage showed that the new R03 mortar reached more than 90% of their total retraction at 7 days of cure without sign of cracking. These findings revealed the R03/ornamental rock waste -based mortar applied by mechanized projection as a promising sustainable substitute for common lime-based mortar.
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Eftekhar Ashtiani, Reza, Leila Nasiry Khanlar, Rahab Ghoveizi, and Elaheh Beyabanaki. "Clinical assessment of monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated using an intraoral scanner." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 18, no. 3 (2024): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/joddd.41070.
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Background. This in vivo study assessed the accuracy of single-tooth monolithic zirconia crowns made using an intraoral scanner (IOS) and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Methods. Thirty patients requiring single posterior crowns were selected. The teeth were prepared with a deep chamfer finish line with a 1-mm extension subgingivally and a 1-mm reduction in all surfaces by one prosthodontist. The gingival margins were retracted using a gingival retraction paste before making impressions using a Trios scanner. All the digital impression files were sent to one laboratory using the dental designer software (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). After completing the milling and sintering processes, the crowns were dyed and glazed. After removing the temporary crown, the qualitative assessment of proximal contacts of definitive monolithic zirconia crowns was performed according to the CDA criteria. Data were analyzed with Friedman’s two-way analysis and independent t-test at α=0.05. Results. The difference in axial and total gaps between premolar and molar teeth was not significant; however, the mean marginal gap of molars was higher than that of the premolars (P=0.043). Furthermore, the comparison of the axial, total, and marginal gaps between the upper and lower jaws showed no significant difference (P>0.05). The distribution of occlusal and proximal contacts indicated 60% and 66.7% proper contacts and no contacts in 6.7% and 10% of cases, respectively. Conclusion. Using IOSs could result in accurate monolithic zirconia crowns in terms of adaptation. Also, most occlusal and proximal contacts did not need any adjustments.
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Sarmiento García, Manuel Guillermo. "Los derechos de los pasajeros en el contrato de transporte aéreo. El derecho de retracto./ The rights of passengers in the contract of air transportation the right of withdrawal." Revista de Derecho Privado │Universidad Blas Pascal 8, no. 8 (2022): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37767/2362-5325(2021)006.
Full textAbstract:
La opinión de un sector de la doctrina colombiana considera el derecho de retracto consagrado en el estatuto del consumidor, como un ejercicio abusivo del derecho, posición que el autor no comparte, ya que el derecho de retracto, si bien se trata de una terminación unilateral, sus causas están claramente establecidas en la ley, la que ha establecido que, respecto de ciertos contratos, donde la posición del consumidor resulta débil, debe protegerse su autonomía privada, con la posibilidad de retractarse de su compromiso,cuando evalúa con más calma y prudencia las obligaciones que asumió, por eso la ley no ha establecido el derecho de retracto para todo tipo de contratos, sino sólo para aquellos donde la libertad contractual del consumidor está más restringida, y lo puede llevar a cometer equivocaciones, error que es excusable y que por ningún motivo puede dar lugar a un enriquecimiento sin justa causa por parte de las aerolíneas.
 ABSTRACT
 The opinion of a sector of Colombian doctrine considers the right of withdrawal enshrined in the consumer's statute, as an abusive exercise of the right, a position that the author does not share, since the right of withdrawal, although it is a unilateral termination , its causes are clearly established in the law, which has established that, with respect to certain contracts, where the consumer's position is weak, their private autonomy must be protected, with the possibility of retracting their commitment, when they evaluate more calmly and prudence the obligations assumed, that is why the law has not established the right of withdrawal for all types of contracts, but only for those where the consumer's contractual freedom is more restricted, and can lead him to make mistakes, an error that is excusable and that for no reason can give rise to an enrichment without just cause on the part of the airlines.
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Medina Medina, Jorge Berni, José De Jesús Luna Ruíz, Joaquín Sosa Ramírez, Onésimo Moreno Rico, and Catarino Perales Segovia. "Adaptaciones morfológicas foliares en tomate cultivado en bioespacio de techo retráctil con clima cálido." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 3, no. 1 (2018): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v3i1.1491.
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 Se analizaron las condiciones microclimáticas y la morfología foliar de tomate indeterminado de dos bioespacios: invernadero de techo retractil y casa sombra en Culiacán, Sinaloa, México; durante el periodo 2009 a 2010. Los resultados muestran que el invernadero de techo retractil, genera condiciones más favorables para la fotosíntesis, como resultado de una menor f luctuación térmica al interior de este bioespacio, en comparación con el ambiente impuesto por la casa sombra. Las temperaturas extremas (máximas y mínimas) al interior del invernadero de techo retractil, se mantuvieron en un rango significativamente menor y por lo tanto, más favorable para la producción y la estabilidad reproductiva de tomate en el clima cálido de Culiacán, en comparación con casa sombra. Lo anterior fue corroborado por la magnitud de las variables morfológicas foliares analizadas y las diferencias detectadas entre foliolos desarrollados en ambos casos. Los valores de índice de área foliar, grosor de hoja, longitud del parénquima en empalizada y presencia de doble parénquima empalizada, observados en plantas desarrolladas en invernadero de techo retractil, superaron significativamente a los valores observados en casa sombra. Los resultados permiten concluir que los mayores rendimientos de tomate reportados recientemente para invernadero de techo retractil en climas cálidos, se deben en gran parte a la mayor eficiencia fotosintética, que resulta de las modificaciones y adaptaciones morfológicas foliares al microclima impuesto por el invernadero de techo retractil. Estos resultados apoyan la visión del manejo agronómico innovador, para la búsqueda por acondicionar los espacios para la expresión de la vida. El concepto científico de bioespacio para la producción vegetal bajo sistemas de agricultura protegida, es fundamental para proponer medidas de adaptación ante el cambio climático.
 
 
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López Ramón, Fernando. "Potestades públicas y prevalencia entre competencias autonómicas en el conflicto de Sijena." Revista Aragonesa de Administración Pública, no. 39-40 (December 31, 2012): 403–24. https://doi.org/10.71296/raap.227.
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Análisis crítico de la sentencia constitucional que resuelve el enfrentamiento entre las Comunidades Autónomas de Cataluña y de Aragón sobre la protección de un conjunto de bienes situado en el territorio catalán, pero procedente del aragonés Monasterio de Sijena. Frente al criterio del Tribunal Constitucional, se argumenta, de una parte, que Cataluña carecía de legitimación activa al postular como competencia una simple compraventa que no implicaba ningún ejercicio de potestad pública, y de otra parte, que la prevalencia no puede aplicarse con arreglo a un criterio temporal desconociendo que la competencia de retracto ejercida por Aragón conectaba más directamente con los objetivos constitucionales de protección in situ del patrimonio cultural.
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Zhang, Yanmei, Chongxin Tian, Yucui Yu, et al. "Morphological Characteristics and Printing Mechanisms of Grid Lines by Laser-Induced Forward Transfer." Metals 12, no. 12 (2022): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122090.
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Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is an innovative metallization technique used in the processing of grid lines of solar cells for the photovoltaics industry. A study on the morphology and transfer mechanisms of formed lines with high-viscosity silver paste and small gap was performed in this paper. There were three different transfer states under different laser fluences: non-transferred lines or transferred but no continuous lines, continuous transferred lines, and explosive transferred lines. There was a critical transfer threshold for the continuous line transfer under different processing speeds. Higher processing speed required a larger critical transfer threshold. The line width increased as the laser fluence increased. For all continuous formed lines, the cross-sectional morphologies with single and double peaks were shown at critical and above transfer threshold, respectively. Two symmetrical protrusions with steep edges were observed for the formed line with double peaks. By comparing the silver paste remaining on the donor and transferred to the acceptor under different laser fluences, it can be found the transferred silver paste exhibited a retracting characteristic under the critical and above transfer threshold. While a stretching characteristic was obvious when the laser fluence was much higher than the transfer threshold. Morphological characteristics with single or double peaks were determined by the distance between the rupture position of the bridge and the bottom of the bubble, under the action of the axial combined forces. This work can provide insights for improving fine-line metallization and understanding transfer mechanisms in the photovoltaic application and flexible electronics devices.
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Carbayo, F., and A. M. Leal-Zanchet. "Two new genera of geoplaninid land planarians (Platyhelminthes : Tricladida : Terricola) of Brazil in the light of cephalic specialisations." Invertebrate Systematics 17, no. 3 (2003): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it01035.
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Two new genera of geoplaninid land planarians are described. Cephalic specialisations, mainly external morphology and musculature development, partially define each genus. Cephaloflexa, gen. nov. shows some peculiar characteristics, such as a gradual narrowing of the anterior third of the body and an upwards roll of the anterior tip, the absence of eyes and sensory pits on the apex, and the existence of a retractor muscle derived from the ventral cutaneous longitudinal musculature. Geoplana bergi Graff, 1899 is allocated to Cephaloflexa and is designated as the type species. The ventral cutaneous longitudinal muscles of Supramontana, gen. nov. (monotypic), are partially sunk into the mesenchyme, thus constituting a cephalic retractor muscle. A new species of each genus is also described. The external morphology and anatomy of the cephalic region of the new genera and of Geoplana Stimpson, 1857, Choeradoplana Graff, 1896 and Issoca C. G. Froehlich, 1955 are analysed. Emendations to the diagnoses of Issoca and Choeradoplana are proposed based on cephalic differentiations. Spanish abstractSe decriben Cephaloflexa, gen. nov. y Supramontana, gen. nov., dos nuevos géneros de planarias terrrestres de la subfamilia Geoplaninae, ambos caracterizados por especializaciones cefálicas, como la morfología externa y el desarrollo muscular. Se describe una nueva especie de cada género. Se transfiere Geoplana bergi Graff, 1899 para el género Cephaloflexa y se la designa especie tipo. Cephaloflexa, gen. nov. presenta características peculiares, como el tercio anterior del cuerpo muy fino, región anterior enrollada hacia el dorso, ausencia de ojos y fosetas sensoriales en el ápice anterior del cuerpo, y un músculo retractor derivado de la musculatura subcutánea longitudinal ventral. Supramontana, gen. nov., género monotípico, tiene parte de la musculatura subcutánea longitudinal ventral hundida en el mesénquima y transformada en la región anterior en un músculo retractor cefálico. Se analiza la morfología externa y la anatomía de la región cefálica de Geoplana Stimpson, 1857, Choeradoplana Graff, 1896 e Issoca Froehlich, 1955 y se proponen enmiendas a las diagnosis de Choeradoplana e Issoca basadas en las diferenciaciones cefálicas.
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Lozada L., Eliana, Jaime Rolleri CH., and Renato Yañez N. "CONSIDERACIONES BIOLÓGICAS DE Choromytilus chorus en dos sustratos diferentes." Biologia Pesquera, no. 5 (November 23, 2023): 61–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21703/0067-8767.1971.5.2385.
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Características del Género.
 Concha semejante a la de Mytilus s. str., charnela con 1 o 2 dientes, borde que soporta el resilio (ninfos) sin poros conspicuos; sin aductor anterior, aductor posterior unido con el retractor mediano y posterior. Genotipo: Mytilus chorus MOLINA 1782.
 Diagnosis de la especie.
 Se reconoce por su concha mitiliforme de gran tamaño que sólo presenta estrías concéntricas. El periostraco es de color negro o negro violáceo. La charnela está provista de un diente en la valva con la correspondiente hendidura en la valva izquierda. El umbo es acuminado. El borde dorsal es anguloso en la parte central y el borde ventral ligeramente cóncavo.
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Rivera, Horacio. "[Scientific integrity faces plagiarism fabricated with the ChatGPT]." Revista Médica el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 61, no. 6 (2023): 857–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10064458.
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<strong>Abstract</strong>Among the malpractices that undermine research integrity, plagiarism is a major threat given its frequency and evolving presentations. Plagiarism implies the intentional grabbing of texts, ideas, images, or data belonging to others and without crediting them. However, the different and even masked forms of plagiarism often difficult a clear identification. Currently, the many kinds of fraud and plagiarism account for most retractions in traditional and open access journals. Further, the rate of retracted articles is higher in the Latin American databases <i>LILACS</i> and<i> Scielo </i>than in <i>PubMed </i>and <i>Web of Science</i>. This difference has been related to the typical laxity of our culture and the lack of English writing skills of non-Anglophone researchers. These features explain the conflict experienced by Latin American students in USA where they face a stricter culture regarding academic and scientific plagiarism. In the internet era, the ease of accessing scientific literature has increased the temptation to plagiarize but this ethical breach has been countered by antiplagiarism software. Now, the so-called "<i>paraphragiarism</i>" prompted by paraphrasing tools exceeds the infamous "<i>copy-paste</i>". For instance, the innovative ChatGPT can be used for plagiarizing and paraphragiarizing. Moreover, its inclusion as coauthor in scientific papers has been banned by prestigious journals and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors because such chatbot cannot meet the required public responsibility criterium. To avoid plagiarism, it is enough to always give due credit in the proper way. Lastly, I question the ill-fated and now prevailing conjunction of blind faith in progress and zero skepticism that prevents us from foreseeing the negative consequences of technological advances.
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Tostes, Ana Paula Balthazar, and Lucca Viersa Barros Silva. "Das praças para as urnas: movimentos dos Indignados e Occupy Wall Street | From squares to ballot: “Indignados” movement and Occupy Wall Street." Mural Internacional 6, no. 2 (2016): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2015.23761.
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Após um longo período em que movimentos sociais pareciam estar em retração, desde o fim do ano de 2010 as sociedades civis em diversos países, com focos e dinâmicas diferentes, foram para as ruas. Neste artigo analisa-se dois movimentos advindos desse período de protestos, o Occupy Wall Street ocorrido nos Estados Unidos, e o movimentos dos Indignados (ou Movimento 15M) na Espanha. O objetivo desse artigo é contribuir para reflexão sobre as trajetórias distintas, mas em certa medida bem-sucedidas de dois movimentos sociais anti sistêmicos. Primeiro, o Movimento dos Indignados na Espanha, que se organizou e se institucionalizou, dando origem ao partido político Podemos. Segundo, o Occupy Wall Street, que não se desdobrou em um novo partido político, no entanto pode ser atribuído em parte à força política do senador Bernie Sanders nas eleições primarias do partido Democrata nos Estados Unidos em 2016.ABSTRACTAfter a long period in which social movements seemed to be in retraction, since 2010 civil societies in many countries, with different focuses and dynamics, took the streets. Since the Arab Spring events until the manifestations in the US, Spain and even later in Brazil drove social scientists to continue with the social movements theme in search for the attempt to understand the protest and nonpartisan popular manifestations' reasons, impacts, differences and dynamics that took place over these years. This article analyzes two movements derived from this protest period, the Occupy Wall Street which happened in the US, and the “Indignados” movement (or 15M movement) in Spain. This article's goal is to contribute to the reflexion on the distinct path, but in a certain way well-succeeded of two anti-systemic movements that became popular, in particular from 2013. First, the “Indiganados” movement in Spain, which got organized and institucionalyzed and gave rise to the political party Podemos. Second, Occupy Wall Street, which didn't unfold into a new political party, but can be partially attributed to Bernie Sanders political strenght in the presidential primary elections of the Democratic party in the US in 2016.Palavras-chave: movimentos sociais; Occupy; Indignados; 15M; Podemos, eleições nos EUAKeywords: social movements; Occupy; Indignados; 15M; Podemos; elections in US DOI: 10.12957/rmi.2015.23761Recebido em 15 de Janeiro de 2016 | Received on January 15, 2016Aceito e, 28 de Janeiro de 2016 | Accepted January 28, 2016.
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Araujo, Thiago Diniz, and Eliana Lima da Fonseca. "Análise Multitemporal dos Lençóis Maranhenses Entre 1984 a 2014 Utilizando Sensoriamento Remoto Orbital (Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Lençóis Maranhenses Between 1984 and 2014 Using Orbital Remote Sensing)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 9, no. 1 (2016): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v9.1.p280-295.
Full textAbstract:
A análise multitemporal possibilita comparar uma mesma paisagem entre dois ou mais períodos, auxiliando no monitoramento das suas dinâmicas. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a dinâmica de caráter espaço-temporal do Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, mapeando as mudanças do sistema dunário a partir de imagens de satélite, no período de 1984 a 2014. Para esta análise foram utilizadas imagens de satélite adquiridas pelos sensores TM-Landsat 5 e OLI-Landsat 8. A borda limite do parque, na parte interior do continente, foi vetorizada para o ano inicial e final da análise, gerando mapas com o deslocamento das dunas no período de 31 anos o que permitiu identificar as áreas de avanço e retração do sistema dunário. A área total de avanço das dunas foi de 23,69 km² enquanto que a retração apresentou 14,95 km². Identificou-se expansão das dunas do litoral em direção ao interior do continente no sentido nordeste - sudoeste, seguindo a circulação dos ventos alísios. Foram selecionados quatro pontos de observações onde foram monitoradas as mudanças na cobertura do solo a partir da variação anual dos valores de reflectância da superfície na banda do infravermelho próximo, permitindo identificar o tipo de mudança quanto o tempo de ocorrência das mesmas. A B S T R A C T The multi-temporal analysis allows comparing the same landscape between two or more time periods, assisting in the monitoring of its dynamics. The objective of this study were to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of the Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, mapping the changes in the dunes system using satellite imagery, from 1984 to 2014. For this analysis were used satellite images acquired by TM-Landsat 5 and OLI-Landsat 8 sensors. The park boundary, in the inner part of the continent, was vectored for the initial and final year of analysis, generating maps with the changes in the dunes locations in the 31 years period identified the forward areas and retraction and areas. The total area of advancement of dunes was 23.69 km² while the downturn area was 14.95 km². It was identified expansion of coastal dunes toward the interior of the continent towards northeast - southwest, following the movement of trade winds. Were selected four points of observations which were monitored changes in land cover from the annual change of the surface reflectance values in the near infrared band, allowing identify both the type of change and its time of occurrence.Keywords: remote sensing, environmental monitoring, migration of sediment.
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Sousa, Tiago, Dulce Esteves, and Mário Marques. "Plágio: uma má conduta erradicável? Reflexão do fenómeno nas ciências do desporto (Plagiarism: an eradicable misconduct? Reflection on the phenomenon in sports sciences) (Plagio: mala conducta erradicable? Reflexión del fenómeno en las ciencias del depo." Retos 43 (August 13, 2021): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.90633.
Full textAbstract:

 
 O plágio é um problema endémico na sociedade contemporânea, está presente nos vários quadrantes da comunidade e a pesquisa científica não representa nenhuma exceção. No campo da investigação desportiva, o número de más praticas tem aumentado gradualmente, contrariando todos os pressupostos éticos. Desenvolveram-se um alargado número de atividades em instituições e países de forma a contrariar o fenómeno, contudo o problema prevalece, dentro e fora da ciência, na academia, por parte de alunos e de investigadores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi elaborar uma revisão de literatura acerca do plágio na investigação em Ciências do Desporto que permita fornecer um conjunto de reflexões sobre a forma como se pode combater tal problema. A revisão de literatura foi realizada recorrendo às bases de dados Web of Science, SCOPUS, MEDLINE/PubMed e Google Académico, e concluída ao longo do mês de Outubro de 2020, os estudos analisados estão compreendidos entre os anos de 1999 e 2020. O plágio foi apontado como razão principal para as retratações nas revistas de ciências do desporto. A falta de formação e o desejo de obter currículos brilhantes são percebidas como razões que leva a prática de más condutas. O plágio na investigação científica, nos dias que correm, é uma realidade preocupante, desta forma, é preciso tentar mitigar o fenómeno, principalmente na área das ciências do desporto uma área com pouca tradição. 
 Abstract. Plagiarism is an endemic problem in contemporary society, it is present in the various fields of the community and scientific research is no exception. In the field of sports research, the number of bad practices has gradually increased, contrary to all ethical assumptions. A large number of activities have been developed in institutions and countries in order to counter the phenomenon, however, the problem prevails, inside and outside science, in academia, by students and researchers. The aim of the present study was to develop a literature review about plagiarism, the problems that the subject raises in scientific research in the area of sports sciences and the way in which it can be fought. Different databases were consulted, such as the Web of Science, SCOPUS, MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar. The literature review and analysis were carried out and completed during October 2020. Plagiarism was cited as the main reason for retractions in sports science magazines. The lack of training and the desire to obtain excellent curricula are perceived as reasons that lead to the practice of misconduct. Plagiarism in scientific research, nowadays, is a worrying reality, so it is necessary to try to mitigate the phenomenon, especially in the area of sports sciences, an area with little tradition.
 Resumen. El plagio es un problema endémico en la sociedad contemporánea, está presente en los distintos sectores de la comunidad y la investigación científica no es una excepción. En el campo de la investigación deportiva, el número de malas prácticas ha aumentado gradualmente, contradiciendo todos los supuestos éticos. Se han realizado una gran cantidad de actividades en instituciones y países con el fin de contrarrestar el fenómeno, sin embargo el problema prevalece, dentro y fuera de la ciencia, en la academia, por parte de estudiantes e investigadores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue elaborar una revisión de la literatura sobre el plagio en la investigación en Ciencias del Deporte que permita aportar un conjunto de reflexiones sobre cómo combatir este problema. La revisión de la literatura se realizó utilizando las bases de datos Web of Science, SCOPUS, MEDLINE / PubMed y Google Scholar, y concluida en octubre de 2020, los estudios analizados se encuentran entre los años 1999 y 2020. El plagio se señaló como principal motivo de retractaciones en revistas de ciencia deportiva. La falta de formación y el deseo de obtener currículos brillantes se perciben como motivos que llevan a la práctica de la mala conducta. El plagio en la investigación científica, hoy en día, es una realidad preocupante, por lo que es necesario intentar mitigar el fenómeno, especialmente en el área de las ciencias del deporte, un área con poca tradición.
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Pico Zuñiga, Fernando Andrés, and Juan David Nieto Rueda. "El derecho de desistimiento del consumidor español y panameño. Una alternativa de protección para el consumidor en Panamá." Revista Cathedra, no. 3 (June 7, 2017): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37594/cathedra.n3.48.
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El Derecho de consumo se ha convertido en una categoría jurídica imprescindible. La producción en serie de bienes y servicios, aunada a la masificación de los contratos -contratos de adhesión-, ha revelado la necesidad de regular las relaciones de consumo y, con ello, proteger al consumidor como parte débil del vínculo económico que envuelve.Como ha identificado la doctrina, el fenómeno de la sociedad de consumo ha cuestionado los principios clásicos del Derecho de los contratos, ya que sus pilares fundantes —la libertad contractual, la libertad para contratar, la autonomía de la voluntad privada, la igualdad de las partes contratantes, etc.— no reconocen hoy e in extenso la realidad negocial existente. En efecto, los ya señalados principios clásicos del contrato, que recogen la gran mayoría de Códigos Civiles de tradición continental, se erigieron en respuesta a la sociedad libertaria francesa del siglo XIX que responde a la conocida máxima del "laissez faire, laissez passer".(3 La persona de hoy, que es más consumidor que ciudadano y en contraposición al contexto clásico de los contratos, muchas veces no cuenta con, la misma capacidad económica que su cocontratante, no tiene la libertad de decidir si contratar o no y, si, que menos, la de modificar el clausulado negocial. De ahí la trascendental relevancia del Derecho de consumo, el cual se dirige, primero, a registrar la realidad socioeconómica vigente, y segundo, a equilibrar las cargas entre empresario y consuinidor.t4) Esta tendencia y hasta cierto punto movimiento de los entendimientos tradicionales de las relaciones contractuales hacia una forma más proteccionista, como lo es el Derecho del consumo, no ha sido del todo fácil y pacífica en algunos países, máxime si se tiene presente que el Derecho Civil se caracteriza por ser una rama jurídica poco mutable a lo largo del tiempo y que las normativas del Derecho de consumo pueden afectar los intereses económicos de las compañías. Así, desde el Derecho comparado se le han otorgado a los consumidores y/o usuarios una serie de garantías y prerrogativas que aún no se han reconocido de manera legal en el ámbito panameño, pero que llaman la atención a su análisis y estudio a propósito de que la legislación nacional este acorde a las tendencias normativas extranjeras, así como las necesidades sociales y económicas que lo exigen.Dentro de esas facultades se encuentra el derecho a desistir, también conocido en algunos ordenamientos como derecho de retracto'>, derecho a revocar, a resolver o a rescindir, bajo el que, en términos generales, el consumidor, dentro de un plazo convencional o legal, puede disolver de forma unilateral el vínculo contractual que tiene con el empresario.El mencionado derecho permite que el consumidor pueda meditar la existencia y viabilidad del negocio celebrado, a sabiendas de que la decisión del comprador. En el contexto de la sociedad de consumo, muchas veces esta, de una parte, influida por la enérgica publicidad y, de la otra, por el hecho de que no cuenta con la posibilidad de probar el bien o servicio, o de conocer el producto en un contexto comercial mucho más adecuado, como acontece en las situaciones de la contratación a distancia o fuera de establecimiento de comercio. De ahí que la facultad de desistimiento no sea solo una garantía político jurídica reconocida por las legislaciones. Es también, sin lugar a equívocos, la respuesta a una realidad de contratación y negociación que cada vez se hace más influyente e impactante en los contextos socio económicos actuales y que, en consecuencia, el Derecho debe reconocer y regular, a propósito de equilibrar las cargas entre consumidores y empresarios. A sabiendas de ello, el presente estudio pretende explicar de manera breve, desde el Derecho comparado, los presupuestos más característicos de la facultad de desistimiento prevista en el ámbito jurídico de consumo europeo y español, con el objetivo de observar el estado actual de la materia en el Derecho panameño y si es del caso, proponer su regulación y tratamiento en el mismo país. Para tal fm, se brindará, primero, una noción de derecho de desistimiento en el campo del consumo, su fundamento y elementos generales; segundo, se estudiarán brevemente las regulaciones sobre la materia, particularmente, su entendimiento e implicaciones doctrinales y jurisprudencial en las disposiciones normativas europea y española sobre consumo; en tercer lugar. se analizará la situación jurídica acerca de este asunto en Panamá. Por último, se darán algunas conclusiones.
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Lathwal, Anjali, Salil Pawah, Neha Jain, and Amit Gupta. "Comparative evaluation of gingival displacement produced by three different gingival retraction materials." International journal of health sciences, October 10, 2022, 3332–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns9.13323.
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Aim: To compare and evaluate the gingival displacement produced by three different gingival retraction materials. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted to evaluate the gingival displacement produced by three gingival retraction materials. 12 subjects were selected for the study. T-stat retraction paste system (Nexobio co.Ltd,Korea), 3M ESPE Retraction Paste (3M Deutschland GmbH, Germany), Roeko Stay- put retraction cord (Coltene Whaledent Pvt. Ltd.) were used in the study. Results: Out of the three materials used, lateral displacement was maximum with the Stay-put retraction cord followed by 3M retraction paste and least by T-Stat retraction paste. All the materials produced acceptable amount of vertical gingival retraction. When compared Stay-put retraction cord was found to be most effective among the three materials. On comparison of the cordless retraction materials, it was found that the material which was more viscous in consistency (3M retraction paste) was able to produce more lateral gingival displacement than the material having less viscosity (T-stat retraction paste) even though both the cordless materials provided almost similar amount of vertical gingival displacement. The overall gingival retraction produced by the Stay-put cord was the highest followed by 3M retraction paste and least by the T-stat retraction paste.
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Rajbanshi, Mahesh K., Manish S. Kinra, Rajashekhara B. Sharanesha, et al. "Efficacy of Different Gingival Displacement Materials on the Width of Gingival Sulcus Using Optical Stereomicroscope: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, March 6, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_7_25.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Gingival displacement is a crucial step for achieving accurate marginal adaptation in fixed partial denture prostheses. Effective gingival retraction ensures proper impression taking, particularly around the finish line. While retraction cords and retraction pastes are common methods for achieving this displacement, limited studies have directly compared their effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of retraction cord and retraction paste in achieving lateral gingival displacement in patients requiring fixed partial denture prostheses. Method: A total of 40 patients were equally divided into two groups: Group I (retraction cord) and Group II (retraction paste). Gingival displacement was measured before and after the retraction procedure using an optical stereomicroscope with 20x magnification on diecasts. The pre and postdisplacement values were analyzed using paired t-tests to determine the significance of the displacement within each group. The lateral displacement between the two groups was compared using an independent t-test. Results: Both retraction methods demonstrated significant differences in gingival displacement before and after retraction (P < 0.001) as per the paired t-test. Group I (retraction cord) showed a greater lateral displacement (0.213 ± 0.05) compared with Group II (retraction paste, 0.129 ± 0.04), as determined by the independent t-test. Both methods achieved sufficient displacement for fixed partial denture impressions. Conclusion: While both retraction cord and retraction paste effectively achieve gingival displacement, retraction cord results in more substantial displacement. This finding suggests that retraction cord may be the preferred method when greater gingival displacement is required for optimal fixed prosthesis fabrication. However, retraction paste remains a viable option for achieving adequate displacement in most cases.
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Amruthasree, V. LeenaTomer Sunita Choudhary, Tyagi Puja Maity Chandani Swati, and Sharma and Pravender Kumar Vikas. "COMPARITIVE EVALUATION OF HORIZONTAL GINGIVAL DISPLACMENT USING STAY-PUT RETRACTION CORD AND ASTRINGENT RETRACTION PASTE: AN IN VIVO STUDY." May 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7990108.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Gingival retraction cord is the most commonly used gingival displacement material however, it causes discomfort and produces damage to the periodontium. Various new gingival retraction materials have been introduced to overcome these problems. <strong>Aim:</strong> Thisstudy aims at comparative evaluation of horizontal gingival displacement using Stay-put retraction cord and Astringent retraction paste. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A total of 40 subjects were selected and 40 samples were made for the study. Samples were divided into two groups,20 subjects in each group) depending on the materials used for gingival displacement.The impressions obtained after placing retraction system were poured in type IV die stone.The amount of gingival displacement was then measured as a distance from the tooth to the crest of the gingiva in a horizontal plane using stereomicroscope &analysed in image analysis software. <strong>Results:</strong> Among the experimental groups, astringent gingival retraction paste showed the highest value for gingival displacement (0.518mm) and the stay‑put retraction cord (0.435mm ) showed the least value. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Within the limitations of this <em>in vivo </em>study, astringent gingival retraction paste showed the highest value for gingival displacement whereas, stay‑put retraction cord showed the least value.
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Bhawnani, Dimple, Abhilasha Bhasin, and Sneha S Mantri. "Evaluation of Lateral and Vertical Gingival Displacement Produced by Three Different Gingival Retraction Systems using Impression Scanning: An in-Vivo Original Study." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT), July 9, 2024, 2102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24jun1512.
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Isolation of the prepared margin along with control of gingival fluid and haemorrhage is an important factor to register finish lines, which can be achieved by displacing the gingiva away from the abutment which helps in better visualization of the prepared tooth surface. This study utilized digital scanning of rubber based impression material to compare the amount of gingival displacement produced by 3M ESPE capsule, plain retraction cord and impregnated retraction cord. Aims: The aim of the study was to compare lateral and vertical gingival displacement produced by the three materials Settings and Design: Case-Control Methods and Material: Twenty participants requiring a full coverage restoration were selected. Gingiva around each tooth requiring a crown was retracted using the three materials and a rubber based impression was made. The impression was scanned using EXOCAD software to obtain readings for gingival displacement for control group, non- impregnated cord, impregnated cord and retraction paste. Statistical analysis used: The scores were analysed in SPSS software using one way ANNOVA and post hoc analysis Results: Significant difference was seen among all trial groups when compared to control. Highest mean vertical displacement was seen in clinical trial II (non- impregnated cord) followed by trial III ( retraction paste). Conclusions: Impregnated cord and retraction paste both produced adequate retraction for the margings to be registered. Use of paste was less time consuming and less traumatic for the patient and therefore can be substituted for retraction cords.
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Kashish, Manghani, Jain Deshraj, Gupta Alka, Soni Mukesh, and Shweta Pandey Dr. "Comparative Evaluation of Vertical and Lateral Gingival Displacement Produced by Mechanical and Chemical Retraction Systems through Digital Impressions using Intraoral Scanner - An in-Vivo Study." July 11, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8135074.
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Background : Gingival retraction is crucial for impression making in fixed prosthodontics. This invivo study aimed at comparing the gingival retraction in vertical and lateral axes produced by mechanical and chemical retraction systems through digital impressions using intraoral scanner. Materials and Methods: This in vivo, experimental study included 15 subjects,in which further 3 sample groups were allotted making the sample size 45. The mean vertical and lateral gingival displacement done by mechanical and chemical methods was measured at five points of maxillary anterior teeth after preparation on digital impression files made through direct intraoral scanning. Comparison of the mean values without retraction and with different retraction systems were done. The results were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA, unpaired/independent t test, The Shapiro–Wilk test and Levene’s test. Results : The displacement cord, showed mean vertical displacement to be 0.75 mm and the lateral displacement 1.13 mm. For the retraction paste, the resultant mean vertical displacement was calculated to be 0.68 mm and the lateral displacement 0.67 mm. For vertical displacement, no significant differences were found between the cord and the paste. But statistically significant results were seen for the lateral displacement between the same groups. Conclusion: The cord/mechanical system showed a greater amount of displacement than the cordless/chemical system. Intraoral scanning was found to be an effective means of measuring gingival retraction.
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Dr Karunakar, Shetty, Alzhrani Dr. Alghaydaa Saeed, Alotaibi Dr. Maha Khalil, Alotaibi Dr. Sarah Muteb, and Almaghrabi Dr. Razan Yousef. "Comparative Evaluation of Gingival Displacement by Using Retraction Paste and Retraction Cord- In-Vivo Pilot Study." International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences 11, no. 3 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2020.10.3.l29-36.
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Karimi-Maleh, Hassan, Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh, Zahra Ranjbarha, Hadi Beitollahi, Ali A. Ensafi, and Daryoush Zareyee. "Retraction: p-Chloranil modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode as a voltammetric sensor for the simultaneous determination of methyldopa and uric acid." Analytical Methods, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ay90148g.
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Retraction of ‘p-Chloranil modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode as a voltammetric sensor for the simultaneous determination of methyldopa and uric acid’ by Hassan Karimi-Maleh et al., Anal. Methods, 2012, 4, 2088–2094, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2AY05865K.
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Keyvanfard, Mohsen, Ali A. Ensafi, Hassan Karimi-Maleh, and Khadijeh Alizad. "Retraction: Modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes paste electrode as a sensor for the electrocatalytic determination of N-acetylcysteine in the presence of high concentrations of folic acid." Analytical Methods, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ay90150a.
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Retraction of ‘Modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes paste electrode as a sensor for the electrocatalytic determination of N-acetylcysteine in the presence of high concentrations of folic acid’ by Mohsen Keyvanfard et al., Anal. Methods, 2012, 4, 3268–3274, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2AY05802B.
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Asnaashariisfahani, Manzarbanou, Hassan Karimi-maleh, Hamid Ahmar, et al. "Retraction: Novel 8,9-dihydroxy-7-methyl-12H-benzothiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolin-12-one multiwalled carbon nanotubes paste electrode for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, acetaminophen and tryptophan." Analytical Methods, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ay90149e.
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Retraction of ‘Novel 8,9-dihydroxy-7-methyl-12H-benzothiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolin-12-one multiwalled carbon nanotubes paste electrode for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, acetaminophen and tryptophan’ by Manzarbanou Asnaashariisfahani et al., Anal. Methods, 2012, 4, 3275–3282, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2AY25418B.
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Singh, Pooja Nilesh, Suresh Venugopal, and Amrutha Shenoy. "Comparative Evaluation of Gingival Displacement and Patient Outcomes with Different Gingival Retraction Techniques: A Cross-over Clinical Trial." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2024/73545.19807.
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Introduction: The success of fixed restorations depends on marginal integrity, particularly in subgingival areas. Gingival retraction facilitates proper placement of impression material in the displaced gingival sulcus; however, a lack of consensus on evaluation criteria hinders comparative studies of gingival retraction systems. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical retraction cord and chemical gingival retraction paste compared to a control group with no retraction. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-over clinical trial conducted at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, involving 20 patients requiring single crowns from May 2024 and June 2024. Patients were allocated into three groups-no retraction, chemical retraction, and mechanical retraction-based on randomisation. Patients with healthy gingival and periodontal status, exhibiting no bleeding on probing, were included in the study. Impressions were taken at baseline, and subsequent gingival displacements on days 7 and 27 were performed using chemical and mechanical methods according to random allocation. A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score was used to analyse post-operative comfort. Gingival displacement was measured with a stereomicroscope, and results were tabulated. Data analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 26.0). Statistical significance was set at a threshold of p<0.05, employing one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-hoc tests for gingival retraction and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores. Results: Among the 60 tested samples, significant differences in gingival retraction were noted (p<0.05). Both experimental groups (Mechanical gingival retraction=698.53±43.276 μm, Chemical retraction=509.33±29.405 μm) exhibited more gingival displacement than the control group (mean gingival retraction=164.8±15.725 μm), with mechanical retraction cord displaying the highest value. The mean gingival displacement rankings were as follows: mechanical retraction > chemical retraction > no retraction. For VAS scores, statistically significant results were observed for mechanical retraction compared to no retraction (0.9±0.052) and mechanical retraction (3.40±0.049), as well as between no retraction and chemical retraction (2.6±0.057) (p<0.05). However, the differences between mechanical and chemical retraction were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although there was a statistically significant difference in the amount of displacement between the chemical and mechanical systems, both were within the clinically acceptable range (220 microns). Hence, chemical retraction can be used as a substitute for mechanical retraction techniques.
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Nespriadko, V. P., and S. S. Terekhov. "GUM RETRACTION METHODS IN ORTHOPEDIC DENTISTRY: CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM." Art of Medicine, January 14, 2023, 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/artm.2022.4.24.176.
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Gingival retraction is the procedure of bending the gingival margin away from the tooth surface, which provides sufficient horizontal and vertical space between the prepared finish line and the gingiva for the introduction of a sufficient amount of impression material. Several factors influence the success and durability of orthopedic restorations in dentistry. In particular, supragingival margins are necessary to maintain periodontal health, but do not provide optimal aesthetics. The gingival margin should be clean and accessible during impression making, and the gingival groove should be wide enough (from 0.15 to 0.20 mm). Therefore, in orthopedic dentistry, the problem of the optimal gum retraction technique, the influence of the chosen technique on the impression procedure is relevant. Ideally, the gum retraction technique should be simple, fast and inexpensive, should not cause damage to the periodontal tissues. Today, there are various methods of retraction, including retraction cords, rotary curettage, copper tapes, electrosurgical techniques, laser retraction, and the use of some types of polymer and plastic materials. The article provides an overview of the main commonly accepted methods of gum retraction, which can be classified into mechanical, chemical and surgical. Particular attention is paid to such retraction methods as non-medicated cords, medicated cords, wireless methods, astringent hemostatic agents, retraction paste for gums, vasoconstrictors, lasers, rotary curettage, electrosurgery.
 Study substantiation: Despite significant progress of orthopedic dentistry in the last decades, clear criteria for selection of method of retraction are not currently allocated.
 The purpose of the study: to conduct an analysis of modern and available methods of gum retraction in orthopedic dentistry, to highlight the safety and effectiveness criteria of each of the methods, depending on the clinical situation.
 The materials and methods: the available scientific sources of recent years, devoted to the technique of gum retraction in orthopedic dentistry, analyzed by the methods of review, system and content analysis. The search strategy was to manually search the Pub-Med and Google Scholar databases from 1985 to 2022 for articles related to retraction prior to making an impression of a fixed prosthesis. Key words included "impression making" and "gingival retraction".
 The clinical effectiveness of retraction methods is assessed according to the following criteria: A – effectiveness (degree of horizontal and vertical gum recession, possibility of controlling bleeding and outflow of gum fluid). B – degree of retraction (ideally, the agents used should not lead to damage to the epithelial tissue). Otherwise, this damage should be reversible. The maximum apical recession after gingival retraction should not exceed 0.10 mm. C-absorption of retraction agents in tissue should not cause systemic effects.
 The conclusion of the review is a general assessment of the effectiveness of retraction methods according to the following criteria: effectiveness, degree of retraction, absorption of retraction agents. Emphasis is placed on the greatest efficiency of the laser retraction method. The author suggests further research in this direction. Despite the significant progress of orthopedic dentistry in recent decades, additional research should be conducted to develop clear criteria for the effectiveness of gum retraction methods.