Academic literature on the topic 'Return of migrants'
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Journal articles on the topic "Return of migrants"
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Aberman, Tanya. "Forced-Voluntary Return." Migration and Society 5, no. 1 (2022): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2022.050103.
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During the near decade of Conservative rule in Canada from 2006 to 2015, anti-refugee and anti-migrant discourse was continuously circulated by government officials. Social, economic, and physical restrictions were implemented based on the dichotomy of “deserving” versus “undeserving” migrants, and borders were created within communities. This article takes an intersectional approach to explore the reasons that some migrants chose to leave Canada “voluntarily” during that time, and the factors that forced them to do so. I offer the concept of forced-voluntary return to capture some of the tensions and messiness within migrant experiences that are neither completely voluntary nor forced. These tensions affirm the emerging calls in research to conceptualize migration on a spectrum from forced to voluntary, and contribute to understandings of migration management, the production of deportability, and the “voluntary” mobility of migrants by highlighting some of the ways in which intersecting identities impact migrants’ decisions about return.
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Karimi, Syafruddin. "Return Migration After 30 September 2009 Earthquake in West Sumatra, Indonesia." Journal of Asian Development 3, no. 1 (2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v3i1.10714.
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This article analyzed return migrants associated with the West Sumatra Large-Scale Earthquake on 30 September 2009. A survey of 400 households traced the number of return migrants. Any respondent migrated due to the earthquake belongs to return migrant. This study found the return migrants accounting for almost 37% because of the disaster. Both men and women migrated because of the earthquake, but more men migrated than women. Married couple migrated more than unmarried. Pekanbaru, the capital of Riau province, is the most famous destination for migration. The education level of return migrants is higher than the stayers. More than 88% are living from trade, public services, and fishing. Above 50% is living from trading alone. The return migrants shared a similar employment status with the stayers. Entrepreneurial status is more important for return migrants than for the stayers. Income distribution shows a different pattern between return migrants and the stayers. The return migrants have a more significant part of the maximum income group. The return migrants at the highest income group account for 27%, which is obviously greater than the stayers.
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Islam, Md Mohaiminul. "Negotiated and Involuntary Return: COVID-19 Pandemic and Return Migration of Bangladeshi Temporary Labour Migrant Men." Migration Letters 20, no. 1 (2023): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v20i1.2742.
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This paper investigates return migration of Bangladeshi temporary labour migrant men in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on a case study of Bangladeshi migrants, who are mostly occupied in low and semi-skilled labour-intensive markets in the Middle East and the Southeast Asian countries, this paper assesses the relational aspect between pandemic and return. It discusses the underlying reasons of pandemic induced return which is based on a fieldwork, conducted in 2021, with the Bangladeshi returnee migrants. It argues that migrant receiving states' exploitative policies–burgeoning labour market nationalisation and lack of social and legal protection mechanisms–are the overriding reasons of return, rather than the pandemic. Whilst the pandemic intensified these existing exclusionary policies, this paper depicts how the migrants conform to the policies of migrant receiving states through rigid visa regime, heightened labour market immobility, retrenchment, and wage theft, which resulted in return migration.
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Curran, Sara R., Jacqueline Meijer-Irons, and Filiz Garip. "Economic Shock and Migration." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 119–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.119.
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Classic migration theory predicts that individual and household migration decisions are partially responsive to economic pushes from origin communities and pulls from destinations. Recent theorizing argues that this basic relationship is fundamentally influenced by the experiences accumulated within migrant streams, connecting potential migrants with future migrants between origin and destination. Drawing upon a 16-year study of migrant departures and returns from 22 villages in northeastern Thailand, we extend current knowledge about these fundamental relationships before, during, and after Thailand's economic crisis of 1997. We answer the following questions: How are migrant departures from the origin affected by the crisis, how are migrant returns to origin communities affected by the crisis, and how do migrants’ accumulated experiences connecting origin and destination moderate these relationships? We examine effects separately for men and women since village and destination economies are sufficiently sex differentiated. We find that migrant selectivity partially explains year effects: that is, earlier periods are more highly selective. Migrant cumulative experiences facilitate migration throughout the time period and modestly influence the migration decisions during economic downturns, but these effects are far more important for women than for men. For return migration, year effects emerge only for the post 1997–98 period and only after controlling for migrant social capital and occupational sector. Origin-based migrant social capital slightly, but significantly, reduces the odds of return migration throughout the period of observation. However, migrant social capital does amplify the likelihood of return migration after the Asian Financial Crisis. Construction workers are the most likely to return to their origin villages after the Asian Financial Crisis, while manufacturing, service, and agricultural workers show little change in behavior.
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Arif, G. M. "Reintegration of Pakistani Return Migrants from the Middle East in the Domestic Labour Market." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 2 (1998): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i2pp.99-124.
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This study aims, first, to assess unemployment levels among both return migrants and non-migrants and, second, to examine the reintegration pattern of returnees in the domestic labour market. The study has used three data sets: the 1980 PIDE/World Bank Survey of Return Migrant Households, the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households, and the 1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey. The results show that unemployment rates are much higher among return migrants than among non-migrants. Although this difference has narrowed with the passage of time, even among those who returned to Pakistan at least 18 months prior to the surveys, more than 10 percent of workers are unemployed. The multivariate analysis further shows that returnees, irrespective of the period elapsed since their return, are more likely to be unemployed than non-migrants. With respect to the reintegration pattern of return migrants, the study reveals that the variables indicating their human capital such as occupation and premigration and during-migration work experience appear to have greater influence on their re-absorption than the variables related to economic positions such as savings. The possibility is that unemployed returnees can not save enough from their overseas earnings to become self-employed. Provision of credit for self-employment seems to be the right way to accommodate these workers. The study also shows that the majority of workers who are able to find employment on return are satisfied with their post-return jobs and income levels, suggesting their successful reintegration in the domestic labour market.
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BAYKARA-KRUMME, HELEN, and LUCINDA PLATT. "Life satisfaction of migrants, stayers and returnees: reaping the fruits of migration in old age?" Ageing and Society 38, no. 4 (2016): 721–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16001227.
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ABSTRACTThis paper evaluates the effects of migration on life satisfaction in later life. We compare the life satisfaction of older migrants with that of non-migrants and return migrants of a similar age and originating from the same regions in Turkey. Turks constitute one of the largest migrant groups in Europe, and the growing population of older Turkish migrants display greater risks of loneliness and material disadvantage compared to native-born populations in Europe. However, compared to their non-migrant peers from the country of origin, older migrants may experience gains from migration that are reflected in their life satisfaction. Using the 2000 Families Study, a large survey of Turkish migrants from the peak labour migration period and their non-migrant comparators, we investigate whether life satisfaction of migrants and stayers differs and the possible causes of any differences. We find that both migrants and return migrants experience higher life satisfaction in old age than stayers. However, the gap cannot be explained by the classical determinants of life satisfaction such as income, health, partner and friends, or religiosity, nor by the better outcomes of the migrants’ children. We discuss possible reasons for this migration satisfaction advantage.
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Muschkin, Clara G. "Consequences of Return Migrant Status for Employment in Puerto Rico." International Migration Review 27, no. 1 (1993): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700104.
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At the aggregate level, return migrants in Puerto Rico in 1970 and 1980 faced greater employment-related difficulties, as compared with nonmigrants. This article explores the individual-level relationship of return migrant status to employment outcomes. The conceptual framework takes into consideration local and regional contextual factors, particularly the employment conditions prevailing in Puerto Rico during this period. Within this framework, specific hypotheses suggest a negative influence of return migrant status, as return migrants are particularly vulnerable to discontinuities in employment and to spells of unemployment. The findings substantiate the hypotheses for both census years and indicate the importance of the duration of residence in the United States and the timing of the return move as mediating factors.
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Arif, G. M., and M. Irfan. "Return Migration and Occupational Change: The Case of Pakistani Migrants Returned from the Middle East." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 1 (1997): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i1pp.1-37.
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This paper examines the factors affecting occupational composition of Pakistani workers upon their return from Middle East employment by using the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households. In view of the concentration of workers in lowstatus occupations prior to migration, there was a great incentive for them to change these occupations after return. The study shows that the economic resources gained from overseas employment gave migrants the strength to seek independent employment, and there was a clear move out of the production-service occupations into business and agriculture occupations. This movement was strongly related to migrants’ length of stay in the Middle East. Since the occupational structure of the general population remained almost unchanged in the 1970s and 1980s, the employment trends exhibited by return migrants could largely be attributed to overseas migration. However, the study shows that businesses and farms established by migrant workers were small-scale.
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Abramitzky, Ran, Leah Platt Boustan, and Katherine Eriksson. "Europe's Tired, Poor, Huddled Masses: Self-Selection and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration." American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (2012): 1832–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.1832.
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During the age of mass migration (1850–1913), one of the largest migration episodes in history, the United States maintained a nearly open border, allowing the study of migrant decisions unhindered by entry restrictions. We estimate the return to migration while accounting for migrant selection by comparing Norway-to-US migrants with their brothers who stayed in Norway in the late nineteenth century. We also compare fathers of migrants and nonmigrants by wealth and occupation. We find that the return to migration was relatively low (70 percent) and that migrants from urban areas were negatively selected from the sending population. (JEL J11, J61, N31, N33)
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Brednikova, Ol’ga E. "(Non-)Return: Can Migrants Become Former Migrants?" Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 56, no. 3-4 (2017): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2017.1450549.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Return of migrants"
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Aydin, Seda. "Political socialization processes of return migrants. The case of Turkish returnees from Germany." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669708.
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Esta tesis doctoral se centra en la relación entre experiencia migratoria y formación de valores y actitudes politicos. Busca contribuir a la literatura desentrañando el proceso de socialización política migrante , con un estudio de casos en profundidad de migrantes turcos que habían regresado a Turquía desde Alemania. Su estructura básica se construye sobre cuatro argumentos centrales en diálogo con la literatura existente sobre socialización política: 1) la socialización política es, en sí, un proceso politico, 2) la agencia de migrantes en el proceso de socialización política está subestudiado, 3) las dinámicas transnacionales de socialización política de migrantes han sido pasadas por alto, 4) la dimension procesal de la socialización política no se ha abordado. Siguiendo estos puntos críticos, la tesis pretende examinar el papel de la agencia de migrantes en el contacto e interacción con los agentes de socialización alemanes; identificar el proceso de socialización política negativa como alternativa al modelo de socialización política migrante; y mostrar las trayectorias de socialización política transnacional de los migrantes.
A diferencia de los habituales enfoques de la socialización política de migrantes, esta tesis se basa en una investigación en profundidad aplicando métodos orientados al proceso, como el abordaje relacional y la metodología de la teoría fundamentada al análisis de las entrevistas biográficas con migrantes turcos que regresaron desde Alemania. Centrada en estudiantes migrantes y trabajadores migrantes, así como migrantes de segunda y tercera generación, el diseño de la investigación contribuye a la literatura captando un amplio conjunto de complejidades de la experiencia de socialización política en un periodo de casi seis décadas , extendiéndose desde la pre-migración hasta el post- regreso. Muestra que clase, capital cultural y social, condiciones transnacionales y los contextos politicos de Turquía y Alemania correspondientes al tiempo de migración se encuentran entre los factores que explican las variaciones intra- e inter-grupos. El enfoque basado en grupos no solo cuestiona la vision del retorno del migrante como un fracaso, sino que también desafía la tendencia a tratar el grupo étnico como la unidad primaria de análisis en los estudios sobre migración y socialización política migrante. El abordaje cualitativo permite estudiar las propias narraciones de los migrantes sobre sus experiencias cotidianas, complementando la revisión de las encuestas, que trabaja con numerosas variables formales en las dinámicas pre- y post-proceso o en poblaciones de los migrantes que regresaron y no migrantes.
El análisis muestra que, en muchos casos, a veces por razones más allá́ de su control, los migrantes que regresaron no tuvieron suficiente contacto con los agentes alemanes de socialización politica como para haberse sometido en Alemania a los procesos de socialización política convencionalmente aceptados. Cuando sí tuvieron contacto a menudo usaron estratégicamente su agencia para filtrar, ignorar y jugar con estos socializadores en función de sus necesidades y preocupaciones respecto a las desigualdades de poder en la sociedad alemana. Por otra parte, las narraciones de los migrantes que regresaron revelan un proceso alternativo de “socialización política negativa”. En contraste con la imagen convencional de asunción acrítica de los valores del país anfitrión por parte del migrante para “encajar” , la socialización politica negativa supone el aprendizaje de un papel de forastero en el estado alemán y su contribución a los difusos mecanismos del sistema de protección desde dicha posición de forastero. Por ultimo, el análisis aporta una respuesta al nacionalismo metodológico en los estudios de socialización política, que asumen que el proceso está circunscrito a los límites nacionales de los paises anfitrión y de origen. Revela que podemos diferenciar entre trayectorias directa e indirecta de socialización política transnacional, en que los vínculos trasnfronterizos, identidades y costumbres de los migrantes juegan un papel central.<br>This doctoral thesis focuses on the relationship between migration experience and formation of political values and attitudes. It seeks to contribute to the literature by unpacking the process of migrant political socialization with an in-depth case study of the Turkish migrants returning from Germany. Its main structure is based on four central arguments in dialogue with the existing political socialization literature: 1) the political socialization is itself a political process, 2) migrant agency in the process of political socialization is understudied, 3) transnational dynamics of migrant political socialization are overlooked, 4) the processual dimension of political socialization is given limited attention. Following these critical points, the thesis seeks to examine the role of migrant agency in migrants’ contact and interaction with German agents of political socialization, identify the process of negative political socialization as an alternative migrant political socialization model, and reveal transnational political socialization trajectories of the migrants.
Distinct from the common approaches to migrant political socialization, this thesis relies on an in-depth inquiry through the application of process-oriented methods such as the relational approach and grounded theory methodology to the analysis of the biographical interviews with Turkish returnees from Germany. Focusing on labor and student returnees, as well as the roots migrants, the research seeks to contribute to the literature by capturing a wide array of complexities of the political socialization experience in a time span of almost six decades, extending from pre-migration to post-return. It shows that class, social and cultural capital, transnational conditions, and the political contexts of Turkey and Germany that correspond to the time of migration are among the factors that account for group variations. The group-based approach also defies the tendency to treat the ethnic group as the primary unit of analysis in migration and migrant political socialization studies. Overall, the qualitative nature of the research permits studying the migrants’ own narratives about their everyday experiences. By doing so, it seeks to complement survey research, which works with a number of formal variables for pre-process and post-process dynamics or non-migrant and returnee populations.
The analysis shows that in many cases the returnees have not been subject to the conventionally assumed processes of political socialization in Germany because, sometimes for reasons beyond their control, they did not have sufficient contact with the German agents of political socialization, such as the German media, political parties, and electoral campaigns. When there was contact, they often used their agency to strategically filter, ignore and play around these socializers based on their needs and concerns within the power inequalities of the German society. Furthermore, the narratives of the returnees reveal an alternative process of “negative political socialization”. In contrast to the conventional image of migrants’ uncritical embracement of host country values to “fit in”, negative political socialization refers to migrants learning their place as the outsiders of the German polity and their contribution to diffuse system support mechanisms from this position. Lastly, the analysis provides a response to methodological nationalism in political socialization studies, which assumes that the process is contained to the national boundaries of the host and home countries. It reveals that we can differentiate between direct and indirect trajectories of transnational political socialization, in which the migrants’ cross-border ties, identities and practices play a central role. Overall, the findings shed light on the political and processual nature of migrant political socialization, its transnational dynamics, as well as the role of the migrant agency in it.
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Daugaard-Hansen, Flemming. "'Coming home' the return and reintegration of Belizean returnees from the United States to Belize, Central America /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024672.
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Nguyen, Quy Khanh. "Vietnamese return skilled migrants and their reintegration in Vietnam /." [St. Lucia, Qld], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18234.pdf.
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Liava'a, Viliami Tupou Futuna. "Transnational Tongans:The Profile and Re-integration of Return Migrants." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2500.
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This study contributes to the 'unwritten chapter' in migration studies, namely transnational return migration, with specific reference to Tongan migrants who have voluntarily returned to live in Tonga. Return migration of transnational Tongans is not 'permanent' as their mobility pre and post-return is characterised by circulation or repeated return rather than staying at 'home'. In examining the circulation of transnational Tongans, two new forms of return migration are identified -- 'return for career advancement' and 'ancestral return'. These additions to a new typology of return migration represent better the contemporary mobility system of transnational Tongans and suggest a means for addressing 'brain drain' through strengthening the 'Tongan-ness' of the diaspora while simultaneously stimulating economic development in the Kingdom. Despite these positive dimensions of return, re-integration is a 'bumpy' process, and there needs to be a holistic migration strategy if greater numbers in the Tongan diaspora are to return and make their potential contribution to sustainable development in the Island Kingdom.
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Cen, Zhiyu, and 岑知宇. "Chinese heritage language teaching for return migrants inHong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50177345.
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Over the last decade, a significant number of overseas Chinese including Hong Kong emigrants have returned to Hong Kong. Many returnees, especially those who learnt Chinese as a heritage language, often encounter various language difficulties upon their return mainly due to their incompletely acquired version of the Chinese language. However, there is little research on the Chinese language learning and teaching for this special community, which is inherently different from native Chinese learners or second-language learners. This work explores various pioneering ways to develop returnees’ greater fluency in the Chinese language and especially to improve their practical literacy skills. We intend to evaluate and further develop their awareness of the orthographic principles operating in Chinese characters. We believe that this is a key step to help Chinese returnees quickly integrate themselves to the local society.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Education<br>Master<br>Master of Education
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Cook, Paul Richard. "Return to the motherland: Russian migrants in hockey's changing world system." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28360.
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Since 2000, Russian players are increasingly absent from the National Hockey League. This project explores the relationship between changes in the political economy of Russian hockey and the factors that shape the migratory decisions of Russian players. In using Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, it is argued that specific events relating to a nation's place within an economic and/or cultural relationship can significantly alter patterns of migration. Russia's newfound economic strength and confidence on the world stage is evident in the support for the country's new Kontinental Hockey League. The resulting changes in the political economy of Russian hockey, coupled with the restrictive nature of the National Hockey League's salary cap have led to a tremendous decrease in the number of Russian players in the NHL.
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Cena, Elida. "Return migration during economic crisis : experiences of Albanian return migrants and their children in the quest to belong." Thesis, Edge Hill University, 2017. http://repository.edgehill.ac.uk/10032/.
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Following the social and political turmoil in many countries after the recent economic crisis, many Albanian migrants regarded a return to their ‘homeland’ as the best solution during a time of uncertainty. Adding to the literature on return migration, this research investigates a group of migrants, not previously studied extensively, whose return to their country of origin was triggered by the lingering economic crisis in Europe, particularly in Greece. The research explores the experiences of return migrants and their children in Albania by focusing on their (re)settlement issues, the ways they (re)construct a sense of belonging, and how their identity is impacted by these changes. Return migrants (aged 30-50 years) and their children (aged 7-18 years) participated in this research (n=51). Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with respondents aged 13 years and above, augmented by focus groups and family case studies. This research was conducted in two waves and several participants were followed up to document changes. Findings show that the economic and socio-structural constraints in the origin country and uncertainties about the future experienced by adults create barriers to their overall ability to adjust and construct a sense of belonging in Albania. The research documents further that children of return migrants experience exclusion and nonbelonging, instigating feelings of being foreigners for a second time. While children showed improvement in their socio-spatial worlds overtime; in Wave 2 adults continued to grapple with employment instability and future uncertainties. Entangled in between these experiences and a simultaneous quest to belong, the research contributes to a better understanding of return migration in times of economic crisis.
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Munck, Eva-Maria. "What would we come back to? : Decision-making about return and repatriation by Burmese migrants and refugees in Northern Thailand." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-360069.
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This research focuses on the special considerations and reasons for Burmese migrants and refugees from Burma living in Mae Sot, Tak province, Northern Thailand to stay in Thailand or return to Burma/Myanmar. The researcher has more than three-years of experience of living and working in Northern Thailand. During the thesis process, the researcher lived and worked in Mae Sot. A multi-method approach was applied to compile the experiences, knowledge, opinions and feelings of migrants and refugees from Burma. The research presented in this thesis shows that, even though the push factors from leading a life in Thailand are increasing in terms of obtaining legal documents, the pull factors towards return or repatriation to Burma remain few for refugees and migrants. In terms of the labour situation, migrants can earn more money and get more value for their money in Thailand. In addition, access to affordable education and health care is much greater in Thailand than in Burma, mostly due to initiatives by international non-governmental actors. In Burma, poverty continues to be an endemic challenge: there are difficulties for families to sustain their livelihoods and obtain access to quality healthcare and education. The findings from the research explain that migrants from Burma, many of which represent a marginalized minority in terms of ethnicity and religion, do not consider a future in Burma for themselves or their families if not forced to leave Thailand. In particular, the Myanmar Muslim subpopulation and those with lower education possess experiences or have perceived discrimination of a potential future in Burma, largely related to issues with identification documents and registration. In addition, lack of land ownership remains a large obstacle for migrant workers and refugees in the consideration of where to live and work in the future.
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Melo, Pedro Miguel. "The life history of Portuguese return migrants, a Canadian-Azorean case study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22867.pdf.
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Caspari, A. "Intending to return; Portuguese migrants in France : A case study from Grenoble." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375150.
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The movement of labour from the less developed countries of southern Europe and North Africa to the industrial economiesof northern Europe in the 1960s and 1970s, has led to a migrant populationof some 15 million in these countries. Poduguese labour migration to France has been part of this wider movement, and the Portuguese are one of the largest migrant groups, representing over one fifth of the estimated four millionmigrants in France. Ambivalenceas to the migrants' status and future is considerable on the level of policy, in the literature concerning these labour migrations, and among the migrants themselves: the uncertainty is whether the phenomenonis one of settlement and permanent immigration or of temporary migration and ultimately the return of migrants to their countries of origin. Takingthe case of Portuguese migrants in Grenoble, this thesis explores the intentions of Portuguese migrant workers in France to return to Portugal. In part this may be seen as a prior intention, consistent with the migrants' initial plans to benefit from the employment opportunities and better pay abroad, and to earn as much money as possible in a short time, in order to be able to return to Portugal. I describe precedents for this kindof a return migration in Portugal's extensive emigration history. However, this return orientation in migration cannot be seen only as the continuity of a cultural form, or as occurring in France in an ideological vacuum. The intention to return to Portugal, which implies a limited commitment to France, and a reference to Portuguese conditions and values, is fundamental in the migrants' tolerance of generally disadvantageous conditions, particularly of employment, in France, and thereby an aspect of the migrants' continuing usefulness there. The migrants' differentiation from the French workforce is in some respects beneficial to French society, and the migrants' economic, political and social marginality is reinforced and perpetuated on an ideologicallevel, by ltgislation, and in a variety of ways in evtryday pratice. Cultural differences may be cultivated, and there is an involuntary aspect to the migrants' marginality and the return orientation. For these reasons I have stressed tht broader political and economic forces in labour migration as the context which acts on the migrants and within which they must act. Yet for many migrants, the intention to return to Portugal is more than a passive response to their vulnerable postition in French society or a product of the ideology of the dominant society. While we are dealing with a subjective intention to return rather than actual returns, this is a dynamic element of migrant identity and culture in France, full of tensions but with great symbolic importance as well as far-reaching practical implications for their lives and the nature of their participation in French life. This is particularly the case for many of the older generation of migrants aged between 30-50. Their return orientation is often accompaniedby an adherence to what they see as 'Portuguese' values and culture, the forms and expressions of which I consider; it is also associated with the maintenance of social and economio links with Portugal, distinctive savings and consumption patterns, a steady flow of remittances, and by a perception of migration as temporary even after 20 or more years' residence in France. The return orientation is central among many Portuguese migrants in France, not just as a latent desire, but as a system of meaning and a structuring principle in every day life; plans to return not only justify migration in tht long term, but are a priority which is used to organise and give coherence to the migrants' daily strategies and choices. TM maintenance of an alternative value system, an identity, and options aside from those that conditions in France impose on them, gives the migrants a certain autonomy despite the constraints of their situation
Books on the topic "Return of migrants"
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Carlos, Corea, ed. Regresa migrante. Centro de Documentación de Honduras (CEDOH), 2009.
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Hunt, Jennifer. Are migrants more skilled than non-migrants?: Repeat, return and same-employer migrants. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
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Sri Lanka) International Labour Organization (Colombo. Reintegration with home community: Perspectives of returnee migrant workers in Sri Lanka. ILO Country Office for Sri Lanka and the Maldives, 2013.
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Center for Migrant Advocacy Philippines., ed. Democratization through migration. Center for Migrant Advocacy, 2008.
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Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food. Rural Secretariat. Rural youth: Stayers, leavers and return migrants. Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2000.
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Francine, Mayer, Morissette R. 1959-, and Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch., eds. Rural youth: Stayers, leavers and return migrants. Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, 2000.
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Workshop on Enterprise Development for the Returning Migrants in Kerala, India (2003 Cochin, India). Workshop on Enterprise Development for the Returning Migrants in Kerala, India. ISED, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Return of migrants"
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Mencutek, Zeynep Sahin. "Voluntary and Forced Return Migration Under a Pandemic Crisis." In Migration and Pandemics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_10.
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AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on migrants’ return desires and actual returns across the globe. Border closures in the face of pandemic lead to the panic mobility of those returning home. The ensuing lockdowns and economic difficulties restricted migrant workers’ access to income and protection, pushing them to return. The pandemic brought evident risks for the regular migrants’ access to healthcare, financial security, and social protection, forcing them to consider the return option too. For irregular migrants, the pandemic further increased the risk of forced returns, including detention, deportation, and pushbacks. For all migrants, decisions are marked by a deep dilemma between staying and returning. Meanwhile, receiving, sending, and transit countries, as well as international organisations are involved in return processes by providing logistics, on the one hand, and stigmatising returnees as carriers of virus, on the other. This study is based on desk research and analysis of the scholarly literature, reports, and grey literature from international organizations, civil society reports, scientific blogs, and media reports. An emphasis on returns provides us broader insights to evaluate changing characteristics of migration and mobility in ‘pandemic times’, the governance of returns, its consequences, and the rhetoric about returnees.
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Banerjee, Snigdha, and T. V. Sekher. "Gulf Return Migrants in India." In India Migration Report 2023. Routledge India, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003490234-15.
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Dzięglewski, Mariusz. "Aspects of Return Migrants’ Strategies." In Coming Home to an (Un)familiar Country. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64296-9_5.
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Wodawski, Marek, Stanisław Fel, and Jarosław Kozak. "Contemporary Polish Migrants in Britain." In Polish Return Migration after Brexit. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003449843-1.
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Achenbach, Ruth. "Results: Impact of Three Spheres on Migrants’ Locational Decisions." In Return Migration Decisions. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16027-2_6.
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Bisong, Amanda. "Return, Precarity and Vulnerability in West Africa: Evidence from Nigeria." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_11.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses how return and reintegration programmes for irregular migrants and rejected asylum seekers construct and create vulnerabilities. The chapter analyses the lived experiences of returnees in Edo state, Nigeria. It examines the experiences of irregular migrants and rejected asylum seekers who were returned to their places of origin through AVRR programmes or other forms of return assistance programmes. First it examines the context of return migration in Nigeria and the legal-bureaucratic construction of vulnerability in the Nigerian context. Then it proceeds to analyse the efforts of the Nigerian state in implementing return and reintegration programmes. Based on 15 in-depth interviews with returnees, civil society organisations and government officials, it examines the experiences of returnees and their perspectives of vulnerability and precarity in returning to their communities of origin. The research finds that poorly implemented return programmes, may worsen the vulnerabilities of migrants instead of promoting their integration. However, migrants may reinforce their vulnerabilities in order to benefit from perceived advantages offered by the state or international organisations. Lastly, family and community efforts help migrants cope with the vulnerabilities they are exposed to in their communities of origin.
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Mensah, Joseph, Joseph Kofi Teye, and Mary Boatemaa Setrana. "The Janus-Face of Contemporary Migration: Perspectives on West African Return Migration and Transnationalism with a Focus on Ghana and Senegal." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_12.
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AbstractRecently, a burgeoning literature has emerged on the return experience of migrants, with some analysts touting the benefits of return to the socioeconomic development of countries of origin, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Still, only few studies have examined how return migrants create and sustain transnational connectivity with their countries of destination upon their return to the homeland, and fewer still have analyzed how these dynamics play out in the context of West African migrants. This primarily theoretical paper explores the interconnections between return migration and transnationalism among West African migrants, focusing on the case of Ghanaian and Senegalese migrants. The insistent premise of the paper posits that contemporary migration is essentially Janus-faced, in the sense that migrants are transnational in both their pre- and post-return periods. The paper addresses the following questions: (i) What are the perspectives of Northern countries and supra-national bodies, such as the EU, on return migration, and how do these perspectives compare with those of Southern countries, such as Ghana and Senegal? (ii) How do West African migrants view their own return migration, and to what extent are their emic perspectives different from those of Northern governments and their government in the homeland? (iii) How do West African returnees—specifically, Ghanaian and Senegalese returnees—use their transitional connectivities to facilitate their resettlement and reintegration in the homeland upon their return? Clearly, return migration elicits a number of important questions, into which this Chapter stands to provide useful preliminary prescience in the context of Ghanaian and Senegalese migrants.
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Rothstein, Frances A. "When Migrants Return: Who Returns, Why, and How They Reintegrate." In Mexicans on the Move: Migration and Return in Rural Mexico. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137559944_4.
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Kļave, Evija, and Inese Šūpule. "Return Migration Process in Policy and Practice." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_12.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on return migration processes in Latvia, integrating analysis of return migration policy and the experiences of return migrants. The analysis considers the extent to which return policy activities correspond to the needs and expectations of the target group, and addresses the role of this policy in the process of making the decision to return. The data used for the analysis are policy planning documents, The Emigrant Communities of Latvia survey and in-depth interviews. The main empirical evidence of the return experiences of migrants in the chapter comes from 18 in-depth interviews with Latvian returnees from various age and social status groups, who left Latvia within a period between 1991 and 2011. This research finds that although the government’s policy corresponds to the general needs of return migrants, this policy has no impact on individual return decisions among Latvian migrants. The main reasons for return are non-economic. If economic reasons dominate the reasons for leaving – alongside a wish to see the world or get an education – then coming back is connected with homesickness, a willingness to spend more time with relatives in Latvia, a longing for Latvian nature, a desire to speak Latvian and to live in the Latvian environment. It also eliminates the risk of assimilation for their children in the society of the country they have emigrated to.
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Giner-Monfort, Jordi. "What Comes After Retirement Migration? Patterns of Death and Return from Spain." In Retirement Migrants and Dependency. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69122-5_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Return of migrants"
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Mesplé-Somps, Sandrine. "Female genital mutilation and migration in Mali. Do return migrants transfer social norms?" In Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting at the intersection of qualitative, quantitative and mixed method research. Experiences from Africa and Europe. Academic & Scientific Publishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.46944/9789057187162.8.
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Yao, Liming, Zou Jing, and Wang Baitao. "Home or Away: Exploring the Influence of Housing Challenges on Migrants' Return Intention." In 30th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2024-118.
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Mora-Pablo, Irasema. ""Include Them, Don't Exclude Them": Reinsertion of Return Migrants in the Mexican Educational System." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1689523.
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Ozola-Cirule, Iveta, and Baiba Martinsone. "The Relationship among Re-Entry Shock, Coping Modes, and Psychological Re-Adjustment of Adult Latvian Return Migrants." In 81th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2023.02.
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Research has shown that it is more difficult to emotionally adjust to change when returning home compared to going abroad. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship among re-entry shock, modes of coping, and the indicators of psychological re-adjustment in a group of return migrants – Latvian nationals returning home. Coping modes and demographic indicators predicting re-entry shock were also addressed and the indicators of psychological re-adjustment (depression, anxiety, and stress). The group being studied consisted of 84 adults aged from 20 to 69 years (M = 39.59; SD = 10.37) who took part in an anonymous online survey. Re-entry shock was measured using the 16-item Re-entry shock scale (RSS; Seiter & Waddell, 1989). The coping modes regarding re-entry shock were determined using Re-entry Coping Modes (Adler, 1981), and psychological re-adjustment was measured using a shortened version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1999, adapted by Vanags & Raščevska in 2015). Return migrants who reported higher re-entry shock also showed higher symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. More difficulties with readjusting after returning to Latvia were reported by younger people, females, those who had lived abroad for a lengthy period, those who had recently returned, and those who had chosen ineffective coping strategies. It was concluded that important predictors for re-entry shock are age, the length of time spent abroad, and coping modes. In turn, important psychological re-adjustment predictors are gender and coping modes.
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Molikevych, Roman S. "UKRAINIAN FORCED MIGRANTS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: SITUATION AND LIVING CONDITIONS." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s12.105.
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The article describes the living conditions, situation and spatial placement of Ukrainian forced migrants in the Czech Republic. As a result of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war, almost 370,000 Ukrainians fleeing the war received temporary shelter in the Czech Republic. The research methodology is based on the results of a sociological survey, the purpose of which was to establish the living conditions of refugees in the Czech Republic and their attitudes towards further stay. It has been established that the majority of migrants are concentrated in the capital (Prague), Central Bohemia, Moravian-Silesian and South Moravian regions. Among the migrants, natives from the western regions of Ukraine and the temporarily occupied territories of the south and east predominate almost equally. The key aspects in choosing a place of accommodation were cities where one of the family members worked or the reason was the big cities. Although half of the forced migrants are children, and 4/5 of the adult population are women, almost 70,000 migrants have already started working in official jobs. Despite this level of adaptation, 80% of refugees are determined to return home. Of course, the language barrier was the main problem during adaptation among the immigrants, but the majority are satisfied with the living conditions and the attitude of the Czechs towards them. Ukrainian labour migrants performed a fairly significant economic function in the Czech Republic even before the war, so the mass influx of forced migrants significantly revived the labour market and, due to social benefits, affected the economic situation. The economic effect of refugees is always largely negative, but in a rather short period it is compensated by the rapid adaptation of Ukrainians and the filling of certain sections of the labour market.
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Mora-Pablo, Irasema. "Reimagining Education and Schooling for Return Migrants: How Can the Mexican Educational System Foster Educational Equity?" In AERA 2022. AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/ip.22.1892572.
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Mora-Pablo, Irasema. "Reimagining Education and Schooling for Return Migrants: How Can the Mexican Educational System Foster Educational Equity?" In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1892572.
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Roman, Monica, Bogdan Ileanu, and Mihai Roman. "A comparative analysis of remittance behaviour between East European and North African migrants." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00189.
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The labour migration in Europe is a phenomenon with multiple effects, both positive and negative. Money sent by emigrants to their families is increasing their quality of life and has positive effects on the family relations; therefore it can be identified an increasing interest in the literature in studying such aspects. 
 The purpose of the paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the migrants’ propensity to sending money to the origin country.
 The study is based on data coming from the National Immigrant Survey of Spain (in Spanish: Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes – 2007). A total of 15,475 interviews were carried out. Moroccans, Romanians, and Ecuadorians represent 30% of the total number of immigrants resident in Spain.
 We employ a binary logistic regression model in order to identify the impact of socio-demographical factors on the probability of sending money abroad from Spain. Our aim is to identify cultural discrepancies in remittances sending, according to origin of migrants. We are mainly focusing on two large groups of respondents, which are North African and South Eastern Europe migrants. The variables employed are age of respondent, education, Intention to return in the country of origin, The period spent in Spain, gender of respondent, and the relation with the country of origin defined by the frequency of visits in the country. We identified similar patterns and also significant differences among the two groups.
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Mihali, Adelina Emilia. "Dynamics of anthroponymy in the context of migration: Borşa, Maramureş county, Romania." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/16.
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This paper is a sociolinguistic analysis of anthroponyms from Borşa, Maramureş county, Romania, in the context of migration. The research illustrates the dynamic of anthroponyms, the frequency of foreign names and bilingual nominal structures, as well as the sociocultural factors underlying the choice of names. The corpus of the article consists of first names of newborns, extracted from civil and parish registers of Borşa and verified, in part, through a questionnaire filled in by the parents. The time interval proposed for the analysis spans 18 years (2000– 2018), including the period in which migratory flows multiply and many migrants return. Thus, the onomastic material subjected to research is representative of anthroponymic multiculturalism in Romania.
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Vollmann, Ralf, and Soon Tek Wooi. "The Indian Hakkas of Vienna." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.4-2.
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Hakka emigration has created many smaller communities worldwide; where some groups continued their migratory journey. One such example is the Hakkas, who first migrated to Calcutta and then moved on to Vienna and Toronto, clustering in a close-knit social network. In various sessions, Viennese Hakkas of all age groups were interviewed for their lifestories and linguistic practices. (a) The linguistic competence of the migrants includes Hakka, English and Indian (Hindi, Ben¬gali) but often rather little German; Hakka is important at the workplace (Chinese restaurants) and is transmitted in families; Indian helps establish professional relationships with Indian migrants. (b) The social network is rather closed to Hakka friends from Calcutta or from other places. All Hakkas closely cooperate and usually have only few outside contacts. They consider Calcutta as their old homeland to which they return for Chinese New Year. (c) The younger generation consists of weak speakers of Hakka who are fully integrated into Austrian culture, but also maintain contacts to Toronto and love to visit friends and family in India. To conclude, the Indian Hakkas of Vienna are an interesting example of a two-step migration which first converted some Chinese into Indians, and then planted this Indian subgroup into Europe.
Reports on the topic "Return of migrants"
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Hunt, Jennifer. Are Migrants More Skilled than Non-Migrants? Repeat, Return and Same-Employer Migrants. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10633.
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Breschi, Stefano, Francesco Lissoni, and Ernest Miguelez. Return Migrants’ Self-selection: Evidence for Indian Inventor. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24809.
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Oeur, Il, Sochanny Hak, Soeun Cham, Damnang Nil, and Marina Apgar. Exploring the Nexus of Covid-19, Precarious Migration and Child Labour on the Cambodian-Thai Border. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.035.
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This report shares findings from qualitative research on the impacts of Covid-19 on Cambodian migrant workers in four sites along the Cambodia-Thai border. Government restrictions in Thailand and the border closure in February 2020 led to job losses and reduced working hours, and ultimately to an increase in the rate of return migration. Return migrants were forced to use informal points of entry with the facilitation of informal brokers, facing increased costs and risks and, in the process, becoming undocumented. This report shows an unequal access to health services between documented and undocumented migrants. Even in the context of Covid-19, some migrants continue to travel with young children who support the family, mostly through light agricultural work. URI
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Ainul, Sigma, Eashita Haque, K. G. Santhya, and Ubaidur Rob. Assessment of overseas labor migration systems in Bangladesh. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1039.
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Bangladesh is a significant labor-sending country, with about 7.8 million Bangladeshis working abroad. Major destinations for migrant workers are the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Female migrants represent 12 percent of the migration flow, with a majority engaged as domestic workers. Migration to GCC countries is characterized by short-term temporary migration, migration of low- and semi-skilled workers, laborers with low literacy level, debt-financed migration, and often migration through unofficial channels. The overseas labor recruitment industry often leaves migrants susceptible to human trafficking, forced labor, and modern slavery. Also, many migrants return empty-handed and with huge debt. The Population Council in partnership with the Global Fund to End Modern Slavery (GFEMS) undertook a study to better understand survivors’ and stakeholders’ perspectives on the kinds of policies, programs, and initiatives that could facilitate safer overseas labor migration for Bangladeshi migrant workers. A qualitative study was conducted with returned migrants in Faridpur and Munshiganjs, Bangladesh. These locations also served as an assessment of an intervention for economic and social reintegration. A stakeholder consultation provided an opportunity for participants to reflect on the study findings and brainstorm about research, program gaps, and recommendations.
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Yang, Dean. Why Do Migrants Return to Poor Countries? Evidence From Philippine Migrants%u2019 Responses to Exchange Rate Shocks. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12396.
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Abramitzky, Ran, Leah Platt Boustan, and Katherine Eriksson. To the New World and Back Again: Return Migrants in the Age of Mass Migration. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22659.
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Tadevosyan, Gohar, Shaojun Chen, and Rong Liu. Returning Migrants in the People’s Republic of China: Challenges and Perspectives—Evidence from Chongqing. Asian Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200399-2.
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This working paper examines the push and pull factors that shape return migration in the People’s Republic of China. This study draws on primary qualitative research in Dianjiang County of Chongqing Municipality. The push and pull factors are associated with the availability of assets both in migration destinations and back at home that the migrants can draw upon to support their livelihoods. These assets comprise financial, human, and social capital; family relations; access to social security, housing and infrastructure; and productive assets such as land.
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Santhya, K. G., A. J. Francis Zavier, Shilpi Rampal, and Avishek Hazra. Promoting safe overseas labour migration: Lessons from ASK’s safe migration project in India. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1038.
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More than a quarter of all overseas Indians resided in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in 2020. Migration to Gulf countries is dominated by unskilled and semi-skilled workers who work on a contract basis and who must return home once their contract expires. The Indian government has introduced measures to promote safe overseas migration for work, but labor exploitations in the India-GCC migration corridors are widely documented. The Global Fund to End Modern Slavery (GFEMS) in partnership with the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) supported the Association for Stimulating Know-how (ASK) in pilot-testing a project to build a safe labor migration ecosystem in source communities in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. The project established Migrant Resource Centres (MRCs), integrated six intervention activities, and worked with Civil Society Organizations to build their internal systems and resilience to establish, sustain, and effectively run MRCs and provide services. The Population Council in partnership with GFEMS and Norad undertook a community-based quantitative study to assess male migrants’ awareness of and engagement with ASK’s project. The success in improving male migrants’ knowledge about safe migration pathways was also examined.
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Avis, William. Refugee and Mixed Migration Displacement from Afghanistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.002.
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This rapid literature review summarises evidence and key lessons that exist regarding previous refugee and mixed migration displacement from Afghanistan to surrounding countries. The review identified a diverse literature that explored past refugee and mixed migration, with a range of quantitative and qualitative studies identified. A complex and fluid picture is presented with waves of mixed migration (both outflow and inflow) associated with key events including the: Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989); Afghan Civil War (1992–96); Taliban Rule (1996–2001); War in Afghanistan (2001–2021). A contextual picture emerges of Afghans having a long history of using mobility as a survival strategy or as social, economic and political insurance for improving livelihoods or to escape conflict and natural disasters. Whilst violence has been a principal driver of population movements among Afghans, it is not the only cause. Migration has also been associated with natural disasters (primarily drought) which is considered a particular issue across much of the country – this is associated primarily with internal displacement. Further to this, COVID-19 is impacting upon and prompting migration to and from Afghanistan. Data on refugee and mixed migration movement is diverse and at times contradictory given the fluidity and the blurring of boundaries between types of movements. Various estimates exist for numbers of Afghanistan refugees globally. It is also important to note that migratory flows are often fluid involving settlement in neighbouring countries, return to Afghanistan. In many countries, Afghani migrants and refugees face uncertain political situations and have, in recent years, been ‘coerced’ into returning to Afghanistan with much discussion of a ‘return bias’ being evident in official policies. The literature identified in this report (a mix of academic, humanitarian agency and NGO) is predominantly focused on Pakistan and Iran with a less established evidence base on the scale of Afghan refugee and migrant communities in other countries in the region. . Whilst conflict has been a primary driver of displacement, it has intersected with drought conditions and poor adherence to COVID-19 mitigation protocols. Past efforts to address displacement internationally have affirmed return as the primary objective in relation to durable solutions; practically, efforts promoted improved programming interventions towards creating conditions for sustainable return and achieving improved reintegration prospects for those already returned to Afghanistan.
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Navarro, Adoracion. Subnational Infrastructure Development and Internal Migration in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2023.20.
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Making a comprehensive comparison of subnational levels of infrastructure development in the Philippines is difficult due to the uneven availability of data on infrastructure indicators across geo-political areas. This study shows this is possible at the regional level by developing a demonstration composite subnational infrastructure development index. The study constructed a regional infrastructure development index by picking indicators based on representativeness in the infrastructure subsectors and the uniform availability of data across regions. It also presents one useful application of the index: analyzing the link between subnational infrastructure development and internal migration through a Poisson regression. It then uses the Balik Probinsya Bagong Pag-asa Program, a program engineering the return migration of low-income Filipino families from cities to provinces, to illustrate the usefulness of the regression results in conducting an evidence-based policy analysis. The relationships established through econometric regression and the trends in inter-regional migration show that migration is a phenomenon. Filipino migrants vote with their feet based on demographic and economic factors, including the level of infrastructure development in their origin and destination. Engineering the return to destinations that Filipino migrants left in the first place does not guarantee that they will stay there, given the determinant demographic and economic factors. The resources spent on such engineering can be used instead for programs that minimize spatial development inequities, such as by improving infrastructure to attract investments and jobs.