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1
Zakaria Ahmed, Taslima Rahman, Umme Hafsa Timmi, and Sadia Mehrin. "Types, stages and mechanism of action of Jute retting: An overview." International Journal of Scholarly Research and Reviews 2, no. 2 (2023): 009–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsrr.2023.2.2.0026.
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Some factors hastening up retting process which are- retting water, retting in already used water, harvesting time, climate conditions like high temperatures, deep water (too deep water will delay retting, addition of chemicals, materials used as weights on Jak, method of retting, variety of jute, method of fiber extraction, stage of harvesting, period of retting, etc. There are few methods of retting available which are- conventional method of whole plant retting, chemical retting, microbial retting, mechano-microbial retting and In-situ retting with microbial consortium. There are three sequential stages in retting (based on the morphological modification, dynamics of pH and various enzymes related to them during the entire jute retting process): Stage 1 (Initial retting stage); Stage 2 (Middle retting stage) and Stage 3 (Final retting stage).
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Zegeye, Lejalem Haile. "Extraction and Characterization of Dracaena fragrans Leaf Fibre." Textile & Leather Review 7 (March 22, 2024): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2023.202.
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Textile industries have recently become prevalent environmental pollutants as a result of natural inconsistencies and resource scarcity. As a remedy, using natural fibres for textile production is strongly encouraged. Dracaena fragrans is an Ethiopian plant with lingo-cellulosic fibres that can be used for textile applications. This study focuses on the extraction and characterization of Ethiopian Dracaena fragrans leaf fibre and evaluates its application in the textile industry. For fibre extraction, water, 10% NaOH, 1% H2O2, EDTA di (with 1.5% and 1%, respectively), 0.2% pectinase (presoak), 0.05% alpha-amylase (for 24 hours, 18 hours, and 12 hours retting), and 5% gel retting methods were utilized. Subsequently, the properties of extracted fibre, mainly fibre length, fineness, tenacity, elongation at break, and degree of whiteness, were evaluated. Longer fibres (46 ± 0.74 cm) were obtained by pectinase retting. Comparatively, finer (11.22 ± 0.64 dtex) fibres were obtained by the water retting method. Fibre with the best tenacity (54.51 ± 0.61, 53.54 ± 0.60, and 52.53 ± 0.61) was obtained by EDTA di (1%), 5% gel retting and water retting methods respectively. On the other hand, higher elongation at break (7.28 ± 0.78%) was obtained by 0.05% alpha-amylase retting with a retting time of 24 hours. And finally, the best fibre whiteness (w* = 71) was obtained by 1% H2O2 retting. Long fibres obtained by the pectinase retting method can be used for the production of packaging sacks and hessians. Fibres obtained by the water retting method can be used for the production of linen fabrics such as lace and sheeting. On the other hand, high-tenacity fibres extracted using (1%) EDTA di retting and 5% gel retting methods can be used for the production of cloths, bags, and shoes. Finally, a highly extensible fibre extracted using α-amylase (24 hours retting) can be used for the production of sports clothes.
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Anuar, Atikah, Mohd Rozi Ahmad, and Mohamad Faizul Yahya. "Linear Density and Surface Morphology of Kenaf Fibres from Different Extraction Methods." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.103.
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The fineness and morphology of kenaf fibres are the main focus of this paper. The kenaf fibres were processed through water retting, chemical retting and mechanical extractions. The water retting method produces finer fibres between 3.2 to 3.7 Tex while other methods produces fibres between 4.0 to 5.0 Tex. The chemical retting method resulted in smoother fibre surface when examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy under different magnifications. The fibre diameters from the different retting and extraction methods vary from 33 to 134 m and did not show to have any relationship with fibre fineness.
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Nasreen, M. A., M. M. Ali, S. Akhter, Tahmina, M. A. R. Dayan, and M. M. Uddin. "Mechanization of fibre extraction: an eco-friendly alternative method of jute retting." Journal of Science Technology and Environment Informatics 11, no. 01 (2021): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jstei.110121.75.
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Jute retting has become a major obstacle for cultivation of jute due to water scarcity. Not only that, the water retting generates waste water and causes environmental pollution. This experiment was conducted to extract fibre through a mechanical process instead of extracting traditional water retting to overcome the problem. Machine extraction and water retting methods were applied to non-retted ribbons. Physico- chemical properties were then determined of the extracted fibre samples. The promising result obtained that the fibre extraction from ribbon is possible by the developed fibre extractor machine. Machine extracted fibre of the bottom portion shows similar strength and luster property like water retted fibre of the bottom. Middle portion of the machine extracted fibre showed a significantly higher luster property compared to water retted middle portion. Machine extracted fibres were coarse compared to water retted fibre. Water retting process produced finer quality fibre. Machine extracted fibres contain lower cellulose, higher hemicellulose and higher lignin compared to water retted fibre. These results show the possibility of developing alternative bast fibre extraction processes employing machine not undergoing water retting method.
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Md. Shadiqul Islam, Mst. Ayesha Akther Zaman, Kamrun Nahar, and Sharif Md. Al-Reza. "Effect of retting methods on molecular weight of Agave atroverance fibers." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (2023): 038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0325.
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This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of retting method on the molecular weight of different portion of the Agave atroverance fiber (top, middle and bottom) extracted by different retting techniques. The raw fibers from Agave atroverance plant were retted by biological and chemical (degumming) retting methods. In biological retting method both the stagnant and boil water were utilized and in chemical retting method, the extracted fibres were treated with the 5% NaOH. Agave atroverance fiber is not purely cellulosic fiber. Percentage composition of different portion of the raw fiber was also determined. It contains α-cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogenous matter, mineral matters and miscellaneous. The retted fibres were tested for determination of molecular weight. The percentage loss of molecular weight was found to be more in case of chemically retted fibres owing to the enhanced digestibility of lignocellulosic material by 4% sodium chlorite solution. Contrary to this, biological retting showed higher molecular weight due to the presence of higher cellulosic matter and removal of pectic substabces.
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Fu, Yu, Hongmei Gu, H. Felix Wu, and Sheldon Q. Shi. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial and Thermochemical Retting of Hemp." Materials 17, no. 16 (2024): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17164164.
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The processes of hemp bast fiber retting, forming, and drying offer the opportunity for value-added products such as natural fiber-reinforced composites. A new process for the retting of raw bast fibers through enzyme-triggered self-cultured bacterial retting was developed in the lab-scale setup. This study focused on comparing the energy consumption and environmental impacts of this bacterial retting process with the thermochemical retting process currently widely used to obtain lignocellulosic fibers for composites. The gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) models of the two retting processes were constructed to run a comparison analysis using the TRACI (the tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts) method for environmental impacts and the cumulative energy demand (CED) method for energy consumptions. This work has demonstrated the advantages of the bacterial retting method from an environmental standpoint. The result of our research shows about a 24% gate-to-gate reduction in CED for bacterial retting and 20–25% lower environmental impacts relating to global warming, smog formation, acidification, carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, respiratory effects, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion when compared to that of thermochemical retting.
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Md. Tahir, Paridah, Amel B. Ahmed, Syeed O. A. SaifulAzry, and Zakiah Ahmed. "Retting process of some bast plant fibers and its effect on fibre quality: A review." BioResources 6, no. 4 (2011): 5260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.5260-5281.
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Retting is the main challenge faced during the processing of bast plants for the production of long fibre. The traditional methods for separating the long bast fibres are by dew and water retting. Both methods require 14 to 28 days to degrade the pectic materials, hemicellulose, and lignin. Even though the fibres produced from water retting can be of high quality, the long duration and polluted water have made this method less attractive. A number of other alternative methods such as mechanical decortication, chemical, heat, and enzymatic treatments have been reported for this purpose with mixed findings. This paper reviews different types of retting processes used for bast plants such as hemp, jute, flax, and kenaf, with an emphasis on kenaf. Amongst the bast fibre crops, kenaf apparently has some advantages such as lower cost of production, higher fibre yields, and greater flexibility as an agricultural resource, over the other bast fibres. The fibres produced from kenaf using chemical retting processes are much cleaner but low in tensile strength. Enzymatic retting has apparent advantages over other retting processes by having significantly shorter retting time and acceptable quality fibres, but it is quite expensive.
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Ge, Jing Ping, Peng Fei Liu, Hong Zhi Ling, Bai Yan Cai, Gang Song, and Wen Xiang Ping. "Using Bacteria Addition and Reusing Retting Water Technologies to Accelerate Flax Degumming." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.374.
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Two pectinase-producing strains, HDYM-01 and HDYM-02, were added into retting tanks to accelerate the water-retting of flax after they were amplified in liquid medium. The results show that the yields of fiber flax retted with bacteria addition are higher than the control, and the difference is significant with F test. When reusing the retting water to the next tank to perform the water-retting with bacteria addition, the yields of fiber flax are also higher and the difference is significant with F test. The retting time would be shortened for 24 hr and the flax strength is raised for 20-30 Newton (N) with bacteria addition method and reusing retting water method.
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Różańska, Wanda, Barbara Romanowska, and Szymon Rojewski. "The Quantity and Quality of Flax and Hemp Fibers Obtained Using the Osmotic, Water-, and Dew-Retting Processes." Materials 16, no. 23 (2023): 7436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237436.
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This study presents the quantity and quality of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibers obtained depending on the fiber extraction method. The extraction methods used in this study were osmotic degumming, dew retting, and water retting. The degummed straw was analyzed for fiber content, while the metrological, chemical, and physical properties were determined for the fibers obtained. It was shown that these properties change based on the method of fiber extraction used. The highest fiber content in the straw was obtained using the osmotic degumming method. These fibers are characterized by a light color, no unpleasant odor, low linear mass, good tenacity, lowest hygroscopicity, and reduced flammability compared to fibers obtained via the dew and water retting of straw.
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Vijayaraghavan, Krishnan, and Dhas Nirmal Stephen. "Microbial Retting of Jute Bast Fibre Using Aerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 9, no. 2 (2012): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw-2012-9_2_12.
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This article focusses on the microbial retting of jute bast fibres under aerobic condition using sequencing batch reactor. Retting operation was carried out for varying time period namely 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 days respectively. The optimum retting period was judged based on the characteristics of the retted fibre with respect to fibre fineness, tenacity, modulus, strain at break and linear density. The morphological characteristic were visualized based on the scanning electron microscope image. As the retting period increased the fineness of the fibre improved; however based on the tenacity (0.468 N/tex) and modulus (50.23 N/tex) a 25-day retting period was found to be optimum in this present study. The predominant microbial species present in the jute retting liquor were found to be species of Bacillus, Clostridium, Aspergillus and Mucor. As the current method of retting operation was carried out under aerobic condition, the emission of green house gas doesn't arise. Moreover the wash water arising due to rinsing of retted fibre was recycled, thereby achieving a zero discharge concept.
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Yu, Xiangyu, Yuyang Xia, Dong Liang, Wei Fu, and Chenghai Yin. "Effect of Warm-Water Retting Pretreatment on the Physical Properties of Banana Stem and Its Fibre." Materials 15, no. 23 (2022): 8462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238462.
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In this paper, warm-water flax retting was used as a pretreatment method for banana-fibre extraction. To determine the optimum conditions for flax retting, the physical properties of various parts of stems and fibres in the process of flax retting were analysed. By studying the tensile strength, elongation at break, diameter, moisture regain, and other characteristics of the fibres, the influences of bacteria and enzymes in the retting liquor on the fibre characteristics in different retting stages were determined. Through mechanical-property tests and microscopic observation of the stem skin, the change rules of the mechanical properties and degumming state of the stems were examined. The results showed that the fibre tensile strength of banana stems reached the maximum value of 45 ± 16 cN·tex−1 after 11 days of retting. As most resins had not been hydrolysed, fibre extraction was difficult. After 21–25 days of retting, the tensile strength of fibres was about 34 ± 10 cN·tex−1, elongation at break was about 1.71%, and moisture regain was about 13.56%. The fibre characteristics met the process requirements, and the tensile separation stress of the stem was small, about 0.034 MPa. This time point could be used as the optimum endpoint for retting flax in warm water, which could provide theoretical support and research basis for the recycling of banana straw. The functional groups of the extracted fibres were studied by FTIR, which confirmed the observed change rule of each component during degumming. The experimental results showed that a longer retting time corresponded with a lower content of fibre impurities, more thorough degumming, and less difficult extraction; however, strength and toughness decreased.
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Wang, Lu, Xiaolan Liu, Xiqun Zheng, and Yinghua Tian. "Extraction of pectin from flax fiber by chemical means." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (2015): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-03-2014-0037.
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Purpose – Building the relationship between retting termination and pectin content remained in the fiber is crucial for ensuring the identity quality of retted flax. In order to measure the pectin content, pectin must be removed thoroughly from the fiber. The purpose of this paper is to find the most suitable method to extract pectin from flax phloem fiber. Design/methodology/approach – Methods of extracting pectin from fruits were employed to ensure the complete removal of pectin from flax for the first time, including extraction with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, hydrochloric acid and ion exchange resin. Traditional ammonium oxalate-KOH method was adopted as control. Each procedure was optimized according to the yield of pectin. A characteristic chromogenic technique for determining the exact pectin amount was used, which ensured the precise measurement of pectin extracted. Findings – Results showed that comparing with the traditional ammonium oxalate-KOH method, methods of hydrochloric acid and ion exchange resin extract >95 percent (w/w) pectin and the extract conditions are much milder. Originality/value – Bulk of literatures have covered the problem of how to define the quality of retted flax. But the flax industry in China still uses sensory method to check the retting termination. Connect the fiber quality with pectin content is a brand new idea. Also, the exaction method employed from fruit pectin extract is applied in flax pectin for the first time. These methods are essential for building the relationship between the pectin content and retting termination and also significant for discovering the suitable enzyme for enzyme retting.
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M., ABO EL-KOMSAN Sabah. "Effect of plant density and retting method on flax yield and its components under sandy soil conditions." Moroccan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5, no. 4 (2024): 187–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14538304.
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This investigation was conducted at Ismailia Experimental Station, during 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons to investigate the influence of plant density and retting method of three flax genotypes on yield and its attributes. The results illustrated that increase plant density from 1500 to 2500 plant/m2 increase straw yield and its components. However, the highest seed yield and its components were obtained with 2000 plant/m2. Fiber traits were not significantly differed by retting methods. Strain 620/1/3 exhibited the highest values of straw yield/hectare, plant height and technical length with 2500 plant/m2, also seed yield/hectare, seed yield/plant and number of capsules/plant with 2000 plant/m2. Strain 620/1/3 recorded the highest fiber yield/hectare and fiber length with 2500 plant/m2 in both retting methods. However, Sakha 3 scored the highest fiber percentage with 2000 plant/m2 in both retting method. Straw and fiber yield/hectare traits showed a strong and positive significant correlation with straw yield, plant height, technical length and fiber length traits. Seed yield/plant exhibited significant positive correlation with number of capsules/plant and number of seeds/capsule. Results revealed that the major straw and fiber yield contributors were technical length and plant height traits and straw yield/plant for fiber yield. Thus, selection for improving straw and fiber yields by indirectly selection for high technical length and plant height. For seed yield/plant number of capsules/plant trait was the most important contributor followed by 1000-seed weight trait which has high positive direct effects on seed yield/plant. Therefore, seed yield improvement can be achieved through selection indirectly for more capsules/plant and seed weight.
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Majumdar, B., S. Sarkar, S. K. Jha, et al. "Retting with efficient microbial consortium helps in improving jute fibre quality and profitability: a study in Eastern India." Journal of Environmental Biology 45, no. 3 (2024): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/45/3/mrn-5222.
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Aim: To determine the effect of application of microbial consortium for faster retting of jute (Corchorus spp.) over conventional retting without microbial consortium on jute fibre recovery and fibre quality improvement. Methodology: Large scale retting trials of jute were conducted in five important jute growing districts of West Bengal, India for four consecutive years with and without microbial consortium. After completion of jute retting, fibre was extracted manually, processed and dry fibre weight was recorded. Jute fibre samples were collected and analysed for fibre quality parameters. The fibre strength was estimated using electronic fibre bundle strength tester, fibre fineness by air flow method and root content is measured as the length of fibre up to which root is present out of the total length of the fibre and is expressed as percent length. Results: Application of microbial consortium reduced the retting duration and root content in jute fibre in all the locations irrespective of years. The jute fibre recovery increased by 9.64 to 10.97% and 9.73 to 10.63% with microbial consortium over without microbial consortium respectively in different locations and different years under study. The maximum jute fibre yield with (33.17 q ha-1) and without microbial consortium (29.89 q ha-1) was recorded in Murshidabad district. Nadia district recorded significantly higher fibre strength of 24.92 g tex-1 and lowest retting duration of 11.92 days with microbial consortium among all the locations. Interpretation: The application of microbial consortium improved the fibre recovery and fibre quality leading to the increase in net income by ₹15624 to ₹18017 ha-1 of jute farmers. Hence, the application of microbial consortium for jute retting can be used extensively by the jute farming community in jute growing states of India for faster retting of jute along with quality fibre production, higher net income and doubling farmers’ income. Key words: Corchorus spp., Fibre quality, Jute retting, Microbial consortiu
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Kumar, Rajesh, Pawan Kumar Rakesh, and Dungali Sreehari. "Effect of water retting on the physical and mechanical properties of extracted pine needle fibers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1291, no. 1 (2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1291/1/012017.
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Abstract Due to the negative impact of synthetic fibers on the environment, natural fibers are being increasingly used in composite preparation. The hilly area of Uttarakhand state in India has an abundance of pine needle fibers (PNFs). This study focuses on extracting the PNFs using water retting, varying the retting duration (2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks) and measuring its physical and mechanical properties. After 4-weeks of retting, the extracted PNFs exhibited the lowest moisture content, resulting in improved hydrophobicity and rendering them suitable for reinforcement in composites. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the 4-weeks retting PNFs were 52.89 ± 12.77 MPa and 1.48 ± 0.39 GPa, respectively. Mechanical characteristics of extracted fibers have been assessed using Weibull’s statistical method in terms of tensile strength and Young’s modulus. Based on the findings, PNFs are predicted to serve as a reinforcement in environmentally friendly composites.
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Foulk, Jonn A., Danny E. Akin, and Roy B. Dodd. "Influence of pectinolytic enzymes on retting effectiveness and resultant fiber properties." BioResources 3, no. 1 (2008): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.1.155-169.
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Enzymes have the potential to provide an improved method to ret flax for textile fibers. Retting is the separation or loosening of fiber bundles from the cuticularized epidermis and the woody core cells. New commercial pectinase products were evaluated both with and without ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for retting efficiency. The Fried Test identified the most efficient enzymes and best retting conditions. All enzymes retted flax stems better in the presence of 18 mM EDTA. Pectinases that also contained cellulases reduced fiber strength, whereas those without cellulases effectively retted flax without substan-tial strength loss. Viscozyme, which has been used extensively in our enzyme-retting research, and several pectinolytic enzymes were compared in pilot plant scale tests. Texazym BFE and Bioprep 3000 L retted flax as well as Viscozyme in this system, and the fibers had higher tenacity. The monocomponent nature, commercial availability and price, and ability to ret flax in combination with EDTA at high pH indicated a potential advantage for Bioprep 3000 L in these tests. Retting with different enzymes and formulations resulted in fibers with different properties, thereby leading to protocols for tailored fiber characteristics.
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Rozyanty, Abdul Rahman, M. Y. Nur Firdaus, T. Z. Liew, and Nur Farhana M. Yunus. "Kenaf-Unsaturated Polyester Composite: The Effect of Different Retting Process of Kenaf Bast Fiber on the Mechanical Properties." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.256.
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Kenaf bast fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composite was produced using kenaf bast fiber based on different retting process. There are two different retting method involved which are water and mechanical retting process. The composites were prepared by using hand lay-up method with different fiber loading (weight %) of 10, 15 and 20%. The mechanical test involved was tensile test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to investigate the fiber-matrix adhesion and fiber breakage. The result showed that the tensile properties of the composite increased as the fiber loading increased. Besides, the water-retted kenaf –UPE composites exhibited the highest mechanical properties as compared to mechanical-retted kenaf –UPE composites. While, the morphology analysis using SEM showed that water retted kenaf-UPE composite show better fiber distribution and better interfacial adhesion compared to mechanical retted kenaf-UPE composite.
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Chinyere Constance Ezemba, G. A Agu, E. J Archibong, et al. "Isolation and identification of microorganisms associated with fermented cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for the production of Akpu." International Journal of Frontline Research in Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (2022): 008–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56355/ijfrms.2022.1.1.0026.
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Akpu, an acid-fermented cassava product traditionally produced and consumed in Nigeria and other West African countries and hence it is necessary that microbiological study is varied out to evaluate its consumption safety and quality the isolated organisms can play an important role in industrial processes. This study looks into the possibility of utilizing cassava waste water as a source of industrial isolate for further purpose; it involves isolating and identifying the organisms present during the akpu production so as to make and ensure a safe product. The cassava tubers were harvested, peeled and soaked in the water for 4 days. The retting was closely monitored for the 4day period after which the mash was cultured on appropriate media to determine the organisms present. The methods used involve traditional retting method to ret the tubers in the laboratory. Isolation and identification of microorganism associated with fermented cassava for the production of akpu was examined. During the 4th day of retting process a total of seven microorganisms were isolated from the retting water. Three bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus, while fungi and yeasts isolated were Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillusspp and Rhizopusstolonifer. The presence, number and the kind of microorganisms during the fermentation to Akpu could be as a result processing contamination and microbial flora present in the cassava tuber. The consumption of akpu is very high in Nigeria and hence safety in the production process should be considered.
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GOUDAR, IRAMMA, SADHANA KULLOLI, and SUMA MOGALI. "Effect of retting methods on fibre quality characteristics of different varieties of flax." Journal of Farm Sciences 36, no. 03 (2024): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.61475/jfs.2023.v36i3.17.
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Stalks of flax varieties viz., DLV1, Himalini and No55 x NL115 were collected from AICRP, MULLARP Scheme,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad for extraction of fibres in water, chemical and enzymatic retting methods. Theextracted fibres were assessed for quantity and quality parameters viz., fibre yield, fibre length, microscopic appearance andfibre solubility in different chemicals. The results of the study revealed that, urea retting method yielded higher percentageof fibres, enzyme retted fibres gave longer length of the fibre. The fibre yield was higher in Himalini variety while the fibrelength was higher in DLV 1 and No55 x NL115 variety. Flax fibres were soluble in 50 per cent sulphuric acid concentratedwhereas insoluble in alkalies and solvents.
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SHARMA, H. S. S. "An alternative method of flax retting during dry weather." Annals of Applied Biology 109, no. 3 (1986): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1986.tb03217.x.
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Sathish, S., L. Prabhu, S. Gokulkumar, N. Karthi, D. Balaji, and N. Vigneshkumar. "Extraction, Treatment and Applications of Natural Fibers for Bio-Composites – A Critical Review." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 2 (2021): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-4004.
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Abstract Nowadays, sustainable and eco-friendly products are gaining more attention in various engineering industries owing to their considerable strength-to-weight ratio, abundant availability, and recyclability. The properties of biofibers depend on the cultivation method, environmental conditions, and extraction method. Biofibers are hauled out by dew retting, water retting, and mechanical decortication methods. The properties of natural fiber–reinforced composites can be enhanced by proper physical and chemical treatments. The aim of this study is to propose a complete evaluation of the different extraction methods applied on natural fibers. Various physical and chemical treatment methods were used to ascertain the properties of optimized natural fiber-reinforced composites for various industrial applications. The key findings derived from various existing data and the chemical treatment results of the biofiber-reinforced composite are specifically highlighted with critical assessment. The properties and use of natural fiber-reinforced composites in the various fields of applications have made them candidates of choice over synthetic petroleum–based fibers.
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Hossain, M. A., and M. A. Zaman. "Present Status of Coir Processing in Bangladesh." Journal of Agricultural Machinery and Bioresources Engineering 3, no. 1 & 2 (1996): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.61361/jambe.v3.i12.56.
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This article presents the findings of a study on coir processing in 10 selected districts of Bangladesh during the period of June-December, 1994. Information were collected by personal interviewing and physical observations. The coir processing techniques practiced by the farmers were crushing of husks before retting, retting for 2-35 days depending on the nature of crushing and the quality of coir, crushing after retting, separating the fibre from pitch and cork and drying them for a period of 2-3 days. All operations were done manually except in Faridpur where the crushing of husks was done by roller machine and found to be the most economic method. Coir processing is generally practiced by small and marginal farmers. It is a small capital-intensive and profitable business. If low cost crushing and fibre separating machines may be introduced, coir processing may become one of the attractive and profitable cottage industry in Bangladesh.
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Abdullah, Hazwani Husna, Sarani Zakaria, Noor Intan Saffinaz Anuar, Kushairi Mohd Salleh, and Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar. "Effect of harvesting time and water retting fiber processing methods on the physico-mechanical properties of kenaf fiber." BioResources 15, no. 3 (2020): 7207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.7207-7222.
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Fiber processing is an important factor that affects the physical and mechanical properties of long kenaf fiber. The physical-mechanical properties, such as color, tensile strength, and moisture regain (MR), are the main characteristics that influence the processing and performance on the final products from kenaf fiber. The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of kenaf fiber at the week of planting, with different processing methods that were planted in a selected location in Malaysia. Kenaf fiber was separated by the water retting method, where the combination of water retting and mechanical retting was based on the available facilities and proficiency at the sites. The tensile strength and chemical composition of kenaf fiber showed large variability for every location collected and for each processing technique used. Visual observations and color testing indicated that kenaf fiber with extended water immersion exhibited higher lightness and smoother fiber. A slight reduction in moisture regains was observed with increased crystallinity index. The differences among properties of the kenaf fiber that were influenced by harvesting week and processing methods could give some references and overview for the planters, suppliers, industries, and researchers to identify the suitable fiber quality for their targeted final products.
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Sharma, Sonia, and Prof Neeraj Wadhwa. "Microbial Retting of Banana Pseudostem." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, no. 1 (2021): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a3195.1011121.
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Fibrous wastes correspond to approximately 54.3 wt.-% of a banana plant. The waste weight is mainly of bunches, stems, and leaves. These ligno-cellulosic fibre waste can be designed and tailored to yield value added products which can be exploited by the farmers, exporters and weavers. Pectin (plant cement) and hemicelluloses (22-25%) found in plant cell walls in the plate (middle lamella). These macromolecules have needs to be hydrolyzed faster without affecting the quality of fibre. The chemical and mechanical processes adopted for fibres actually affect color uptake, strength of fibre thus fetching lower price. We report a biological ecofriendly method of retting where pectinases produced by the endophytic microorganisms of banana pseudostem were used to separate the fibre bundles of cellulose.. Endophytes are microorganisms which live in close relationship with living plant tissues in a cooperative relationship delivering a few auxiliary metabolites and proteins with the possibility to hydrolyse a few plant-determined macromolecules of the host. They spend the entire or part of their lifecycle colonizing within sound tissues of the host plants.The endophytic pectinase helps to break down the cell walls and can find commercial application in extraction of fibres.Seven bacterial isolates were screened and isolated in pectinase screening agar medium [PSAM]. Pectinase producing endophytic bacteria is isolated from corm of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius reported by us are Staphylococcus sciuri, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Exiguobacterium indicum which are good pectinase producers having specific activity of 8.26, 12.61, 6.81 respectively. Treatment of banana pseudostem with these microbes showed 91%, 94%, 96.7% loss in the total weight of stem leaving behind pure cellulose fibres.
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Sonia, Sharma, and Wadhwa Neeraj. "Microbial Retting of Banana Pseudostem." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 11, no. 1 (2021): 162–66. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.A3195.1011121.
Full textAbstract:
Fibrous wastes correspond to approximately 54.3 wt.-% of a banana plant. The waste weight is mainly of bunches, stems, and leaves. These ligno-cellulosic fibre waste can be designed and tailored to yield value added products which can be exploited by the farmers, exporters and weavers. Pectin (plant cement) and hemicelluloses (22-25%) found in plant cell walls in the plate (middle lamella). These macromolecules have needs to be hydrolyzed faster without affecting the quality of fibre. The chemical and mechanical processes adopted for fibres actually affect color uptake, strength of fibre thus fetching lower price. We report a biological ecofriendly method of retting where pectinases produced by the endophytic microorganisms of banana pseudostem were used to separate the fibre bundles of cellulose.. Endophytes are microorganisms which live in close relationship with living plant tissues in a cooperative relationship delivering a few auxiliary metabolites and proteins with the possibility to hydrolyse a few plant-determined macromolecules of the host. They spend the entire or part of their lifecycle colonizing within sound tissues of the host plants.The endophytic pectinase helps to break down the cell walls and can find commercial application in extraction of fibres.Seven bacterial isolates were screened and isolated in pectinase screening agar medium [PSAM]. Pectinase producing endophytic bacteria is isolated from corm of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius reported by us are Staphylococcus sciuri, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Exiguobacterium indicum which are good pectinase producers having specific activity of 8.26, 12.61, 6.81 respectively. Treatment of banana pseudostem with these microbes showed 91%, 94%, 96.7% loss in the total weight of stem leaving behind pure cellulose fibres.
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De Prez, Jana, Aart Willem Van Vuure, Jan Ivens, Guido Aerts, and Ilse Van de Voorde. "Effect of enzymatic treatment of flax on chemical composition and the extent of fiber separation." BioResources 14, no. 2 (2019): 3012–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.3012-3030.
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Enzymatic treatment of flax is gaining more interest as a promising alternative for dew retting, which is known for its dependence on weather and climate. Therefore, the effect of enzymatic treatments of flax on the effectiveness of fiber separation from each other and chemical fiber composition was investigated in this study. Chemical composition was determined by a gravimetric method, while ease of separation (in the composites society, the process to obtain natural fibers from the plant is usually defined as extraction) was determined based on the amount of long fibers obtained as well as total time needed to release this fiber fraction, providing necessary insights in the extent to which fibers are loosened from the stem. Flax treatment with pectate lyase and polygalacturonase resulted in purified fibers with a cellulose content of 78 and 79% w/w and promising yield values of 24 and 17%, respectively. Besides these pectinases, xylanase activity also showed high potential for enzymatic retting. Hence, pectate lyase, polygalacturonase, and xylanase are promising enzymes to successfully replace the dew retting process.
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Akin, Danny E., Roy B. Dodd, Warren Perkins, Gunnar Henriksson, and Karl-Erik L. Eriksson. "Spray Enzymatic Retting: A New Method for Processing Flax Fibers." Textile Research Journal 70, no. 6 (2000): 486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051750007000604.
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Prasetyowati, Eka, Ahmad Syauqi, and Tintrim Rahayu. "Pola Pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa untuk Retting-Embun Serat Kasar pada Tanaman Lidah Mertua (Sansevieria trifasciata)." BIOSAINTROPIS (BIOSCIENCE-TROPIC) 5, no. 1 (2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/e-jbst.v5i1.289.
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Sansivieria trifasciata has a cell wall consisting of high cellulose components which are reinforced by lignin, pectin and hemicellulose. Separation of fibers from bonds that strengthen fibers is still a major problem because the cell walls that are owned are very strong and stiff. In the activity of separating selolusa fiber there needs to be a process called retting. Residues from the retting process with chemicals can pollute the environment, separation by mechanical means produces fibers that are still rigid, and with soaking requires a lot of water and causes odor. The purpose of this study is how long the Pseudomonas earuginosa used can show cell proliferation; get a graph of growth patterns in Sansevieria trifasciata leaf preparations by adding nutrients and fiber quality from dew retting. This study uses an experimental method; there are 2 treatments, namely the addition of nutrition and without nutrition with 6 replications time 5 days, 10, days, 15 days, 20 days and 30 days. The results of this study were the number of treated cells with the addition of nutrients and without the addition of nutrients experiencing the lag phase of the 5th to 10th day and the exponential phase starting from the 10th day to the 30th day. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can soften the cell wall with dew-retting ability obtained by 3.0 nutritional treatment scores and a score of 1.5 treatments without nutrition. In the regression analysis ≥ , where there is a significant influence between the number of cells per unit and the addition of nutrients and without the addition of nutrients.
 Keywords: growth pattern, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coarse fiber, Sansevieria trifasciata
 ABSTRAK
 Sansivieria trifasciata memiliki dinding sel yang terdiri dari komponen selulosa tinggi yang diperkuat oleh lignin, pektin dan hemiselulosa. Pemisahan serat dari ikatan yang memperkuat serat masih menjadi masalah utama karena dinding sel yang dimiliki sangat kuat dan kaku. Dalam kegiatan pemisahan serat selolusa perlu adanya proses yang dinamakan retting. Residu dari proses retting dengan bahan kimia dapat mencemari lingkungan, pemisahan dengan cara mekanik menghasilkan serat yang masih kaku, dan dengan perendaman membutuhkan air yang cukup banyak serta menimbulkan bau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah berapa lama Pseudomonas earuginosa yang digunakan dapat menunjukkan perkembangbiakan sel, mendapatkan grafik pola pertumbuhan pada sediaan daun Sansevieria trifasciata dengan penambahan nutrisi dan kualitas serat dari retting-embun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen, terdapat 2 perlakuan yaitu penambahan nutrisi dan tanpa nutrisi dengan 6 ulangan waktu 5 hari, 10, hari, 15 hari, 20 hari dan 30 hari. Hasil dari penelitian ini jumlah sel perlakuan dengan penambahan nutrisi dan tanpa penambahan nutrisi mengalami fase lag hari ke-5 sampai hari ke-10 dan fase eksponensial dimulai dari hari ke-10 sampai hari ke-30. Pseudomonas aeruginosa dapat melunakkan dinding sel dengan kemampuan retting-embun diperoleh skor 3,0 perlakuan nutrisi dan skor 1,5 parlakuan tanpa nutrisi. Pada analisa regresi ≥ , dimana adanya pengaruh yang signifikan antara jumlah sel setiap unitnya dengan penambahan nutrisi dan tanpa penambahan nutrisi.
 Kata kunci: Pola Pertumbuhan, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serat Kasar dan Sansevieria trifasciata
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Li, Zhengfan, Yanling Zou, Siyu Li, et al. "Direct extraction of fibre from a ramie bark." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502094010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020940109.
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In this research, a new method was developed for extracting fibre directly from the ramie. High-speed water treatment was found to be beneficial for the removal of husks. The proposed fibre extraction process included retting, first high-speed water treatment, oxidative degumming and second high-speed water treatment. The retting time and hydrogen peroxide concentration suitable for the removal of husks were found to be 7 days and 8 g/L, respectively. There was very little residual husk in the extracted sample. Scanning electron microscopy showed that most of the gums were removed. The fineness and tenacity values of the ramie fibre that was extracted using the proposed method were close to the values of the ramie fibre extracted by using the traditional process. As compared with the traditional process, the chemical agent consumption, boil time and labour intensity of the new extraction method were less.
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Ashari, Muhamad Fadzli, Mohd Danial Ibrahim, Awang Husaini, and Azham Zulkharnain. "Accelerated Production of White Pepper Using Integrated Mechanical and Enzymatic Solutions in an Automated Machine." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.304.
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The enzyme from Aspergillus versicolor A6 under solid state fermentation using agricultural waste as substrates were successfully produced by our group. Laboratory scale enzymatic retting for white pepper production was conducted using crude pectinase enzyme preparation found that decortications of green matured pepper berries were achieved after five days which is comparable to other commercial enzymes. Microbial specification and quality analyses found that retted berries meet the standards set by the International Pepper Community. This study presents a design and development of a machine which integrated mechanical and enzymatic solutions in the decortications of pepper pericarp to improve efficiency the production of white pepper berries as compared to conventional water retting method.
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Huang, Xiaohong, Jing Jiao, Jihua Du, and Zunxiang Li. "Effects of Different Pre-processing Methods on Dry Anaerobic Fermentation of Sugarcane Leaves and Pig Manure." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 02065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014502065.
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Using agricultural wastes for anaerobic fermentation to produce biogas can not only realize the resource utilization of the wastes, but also prevent the environmental issues caused by straw burning. Sugarcane leaves contain waxy layer, which will cause problems such as difficulty in degradation, long-time fermentation and low biogas production. This paper studies the effects on three pre-processing methods of adding rush rot agent, natural retting for 7 days and water moisture for 24 hours of dry anaerobic fermentation of sugarcane leaves and pig manure. The results show that natural retting for 7 days has the advantage of daily biogas production when the fermentation period is less than 20 days, but this method is not obviously different from that of water moisture for 24 hours. When taking total biogas production volume and volume loading rate as the indicators, water moisture for 24 hours is the best pre-processing method for dry anaerobic fermentation of sugarcane leaves and pig manure when the fermentation period is more than 20 days.
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Feng, Jian Cheng. "Screening and Identification of an Indigenous Bacterial Strain High Active for Fermentative Production of White Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 1489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.1489.
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An indigenous bacterial strain high active for fermentative production of white pepper was isolated from soil samples. Initially isolates were screened by yellow ring and the speed of color change in the plating medium. Then, the secondary screening was done through the abilities of the strains for the retting of green pepper. The selected strain WC17 showed excellent activity for the retting of the green pepper.The produced white pepper by this method achieved superior level. Volatile oil and piperine contents of the product were 3.26% (v/w) and 4.15% (v/w), respectively. The microbial contamination was no more than 1.3×102 per 1g. Physiological, biochemical characteristics and 16SrDNA sequencing indicated that the isolated strain WC17 was belonging to Bacillus cereus group. This screening could be used as a rapid and reliable method for the isolation of bacterial strain for fermentative production of white pepper.
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Romanowska, Barbara, Wanda Różańska, and Małgorzata Zimniewska. "The Influence of the Chemical Composition of Flax and Hemp Fibers on the Value of Surface Free Energy." Materials 17, no. 5 (2024): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17051104.
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The article presents the exploration of flax and hemp fibers’ surface free energy depending on the chemical composition of the fiber, which is closely related to the plant variety and the method of extracting the fiber. For this purpose, tests of the surface free energy (SFE), evaluation of the percentage content of individual fiber components and FTIR analyses were conducted. The research was carried out with the use of fibrous materials prepared in three different ways: 1. To analyze the effect of subsequent stages of flax fibers refining process on chemical composition and SFE, 2. to explore the dependence of fiber SFE on hemp variety, the water-retting hemp fibers were used, 3. To evaluate the influence of the retting method of hemp fibers BIAŁOBRZESKIE variety on SFE, the fibers extracted with the use of dew and water retting were used as the research material. The study confirmed that the content of individual components in the fiber influenced its sorption capacity and therefore determined its hydrophilic properties. The values of Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients determined in the statistical analysis proved that the surface free energy was strongly correlated with the content of individual components in the fibers. Understanding the wettability characteristics of bast fibers will allow modeling the properties of products made of these fibers and designing surface modification processes in order to obtain specific functionality of textile products, depending on their intended utilization.
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Raveendran Nair, Gopu, Denis Rho, Varoujan Yaylayan, and Vijaya Raghavan. "Microwave assisted retting – A novel method of processing of flax stems." Biosystems Engineering 116, no. 4 (2013): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.10.004.
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Chernikov, V. G., and V. Yu Romanenko. "Determination of the Bonding Force Between the Rettery and Flax Swaths in Their Picking Up by Pick-Up Device Fingers." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 12, no. 3 (2018): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-3-12-16.
Full textAbstract:
The quality of flax products depends on the way of flax straw retting. Currently, the best and most widely used method of flax straw retting is way of dew retting. Flax stems are laid in a thin layer on the flax field where they were grown or on a clover or grass field. During the retting process, plants tend to grow through the flax swaths depending on the air temperature (starting from 18°C) and humidity (50-60%). Therefore, the flax straw picking up process should be done with certain efforts, however, without damaging the stems. (Research purpose) To determine the bonding forces of the flax straw with the rettery (a flax field or a grass field). (Materials and methods) The authors have designed an instrument to measure and register the considered forces as well as a general mechanism of the flax straw picking up process, which operates in conjunction with the IP 264 (BS) measurement information system, and also developed a research methodology. This system is integrated with to a laptop with the pre-installed «Testing» software. The system is adopted to use the MS Excel software to transfer data in MS Excel format for further plotting. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that the bonding forces of flax stems, their changing pattern, and the maximum value during the picking up process depend on the degree of penetration by grass plants into flax swaths and the grass plant density per square meter. (Conclusions) In process of picking up the grass-penetrated swaths, they show weak strength characteristics for transportation and an increased tendency to break the continuity of their picking up. The values of the ratio of the translational speed of a pick-up device and the rotary speed of a picking device fingertip can be greater than the value of the relative elongation at the point of pulling the swath away from the ground. The coefficient of strength to pick up the swaths from a clover rettery is higher than that of flax and grass retteries.
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Munthoub, Dayangku Intan, Wan Aizan Wan Abdul Rahman, Lew Jin Hau, Rohah A. Majid, and Lai Jau Choy. "Effects of extraction method on dry pulp yield and morphological properties of pineapple leaf fibre." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16, no. 3 (2020): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n3.1861.
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Pineapple leaves (PALs) are useful agro wastes which have the potentials to be used as an alternative source of non-wood natural fiber. In this study, different extraction methods had been investigated to identify the most feasible pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) extraction method, based on the dry pulp yield and the PALF morphology. The manual retting using a ceramic scrapper led to low yield of around 1.8 % (wt.), while water retting for 21 d led to about 6.0 % (wt.) yield of dark greenish dry pulp. Both methods resulted in PALFs which still contained with non-cellulosic residues, as verified by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) imaging. The chemical extraction of PALF using various NaOH solution concentrations (i.e. 1 to 20 % (wt.)) gave different yields. Based on the SEM images, clean and smooth surfaces of fibrils were observed when the NaOH solution concentrations applied at or higher than 6 % (wt.), implying that all impurities including lignin and wax had been completely removed. The mechanical-chemical extraction method produced significantly more dry pulp compared to the chemical extraction method at the same NaOH solution concentration. This is attributed to the fact that the crushed PAL has a larger surface area, thus providing more reaction possibilities with NaOH solution. Finally, it was found that the crushed PAL that cooked at 90 °C needed at least 90 min of cooking time to obtain satisfying whitish dry pulp.
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Sumithra, Murugesan. "Identification of new natural fibre from Chamaecostus Cuspidatus." Tekstilna industrija 69, no. 1 (2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tekstind2101017s.
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Fibre identification is a very important element to textile industries, design houses and fashion. The technological changes need to improve the identification methods. In spite of the increase of new technology, the old methods are often the best. The increase in awareness of the damage caused by synthetic materials on the environment led to develop eco-friendly fibres. This paper covers the distinguishing features of natural textile fibre from the plant "Chamaecostus Cuspidatus" that had been extracted using water retting method.
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Himmelsbach, D. S., S. Khalili, G. R. Gamble, and D. E. Akin. "Mid-Infrared, Raman and NMR Imaging of Flax." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 844–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002434x.
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Multiple microspectroscopic imaging techniques have been employed to reveal the chemical and structural nature of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) stem tissue, with the goal of finding the best technique by which to monitor retting processes for the production of linen fibers. Three of these techniques, which we have investigated for this purpose, are: mid-infrared (MIR), Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. Initially, all three techniques were evaluated on the basis of their ability to reveal the nature of unretted flax stems. MIR imaging was found to be the most useful for this purpose. Thus, it was selected as the method of choice to follow retting processes to obtain flax fibers.A Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectrometer equipped with microscope was used to acquire the MTR images. A FT-Raman spectrometer that was equipped with a Raman microprobe and utilizing a 1064 nm laser source was used to collect the Raman images.
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Karim, Md Rejaul, Muhammad Arshadul Hoque, Alamgir Chawdhury, et al. "Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Power-Operated Jute Fiber Extraction Machine." AgriEngineering 3, no. 2 (2021): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3020027.
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Jute is the golden fiber of Bangladesh, but its production is declining due to the involvement of higher production and processing costs, where a major portion of the cost is needed for fiber extraction. Labor unavailability and increasing labor cost have led to higher jute fiber production cost. To address these issues, this study looks at the development of a power-operated and cost-effective fiber extraction machine aiming at reducing the production cost. The study was conducted at the Rangpur regional office premises of Practical Action in Bangladesh, and the developed machine was branded as “Aashkol”, which had the following major parts: a feeding tray, a primary extraction roller, a secondary extraction roller, grabbing rollers, fiber collection stand, base frame, protection cover, and a spring-loaded tray under the primary extraction roller. The Aashkol can extract green ribbon from the jute stem, but jute sticks were broken down into smaller pieces (3–6 cm). The performance evaluation of the machine was conducted using different types of jute (Deshi, Kenaf, and Tossa) and compared with another jute extraction machine (KP model, introduced by Karupannya Rangpur Ltd.). The Aashkol-based extraction and improved retting systems were also evaluated and compared with traditional jute extraction systems. The jute stem input capacity (4.99 t h−1) of the Aashkol was 47.6% higher than the KP model (3.38 t h−1). Compared with the traditional system, across jute types, the Aashkol produced a 9% higher fiber yield and saved 46% retting time. Overall, the Aashkol reduced 90% of the labor requirement and saved 11.6 USD t−1 in jute fiber extraction and retting than the traditional method.
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Konczewicz, Wanda, Małgorzata Zimniewska, and Miguel Angel Valera. "The selection of a retting method for the extraction of bast fibers as response to challenges in composite reinforcement." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 18 (2017): 2104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517716902.
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This article presents an evaluation of bast fiber properties conditioned by the selection of a retting method in terms of meeting requirements for the final application of the fibers as composite reinforcement. Two different methods of fiber extraction were used in the experiment: dew retting and osmotic degumming. The fibrous material was extracted from flax (Modran variety) and hemp (Bialobrzeskie variety). In addition, retted kenaf fibers (from China) were evaluated for the comparison of fiber properties. The properties of the retted and degummed fibers were evaluated according to relevant valid standards regarding color, linear mass, breaking tenacity, aspect ratio, microscopic images and chemical composition, which included the determination of wax and fat, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin content and the thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. The Attenuated Total Reflection FTIR spectroscopic technique was used for the characterization of the fibers. Also, fogging and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions were tested in order to evaluate the suitability of the bast fiber for composite formation. The results of the study proved that osmotic degumming applied for bast fiber extraction improves significantly the fiber quality in terms of color, odor, aspect ratio and VOC emission. The aspect ratio of osmotically degummed flax fibers increased by about 46% and hemp fibers by about 22% in comparison with dew-retted fibers. VOC emission of osmotically degummed hemp decreased by about 35%, but in the case of flax fibers, increasing of VOC has been observed. For this reason, osmotically degummed fibers can be recommended as more suitable for composite reinforcement.
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Khan, Saif Ullah, Laurent Labonne, Pierre Ouagne, and Philippe Evon. "Continuous Mechanical Extraction of Fibres from Linseed Flax Straw for Subsequent Geotextile Applications." Coatings 11, no. 7 (2021): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070852.
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Linseed flax is a multipurpose crop. It is cultivated for its seeds and particularly for its oil. The main contributors for this crop are Canada, France and Belgium. In general, straws of linseed flax are buried in the fields or burnt. However, these solutions are not good practices for the environment and from an economical point of view. In this study, straws of linseed flax (six batches in total) with different dew retting durations and harvesting techniques were studied to possibly use them for producing innovative geotextiles. Two different fibre extraction processes were investigated. A first process (A) involved horizontal breaker rollers and then a breaking card. A second one (B) consisted in using vertical breaker rollers, and an “all fibre” extraction device (fibre opener) followed by sieving. The chemical composition of fibres in parietal constituents appeared to be globally equivalent to the one of textile flax with a pectic content decreasing as a function of the dew retting duration. This contributed to an increase in the cellulose content. The fibre content was situated in a range from 29% to 33%, which corresponds to a good yield for linseed flax fibre. The level of purity can reach values of up to 90% for method A (without extra-sieving) and 96% for method B (with extra-sieving), and the length of the fibres (larger for method A than for method B) and their tensile properties make them suitable for structural geotextile yarn manufacturing.
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Atalie, Desalegn, and Rotich K. Gideon. "Extraction and characterization of Ethiopian palm leaf fibers." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 22, no. 1 (2018): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-06-2017-0035.
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Purpose This study aims at extracting and characterizing palm leaf fibers from Elaeis guineensis species of palm trees found in Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach The fibers were extracted using three methods: manually, through water retting and chemically with sodium hydroxide. Physical parameters of the extracted fibers were evaluated, including tensile strength, fiber fineness, moisture content, degradation point and functional groups. Its cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents were also analyzed. Findings The results showed that the palm leaf fibers have a comparable fiber strength (170-450 MPa), elongation (0.95-1.25 per cent), fiber length (230-500 mm) and moisture regain (8-10 per cent) to jute, sisal and flax and thus can be used for technical textile application. Originality/value The fibers extracted using the water retting method had better properties than the other extraction methods. Its fiber length of 307 mm, cellulose content of 58 per cent, strength of 439 MPa and elongation of 1.24 per cent were the highest for all the extracted fibers. When compared with other fibers, palm leaf fiber properties such as tensile strength (439 MPa), elongation (1.24 per cent), moisture content (7.9-10.4 per cent and degradation point (360-380°C) were consistent with those of jute, sisal and ramie fibers. Hence, palm leaf fibers can be used for technical textile applications such as composite reinforcement.
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Aaditaa, Aaditaa, and Shahnaz Jahan. "Extraction and processing of Bast fibres from Ficus glomerata- A new source for non- conventional fibres." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (2018): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1759.
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The increasing global preference towards the natural products rather than synthetic products has increased the attraction of tourists to the local markets. Ficus glomerata fibres is one of the suitable source as raw material for making natural products like carrier bags, baskets, belts and some handicraft items. Fibres from F. glomerata stems were extracted by using water retting method. After retting, the fibres were scoured using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for making them suitable to form the different produucts from the processed fibres such as yarn, nonwoven, woven and knitted fabrics. Scouring conditions such as chemical concentration and processing time were evaluated on the basis of physical properties of fibres such as tenacity, elongation and fineness. The optimization results obtained from testing of physical properties of fibres shows that, the 3% concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 60 minutes processing time was found promising for the treatment of fibres. The improvement in F. glomerata fibres through proper processing can yield value added fibres and thus can enhance the potential utility of these fibres in diversified sectors. So, the F. glomaerata fibres has a potential to provide an important role in making space for natural fibre products in the outside market.
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Deepa, R., and K. Kumaresan. "Stinging nettle fibres extraction and characterization using chemical retting method and influence of tensile properties." Industrial Crops and Products 188 (November 2022): 115551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115551.
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Banik, S., M. K. Basak, D. Paul, et al. "Ribbon retting of jute—a prospective and eco-friendly method for improvement of fibre quality." Industrial Crops and Products 17, no. 3 (2003): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6690(02)00097-3.
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Abdullah, ABM, Maruf Abony, MT Islam, MS Hasan, MAK Oyon, and Md Bokhtiar Rahman. "Extraction and Proximate Study of Sansevieria Trifasciata L. As Fibre Source for Textile and Other Uses." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 46, no. 2 (2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v46i2.54411.
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Natural fibres are getting importance for their sustainable development in their uses in mitigation of climate change and ecological balance. A fibre extraction retting method is formulated and proximate chemical composition and various physical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, diameter along with fibre, cellulose, lignin and ash content were determined. This preliminary observation indicates its potential to be used as a source of fibre for textile and non-textile uses such as woven, nonwoven, composite, blanded and a good source of α-cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, nano-cellulose and lignin-based products.
 Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 46(2): 155-162, December 2020
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Mwabila, Moïse Lufuluabo, Alain Roddy Miteu Kalambayi, Roger Kizungu Vumilia, et al. "Typologie des Exploitations Agricoles Familiales et Technologie de Rouissage de Manioc: Cas des exploitations de la Commune de Maluku, en République Démocratique du Congo." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 11 (2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n11p85.
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La consommation du manioc, sous forme des pâtes alimentaires (Foufou ou chikwangue) nécessite de passer par le rouissage qui réduit la toxicité due à la présence de l’acide cyanhydrique. Cependant, les caractéristiques des exploitations et les techniques de rouissages sont variées. Ainsi l’objectif de cette étude était de réaliser une typologie des exploitations agricoles familiales de la commune de Maluku, en rapport avec les techniques de rouissage du manioc. Une enquête portant sur 344 exploitations agricoles a permis de collecter les données y afférentes. Les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, les caractéristiques de l’exploitation, les contraintes auxquelles font face les exploitations ainsi que la localisation (villages) ont été prises en compte. La typologie a été réalisée sur base de l’Analyse en Composantes Multiples (ACM) et la Classification Hiérarchique Ascendante (CHA). Les résultats révèlent 3 types d’exploitations agricoles. Le premier axe principal est dominé par le village, le type de contraintes, la productivité en cosette, le type de la main-d’œuvre et le type de matériel végétal. Le second axe principal est dominé par les techniques de rouissage.
 
 The objective of this study is to develop a typology of cassava-producing farms in the Maluku area, on the outskirts of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The criteria chosen are: socio-economic characteristics (type of workforce, membership of a group of producers and type of production constraints); characteristics related to cassava production technology (exploited area, plowing equipment and type of plant material); the characteristics linked to the cassava processing technology (retting method, retting duration and chip yield) and the village. The data was collected by survey on 344 farms operating in 6 villages. The typology was made thanks to an ACM and finalized by a CAH. The results of the study made it possible to group cassava producers into three types on the basis of the variables retained. The results reveal 3 types of farms. With the village, the type of constraints, the productivity in cosette, the type of labor and the type of plant material as the dominant characteristics of the first axis of the typology and the mode and duration of retting as the dominant characteristics of the second axis.
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Kumari, Bindu, Lalita Rani, Nisha Arya, Sachin Kumari, and Neeta Poonia. "The Analysis of Fibre Properties of Water Retted Sansevieria trifasciata with Sodium Hydroxide." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 21 (2023): 1011–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i214072.
Full textAbstract:
In the last decade, natural fibres have been in high demand because of their strength, high efficiency, and biodegradability easy availability for nature and improved textile properties than synthetic fibre. So, the increasing preference towards natural and green textile products rather than synthetic products has increased the attraction of tourists to the local as well as outside markets. Therefore, the present paper focused on the analysis of sodium hydroxide on the fibre properties of water-retted S. trifasciata (snake plant) fibres. The extraction of fibres from snake plant leaves was conducted by using water water-retted method. Three different time periods were selected i.e. 10, 15 and 20 days for water retting. After water retting, the selected fibres were treated with an alkali i.e. NaOH. The optimum conditions for alkali were chemical concentration, material to liquor, time durations, treatment temperature and pH for standardization of the process of alkali treatment. The effect of sodium hydroxide was analyzed on fibre properties such as fibre yield, fineness, bundle strength, and elongation at the break. As a result, a gradual fibre yield was to be increased to decrease after being treated with alkali (NaOH). The alkali-treated fibres fibre yield, fineness and bundle strength was recorded (0.84±0.02 g), (23.51±0.39 denier) and (47.97±0.13 g/tex). Elongation of the alkali-treated fibres was 5.02±0.007 per cent. The resulting fibre properties were found suitable for other textile products such as apparel, reinforcement material composite etc.
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Fatma, Tayyaba, and Shahnaz Jahan. "An Eco-Friendly Approach Towards Bleaching Process for Whitening of Kydia calycina Fibres Instead of Hydrogen Peroxide." Current World Environment 11, no. 3 (2016): 883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.3.24.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted to sustain the eco-friendly approach for bleaching of Kydia calycina fibres. The Kydia calycina fibres were extracted from the young shoots of Kydia calycina plant through water retting and then the extracted fibres were scoured with pectinase enzyme. After that, the scoured Kydia calycina fibres were bleached with three different methods. Among them, the best bleaching method was selected on the basis of tenacity, elongation, fineness, fibre length, weight loss and whiteness index. The concentration of sodium perborate, concentration of TAED, time and temperature of selected bleaching method were optimised using SAS software. At optimisation stage, tenacity, elongation, fineness and whiteness index of bleached fibres were tested. The results indicated that TAED activated sodium perborate showed better tenacity (3.81 g/d), elongation (2.09 %), fineness (22.92 denier) and maximum whiteness index (68.67) at optimised variables including concentration of sodium hydroxide (5 g/l), concentration of TAED (3 g/l), time (60 min) and temperature (500 C).
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Zimniewska, Malgorzata, Andrzej Zbrowski, Wanda Konczewicz, et al. "Cottonisation of Decorticated Flax Fibres." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 25 (June 30, 2017): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1685.
Full textAbstract:
The commonly used flax process of decortication allows the mechanical extraction of fibre from plant stems without prior retting. The one-type fibre obtained in this process is characterised by very low quality, as it is poorly divided, has high linear mass and high amounts of impurities. This paper presents a description of a newly developed method of obtaining high quality flax cottonized fibre from low quality decorticated fibre by application of a wet degumming process for fibre. The experiment involved studying the parameters of flax fibres after each step of the technological process i.e. after decortication, wet degumming and final mechanical cottonisation. The study covered tests of the following fiber parameters: linear mass, length, impurities, chemical composition as well as thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and scanning electron microscopy images. The results confirm the efficiency of the method applied for obtaining high quality fibre from decorticated flax fibre.