Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Retraite – Aspect économique – Belgique'
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Karakaya, Gungor. "Essays on population ageing, dependency and overeducation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210405.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Bonnet, Carole. "Inégalités et redistribution inter et intragénérationnelles : études quantitatives appliquées au système de retraite français." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002IEPP0021.
Full textPrats, Elise. "Outils pour une comparaison statistique des systèmes de retraite : un essai de classification sur onze pays." Paris 13, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA131015.
Full textMost retirement systems are faced today with demographic ageing difficulties. The examination of foreign experiences provides many teachings about the characteristics and adaptation processes of different retirement systems. International comparisons are nevertheless delicate to carry out. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a comparison tool for retirement systems, in order to characterize and classify them according to a multi-criteria approach based on institutional and statistic observation. The comparison is focused on the diversity and coherence of eleven countries' retirement systems. The method that was used is data analysis. From this method, which enables to explore complex masses of information, a new typology of retirement schemes is brought out, and confronted with usual typologies. The analysis of different layouts drawn from the classification allows to better understand the choice of reforms launched by each country
Vanasse, Étienne, and Étienne Vanasse. "Risque de longévité pour les régimes de retraite canadiens à prestations déterminées." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37035.
Full textCe mémoire étudie le risque de longévité pour un régime de retraite à prestations déterminées dans un contexte québécois et canadien. On le définit comme le risque que les retraités vivent significativement plus longtemps que prévu, occasionnant des pertes pour le régime. Afin de le quantifier, on a recours à des données du Régime de pensions du Canada (RPC), du Régime de rentes du Québec (RRQ) et de la Base de données sur la longévité canadienne (BDLC) permettant l’utilisation de différentes variables explicatives (âge, année, cohorte, revenu et région). Une projection stochastique de la mortalité sur plusieurs sous-populations est effectuée selon un cadre général inspiré de Hunt et Blake (2014) et une approche de modèle relatif de Villegas et Haberman (2014). Selon les modèles identifiés et retenus dans ce mémoire, une évolution défavorable de la mortalité pour un régime de retraite, à un niveau de confiance de 95 %, pourrait occasionner une hausse d’environ 5% du coût des rentes pour les femmes et de 10 à 15 % du coût des rentes pour les hommes. Ces hausses de coût se comparent, pour une hypothèse de rendement de 4 % (i = 4,0 %), à une diminution de 0,4 % (i = 3,6 %) de cette hypothèse pour les femmes et de 1,0 % (i = 3,0 %) pour les hommes. Également, les résultats de la modélisation tendent à démontrer l’ordre suivant quant à l’importance relative des variables étudiées afin d’expliquer le niveau de la mortalité des femmes et des hommes : 1) l’âge 2) l’année 3) le revenu (proxy socio-économique) 4) la région (RPC vs RRQ). Il n’a pas été possible de déterminer qu’une variable de cohorte était nécessaire pour améliorer la modélisation de la mortalité des retraités canadiens.
De, Meulemeester Jean Luc. "Analyse économique de la demande d'enseignement supérieur universitaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212503.
Full textDauriol, Julie. "Le passage à la retraite des papy boomers et leurs comportements d'épargne." Paris 9, 2005. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2005PA090049.
Full textThe Thesis deals with asset accumulation behaviours of the generation born between 1945 and 1954, so called Papy Boom generation. This study appeals to the Life Cycle Hypothesis (LCH), which explains saving behaviours and their evolution during the life cycle of individuals. According to the LCH model, the retirement of this generation's members might influence their saving behaviours. With regard to their demographic weight their behaviour changes could influence also certain markets. An empirical analysis has been led thanks to INSEE data: Actifs financiers, Détention d'actifs patrimoniaux and Patrimoine samples, given by the FFSA and the LASMAS, using a APC model (Age/Period/Cohort). The results reveal generation effects on asset holding behaviours. For instance, Papy Boomers are less holders than Seniors, retired from 1995 and from whom positive saving behaviour contradicted the LCH knowledge
Coiffard, Mathias. "Transferts intergénérationnels et croissance économique : essai sur leurs interactions dans la France contemporaine." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0007.
Full textThis phd dissertation deals with the interactions between economic growth and intergenerational transfers in France from 1820 to 2000. We have chosen an analytical process based on a model involving three overlapping generations with uncertain life expectancy and up- and downward transfers. This has allowed us to define the function of life insurance and also to include three organisations –market, family, state – which produce institutions changing with time. Thus the economic process can be dated historically. To begin with, using a model based on two sectors (agriculture and industry) involving three overlapping generations, we studied the consequences of introducing a compulsory education program on economic development ; with the conclusion that, as upward transfers ceased, a free lunch was introduced for elderly people. Then we studied the macro economic impact of this pensions system. In order to complete the institutional characteristics of the post war economy, we proceeded to analyze the Ford wage agreement. We assessed a cross-age management within corporations of aggregate remuneration and implicit subsidies between age groups in internal markets. Putting an end to these subsidies helps explain the high rate of unemployment among younger and older workers in France as the number of working people financing the youngest and the oldest is reduced by the increase in life expectancy and the concentration of unemployment at both ends of the age range. Does this entail a “war” between age groups being waged ?
Fawaz, Yarine. "Quatre essais sur la décision de départ à la retraite." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0097.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the retirement decision. AlI four chapters examine the transition from employment to retirement. The first essay investigates the determinants of this transition m the United States, where retirement and social security claiming are two distinct concepts. A worker can claim his social security benefits at any age between 62 and 70. His benefits are then adjusted to produce permanently lower or higher benefits so that the 'system is roughly actuarially neutral. In other words, the more the individual delays, the higher his monthly benefits will be, but he will enjoy them for a shorter period. Although it was designed as an exception, early claiming has become the rule. Therefore, it seems crucial to understand the incentives that induce older workers to make that decision. Many of them lack liquidity when they reach the early age of eligibility, and use social security retirement benefits as a kind of safety net allowing them to maintain their lifestyle while they go through financial hardship. For the unemployed in particular, social security may be seen as a social insurance helping them to finance consumption while they look for a job, hence delaying their exit from the labor force. The remainder of the thesis focuses on the Iink between subjective well-being and retirement. This relationship matters first from a normative point of view, because we care about the distribution of welfare across individuals. More importantly, from a positive point of view, subjective well-being has a strong predictive power and determines significantly labor supply, and consequently the retirement transition
Casamatta, Georges. "L'économie politique de la protection sociale et de la redistribution." Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10052.
Full textRillaerts, Stéphane. "Organisation économique du secteur hospitalier et optimisation de la production des soins: vers un nouveau mode de gestion de l'hôpital." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211242.
Full textRobitaille, Marie-Noëlle. "L'effet de la réforme du Programme de la sécurité de la vieillesse sur les décisions de retraite." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30460/30460.pdf.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Tragaki, Alexandra. "Equité et redistribution intergénérationnelle : application à la France et à la Grèce." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997IEPP0015.
Full textPeople of different incomes, social status, family situation, opportunities and age, are put in bounds by a social contract which is based on a complicated network of a great number of economic transfers determining social objectives and priorities of each country. This vast redistribution reveals questions about intergenerational accounting and a plausible war between generations ? In France, the intergenerational faireness - expressed as the balance between contributions to and benefits from the social security - is actually preserved for all generations born before 2000. Besides an unfortunate eventuality either in economic, social or demographic sector, this study suggests that today's active groups will receive, in constant prices, more than their contributions. Yet, since benefits decrease constantly while contributions increase on a regular basis, it is presumed that generations born before 1960 will get a greater advantage from the system than earlier ones. In any case predictions expressing anxiousness about the appearence of "greedy generations" gaining at the expense of "sacrified generations" have been completely denied. In Greece, the intergenerational faireness is approached differently : by comparing the standards of living among different age groups. This method reveals that generations born between 1940-1955 will have received during their lifetime the most important benefits compared to either the elder or the younger ones
Garbinti, Bertrand. "Épargner, Hériter, Divorcer : essais sur les inégalités de patrimoine et de niveaux de vie en France." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0005.
Full textThe first chapter of this dissertation deals with the link between saving rate and income. Our results show consistently that saving rate is positively correlated with both current and permanent incomes. The second chapter focuses on the link between intergenerational transmissions and home purchase on one hand, and firm creation on the other hand. We show that households who received a gift or a bequest buy more often their primary residence. For the creation or the buyout of a firm, gifts also exhibit a significant effect while bequests do not. In the third chapter, we explore a new way to leverage the receipt of an inheritance as a plausible exogenous wealth shock, by relying on the precise timing of receipt. We find that, at any age between 55 and 65, chances of current labor market exit are significantly higher among individuals who inherit at that age than among those who inherit in the next few years. In the last chapter, we study the economic consequences of marital disunions. We interestingly show that both women and men support a loss in average, but still of larger magnitude for women. Results also suggest that, contrary to the common belief, the number of children only play a minor role in the explanations of the large women's impoverishment. The share of couple's resources each spouse provides before divorce is the main driver. Child support payments, public transfers and the massive labor market reentry of inactive women mitigate but do not cancel post-divorce gender inequalities
Brechet, Thierry. "Politiques de lutte contre lechangement climatique et modélisation macroéconomique : un modèle d'équilibre général pour l'économie belge." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010032.
Full textBarnay, Thomas. "La santé comme facteur d'équité dans la cessation d'activité." Paris 12, 2004. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002247830204611&vid=upec.
Full textThe doctoral thesis aims at underlining the intragenerationnal iniquities of health and their consequences at the moment of the activity's cessation and on redistributions in the pays-as-you-go system owed in particular to the differences of life expectancy. The study of the models activity's cessation by sex allows to determine the explanatory factors of the age of activity's cessation. The results show how much the reason of health is determining as well for the men as for the women. The actuarial fairness calculated for cases-types is positive for the male retired generations on 1921-1936 (in the private sector with linear career) but the distances between PCS are very important from 1 for unskilled workers to 1,34 for executives. The age of actuarial equilibrium (that is the age of the retired rights's liquidation respecting the actuarial fairness) or "critical age" should 65-year-old being for executives and 59 years for unskilled workers is a distance about equivalent unlike life expectancy
Mejer, Malwina. "Essays on patent systems and academic patenting." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209623.
Full textStarting with the role patents pay in stimulating innovation, Chapter 2 assesses the cost of rewarding and enforcing exclusive patent rights in Europe and discusses implications for patenting at universities.
Chapter 3 aims to document patenting at universities in Belgium by applying the definition of university-invented patents. It challenges the ‘European Paradox’, the view that despite being good in producing science, European research institutions are not successful in transferring it to the real economy.
Chapters 4 and 5 investigate the relationship between patenting and scientific productivity. Chapter 4 questions the critique that patenting at universities may have a detrimental effect on scientific progress. Chapter 5 challenges the view that knowledge diversity increases group ability to innovate. It further enhances our understanding of how different ways of achieving diversity affect team inventive performance.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Liégeois, Philippe. "Essais en économie dynamique appliquée." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211600.
Full textSchoon, Alain. "La demande touristique en Ardenne-Meuse et dans la Province de Luxembourg: une approche économétrique et multidimensionnelle. Le cas du camping." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213587.
Full textBoute, Serge. "Contribution à l'économie politique des communes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213419.
Full textKarayel, Ayfer. "Les effets redistributifs intragénérationnels des retraites en Turquie avant et après la réforme de 1999." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN0609.
Full textGeorges-Kot, Simon. "Essays on nonstandard determinants of labor supply." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0100.
Full textThis thesis presents four independent works examining nonstandard determinants of labor supply. The first two chapters build on the unique features of public holidays and school holidays in France to study workers’ demand for joint leisure time. The first chapter focuses on couples and reveals that when some workers are exogenously constrained to take additional paid leave at certain points in time, their spouse also tends to take more time off at these moments, even when this is costly. The second chapter moves beyond the household to show that similar exogenous increases in the amount of leisure time enjoyed by workers living with children at specific moments induce very significant synchronous increases in the demand for leisure of workers living in other households. The last two chapters study the relationship between private wealth and labor supply. In the third chapter, we examine the effect of inheritance on the retirement behavior of older workers. We find that inheritance receipt has very significant effects on instantaneous retirement probabilities, and we provide empirical evidence that risk aversion and liquidity constraints are important channels for this effect. In the last chapter, we study the evolution over time of the effect of inheritance receipt and real-estate price variations on entry into self-employment. We find that the effect of both of these sources of variation of wealth on men’s entry into self-employment has decreased over time, suggesting a relaxation of financial constraints on entry into self-employment in recent years
Van, Den Dungen Pierre. "Milieux de presse et journalistes en Belgique au XIXe siècle (1828-1914): des origines de l'Etat constitutionnel bourgeois aux débuts de la démocratie de masse." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211230.
Full textArias, Elena. "Essays on the economics of higher education: determinants of success, dropout and degree completion." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210002.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Vaz, Paralta Sara Sofia. "Longevity and saving for retirement." Paris 9, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA090022.
Full textSaving for retirement is a decision that depends on many factors. Firstly, it depends on the disposable income and future expected income. Secondly, the composition of households and the ages of individuals are determinant. Thirdly, it depends on the composition of net wealth and, finally, longevity during working life and retirement period. The life-cycle theory explains the consumption and saving decisions in function of the different phases in life. During childhood, the individual consumes and receives his education. In a second stage, the individual actively consumes, produces and saves. In a third phase, the individual uses his accumulated net wealth, including the amount of social security wealth, to finance his consumption of life-cycle during retirement. The social models ensure a substitution income and access to benefits in every stage of life, causing an impact on consumption and saving decisions. In this dissertation, saving behaviour is analysed by considering the impact of longevity in different countries representative of the various European Social Models, i. E. Sweden (Nordic Model), France (Continental Model), Portugal (Mediterranean Model) and the UK (Anglo-Saxon Model)
Sung, Chang Hoon. "Coping with ageing in Korea." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003IEPP0022.
Full textLibert, Marc. "Habitudes alimentaires et pratique médicale dans deux couvents féminins bruxellois au XVIIIe siècle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212190.
Full textVan, Der Hoeven Roland. "Le Théâtre royal de la Monnaie (1830-1914): contraintes d'exploitation d'un théâtre lyrique au XIXe siècle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211990.
Full textTallier, Pierre Alain. "Forêts et propriétaires forestiers en Belgique, 1814-1914: histoire de l'évolution de la superficie forestière, des peuplements, des techniques sylvicoles et des débouchés offerts aux produits ligneux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212281.
Full textVoronine, Valérie. "PAYT de 3éme génération: contributions d'amélioration et de normalisation dans le cadre du coût-vérité des déchets ménagers." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209143.
Full textL’autorité peut décider d’aller plus loin en appliquant une redevance représentant le coût exact de la gestion des déchets. Pour ce, elle doit établir une comptabilité analytique des postes liés à la gestion des déchets. C’est le cas de la Région wallonne qui à travers l’application de son coût vérité des déchets impose une couverture des coûts s’approchant des 100%. Nous appelons ce concept « PAYT de 2ème génération ».
La condition préalable est de disposer, dès la mise en place de système PAYT, d’un cadre standard d’expression des coûts. Or, en Région wallonne, le cadre commun a été réduit à une simple énumération de libellés de recettes et dépenses, traduisant des concepts généraux.
Notre travail propose, d’une part, une normalisation du calcul et le développement d’une méthodologie de comptabilité analytique basée sur les règles de comptabilité budgétaire communale.
Parallèlement, l’application du coût-vérité ne donne qu’une image financière de la gestion des déchets des villes et communes. En aucune façon, il ne donne d’information concernant le niveau de service offert, ni le niveau des performances environnementales. Notre travail propose donc, d’autre part, l’ajout d’un calcul des performances environnementales et des services comme piste d’amélioration du système coût-vérité wallon.
Nous représentons virtuellement la gestion des déchets par une pyramide reposant sur 3 piliers :le coût, l’environnement et les services, et dont la hauteur représente la quantité produite. Sous le prisme du développement durable de nos villes et communes, la gestion des déchets devrait atteindre un parfait équilibre entre efficacité environnementale, accessibilité économique et acceptabilité sociale en assurant une qualité de vie aujourd’hui et demain pour les générations futures.
Le coût vérité wallon, déjà PAYT de 2ème génération puisqu’il impose une maîtrise transparente des coûts, deviendrait, en intégrant ces notions de développement durable, PAYT de 3ème génération.
Doctorat en environnement, Orientation gestion de l'environnement
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Wei, Nanzhi. "Legal system for the protection of welfare of the elderly : a comparative study of China, France and Britain." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0062.
Full textThrough studying the evolution of social protection mechanisms for the elderly in these three countries, this study finds that the stratification of welfare right and social protection law are decided by the inter acting four factors: political, economic, ideological and social factors. Each country has its own stipulation on the rights and duties of the five legal subjects: the state, the welfare administrative bodies, the market (employers), the family and the individual (elderly). The differences of the legal status, the financial resources, the redistribution functions and appealing mechanisms form three different legal models. The Chinese model is under rapid transition: "state/guojia-intermediate bodies-individual". The French model has two tiers: the first tier is the "public-private" division; the second tier is the socio-economic stratification. The British model constitutes a "government -market -individual" structure. In different welfare state regimes, the economic well-being of the elderly can be legally protected through different legal mechanisms based on different understandings of welfare rights and different understandings of the responsibilities associated with rights
Blake, Hélène. "Les risques du métier : emploi des séniors, santé et anticipations." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0074.
Full textThis thesis is a compilation of empirical works on seniors' behaviors. It is set in the context of reforms of retirement pension systems in develop countries which leads to a growing individualization of retirement choices. The first two chapters focus on how work impacts health using reforms of the French main pension system as exogenous shocks. Two different criteria are used to measure health: subjective well-being and mortality. It appears that work has a negative impact on physical health and increases morbidity for almost everybody. However the size and nature of effects are heterogeneous according to gender, education or income. I find that lower educated people are more impacted physically by work and that pension improves social life, especially women's. Men getting the lowest pensions (less than 954 euros a month) are more affected by the length of working life than by their retirement age, contrarily to other income groups. The third chapter is an analysis of the rigidity of seniors' employment rates in OECD countries facing a reform of their pension systems. Results show that seniors' employment reacts much more to work incentives in a context of good and homogeneous labor relations. The sources of heterogeneity of behaviors thus need to be studied. The fourth chapter analyzes one of them which is the differences in the experience of economic shocks for seniors. I find that for given individual situations with respect to income, employment and marital situation, people who grew up in a context of growth are more optimist concerning the American economy's future and children of unemployment men are more pessimistic concerning their own future on the labor market, which is not justified by facts (they have a lower propensity to be fired). Unemployment benefits are found to have a strong influence that mitigates or even cancels out this effects
Karl, Estupinan Claudio. "Three essays on the economics of the postal sector." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209834.
Full textIn chapter one, we investigate the consumers' preferences for various kinds of postal services. As such, we begin by reviewing the market and regulatory conditions for Europe and for our case study, Belgium. Then using data provided by the incumbent provider, the Belgian post (Bpost), we estimate demand price elasticities. The data comprises customer transactional information on letter mail, direct mail, parcels & express services, press delivery and value added services for the 2008-2009 period. These categories constitute not only the important lines of services that Bpost offers to its clients but also the main segments that constitute the whole Belgian postal market. As such, and using standard methods, we estimate for each service an equation that explains demand by prices, product varieties (i.e. mixes or combinations of volume, weight, priority and destination, inter alia), income, regulation proxies and other socioeconomic variables. The estimated price elasticities for regulated and partially regulated services are around -1.1, whereas for unregulated segments they fluctuate between -2.1 and -2.8. The lowest price elasticity is obtained for direct mail services (-1.0); the highest ones are associated with value added services (-2.1) and registered mail (-3.3). Price elasticities may be influenced by the cyclical effects during the period of analysis. Therefore, elasticities are higher when compared with the empirical evidence obtained for other countries and through the various methodologies applied over the last decades. The fact that technological substitutes, such as expenditures on telephony and internet access for daily and administrative mail services and, radio and television advertising for direct mail services, could not be accounted for (because there were no data available) may however be considered as a major limitation for the scope of our results.
In the second chapter, we explore theoretically the effects of the USO on unregulated markets. In particular, we are interested in investigating its welfare effects when the provision of services cannot be technologically separated. We present a model in which there is an incumbent who provides two services: a universal service and a non-USO service, the latter opened to competition. This is the case of letter mail and direct (or bulk) mail, services which have quite different purposes and regulatory frameworks (i.e. the former is fully regulated whereas the latter is liberalized under the current European Internal Market framework), but are jointly produce at some stages of the postal value chain. The USO is simplified to two dimensions, affordability and quality, implemented as a price cap and a minimum quality standard (MQS) for the provision of letter mail services. The latter involves the technological aspects that we are interested in. We find that the definition of the USO plays an important role in organizing markets that are open to competition. When it imposes few quality requirements (low MQS), the incumbent is not cost efficient enough to provide the high-quality variant of bulk mail, allowing its competitors to cream-skim the segment. However, because there are cost economies, the firm's participation in the segment yields a higher average quality of mail services at lower prices. When the USO is too comprehensive (high MQS), the incumbent exhibits large cost economies that ensure a dominant position in the provision of bulk mail services. Consumers are worse off as competition induces too much service differentiation in order to make profitable the provision. Relaxing the definition of the USO mitigates the competitive advantage of the USP and so, yields improvements in welfare. In the absence of access costs, firms will find profitable to participate in the bulk mail segment. However, foreclosure happens if the USO induces the incumbent to exhibit significant fixed costs. Therefore, the USP may end up as the sole supplier of bulk mail services if the definition of the USO imposes too many quality requirements (high MQS). In that case, the authority must balance the welfare gains of defining USO with the welfare losses of the consumers of the contested service.
Finally, in the third chapter we consider the ownership aspect of the provision of universal services as an incentive to introduce competition. One can further segment the provision between services for customers located in high-cost areas and services for customers located in low-cost areas. Additionally, under the current EU legislation, the supply is divided between upstream activities (e.g. collection and sorting) and downstream activities (i.e. delivery). The provision of upstream activities in high-cost areas remains in hands of the incumbent firm or the owner of the downstream (delivery) network. The upstream provision in low-cost areas is open to competition, but a retailer may be vertically integrated/separated or legally unbundled with the downstream firm. Legal unbundling means, in our model, that the downstream firm and one upstream firm located in the low-cost area belong legally to the same entity entitled to all profits, whom does not have full control rights over the firms' decisions. That is to say, upstream activities and the downstream services will be managed separately under the same ownership. In this framework we analyze the firm's boundaries in terms of competition development and welfare. We implement two criteria to answer questions like, does vertical separation promotes competition (entry of firms) while covers a larger demand than vertical integration? Does vertical integration demand less public funds to cover demand? Does legal unbundling is worse than ownership separation to promote competition? The first criterion is the probability of entry (of the potential upstream firm), which we determine for each modes of ownership. The second criterion is the cost of public funds. It is implemented by defining a loss function as the difference between the expected consumer surplus when the downstream firm chooses an access fee that maximizes its profits and the consumer surplus when access is priced at marginal cost. The use of both criteria let us conclude that efficient entry occurs when the downstream firm is vertically separated or legally unbundled of the retailer providing services in the low-cost area. However, it is under legal unbundling that the access charge takes its lowest value. The highest cost of public transfers is obtained when firms are vertically separated, but the lowest one is attained when firms are legally unbundled. Therefore legal unbundling constitutes the preferred organizational form to induce competition and to reduce the cost of public funds.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Ferreira, Antunes Sandrina. "New pragmatic nationalists in Europe: experienced flemish and scottish nationalists in times of economic crisis, 2004-2012." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209497.
Full textHowever, in the 21st century, as soon as a new European policy cycle started to emerge and the economic crisis started to cripple, experienced regional nationalists realized that they could use the benefits of regional economic resources in face of the European Economic strategy to justify further concessions of policy competences that are still shared, either in theory or in practice, as well as to argue for new ones. The political plan would consist of using the reference of the European Economic targets to deliver policies, which would allow them to legitimize their nationalist aspirations, in both layers of governance, as well as to induce regional citizens into their political plan so they can finally reach the legal threshold to endorse a new state reform. Moreover, since they were rationally bounded, in the sense that they were lacking the policy expertise to perform these goals, they have learned to rely on a policy narrative (Shabahan et al 2011; Jones and Beth 2010; Radaelli 2010) embedded in a territorial economic argument to make sense of an advocacy coalition framework (Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith 1993), using informal channels of regional interest intermediation as “cognitive” structures (Scot 1995a) to articulate a policy strategy to be implemented in Europe and at the regional level of governance.
Therefore, and irrespectively of nuanced constitutional settlements, all experienced regional nationalists have returned to the center, using informal channels as an instrument of governance (Salamon 2002) to clarify the best policy options to be implemented in both layers of governance. In other words, regional nationalists have become “policy satisficers” (Simon 1954) who have learned to forgo immediate satisfaction in Europe to collect major gains of political power across multiple layers of governance. If the term “usage” can be defined as the act of using something to achieve certain political goals (Jacquot and Wolf 2003), in this research, we will apply the concept of “usage” to demonstrate that experienced regional nationalists in government have moved from a rational to a cognitive “usage” of the European institutions to perform renewed political preferences across multiple layers of governance.
Departing from an actor centered institutionalist approach (Mayntz and Sharp 1997), we will demonstrate that the N-VA in Flanders, since 2004, and the SNP in Scotland, since 2007, have become new pragmatic nationalists. In that sense, we will argue that, in a clear contrast with pragmatic nationalists of the 90’s who expected to legitimize their nationalist aspirations in Europe by the means of a rational “usage” of the European institutions; experienced regional nationalists have become new pragmatic nationalists as they have learned to rely on a cognitive “usage” of the European institutions to legitimize their nationalist aspirations, no longer in Europe, but through Europe.
We will then conclude that in the 21st century, and against traditional dogmas of the 90’s, the “usage” of Europe by regional nationalists is cognitively twisted, economically driven and collectively performed. It embraces all experienced regional nationalist political parties in government, irrespectively of their constitutional settlement or nationalist credo, as long as they possess the ability to anchor a political strategy embedded in “identity” without sticking to strict politics of nationalism.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Crombois, Jean-François. "Camille Gutt et le gouvernement de Londres: aspects politiques, économiques et financiers de la participation belge à la Seconde Guerre mondiale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211995.
Full textNdiaye, David. "Les chambres de commerce napoléoniennes de Gênes, Bruges et Cologne (1802-1815) : intégration impériale, modèles institutionnels et pouvoirs locaux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC094/document.
Full textComparing three economic institutions – the chambers of commerce of Genoa, Bruges and Cologne – this research focuses on the relationships between the economy, society and the State at the time of the expansion of Napoleon's Empire.Based on documents from the archives of these three chambers of commerce, as well as on archives from the Prefecture and the Ministry of the Interior in Paris, this research aims to study the process of cultural transfer from 1802 onwards, starting with the creation of the first chambers of commerce in departments annexed by the French Empire. This perspective, which is part of a broader reflection on the rationality of the model of the Napoleonic chambers of commerce, allows us to analyze the degrees of local ownership of the institutions and raises the question of the specific institutional construction of the chambers of commerce in the new French departments.This research intends to show that the rules, resources and competence of the chambers depend mostly on local actors, rather than on the State. It also highlights the fact that the workings of these institutions are rooted in social and institutional networks, established by merchants who are also members of the chambers of commerce. The power to regulate the local economy, vested in the chamber by the State, relies heavily on these valuable networks. Finally, the distant location of the three chambers, in newly annexed departments, proves to be an asset, by strenghtening their position as an intermediary between the State and local merchants
Chaabane, Bouzid Inaam. "Politiques migratoires optimales, doubles frontières et bien-être social dans les modèles à générations imbriquées." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020095/document.
Full textAfter a general introduction and a literature review, in a 2-country OLG model, this thesis considers a non yet studied case where each government chooses for his country theflow of migrants that maximizes the post-migration social welfare. Since decision flows are unilateral, it naturally follows the introduction of the concept of optimal two-sided-borders. In a simple OLG model à la Galor (1986) with 2 periods, 2 countries and an exogenous labor supply, Chapter 2 examines the differences in optimal migration flows when countrydiffers in time preferences. With or without costly borders, optimal flows that lead the economy to the Golden Rule differ, so that one country closes its borders before the otherone. A world social planner would make an opposite migration policy compared with the country-specific social planner. Chapter 3 develops an OLG model where young train and get the return to education next period, adult and old endogenously work. The optimal migration rates leading to the social optimum of each country differ. These asymmetries generate incentives for illegal migration, hence wages and interest rates do not equalize in the post-migration equilibrium. Chapter 4 extends the previous by introducing a pension system. If by the law, only adults are allowed to migrate, then the receiving country want to attract more migrants than the departure country would let go. The individual choice of migration depends more on the children education than on the retirement benefit choice. This result is not in line with the existing literature. The Welfare State is not the first reason for which migrants leave their country
Lemoine, Killian. "Essays on strategic asset allocation and risk management of pension funds." Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090063.
Full textSince ten years, an increasing proportion of pension funds faces to severe financial difficulties, addressing some questions about the management of these institutions and the effectiveness of the regulatory framework. This thesis aims to analyze the investment decisions and financial risk management made by the pension fund defined benefit and assimilated institutions, in order to address some advances for the regulation purpose. First, we address the question of the pension funds management by analyzing the implications of the managerial control problem. Our analysis suggests that the efficient management may require an optimal splitting of control rights between plan participants and the sponsoring company. We then show how this splitting of right controls can affects investment decisions in pension funds. Second, we analyze the implications of financial cycles for pension fund management. Our results suggest that the regulatory framework produces large pro-cyclical, including regime-dependent capital requirement and regime-dependent investment decisions. Finally, we analyze how the structural change in mortality affect the risk and the risk management of pension funds