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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Retroactive law – Great Britain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Dickson, Anne E. (Anne Elizabeth). "Judicial control of arbitration - Great Britain." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=57006.

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This thesis examines the role of judicial control of arbitration with specific reference to the differing positions adopted in England and Scotland.<br>Chapter I examines the historical patterns in each of these jurisdictions in relation to judicial review of arbitration, concluding that current differences are largely due to divergent economic and social conditions persisting over a substantial period of time.<br>Chapter II outlines the thinking behind the UNCITRAL Model Law on International and Commercial Arbitration, contrasting the theories which attract support in other States with those
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2

Kramer, Adam. "Remoteness of damage in contract law : an agreement-centred approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31168.

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This thesis concerns the legal rules of contractual remoteness: these rules govern the extent of liability that is imposed on a breaching party to compensate for the adverse consequences that the breach causes. It is argued that the allocation of responsibility for such consequences is contained implicitly in the contract: every contract extends beyond its express terms, and the allocation of responsibility for the consequences of breach is one of the matters to which it extends. This latter assertion is supported by the argument that an assumption of responsibility for the consequences of bre
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3

Lee, Yin Harn. "Videogame modifications under copyright law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709009.

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4

Stark, Shona Wilson. "Law reform ... now? : the work of the British Law Commissions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709320.

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5

Koch, Insa Lee. "Personalising the state : law, social welfare and politics on an English council estate." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4335c11c-c0a5-44dc-bd15-5bbbfe2fee6c.

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This dissertation offers a study of everyday relations between residents and the state on a post-industrial council estate in England. Drawing upon historical and ethnographic data, it analyses how, often under conditions of sustained exclusion, residents rely upon the state in their daily struggles for security and survival. My central ethnographic finding is that residents personalise the state alongside informal networks of support and care into a local sociality of reciprocity. This finding can be broken into three interconnected points. First, I argue that the reciprocal contract between
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6

Dean, Camille K. "True Religion: Reflections of British Churches and the New Poor Law in the Periodical Press of 1834." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278395/.

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This study examined public perception of the social relevance of Christian churches in the year the New Poor Law was passed. The first two chapters presented historiography concerning the Voluntary crisis which threatened the Anglican establishment, and the relationship of Christian churches to the New Poor Law. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 revealed the recurring image of "true" Christianity in its relation to the church crisis and the New Poor Law in the working men's, political, and religious periodical press. The study demonstrated a particular working class interest in Christianity and the effect
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7

Keefer, Scott Andrew. "Great Britain and naval arms control : international law and security 1898-1914." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/319/.

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This thesis traces the British role in the evolution of international law prior to 1914, utilizing naval arms control as a case study. In the thesis, I argue that the Foreign Office adopted a pragmatic approach towards international law, emphasizing what was possible within the existing system of law rather than attempting to create radically new and powerful international institutions. The thesis challenges standard perceptions of the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 which interpreted these gatherings as unrealistic efforts at general disarmament through world government, positing ins
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8

Sizer, Jared Roger Matthew. "Law and disorder in the 'middle shires' of Great Britain (1603-1625)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251794.

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9

Rafferty, S. J. "Legislative reform of the telecommunications industry : United States and Great Britain 1981-1985." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371721.

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10

St, John-Smith Christopher. "The judiciary and the political use and abuse of the law by the Caroline regime, 1625-1640." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cf332e84-3b73-4e0b-86e8-b3ea55e41ced.

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In December 1640 the Long Parliament brought accusations against Lord Keeper Finch and six judges of the three main Westminster courts. These asserted the illegality of decisions and opinions given by these judges. This thesis examines those accusations and argues that the government of Charles I engaged in a defensible process of political management of the law and the judges to legitimate its policies particularly after the suspension of parliament in 1629. This policy emerged as a response to the government's difficulties in enforcing the payment of the Forced Loan caused by its dubious leg
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11

Sumbler, Jeffrey Peter. "Child poverty in Victorian Shropshire : children and the Shropshire Poor Law Unions 1834-1870." Thesis, Keele University, 2016. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2486/.

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This thesis examines the lives of poor children living in Shropshire between 1834 and 1870. They lived in three different environments: in the workhouse, as part of a labourer’s family, or as part of a family in receipt of out-relief. The standard of living of the families of agricultural workers, the predominant form of employment in most of Shropshire, was very low, with wages too low to provide adequate levels of nutrition. Families in receipt of out-relief had an even lower standard of living than those of agricultural labourers, because levels of out-relief were lower than labourers’ wage
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12

Sahni, Isher-Paul. "The administration of justice : an exegesis of Max Weber's 'sociology of law' with a focus on the English law and judge." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85202.

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This study examines two interconnected and as yet wholly neglected aspects of Max Weber's 'Sociology of Law,' namely, its substantive underpinnings and focal concern with the status of the judge. At the heart of the 'Sociology of Law' is a comparative analysis of the Continental and the English administrations of justice, which can best be understood when read against his substantive sociology and which requires an assiduous reading of the 'Sociology of Law.' Thus the first part of this examination elucidates Weber's overarching concern with the effects of bureaucratization on the devel
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13

Georgescu, Ana-Luiza. "Certain tax aspects of corporate divisive reorganizations in Canada and the UK." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81470.

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A divisive reorganization involves a series of transactions having as effect and purpose the division of the trading activities carried on by a single company or group of companies between two or more companies or groups of companies. This can be achieved by a sale of assets or by a transfer of shares belonging to the corporation to be divided, which would generally give rise to taxable capital gains.<br>The thesis analyzes the tax implications of these two approaches, with particular focus on the latter, attempting a comparative view over the UK and Canadian relevant provisions. The tw
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14

Frei, Gabriela A. "Great Britain, international law, and the evolution of maritime strategic thought, 1856-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:306f9554-9b0a-4d0e-938e-9a5b515d7c6e.

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15

Letourneau, Lyne. "Animal protection law in Great Britain : in search of the existing moral orthodoxy." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602287.

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Omnipresent in Western society, the idea of progress is commonly advanced in relation to the development of animal protection law in Great Britain. Essentially, it is argued that the law now recognises that animals are worthy of moral consideration in their own right, that is, that they count or matter morally. From the concept of "animal as object" to that of "animal as person", indeed, the history of Western philosophical thinking bears witness to a progressive acknowledgement of animals (or, at least, of some animals) as full members of the moral community, along with all human beings. Howe
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16

al-Haddad, Haitham. "A critical analysis of selected aspects of Sunni Muslim minority fiqh, with particular reference to contemporary Britain." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.680163.

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17

Clark, Janet. "Striving to preserve the peace! : the National Council for Civil Liberties, the Metropolitan Police and the dynamics of disorder in inter-war Britain." Thesis, n.p, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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18

Widd, Peter G. "The seafarer, piracy and the law : a human rights approach." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2008. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6893/.

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Piracy at sea has existed almost since voyaging began and has been effectively subdued from time to time, principally by the Roman Imperial Navy in the 1st C and the British Navy in the 19th C. Over the past twenty five years piracy has once again been increasing such that it has now become of serious concern to the maritime community, in particular the seafarer, who as always bears the brunt of these attacks. In parallel with piracy itself the laws of piracy have developed from the Rhodian Laws through Roman Law, post Treaty of Westphalia Law both British and American until today the Law of P
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19

De, Cogan Dominic Arthur. "Tax by law or by administrators : the changing boundaries between 1900 and 1950." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610228.

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20

Dicken, Craig Arthur. "Settlement, landscape and identity in medieval royal forests : the impact of forest law on Sherwood and the Peak, c. AD 650 to 1348." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51926/.

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This research looks to present a reinterpretation of medieval forests, the least well understood landscapes of medieval Western Europe. The thesis focuses on the Forest of High Peak and Sherwood Forest and seeks to address several key themes, including the diversity of forest landscapes, the long-term impact of Forest Law, and evidence for power-relations and social dynamics within the forests. A wide variety of sources are utilised within this research, including map analysis and regression techniques, analysis of material culture, documentary sources, place names, church architecture, and fu
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21

Langford, Peter James Edward. "State, law and prosecution : the emergence of the modern criminal process 1780-1910." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80311/.

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This thesis deals with the emergence of the modern criminal process in England between 1780 and 1910 . It seeks to investigate this period from a standpoint which regards this development of the criminal process as intimately related to its internal structure and self-understanding. This is understood to occur through transformations in institutional structures produced by both the practices of the elements within it, and changes in the theoretical conceptualisation of the structure of the criminal process. The character of these developments, and the tendencies which they evince, are seen to
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22

Mehta, Khurram Alex. "The experience of integrated pollution control : perspectives from industry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670234.

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23

Harfield, Clive Geoffrey. "Process and practicalities : mutual legal assistance and the investigation of transnational crime within the EU from a UK perspective, 1990-2004." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/194559/.

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Domestic criminal law helps define State sovereign identity. Over the past fifty years some criminality has become increasingly transnational in character. In the absence of a universal criminal code (as opposed to specified international crimes), States apply municipal law to prosecute offences of a transnational nature relying on mutual legal assistanceto secure evidence located outside the prosecuting State. A comparatively late contributor to the development of mutual legal assistance the UK now seeks to influence the work of the EU in developing a legal framework upon which to base mutual
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24

Pond, Keith. "Investigating personal insolvency : a progression of studies into individual voluntary arrangements." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/3039.

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This doctoral submission represents over ten years of focused research that has resulted in a unique collection of academic and professional articles. The epithet "unique" is adopted to reflect that over those years this area of study has been relatively untouched by other academic researchers. This submission presents a total of eight academic and seven professional journal publications that chronicle the major output of numerous research projects undertaken between 1992 and 2002. The publications adhere to a central aim - to investigate the practical use and complex interactions between stak
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25

Hosain, Sheema. "Re-examining the role of Islam and South Asian culture in the public discourse of forced marriage in the UK." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98933.

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In the late 1990's, various British news agencies reported cases of British-born South Asian Muslim women who forced into marriages. In 2000, the UK government produced a study that determined there were 400 British cases of "forced marriages" reported to UK police in a two year period. In response to these findings, the UK government launched an educational prevention campaign, in which they defined forced marriage as "a marriage conducted without the valid consent of both parties". I argue that, while the aim of the UK government's campaign is to promote the right of choice in marriage, they
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26

Vargas, Erick Rodolfo. "The Anglo American academic attitude towards the field of judicial evidence and its usefulness to rational fact finding in Honduras /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99155.

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I address the problem of the lack of academic attention to evidentiary issues in Honduras in comparison to Common Law Countries. I feel that Honduran law students need to be taught a working scheme to deal with issues of admissibility and weight of evidence in order to achieve the rational determination of facts.<br>Moreover, I draw such a scheme from the conceptual basis for admission of evidence and the probative processes identified by Wigmore. I think that if this scheme were applied to trial records, academicians would identify problems in the admission and weight of evidence and would de
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27

Kruger, Leander. "Comparison of taxation reforms regarding retirement funding between South Africa and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18200.

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The purpose of this study was to review the provision of public and private retirement funding in both South Africa and the United Kingdom and the role of taxation in encouraging greater private provision for retirement. The study described the basis of taxation and determination of ‘taxable income’ in each jurisdiction, before addressing the relationship between taxation and retirement funding in each jurisdiction respectively. Both jurisdictions have introduced significant reforms of their systems of retirement funding and these reforms were accordingly addressed in the present research. The
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28

Krause, Samantha. "Provocation as a defence in English and South African criminal law." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/310.

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In the past 20 years the defence of provocation has shifted from the periphery of South African law to a fully developed defence available to those who kill when provoked. Not only is the defence available to the provoked, but it has been extended to those who kill when subjected to emotional stress. However, the defence is mirred in controversy and bad decisions. Not only has the precise nature of the defence not been clarified, but this lack of clarity has been exacerbated by confusing decisions of our courts. This confusion is partly a result of the development of the defence of incapacity,
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29

Johnson, Lizabeth J. "Kinship and violence in Wales, 800-1415 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10409.

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30

Sanderson-Nash, Emma Victoria. "Obeying the iron law? : changes to the intra-party balance of power in the British Liberal Democrats since 1988." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7467/.

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This study examines intra-party power in the Liberal Democrats, looking at the formal role and remit of the various sectors that make up the party bureaucracy, and evaluating the exercise of power with regard to policy, campaigning and the use of resources. It is interested in two overarching questions: has the party professionalised, and has power moved toward the top? If so could this have had an impact on its electoral success? The theoretical context for this study is a well-established tradition of scholarship on party organisation going back to Moise Ostrogorski (1902) and Robert Michels
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31

Komiya, Fumito. "A comparative study of the law of dismissal in Japan, Great Britain and the United States from the perspective of employment protection." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2237/.

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This thesis analyses the present state of the law of dismissal in Japan, Great Britain and the USA, with a view to evaluating the adequacy of regulation, accessibility of procedure and effectiveness of remedy in each of these systems from the perspective of employment protection. Possible improvements of these systems are considered, having regard to the policies underlying them. In the first chapter, the development of the law of dismissal in each country is briefly reviewed. The second chapter considers the extent to which the protection of the law of dismissal covers different forms of the
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32

Moffatt, Rowena. "An appeal to principle : a theory of appeals and review of migration status decision-making in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:95a2afbc-835e-4de9-84b4-2e65598bfd4b.

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The question asked by this thesis is when and why, as a matter of principle, should there be judicial scrutiny on the merits of administrative decisions on migration status ('migration status decisions') in the United Kingdom? It argues that this is a moral question, engaging concerns of fair treatment. The first two chapters examine the question theoretically. It is argued that access to justice is not a gift of citizenship and that migration status decision-making should be reviewable on the merits to avoid the appearance and/or occurrence of injustice in the light of the effects of migratio
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33

Weston, Tracey Lee. "A comparison of the effectiveness of the judicial doctrine of "substance over form" with legislated measures in combatting tax avoidance." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/100.

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Taxation statutes often provide opportunities for tax avoidance by taxpayers who exploit the provisions of the taxing statute to reduce the tax that they are legally required to pay. It is, however, important to distinguish between the concepts of tax avoidance and tax evasion. The central issue, especially where the contract has no business purpose, is whether it is possible for the substance and legal form of the transaction to differ to such an extent that a court of law will favour the substance rather than the legal format. The debate is whether the courts should be encouraged to continue
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34

Smith, Mark Bowler. "UK competitiveness, sustainable development and corporate taxation : using the corporation tax to promote increased resource productivity in line with the law and policy of the European Union." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610274.

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35

Violet, Ian. "The allocation of responsibility for the maintenance of the single parent family." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28828.

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The social problem under investigation is that of widespread poverty amongst households comprising minor chidren and a lone parent, whether this household has arisen due to a birth outside a stable union, separation, divorce or widowhood. The scale and features of this poverty are identified with reference to demographic data from Canada and the United Kingdom. Possible policies for reform are identified through a thorough review of literature from the Commonwealth and the United States. Special attention is paid to empirical investigations and the relationship between public and private supp
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36

Bieker, Eva. "Die Interventionen Frankreichs und Grossbritanniens anlässlich des Frankfurter Wachensturms 1833 eine Fallstudie zur Geschichte völkerrechtlicher Verträge /." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003. http://books.google.com/books?id=mNPiAAAAMAAJ.

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37

Robinson, Emma Louise. "Liberty compromised? : George Orwell, English Law and the Second World War." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7329/.

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This thesis considers George Orwell’s response to the emergency legislation of the Second World War. Considering legal and historical sources alongside his biography and corpus it reassesses the impact of Orwell’s works in the context of his patriotism, Englishness and views on the law. This thesis argues that Orwell’s experiences in Burma and Spain established his expectations – as an Englishman – for the law during a crisis. It juxtaposes Orwell’s pre-war anxiety regarding potentially ‘fascising measures’ to his relative silence when emergency powers were introduced in England, suggesting Or
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38

Waters, Ian Benjamin. "Australian conciliar legislation prior to the 1917 Code of Canon Law: A comparative study with similar conciliar legislation in Great Britain, Ireland, and North America." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5997.

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39

Calnan, Scott Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "In the trenches: a comparative analysis of the nature and effectiveness of the mobilisation of law by domestic human rights NGOs in the United States, Britain and Germany." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23951.

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This thesis critically compares how domestic human rights NGOs (DNGOs) in the United States, Britain and Germany use (or mobilise) law to enforce human rights standards and proposes a method to measure their effectiveness in doing so. To do this it draws upon both case studies and literature from many disciplines. On the basis of the data and the literature it finds that, despite their great diversity, DNGOs in each jurisdiction show general similarities in their ???styles??? of operation and use of the law. It also finds that their effectiveness in enforcing human rights can be ascertained wi
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40

Zheng, Wei 1980. "The law of ship mortgages in China and a comparison with the law of the U.K. and Canada /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82676.

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Through a comparative study of the law in the U.K. and Canada, the thesis will examine the law of ship mortgages in China.<br>In the beginning, the thesis will discuss the concept of ownership in ships, ships' registration and the concept of ship mortgages. After laying the theoretical basis, the author will go on to talk about the rights and obligations of the mortgagor and mortgagee. Furthermore, the priority of maritime claims under Chinese maritime law will be presented. The last part of the thesis will be dedicated on the subject of conflict of laws in the domain of the law of ship
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Rorive, Isabelle. "Le revirement de jurisprudence en droit belge et en droit anglais." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211785.

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42

Smith, Justin Samuel Ewald. ""The Sword and the Law" : Elizabethan soldiers' perception and practice of the laws of armed conflict, 1569-1587." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8552/.

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This thesis argues that contemporary views of the laws of arms among soldiers, and of the laws of war by legal theorists, influenced particular military campaigns and individual actions in a variety of armed conflicts. Elizabeth I’s officer corps were careful to act in wars so that their actions would be seen as honourable by outside observers in the belief that such actions would add to their personal glory. Their individual and corporate perception of the laws of war directly affected military practices. However, the Elizabethan military establishment was engaged in conflicts that did not co
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43

Eiser, David. "Regional economics and constitutional change in the UK." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26053.

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The UK, traditionally one of the more fiscally centralised of OECD countries, is currently in the midst of an extensive programme of tax decentralisation. This is most evident in Scotland. Ten years ago the Scottish Government was almost wholly reliant on a block grant from the UK Government to fund its spending, and debate was focussed on how the determination of this grant should be reformed. Today the Scottish Government has far greater fiscal autonomy. Income tax was almost fully devolved to the Scottish Parliament in April 2017, and around half of VAT revenues will be assigned to Scotland
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44

Moses, Julia Margaret. "Industrial accident compensation policies, state and society in Britain, Germany and Italy, 1870-1925." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609115.

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45

Blackham, Alysia Paige. "Extending working life for older workers : an empirical legal analysis of age discrimination laws in the UK." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709060.

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46

Qi, Jing. "Britain's drug-pushing activities in China : the two opium wars from the perspective of their lawyers and legal advisors." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192187.

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In this study, the first clashes between Western explorers and the Far East, as well as relations between Britain and China from the eve of the First Opium War (FOW) to the establishment of the British diplomatic residence in Beijing under the treaty regime, have been discussed from a legal point of view. This thesis provides a look at the circumstances of Britain’s encounter with China, their defeat of China through two Opium Wars and their use of unequal treaties to put China into a position of disadvantage. A study of British archives demonstrates the complexity of, and nuance in internatio
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47

Chan, Wai-man, and 陳偉文. "The control and management of dangerous substances and chemicals in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253945.

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48

Sheppard, Maria Kreszentia. "The destabilising effects of patient choice : law, policy, politics & the paradox of complementary alternative medicine in the NHS." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612582.

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49

Melnick, Elaine Millar. "Women's employment, sex discrimination, and the law : legal and administrative remedies in Great Britain, with some reference to the United States." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1986. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/688/.

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50

Brown, Abraham K. "Tobacco policy influence on denormalisation of smoking." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1791.

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The social norms concept provides a fresh basis for thinking about how public health policies and campaigns impact health behaviour. Social norms offer much promise to the field of public health, nonetheless, the potential role of norms in changing health behaviour have not been fully embraced. This thesis demonstrates that one of the mechanisms by which national level policies (e.g. tobacco control) can promote health behaviour change, such as an increase in quit intentions, is by making smoking less normative and an undesirable behaviour. This study is vital as it provides a broad conceptual
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