Relevant bibliographies by topics / Retrenchments

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Retrenchments'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Retrenchments"

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Ngele, Thulane, and Marteen Erasmus. "The adequacy of the current social plan to address retrenchment challenges in South Africa." SA Journal of Human Resource Management 6, no. 1 (October 24, 2008): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v6i1.133.

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The purpose of the Social Plan Guidelines is to manage large-scale retrenchments and ameliorate their effects on employees. In this study a comprehensive literature review and two case studies were conducted to review the theoretical and practical application of the Social Plan. The research findings identified various challenges that inhibit the effective management of retrenchments. These challenges were analysed and interpreted and a new model to effectively manage retrenchments was developed. The new model is centred on a company’s business plan; the concept is a participative performance-driven governance approach between management and employees focusing on business results. The new model suggests that the employment relations management and corporate social investment of an organisation be utilised as vehicles to manage retrenchments effectively.
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Barba, A. "Rethinking expansionary fiscal retrenchments." Contributions to Political Economy 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cpe/20.1.57.

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Banach, R., and C. Jeske. "Stronger compositions for retrenchments." Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming 79, no. 3-5 (April 2010): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlap.2009.10.002.

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Lindenfeld, Frank. "The Retrenchments at Cheyney University." Humanity & Society 13, no. 2 (May 1989): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016059768901300209.

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Balduzzi, Pierluigi, Giancarlo Corsetti, and Silverio Foresi. "Yield-curve movements and fiscal retrenchments." European Economic Review 41, no. 9 (December 1997): 1675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(96)00059-1.

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Banach, R., and C. Jeske. "Simple feature engineering via neat default retrenchments." Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming 80, no. 8 (November 2011): 453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlap.2010.12.001.

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Larsen, Erik Gahner. "Welfare Retrenchments and Government Support: Evidence from a Natural Experiment." European Sociological Review 34, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcx081.

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Lim, Guay C., Chew Lian Chua, Edda Claus, and Sarantis Tsiaplias. "Review of the Australian Economy 2008-09: Recessions, Retrenchments and Risks." Australian Economic Review 42, no. 1 (March 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2009.00543.x.

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Pollin, Robert, and Brian Callaci. "The Economics of Just Transition: A Framework for Supporting Fossil Fuel–Dependent Workers and Communities in the United States." Labor Studies Journal 44, no. 2 (July 18, 2018): 93–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x18787051.

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We develop a Just Transition framework for U.S. workers and communities that are currently dependent on domestic fossil fuel production. Our rough high-end estimate for such a program is a relatively modest $600 million per year. This level of funding would pay for (1) income, retraining, and relocation support for workers facing retrenchments; (2) guaranteeing the pensions for workers in the affected industries; and (3) mounting effective transition programs for what are now fossil fuel–dependent communities.
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Smith, Gail. "Cutting Threads: Retrenchments and Women Workers in the Western Cape Clothing Industry." Agenda, no. 48 (January 1, 2001): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4066512.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Retrenchments"

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Venter, Jan Harm. "The law of retrenchment: s 189a facilitation - the impact of facilitation in large-scale retrenchments." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9149.

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Employers trapped in economic difficulties or facing tough business challenges often wave the wand of retrenchment in the hope that the problem will go away. This often leads to workers unexpectedly finding themselves unemployed and queuing at the unemployment offices. In 2002, legislative provisions were introduced into the statute dealing specifically with large-scale retrenchments,1 allowing the parties to appoint an external facilitator to facilitate the retrenchment process. Although this new retrenchment process for large scale retrenchments is reflected relatively clear in and simple in the statute, this dissertation will focus on large-scale retrenchment process and highlight the positive impact facilitation, as an option,2 has introduced.
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Ah, Shene Lee-Anne Dorothy. "Large scale retrenchments: an overview of Section 189 A." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012042.

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This treatise sets out and evaluates recent developments in the area of large-scale retrenchments in South Africa. Dismissals are considered to be a source of great controversy, but more so large scale retrenchments. It was with this in mind that the various role players sought an amendment in 2002 so as to address the concerns by both employers and employees. The applicable legislation, namely section 189A of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, was enacted to ensure the smooth operation of this genre of retrenchments. In this treatise, section 189A will be evaluated. Section 189A stipulates what procedure should be utilized, for dismissals necessitated by operational requirements. The inclusion of this provision was an attempt to address the concerns of both employers and employees. Chapter 1 provides us with an overview with regard to why change with regard to retrenchment legislation was necessary. In Chapter 2 the definition of operational requirements will be unpacked as well as what definition the courts have attached to the term "operational requirements‟, and more importantly the issue relating to substantive fairness. Chapter 3 examines when the applicable provision is triggered, whether or not an employer can stagger retrenchments, the facilitation process, and the regulations pertaining to facilitations. The facilitation process itself and the consultation aspect of the facilitation process are recounted. The meaning of „consultation‟ is evaluated, and it should be noted that section 189 and section 189A are interrelated when topics of consultation are considered. Chapter 4 addresses the instance when no facilitator is appointed and the mechanisms of section 189A(7) and (8); further discussions relating to subsection 13, and 19 will furthermore be evaluated with reference to case law. Chapter 5 sets out the various viewpoints on whether or not section 189A has been successful, and the chapter questions the effectiveness of the provision to provide a realistic view of large-scale retrenchments and whether the enactment thereof was an effective mechanism protecting the rights of employees faced with possible unemployment. The implementation of the training lay off system will be looked at and the statistics of the CCMA will be used as a measure to determine the effectiveness of section 189A. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis, by highlighting lessons learnt from case law for both employees and employers.
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Fraser, Simon. "Mechanized support for retrenchment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491492.

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Refinement is a long-established technique that is widely used in the rigorous development of software. It can be argued that refinement has limitations that prevent it being used effectively in a wide range of system implementations. These claims led to the introduction of a liberalized form of refinement known as retrenchment. Whilst, when using retrenchment, we lose some of refinement's guarantees, we are able to describe the construction of specifications in situations where refinement struggles to provide a clear and concise picture. It is hoped therefore, that the use of retrenchment - alongside refinement - will increase the scope of system developments to which formal methods can be successfully applied. It has been generally recognized that it is not feasible to apply formal methods to the development of complex systems without suitable tool support. Following an attempt to integrate retrenchment into the B-Toolkit where the inflexibility of the application made change difficult - we decided to create a new tool that was capable not only of supporting the specification and proof of refinement and retrenchment, but any similar relationship. Our aim was to make the notion of the model and the relationship between models fully configurable, allowing the user to specify and prove with existing formal techniques, but also to be able to experiment in the creation of new techniques. vVe chose to use the Z notation as the principal syntax for expressing our models and relationships. As the international standard for Z had only recently been published, we were also required to create one of the first Z tools that conformed (loosely) to this standard.
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Van, Staden Leon. "The law relating to retrenchment." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/304.

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Retrenchment, as a form of dismissal, is regulated by section 189 and 189A of the Labour Relations Act 1995. In order for a retrenchment to be fair, it must comply with both the substantive and procedural requirements stipulated in the Act. After an employee has proved the dismissal, the onus rests on the employer to comply with these two requirements by providing proof thereof. One of the most important procedural requirements that must be complied with by the employer is that the employer cannot merely make a decision to retrench. This decision may only be made once the employer, when contemplating a retrenchment, followed the lengthy consultation process as required in section 189. Recent amendments to section 189 introduced a distinction between a small and big employer and further between a large-scale and small-scale dismissal. If the employee is of the opinion that the employer did not comply with either the procedural or substantive requirements or both, he/she may refer such a dispute for conciliation and thereafter for arbitration or adjudication, according to a dispute resolution process contained in the Act, during which process certain remedies are available to the dismissed employee. The Labour Relations Act 1995 also introduced important amendments which have the effect that employees are allowed to, in certain circumstances, to strike over collective retrenchment disputes.
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BALTES, PAULA CHOATE. "TOWARD A THEORY OF RETRENCHMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187924.

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This study was directed toward building a theory of retrenchment. To understand better institutional behavior during decline, it seemed pertinent to determine whether a patterned sequence of institutional responses to fiscal stress existed. Previous studies suggested a pattern of responses but had not analyzed those actions over a long period of time. This study examined the responses, over a ten-year period, of twenty-three, four-year colleges and universities that were observed in A Report on the Financial Conditions Project (1981) by the American Council on Education and the National Association of College and University Business Officers. Data collection centered around five response categories--operations, programs, faculty and incentives, policy development, and severe responses. Analysis was a two-phase process: secondary analysis of the ACE/NACUBO report provided data for FYs 1975-78, and analysis of questionnaire results revealed institutional responses during FYs 1979-81 and 1982-84. Institutions were grouped by enrollment experience. It was hypothesized that more political, less reactive measures would be used in the early stages of stress, but that more reactive, traditionally rational actions would become commonplace and more acceptable once the need for change was apparent. In the aggregate, the study found a pattern of responses: More political operational and programmatic responses preceded the more traditionally rational responses. With time, rational actions associated with policy development and the faculty and incentives category increased. The severe responses, though small in number, were confined to the declining institutions. Disaggregated data showed that institutional behavior was individualistic. Contrary to what was anticipated, more rational decisions frequently were not associated with decline; growing/stable institutions often were more responsive than declining ones. The study found that, since 1978, faculty participation in planning and implementation of retrenchment strategies increased; such responses likely attempt to make the change more agreeable. Contrary to the literature, respondents indicated that innovative activity increased as the result of fiscal stress, and that faculty morale improved. Furthermore, there is an apparent relationship between decline and the appointment of new presidents.
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Westermann-Winter, Birgit. "A phenomenological study in the experiences of retrenchment implementers /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/374.

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Westermann-Winter, Birgit. "A phenomenological study into the experiences of retrenchment implementers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2744.

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Thesis (MA(Industrial Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
Increased globalisation and competition have implications for organisational renewal and change and increasingly cost cutting, by retrenching employees, is part of the search for competitive advantage and sustainability. Within the South African context, retrenchments are no exception. The study explored the experiences of those who are tasked with the role of implementing the retrenchment, the so-called retrenchment implementers. Despite implementers being key to ensuring organisational success and profitability in the aftermath of retrenchment, research on their experiences is limited not only internationally, but also locally. The study was conducted amongst participants employed at various South African organisations. Qualitative data was obtained via semi-structured interviews with the implementers of retrenchments. Following content analysis, three key themes emerged: implementers’ experiences of procedural aspects as per s189 and s189A of the Labour Relations Act 66, of 1995 (as amended); implementers’ personal experiences of performing the retrenchment act and organisational and personal enabling strategies to assist with preparing implementers for the retrenchment task. Results indicate mixed responses in terms of complying with the relevant legislation. Insofar as their personal experiences are concerned, results indicate that while some implementers had found ways to adjust to their managerial function of implementing retrenchments, others experienced discomfort with their role, suffering from amongst others guilt and feelings of responsibility, role conflict, role overload, decreased emotional well being, a sense of isolation, negative self-perceptions and feelings of job insecurity. In the majority of cases, implementers experienced limited organisational emotional support and assistance in dealing with their emotions during the retrenchment conversation. These results support the limited non-South African literature. The results from the present study also added insight into the ways in which implementers are personally prepared for their role as well as ways in which organisations can assist them emotionally for their task.
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Amberg-Blyskal, Patricia. "Public Pensions: Retrenchment or Investment? Evidence from the States." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/484027.

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Political Science
Ph.D.
The “Great Recession” of 2008 decimated many facets of the U.S. economy in the short-term but the long-term effect of the recession on the retirement security of millions of Americans is a story in progress. This study investigates the impact of the 2008 recession on the public pensions of state and local government employees. Prior to the recession, the 19 million current state and local government employees enjoyed the prospect of a retirement built on the tradition FDR’s three “legs”: a private pension from their employer, personal savings, and Social Security. Although the “first leg” of retirement, the private pension, disappeared in the late 20th century for the majority of American workers, state and local public sector employees were the exception-with about 90% eligible for a defined benefit pension at the beginning of the 21st century (GAO 2008). The 2008 recession, effected all U.S. states, however the response to reduced investment earnings for state-administered public pensions varied. The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) noted in one year, 44 states enacted 269 pension bills (NCSL 2013). The changes enacted in state legislation, all involved a reduction in benefits. The retrenchment actions ranged from suspended cost-of-living allowance (COLA) increases and increased employee contributions to the loss of the defined pension benefit. Several states, after the 2008 recession, terminated the defined pension benefit for future employees, one state (Rhode Island) changed to a hybrid plan for current employees. Scholars seeking to understand retrenchment of benefits argue the lack of a “public outcry” permit elected officials to act without fear of a backlash (Pierson 1994). Conversely, conditions that prevent political opponents to transfer costs to a losing coalition and instead compromise on a long-term sharing of costs, is considered policy investment (Jacobs 2011). This study seeks to use retrenchment and investment theories to explain the public pension actions U.S. states took following the 2008 recession. The quantitative analysis confirms several expectations of retrenchment theory, such as the importance of interest groups, represented by the number of public sector employees in a state and the level of unionization within a state’s public sector. Investment theory predictions are not confirmed in the quantitative analysis, however a case study analysis of Delaware does find conditions of political compromise resulting in long-term stability for the pension plans. The quantitative analysis expected to find a strong “mirror” relationship between a pension plan’s funded ratio (assets to liabilities) and the state’s annual required contribution (ARC). The relationship between the two key measures, while positive and significant, is small. The unexpected finding led to a focus on ARC payments and the political conditions surrounding the decision to fund or not fund a state’s annual contribution. Delaware and Oklahoma are examples of states with adequate ARC payments yet contradictory public pension actions. Rhode Island and New Jersey are states with inadequate ARC payments, yet also contradictory public pension actions. Understanding the conditions that led to a state’s decision to pay or not pay the ARC also uncovers a host of actions states take to manipulate their required contributions. Regardless of similar institutions and budget processes across the 50 states, not every political institution gets the same results. Politics and state norms will change the outcome.
Temple University--Theses
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Hikumuah, Filomena Andjelica Aveshe. "An appraisal of the retrenchment of workers during strikes." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65656.

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The main object of labour law has always been, to counteract the inequality of bargaining power which is inborn in the employment relationship. Furthermore, collective bargaining enjoys protected status under the law and aims to resolve more than just issues concerning wages. It regulates the economy as well as the country’s democracy. The International Conventions Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (hereafter Convention 87) and the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (hereafter Convention 98) state that both employer and the employee have the right to organise and bargain collectively. The International Labour Organization (hereafter the ILO) Convention on the Termination of Employment Convention, 1982 (hereafter Convention C158) also states the grounds on which an employee can be terminated. South Africa is member state of the ILO and has only ratified Convention 87 and Convention 98and has not ratified Convention C158. The Constitution on South Africa No 108 of 1996 contains the right to strike as set out in section 23 of the Constitution, and section 39 ensures that the obligations incurred by South Africa as a member state of the ILO are given effect to, furthermore, the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (hereafter the LRA) gives effect to the right to strike. The LRA also sets out limitations to the right to strike. The LRA on the one hand, states that an employer is not allowed to dismiss workers who are participating in a protected strike. Such a dismissal will be automatically unfair in terms of section 187(1)(a) .However section 67(5) of the LRA states that it is not unlawful to dismiss a striking employee for reasons based on the employer's operational requirements. The two provisions clash, and thus this dissertation seeks to determine what the right to strike entails and furthermore, the paper explores the concept of automatically unfair dismissals against the provisions in section 188 (1) (a) (ii) of the LRA that allows an employee to be dismissed based on the employers’ operational requirements. The LRAA brought some changes to the definition of automatically unfair dismissal. The dissertation seeks to discover whether the said amendments to section 187(1)(c) adequately solve the anomaly that the two clashing provisions caused.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Deacon, David. "The British news media in a time of retrenchment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/26965.

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This thesis examines the role of the British News Media in broader processes of state retrenchment that have occurred in Britain since the 1980s. This issue is examined through a range of empirical case studies, which are, respectively: (a) news reporting of the introduction of the poll tax; (b) news media relations and coverage of the voluntary and charitable sector; (c) the mediation of social scientific research; (d) trends in electoral news coverage; (e) coverage of quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisations. Collectively, this work demonstrates the importance of communication and media factors in the systemic changes that have occurred over recent decades, and the need to attend to issues of context and process when theorising their nature and significance. The introduction also outlines the methodological and theoretical positions that have shaped this work.
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Books on the topic "Retrenchments"

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Foulo, T. Migrant workers' retrenchments: Implications for Lesotho economy. Maseru, Lesotho: Central Bank of Lesotho, 1991.

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Clark, Robert. The legal regulation of private sector retrenchments. Kensington, NSW, Australia: Industrial Relations Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 1987.

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Wintermann, Ole. Vom Retrenchment zur Krisenreaktionsfähigkeit. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-80731-1.

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Starke, Peter. Radical Welfare State Retrenchment. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230288577.

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Auster, Ethel. Retrenchment in Canadian academic libraries. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Library Association, 1991.

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Akyuz, Yilmaz. Maastricht and fiscal retrenchment in Europe. Geneva: UNCTAD, 1993.

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Amable, Bruno. Welfare state retrenchment: The partisan effect revisited. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Starke, Peter. Radical welfare state retrenchment in comparative perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

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Mohamed, Ashgar Ali Ali. Retrenchment: The law and practice in Malaysia. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 2012.

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Kronsten, Gregory. Zaire to the 1990s: Will retrenchment work?. London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Retrenchments"

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Jeske, C., and R. Banach. "Minimally and Maximally Abstract Retrenchments." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 380–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47884-1_21.

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Poppleton, Michael, and Richard Banach. "Structuring Retrenchments in B by Decomposition." In FME 2003: Formal Methods, 814–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45236-2_44.

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Zschache, Ulrike, and Christian Lahusen. "Conclusions: Differing Contexts, Converging Experiences, Transnational Solidarity." In Transnational Solidarity in Times of Crises, 271–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49659-3_10.

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Abstract The concluding chapter shifts attention to the diverging socio-economic and political contexts of transnational solidarity organisations from eight European countries, ranging from a severe impact of the Eurozone and migration policy crisis to experiences less affected by recent crises but more vigorously shaped by policy-driven aggravations due to austerity measures, welfare retrenchments and immigration restrictions. The conclusions also underline the considerable number of similarities between solidarity activities and discourses since activists everywhere are concerned about increasing grievances and social problems nurtured by recent crises and/or long-standing public policy transformations. In particular, they highlight salient parallels between most of the countries with regard to politicisation and contentiousness, cooperation and transnationalism and social learning and innovation, while also raising awareness for field-specific differences and particularities.
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Berger, Dan, and Toussaint Losier. "Retrenchment." In Rethinking the American Prison Movement, 143–74. New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315767031-6.

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Banach, R., and M. Poppleton. "Retrenchment." In FM’99 — Formal Methods, 1864–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48118-4_56.

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Baumgardner, Paul. "Retrenchment Repelled." In Critical Legal Studies and the Campaign for American Law Schools, 75–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82378-8_5.

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Smith, Christopher E. "Reaction and Retrenchment." In The Supreme Court and the Development of Law, 175–95. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56763-5_9.

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Norris, Michelle. "Retrenchment: 1969–1989." In Property, Family and the Irish Welfare State, 157–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44567-0_5.

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Starke, Peter. "Introduction: An Empirical Puzzle." In Radical Welfare State Retrenchment, 3–12. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230288577_1.

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Starke, Peter. "Preliminaries: Measurement, Theories and Strategy of Comparison." In Radical Welfare State Retrenchment, 13–45. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230288577_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Retrenchments"

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Uygur, Ercan. "Capital Flows and Growth in Emerging Market Economies: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00834.

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Since May 2013, we have witnessed sudden stops and large reversals in the flow of capital to the emerging market economies (EMEs). What we have witnessed is the reversal of the surge of capital that started in 2009 from the advanced economies to the emerging ones, as has been expected. The episodes of capital surges and retrenchments have been observed repeatedly in the last three decades. In this period, capital flows across countries have increased dramatically, but their fluctuations and volatility have been even more dramatic. Furthermore, these flows have played an increasingly important role in the business cycles of both advanced economies and EMEs and during episodes of crises. Why then, in spite of cycles and crises, there is free flow of capital to EMEs? One answer is that these flows might be used to finance investments and to contribute to the long run growth of the EMEs. The basic aim of this paper is to examine the validity of this assertion. Thus, the paper attempts to establish the effect of capital flows on the growth performance of the EMEs, with special reference to Turkey. After a survey of research on the subject, the paper first provides an account of the recent developments in international capital flows. The paper concentrates more on capital flows to Turkey in terms of categories, namely, foreign direct investment, portfolio investment and credit flows. The paper then empirically investigates the effect of these three categories and total capital inflows on the growth of the EMEs. Policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
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Banach, Richard, Czeslaw Jeske, Anthony Hall, and Susan Stepney. "Retrenchment and the Atomicity Pattern." In Fifth IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sefm.2007.34.

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Poppleton, M. R., and R. H. Banach. "Retrenchment: Extending Refinement for Continuous and Control Systems." In 4th Irish Workshop on Formal Methods. BCS Learning & Development, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/iwfm2000.6.

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Banach, Richard. "Coarse Grained Retrenchment and the Mondex Denial of Service Attacks." In 2009 Third IEEE International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering (TASE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tase.2009.19.

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Mollah, A. S. "An Overview for Achieving Public Understanding and Acceptance of Nuclear Power: Bangladesh Perspective." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29781.

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Nuclear power is a safe, clean and economic energy source. The growth of the nuclear power option is impeded in many countries by public concerns over the safety and environmental consequences of producing electricity by means of nuclear reactors. Nuclear power is more compatible with the environment through reduction in emission of green-house gases, fuel diversification, and energy security. Public concern has been expressed in most countries about the construction and operation of nuclear power plants, and this public concern has in many cases led to postponement or failure to start or expand nuclear power programs, and in some cases even caused a retrenchment of existing programs. This paper examines the nature and causes of public concerns about the development nuclear power and the need for public understanding and acceptance of nuclear energy. Some preliminary results on public opinion survey on nuclear energy in Bangladesh are presented in this report. Preliminary survey shows that, Bangladeshi people have a quite satisfactory rate of support to nuclear energy development, which exceeds 60%.
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6

Hui, Feng, Huo Chunyong, Chi Qiang, Lv Junnan, and Li Qun. "Failure Assessment of the Gas Pipeline by Considering the Geometric Constraint Effect." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78135.

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Due to the extensive applications of large diameter/thickness and higher pressure gas transmission pipelines, and there will be an increasing need for reliable pipeline design and failure assessment that will preclude catastrophic accident. Specifically, the actual fracture toughness needs to be determined accurately. The present work innovatively correlate the material’s fracture toughness with the crack-tip geometric constraint effect by using the crack-tip plastic zone. The significant “thickness effect” impact on pipeline steel’s fracture toughness is elucidated by the proposed out-of-plane constraint factor 1αout. The critical loads (FCi) of three groups of thin thickness specimens at fracture are recorded by the three-point bending tests performed on the single-edge notched (SENB) specimens, corresponding fracture toughness are calculated according to the ASTM E1921-97 procedure. Moreover, finite element simulation of the SENB specimens, coupled with the applications of cohesive zone model (CZM), virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), the X70 pipeline steel’s critical energy release rate (ERR) is achieved and applied to predict the FCi of arbitrary specimen thickness while crack initiates, corresponding fracture toughness KCi are obtained and compared with the experimental ones. The present research will be beneficial for the prediction of pipeline steel’s actual fracture toughness and the retrenchment of experimental costs.
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Reports on the topic "Retrenchments"

1

Caballero, Ricardo, and Alp Simsek. A Model of Fickle Capital Flows and Retrenchment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22751.

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2

Feaver, Peter. Strategic Retrenchment and Renewal in the American Experience. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada608831.

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3

Forbes, Kristin, and Francis Warnock. Capital Flow Waves: Surges, Stops, Flight, and Retrenchment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17351.

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4

JJ Dooley, PJ Runci, and E Luiten. Energy R and D in the Industrialized World: Retrenchment and Refocusing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14220.

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5

Dooley, James J., Paul J. Runci, and Eem Luiten. Energy R&D in the Industrialized World: Retrenchment and Refocusing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/965240.

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