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Journal articles on the topic 'Return of migrants'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Karimi, Syafruddin. "Return Migration After 30 September 2009 Earthquake in West Sumatra, Indonesia." Journal of Asian Development 3, no. 1 (2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v3i1.10714.

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This article analyzed return migrants associated with the West Sumatra Large-Scale Earthquake on 30 September 2009. A survey of 400 households traced the number of return migrants. Any respondent migrated due to the earthquake belongs to return migrant. This study found the return migrants accounting for almost 37% because of the disaster. Both men and women migrated because of the earthquake, but more men migrated than women. Married couple migrated more than unmarried. Pekanbaru, the capital of Riau province, is the most famous destination for migration. The education level of return migrants is higher than the stayers. More than 88% are living from trade, public services, and fishing. Above 50% is living from trading alone. The return migrants shared a similar employment status with the stayers. Entrepreneurial status is more important for return migrants than for the stayers. Income distribution shows a different pattern between return migrants and the stayers. The return migrants have a more significant part of the maximum income group. The return migrants at the highest income group account for 27%, which is obviously greater than the stayers.

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Curran, Sara R., Jacqueline Meijer-Irons, and Filiz Garip. "Economic Shock and Migration." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 119–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.119.

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Classic migration theory predicts that individual and household migration decisions are partially responsive to economic pushes from origin communities and pulls from destinations. Recent theorizing argues that this basic relationship is fundamentally influenced by the experiences accumulated within migrant streams, connecting potential migrants with future migrants between origin and destination. Drawing upon a 16-year study of migrant departures and returns from 22 villages in northeastern Thailand, we extend current knowledge about these fundamental relationships before, during, and after Thailand's economic crisis of 1997. We answer the following questions: How are migrant departures from the origin affected by the crisis, how are migrant returns to origin communities affected by the crisis, and how do migrants’ accumulated experiences connecting origin and destination moderate these relationships? We examine effects separately for men and women since village and destination economies are sufficiently sex differentiated. We find that migrant selectivity partially explains year effects: that is, earlier periods are more highly selective. Migrant cumulative experiences facilitate migration throughout the time period and modestly influence the migration decisions during economic downturns, but these effects are far more important for women than for men. For return migration, year effects emerge only for the post 1997–98 period and only after controlling for migrant social capital and occupational sector. Origin-based migrant social capital slightly, but significantly, reduces the odds of return migration throughout the period of observation. However, migrant social capital does amplify the likelihood of return migration after the Asian Financial Crisis. Construction workers are the most likely to return to their origin villages after the Asian Financial Crisis, while manufacturing, service, and agricultural workers show little change in behavior.

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Brednikova, Ol’ga E. "(Non-)Return: Can Migrants Become Former Migrants?" Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 56, no. 3-4 (2017): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2017.1450549.

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Arif, G. M. "Reintegration of Pakistani Return Migrants from the Middle East in the Domestic Labour Market." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 2 (1998): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i2pp.99-124.

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This study aims, first, to assess unemployment levels among both return migrants and non-migrants and, second, to examine the reintegration pattern of returnees in the domestic labour market. The study has used three data sets: the 1980 PIDE/World Bank Survey of Return Migrant Households, the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households, and the 1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey. The results show that unemployment rates are much higher among return migrants than among non-migrants. Although this difference has narrowed with the passage of time, even among those who returned to Pakistan at least 18 months prior to the surveys, more than 10 percent of workers are unemployed. The multivariate analysis further shows that returnees, irrespective of the period elapsed since their return, are more likely to be unemployed than non-migrants. With respect to the reintegration pattern of return migrants, the study reveals that the variables indicating their human capital such as occupation and premigration and during-migration work experience appear to have greater influence on their re-absorption than the variables related to economic positions such as savings. The possibility is that unemployed returnees can not save enough from their overseas earnings to become self-employed. Provision of credit for self-employment seems to be the right way to accommodate these workers. The study also shows that the majority of workers who are able to find employment on return are satisfied with their post-return jobs and income levels, suggesting their successful reintegration in the domestic labour market.

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BAYKARA-KRUMME, HELEN, and LUCINDA PLATT. "Life satisfaction of migrants, stayers and returnees: reaping the fruits of migration in old age?" Ageing and Society 38, no. 4 (2016): 721–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16001227.

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ABSTRACTThis paper evaluates the effects of migration on life satisfaction in later life. We compare the life satisfaction of older migrants with that of non-migrants and return migrants of a similar age and originating from the same regions in Turkey. Turks constitute one of the largest migrant groups in Europe, and the growing population of older Turkish migrants display greater risks of loneliness and material disadvantage compared to native-born populations in Europe. However, compared to their non-migrant peers from the country of origin, older migrants may experience gains from migration that are reflected in their life satisfaction. Using the 2000 Families Study, a large survey of Turkish migrants from the peak labour migration period and their non-migrant comparators, we investigate whether life satisfaction of migrants and stayers differs and the possible causes of any differences. We find that both migrants and return migrants experience higher life satisfaction in old age than stayers. However, the gap cannot be explained by the classical determinants of life satisfaction such as income, health, partner and friends, or religiosity, nor by the better outcomes of the migrants’ children. We discuss possible reasons for this migration satisfaction advantage.

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Muschkin, Clara G. "Consequences of Return Migrant Status for Employment in Puerto Rico." International Migration Review 27, no. 1 (1993): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700104.

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At the aggregate level, return migrants in Puerto Rico in 1970 and 1980 faced greater employment-related difficulties, as compared with nonmigrants. This article explores the individual-level relationship of return migrant status to employment outcomes. The conceptual framework takes into consideration local and regional contextual factors, particularly the employment conditions prevailing in Puerto Rico during this period. Within this framework, specific hypotheses suggest a negative influence of return migrant status, as return migrants are particularly vulnerable to discontinuities in employment and to spells of unemployment. The findings substantiate the hypotheses for both census years and indicate the importance of the duration of residence in the United States and the timing of the return move as mediating factors.

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Arif, G. M., and M. Irfan. "Return Migration and Occupational Change: The Case of Pakistani Migrants Returned from the Middle East." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 1 (1997): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i1pp.1-37.

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This paper examines the factors affecting occupational composition of Pakistani workers upon their return from Middle East employment by using the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households. In view of the concentration of workers in lowstatus occupations prior to migration, there was a great incentive for them to change these occupations after return. The study shows that the economic resources gained from overseas employment gave migrants the strength to seek independent employment, and there was a clear move out of the production-service occupations into business and agriculture occupations. This movement was strongly related to migrants’ length of stay in the Middle East. Since the occupational structure of the general population remained almost unchanged in the 1970s and 1980s, the employment trends exhibited by return migrants could largely be attributed to overseas migration. However, the study shows that businesses and farms established by migrant workers were small-scale.

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Abramitzky, Ran, Leah Platt Boustan, and Katherine Eriksson. "Europe's Tired, Poor, Huddled Masses: Self-Selection and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration." American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (2012): 1832–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.1832.

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During the age of mass migration (1850–1913), one of the largest migration episodes in history, the United States maintained a nearly open border, allowing the study of migrant decisions unhindered by entry restrictions. We estimate the return to migration while accounting for migrant selection by comparing Norway-to-US migrants with their brothers who stayed in Norway in the late nineteenth century. We also compare fathers of migrants and nonmigrants by wealth and occupation. We find that the return to migration was relatively low (70 percent) and that migrants from urban areas were negatively selected from the sending population. (JEL J11, J61, N31, N33)

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DeBono, Daniela. "Returning and Deporting Irregular Migrants: Not a Solution to the ‘Refugee Crisis’." Human Geography 9, no. 2 (2016): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861600900210.

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This article questions whether the presentation of the return and deportation of irregular migrants as a solution to the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ is ethical. Legally, the return of irregular migrants may be a legitimate activity by the state, but the current pressure by the European Commission on member-states to increase the current 40 percent rate of effective returns can lead them to operate returns below minimal human rights standards in a bid to increase the rate. Detailed knowledge of the impact of returns – including deportation from and to different countries – on migrants’ welfare and human rights is scarce. Based on studies on returns from EU member-states to different countries, I make three arguments. First, due to the complexity of the return process, statistics need to be unpacked better. Second, there are key conceptual problems underpinning current EU returns policy. Third, research strongly indicates that returns can render people vulnerable. In the absence of in-depth knowledge on the effects of return on migrants, I conclude with an appeal for returns to be treated with caution and their linking to the refugee crisis to be avoided.

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Gomez-Mensah, Kobby. "Why Irregular Ghanaian and Nigerian Migrants in Germany fail to Return Home." Sicherheit & Frieden 38, no. 3 (2020): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2020-3-169.

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Irregular migration continues to dominate discussions in Europe and America, due to the controversial nature of the means by which the migrants reach these destinations. Often, the expectation is that migrants denied asylum will return home. But given the human security concerns that drive them out of their countries and the perception of a better living in Europe, migrants find ways to remain in destination countries, even when their asylum requests are denied. Some flee migrant camps in order to escape removals and take up roles to earn a living in the informal economy with countrymen. This article argues that discussions of migration should take cognisance of the economic realities of African migrants.

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Apsite-Berina, Elina, Girts Burgmanis, and Zaiga Krisjane. "RETURN MIGRATION TRENDS IN LATVIA: RE-ATTRACTING THE MAIN HUMAN RESOURCE FOR SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4117.

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This study is devoted to the research of human resources as a main source of sustainable regional development in Latvia. It is focused on two key concepts of human capital and migration. The aim of the study is to explore return migration geographies by looking at young return migrants as a resource and preconditions for sustainable regional development essential to Latvia.Return migration to the regions of Latvia is examined by two main research questions. What are the most recent return migrant characteristics in Latvia? How does return migration of young Latvians translates into regional geographies of return migration?Drawing on most recent available statistical data we elaborate on the return migration trends in Latvia, look at particular geographies of return migrants to the regions of Latvia. Findings show that return migrants are working age accompanied with their offspring’s, majority not married and return from another European country to the capital and other largest cities and surrounding municipalities. Even more, only ethnicity and country of previous residence serve as return migration predictor.

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Parrado, Emilio A., and Edith Y. Gutierrez. "The Changing Nature of Return Migration to Mexico, 1990–2010." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.93.

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In this paper we investigate changes in the labor market incorporation (i.e., labor force status, class of worker, and earnings) of return migrants from the United States to Mexico between 1990 and 2010. We argue that changing period conditions, particularly the 2007 economic recession and enhanced immigration enforcement policies dating back to the mid-1990s, have altered both the volume and nature of return flows affecting the migration-development connection. Using data from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 Mexican Censuses, we compare the labor market position of return migrants to nonmigrants and internal migrants in Mexico. We show that the less voluntary nature of return migration in the early twenty-first century has resulted in higher employment propensities, lower entrepreneurial activities, and deteriorated wages among return migrants. However, it is important to consider the growing heterogeneity of the return migrant flow; the negative labor market outcomes are largely confined to wage earners, while the smaller flow of entrepreneurial returnees continues to experience positive employment and earnings profiles. We derive implications for employment conditions in Mexico and for the literature connecting migration to development in sending areas.

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Rogozen-Soltar, Mikaela. "“We suffered in our bones just like them”: Comparing Migrations at the Margins of Europe." Comparative Studies in Society and History 58, no. 4 (2016): 880–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417516000463.

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AbstractIn this article, I trace how return migrants (former labor emigrants) from Andalusia, Spain draw on their regional history of emigration as a resource for claiming the moral authority to assess immigrants from the global south. By comparing their own migratory experiences and those of new migrants, Andalusians renegotiate competing ideas about their region's membership in Europe, a question with renewed political saliency during the ongoing economic crisis. Specifically, they use comparisons to claim a more central place in Europe for Andalusia, while at the same time eschewing moral culpability for Europe's mistreatment of labor emigration. To do so, Andalusian return migrants mobilize discourses of migrant suffering at various geopolitical scales of belonging, often mapping Andalusians’ experiences of emigration and return onto the region's historical trajectory of Europeanization. The scaling up and down of discourses of migrant suffering in the context of historical narratives of migration enables Andalusians to claim moral superiority based on their non-European, migrant past while also claiming European belonging in the present. Memorializing and assessing migrant suffering thus become forms of discursive work that help construct the political and moral limits of Europeanness. Through analysis of this process, I call for a more central focus on return migration and the intersection of multiple kinds of population mobility in migration research and in the study of European unification.

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Coniglio, Nicola Daniele, and Jan Brzozowski. "Migration and development at home: Bitter or sweet return? Evidence from Poland." European Urban and Regional Studies 25, no. 1 (2016): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776416681625.

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The existing economic literature focuses on the benefits that return migrants offer to their home country in terms of entrepreneurship and human and financial capital accumulation. However, return migration can have modest or even some detrimental effects if the migration experience was unsuccessful and/or if the migrant fails to re-integrate into the home country’s economy. In our paper, we empirically show which factors – both individual characteristics and features related to the migration experience – influence the likelihood of a sub-optimal employment of returnees’ human capital employing an original dataset on a representative sample of return migrants in Silesia (Poland).

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Dominguez-Villegas, Rodrigo, and Arturo Vargas Bustamante. "Health Insurance Coverage In Mexico Among Return Migrants: Differences Between Voluntary Return Migrants And Deportees." Health Affairs 40, no. 7 (2021): 1047–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00051.

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Nzima, Divane, and Philani Moyo. "The new ‘diaspora trap’ framework: Explaining return migration from South Africa to Zimbabwe beyond the ‘failure-success’ framework." Migration Letters 14, no. 3 (2017): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i3.349.

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This article explores how South Africa-based Zimbabwean skilled migrants are dissuaded from returning home permanently. The study was conceptualised against the background that return migration has often been explained based on migrant failure or success in the host country. This failure-success dichotomy stems from the neo-classical economics theory of migration, the new economics of labour migration and the structuralist approach to return migration. Using a qualitative methodological approach, this article challenges the failure-success theoretical position through an exploration of socio-economic factors in Zimbabwe and South Africa that deter permanent return migration. The article contributes to return migration theorising by introducing a new ‘diaspora trap’ framework which argues that permanent settlement is not always voluntary. Central to this involuntary permanent settlement is the social construction of migrants as successful in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwean skilled migrants are thus entrapped in South Africa because of failure to live up to the ‘success social construct,’ and their inability to mitigate adversities in the host country.

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Hunt, Jennifer. "Are migrants more skilled than non-migrants? Repeat, return, and same-employer migrants." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d`Economique 37, no. 4 (2004): 830–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.00250.x.

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Abramitzky, Ran, Leah Boustan, and Katherine Eriksson. "To the New World and Back Again: Return Migrants in the Age of Mass Migration." ILR Review 72, no. 2 (2017): 300–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917726981.

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The authors compile large data sets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850–1913). Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held lower-paid occupations than did Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the United States, both before and after their first transatlantic migration, suggesting they were negatively selected from the migrant pool. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations relative to Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants had been able to accumulate savings and could improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.

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Pirjola, Jari. "Flights of Shame or Dignified Return? Return Flights and Post-return Monitoring." European Journal of Migration and Law 17, no. 4 (2015): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342084.

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The purpose of this article is to discuss return flights in the context of international human rights standards. What are the standards that have so far been developed by international organisations and the international monitoring bodies and how these standards have been applied in practice during return flights? Besides evolving standards, the paper discusses unclarities that need to be addressed to increase the human rights compliancy of return flights. The article also address the major shortcoming in the monitoring of the process of returning migrants and rejected asylum seekers to their home countries, namely post-return monitoring. It is argued that new opportunities that modern technology offers have not been exploited to increase the international protection of returning migrants. Post-return monitoring could increase the transparency, dignity and human rights compliance of return operations. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author.

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Galor, Oded, and Oded Stark. "Migrants' Savings, the Probability of Return Migration and Migrants' Performance." International Economic Review 31, no. 2 (1990): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2526851.

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Michaël Da Cruz. "Offshore Migrant Workers: Return Migrants in Mexico's English-Speaking Call Centers." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2018.4.1.03.

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RYAZANTSEV, Sergey, Farrukh KHONKHODZHAYEV, Sharif AKRAMOV, and Nikita RYAZANTSEV. "RETURN MIGRATION TO TAJIKISTAN: FORMS, TRENDS, CONSEQUENCES." CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS 22, no. 2 (2021): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.2.14.

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This paper aims to study the trends of labor migration (voluntary and forced) from Russia to Tajikistan and the peculiarities of the reintegration of returning migrants into Tajik society. Labor migration is the main driver of economic growth for Tajikistan and the most effective tool in the national fight against poverty. However, many migrants from Tajikistan do not have a formally documented status in Russia, which makes their predicament extremely difficult and vulnerable. One of the most sensitive measures for Tajik labor migrants was the introduction of administrative penalties through expulsion and the imposition of a massive ban on labor migrants from entering the Russian Federation. This has led to an increase in the return migration of Tajik migrants to their homeland. The article clarifies the concept of return migration, reveals the reasons for the return of labor migrants from Russia to Tajikistan and identifies the specific features of reintegration and the socio-economic situation of returning migrants in Tajikistan. The authors establish that a significant share of returning migrants have already reached retirement age after working in Russia for decades, but they do not receive a pension either in Tajikistan or in Russia. Unfortunately, as of today the Government of Tajikistan has not developed any special programs for the reintegration of returning migrants due to lack of funds and lack of experience in this area. Most returning migrants are forced to solve their problems on their own or resort to the help of their families and relatives. In fact, the government does not hold an interest in the massive return of labor migrants, since the increase in their number worsens the socio-economic situation and the general state of the labor market.

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Duci, Veronika, Elona Dhembo, and Zana Vathi. "Precarious Retirement for Ageing Albanian (Return) Migrants." Südosteuropa 67, no. 2 (2019): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2019-0015.

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Abstract Return migration and pension benefits are crucial for ageing migrants whose migration project takes a significant turn due to circumstances in the receiving country. A significant number of migrants have recently returned to Albania from Greece due to the financial crisis and are struggling to start a new life. A number of those remaining in Greece wish to retire upon return to Albania, or prefer to remain in Greece if they manage to retire there. Problems arise because of the lack of portability of social security benefits from Greece to Albania. This article looks at the policy and legal frameworks of migration and the national social security system, aiming to identify the existing gaps in the policy and legislative configurations of the two countries. It appears that significant policy inconsistencies and gaps have serious implications for ageing returned migrants and also for those remaining in the host country (Greece), indicating an urgent need to address these difficulties at a transnational policy level.

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García Hernández, Blanca Josefina, and Gerardo Suárez Barrera. "Human Capital of Mexican Return Migrants." Journal of Administrative Science 2, no. 4 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/jas.v2i4.6742.

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This proposal is the result of an investigation carried out among a group of undocumented Mexican migrants, located in the state of Texas, United States, and who, due to their immigration status, constitute a vulnerable group with the latent risk of being deported to their country of origin (COO). The purpose of the study is to offer a characterization of the Human Capital of migrants, based on information that includes age, gender, schooling, origin, family dependents, length of stay in the country of residence (COR), immigration status, occupation, health conditions, English proficiency, labor experience and skills. This profile makes it possible to identify the entrepreneurial potential that migrants can offer in the event that they return to their COO and to have the possibility of designing strategies and public policies that allow this group of people to be reintegrated into sustainable economic activities.

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Eshalomi, Henrietta. "Africa’s Return Migrants: The New Developers?" Journal of Contemporary African Studies 38, no. 3 (2020): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2020.1795090.

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Petreski, Marjan. "Return migration and health outcomes in North Macedonia." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17, no. 3 (2021): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-10-2017-0040.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold, namely, to investigate if living and working abroad influences the (subjective) health of return migrants and to understand if there are any spillovers of return-migrant members onto health conditions of the family members left behind. Design/methodology/approach To that end, this paper uses the DoTM (Development on the Move) Migration Survey 2009, as well a propensity score matching to address selectivity on observables and IV (instrumental variables) for the selectivity on unobservables. Findings Results suggest that when equalized on observables, return migrants have better health than non-migrants. However, the reverse causality channel (less healthy individuals are more inclined to return) works to attenuate the true effect of return migration on health. Results further suggest a positive spillover effect of return migration on the health of the family members left behind, being mainly driven by the work of remittances sent while abroad, and not by the returned wealth or by the health knowledge transfer. Originality/value This paper offers at least two novelty lines to contribute to the current sparse of knowledge. First, it is among the scarce papers, and probably the only quantitative one, to investigate the nexus between return migration and health outcomes. Second, it heavily dwells on the role of selectivity (both on observables and unobservables) in determining the true (causal) effect of return migration on health.

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Xhaho, Armela, and Erka Çaro. "Returning and Re-Emigrating Gendered Trajectories of (Re)Integration from Greece." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v3i1.p171-180.

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The aim of this research paper is three fold: (1) to shed some light on the struggles Albanian return migrants are facing in their psycho-social, cultural and labor market reintegration in the origin country, looking as well to the gendered trajectories of return and re-emigration(2) to highlight their gendered strategies in transferring back in their home country their financial, social and human capital;(3) to better understand the dynamic paths of their migration trajectories and finally (4) to push policy makers to put with high priority the returnees reintegration plan into the policy agenda. We base our analyze on 42 life stories of Albanian migrants, from which, 12 interviews with return migrants from Greece, 30 migrants that are actually in Greece (from which 50% have at least made an 1 attempt to return in Albania and 5 are circular migrants).The study found that: many Albanian migrants return to Albania to stay either temporary or permanently with the idea of investing in home country, though not all of them who return stay in Albania. Returnees and at a greater degree women, face lot struggles and difficulties in their psycho-social, cultural and economic reintegration upon their return, which make them mentally and psychologically vulnerable. Women experienced a sense of disempowerment, reconfiguration and re-traditionalisation of gender relationships upon their return. Labor market integration seem more problematic especially for returned women who faced a gendered gap in labor force participation . Moreover, despite migrant willingness to invest their financial and social remittances in Albania by bringing new ideas in the labor market trend, they experience a sense of disillusion. Therefore, having no support system back home, remaining jobless and in many cases failing in their investment endeavors, make returnees consider further re-emigration as a surviving strategy. This study suggest that it is time for policy makers to compile with high priority and with a gender lens analysis a new National Migration Strategy and Return Reintegration strategy, while developing concrete and coherent measures upon returnees successful reintegration in the home country. This policy research brings at the policy agenda an holistic and multidisciplinary approach to returnee reintegration through better multi- level/stakeholder collaboration and dialogue.

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Jones, Richard C., and William Breen Murray. "Occupational and Spatial Mobility of Temporary Mexican Migrants to the U.S.: A Comparative Analysis." International Migration Review 20, no. 4 (1986): 973–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000412.

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U.S. job and spatial mobility are compared here for recent returnee migrants from two Mexican areas — Rio Grande, Zacatecas, in the interior; and Nueva Rosita-Muzquiz, Coahuila, near the U.S. border. Results suggest that the interior migrants fit a hierarchical migrant model: they move up the urban hierarchy from U.S. rural areas to towns and cities, experiencing substantial job mobility at first, but little after reaching the urban sector. Border migrants fit a shuttle migrant model: they return to the same job and place year after year, experiencing little or no spatial and occupational mobility, although they tend to hold somewhat higher status jobs.

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Croitoru, Alin. "Great Expectations: A Regional Study of Entrepreneurship Among Romanian Return Migrants." SAGE Open 10, no. 2 (2020): 215824402092114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020921149.

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This article examines the main determinants for entrepreneurial activities among return migrants in a regional context within Romania. The analytical framework is based on conceptual tools provided by the intersection of entrepreneurship theory and return migration research. The study aimed to answer a set of research questions regarding migrant individuals’ probability for entrepreneurial careers upon return, and Romania constitutes a fertile European origin country for testing them. Returnees are perceived as one of the main transformational forces within the country, and great expectations are related to their entrepreneurial orientation. We test this general assumption using survey data collected from 840 returnees and several logistic regression models which included variables about employment status before the individuals’ first migration, country of destination, length of stay abroad, return reasons, use of savings, and sociodemographics. Individuals’ characteristics as well as features of the migration experiences were found to be highly relevant for predicting the chances of migrants entering into entrepreneurship upon return.

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Wang, Jianhua, and Jia Wu. "Education of Left-Behind Children and Return Decisions of Migrant Workers in China." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 6 (2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n6p36.

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This paper uses a dynamic survey data of China labor force to explore the impacts of child education on their parents’ return decisions by means of constructing an empirical model. The migration situation of children is the basis for us to distinguish the sample migrant workers. And those migrants who migrate with their children and those who leave their children behind in their hometowns are the two types of migrants among this model which we will analyze in urban areas. The results show that the probability for migrant workers in urban areas to return to hometowns will significantly increase when their children are left behind at home. While these parents tend to stay in the cities which they work and live in when their left-behind children enter the school age. The data we use is from the China Labor Force Dynamics Survey and we establish a model to analyze the effects of left-behind children. The empirical results show that the probability for migrants to return to their hometowns will decrease by 20.8 % when their left-behind children enter the school age. To a large extent, the emergence of such a huge contrast may be the result of the optimal decision-making of migrant workers. And the phenomenon of large-scale “migrant worker shortage” caused by such mechanism has intensified in the labor market of coastal cities. And most of these cities have implemented relevant stringent admission policies for migrant children to receive education in urban public schools and this break the intentions of the immigrant parents who plan to take the left-behind children to the cities to receive education in local schools. And these immigrants choose to return in the case of decline of the family net income.

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Bilgili, Özge, and Melissa Siegel. "To return permanently or to return temporarily? Explaining migrants’ intentions." Migration and Development 6, no. 1 (2015): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1088241.

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Sinatti, Guilia. "Home is Where the Heart Abides Migration, return and housing in Dakar, Senegal." Open House International 34, no. 3 (2009): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2009-b0006.

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The increased interconnectedness and possibilities for travel and communication that characterise the current, global age have strongly affected scholarly ways of understanding contemporary forms of identification and belonging. Literature on the subject strongly challenges the notion of home as a fixed place, particularly where migration is concerned. The case study of Senegalese migration, however, contrasts this argument. Based upon ethnographic research and in depth interviews with migrants conducted in Senegal and in Italy between 2004 and 2007, this article shows that for many Senegalese the ultimate home still remains strongly identified with the country of origin. Questioned on the issue at stake, Senegalese migrants unanimously express the eventual goal of return to the home-land. The perceived importance of an anchorage in Senegal is expressed even more strikingly than in words, in the practices of migrant investment in housing. Migrants invest massively in the home country, significantly altering the landscape of local cities. This article shows that the intensity and features of construction activities undertaken by migrants in the capital city of Dakar are provoking a veritable process of urban makeover, which is transforming the physiognomy of the built environment. Alongside transforming the landscape of many peripheral neighbourhoods by altering mainstream architectural features of buildings and importing Western styles and taste in local construction practices, migrants are also contributing towards the creation of new symbols of success.

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Suyanto. "Job Shift of The Indonesian International Return Migrant in Central Java Province." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207036.

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This study aims to explain: (i) shift jobs in Indonesian International Return Migrant (IIRM) between before and after becoming a international migrant; (ii) migrant jobs in the destination country and after returning to Indonesia; and (iii) duration of time as IIRM and number of countries of work. This study uses a theoretical framework of needs and stress theory. This study uses survey design and case studies and selected the location of studies in the Central Java. The determination of the sample size of this study uses the Krejcie and Morgan techniques. Based on the calculation results, the number of respondents in this study was 313 respondents. The number of informants for this study was 60 people. Data collection uses structured interview methods, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Data analysis uses descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. The analysis showed that a significant shift in migrant worker occurred in the employment of labor who switched to trade, before working abroad as much as 22.7% to 9.3% and the trade sector from 4.8% to 20.4%, in addition to the agricultural sector (8.6% to 11.8%) and services (2.9% to 6.1%). The duration of time for migrants working abroad for more than 4 years is 50.8%. The main objective of international migration for Indonesian migrants is Southeast Asia, 38% and second, East Asia, which is almost 29%. The employment sector that absorbs the most labor in various destination countries is domestic work (69%), which includes 60% of domestic work (household work) and 8% in nursing homes. In addition, migrants work in the plantation sector, which is 6.5%. These three jobs are known as smelly, heavy and dangerous (S.H.D) or in Indonesia as bau, berat, bahaya (3B), which are usually a relatively for work force segment of low education.

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Parr, Angélique. "Understanding the motivations for return migration in Australia." Australian Population Studies 3, no. 1 (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v3i1.43.

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Background Return migration is often overlooked by traditional analyses of internal migration. Why people return has received even less scrutiny. Relatively few migrants make a return move, so there is clearly something noteworthy about these people and their circumstances that trigger such a move.Aims This paper explores why people make return moves in Australia. Data and methods Migration histories were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews; content analysis of interview transcripts was undertaken.Results People return for a wider range of reasons than is indicated by neoclassical economic theory. Some of the moves are linked to significant life events such as post-school education and employment. Returns also occur for less tangible factors such as amenity and climate, connections to family, friends and the extent to which a place “feels like home” are equally important.Conclusions A broader explanatory framework is required to explain why people return. The integration of migrant stories into more traditional migration analyses enriches the story of internal migration.

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Kopliku, Bresena. "Re-adjustment in the home country – The effects of return migration and transnationalism." Research in Social Change 11, no. 1 (2019): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rsc-2019-0003.

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Abstract This paper analyses how returned and transnational migrants can affect development and social change in the home country. It focuses on the Shkodra Region in Albania. Returnees and transnational migrants use the financial and social capital acquired during migration as mechanisms to readjust in their home country, while at the same time affecting development and social change. The paper deals with a specific returnees’ group, entrepreneur-returnees, and raises some main research questions: How is the social and cultural capital gained during migration used while setting up new enterprises? In what scale does this capital determine the success of the undertaking? Acting as agents of development, these migrants have taken advantage of their migration experience, especially in the opening of new enterprises. This process has also involved the non-migrant population through the introduction of new employment possibilities and the transmission of new ideas and knowledge.

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Ruget, Vanessa, and Burul Usmanalieva. "Social and Political Transnationalism Among Central Asian Migrants and Return Migrants." Problems of Post-Communism 58, no. 6 (2011): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ppc1075-8216580604.

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Galor, Oded, and Oded Stark. "The probability of return migration, migrants' work effort, and migrants' performance." Journal of Development Economics 35, no. 2 (1991): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(91)90058-4.

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Makina, Daniel. "Determinants of Migrantsâ€™ Savings in the Host Country: Empirical Evidence of Migrants living in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, no. 1 (2014): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i1.470.

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The paper uses a data set of Zimbabwean migrants living in South Africa to investigate the saving behaviour they exhibit in the host country. Having observed that these migrants comprise those that do save in the host country and those that do not save at all, the paper employs a Tobit function that is capable of modelling the savings level as function of migrant characteristics. The results observed are that the level of migrant savings in the host country is positively related to migrant income level, return migration intentions, number of dependents in the host country, remittance level and access to banking services, and is negatively related to the age of the migrant, number of dependents in the home country, migrant length of stay, migrant legal status, and frequency of home visits. Interestingly, the savings behaviour of migrants in the host country mirrors the remittance behaviour in many respects.

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Koomson-Yalley, Elizabeth. "Information Sharing and Decision-Making: Attempts by Ghanaian Return Migrants to Enter through Libya." Social Inclusion 9, no. 1 (2021): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i1.3706.

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This article examines the relationship between irregular migration, access to information and migration decisions. Using semi-structured interviews of thirty irregular return migrants who failed to reach their European destinations through Libya, I show that irregular return migrants from Ghana rely predominantly on interpersonal sources, including colleagues, neighbors, friends and relatives, for information on migration. Return migrants seek information from those who have relevant experience with that kind of migration. Existing research focuses on information from ‘formal’ sources such as traditional print media, social media, library or workshops. Here I argue that this focus on access to information conceals the activities and practices of irregular return migrants who perceive European destinations as ‘greener pastures’ and seek information to travel through dangerous routes. Most irregular return migrants interviewed in this study indicated they had access to information from ‘informal’ sources often shared as ‘jokes.’ Although irregular return migrants perceive the information they gather through their everyday activities as reliable, their interactions involve complex and unstructured social processes.

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Zulfiu Alili, Merita, Nick Adnett, and Teuta Veseli-Kurtishi. "The Determinants of the Employment Status of Return Migrants in Albania." Migration Letters 16, no. 4 (2019): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i4.802.

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Return migration may be associated with the addition of new human capital, entrepreneurial skills and investment funds in the country of origin. The size of these stimuli will likely depend upon the characteristics of the return migrants and the motivation for their return. This paper presents an analysis of the determinants of the probability of Albanian return migrants being in employment. This study examines the role of the socio-demographic characteristics of returning migrants; their experience while abroad and the motivations for their return. The results suggest that being male, holding a university degree, being unemployed before returning and receiving training while abroad increase the probability of finding a job after return. The higher probability of returnees being in employment or self-employment indicates that the overall benefits to the economy of return migrants may be much larger than previously thought. Facilitating or accelerating the social integration and employability of return migrants to Albania could encourage more emigrants to return and provide a further boost to its economy.

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Herwanti, Hj Titiek. "PENGARUH PENDAPATAN, LAMA KERJA DAN STATUS FAMILI TERHADAP REMITAN TENAGA KERJA WANITA PROPINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 15, no. 1 (2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2011.v15.i1.2281.

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This research took place in West Praya subdistrict (Mangkung Village), Jonggat subdistrict (Puyung Village). All places was in Central Lombok Region, West Nusa Tenggara Province. The objective of this research is to know the factors that influence the number of remittance including it’s contribution toward household income, the changes of attitude according to environmetal perception and working ethos and also to know the influence of workers mobility toward the sustainable development in their region. This research have 90 respondents. 30 respondents represent return migrants, 30 respondents represent potensial migrants and 30 respondents respresent household migrant. The data of income, working period, and family’s status is taken from labor department. The result of this research shows that the income factors of destination country, working period and family’s status, influence the numbers of remittance. The income of household migrant and return migrants (which are 75,73% and 76,74%) increased because of the workers mobility. This situation also can bring positvef influence toward the environmental perception and working ethos, as well as giving contribute to sustainable development in their region

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Handlos, Line Neerup, Jorgen Holm Petersen, Ib Christian Bygbjerg, and Marie Norredam. "Role of disease and demographic factors as determinants of return migration: A nationwide register-based cohort study." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 2 (2017): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817731008.

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Aims: A number of aspects of the health status of migrants who return to their country of origin have been explored in the literature; however, a more general description of the incidence of disease and demographic characteristics is lacking. The aim of this research was to contribute such a description. Methods: A nationwide cohort study was conducted of 114,331 migrants who obtained residence in Denmark between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2010. Demographic characteristics and ten disease groups were included as explanatory variables and hazards ratios for the association between return migration and disease incidence, as well as demographic characteristics, were estimated using Cox regressions. Results: The tendency to return-migrate when ill was not the same among younger and elderly migrants; migrants <55 years of age had a significantly smaller propensity to return-migrate if they had suffered from a disease during the 18 years of follow-up compared with those who had not had a disease, whereas migrants ≥55 years of age were more prone to return if ill. The likelihood of returning decreased with increasing comorbidity in both age groups. Among those who were <55 years of age, the tendency to return increased with age at obtainment of residence; among those who were ≥55 years, more men than women return-migrated. Conclusions: In Denmark, younger migrants are less inclined to return-migrate if they are ill compared with healthy migrants, whereas elderly migrants are more inclined to return if ill. The returnees also differ demographically from non-returnees in various ways.

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Koikkalainen, Saara, Ritva Linnakangas, and Asko Suikkanen. "Does International Migration Pay Off? The Labor Market Situation of Finnish Return Migrants Based on Longitudinal Register Data." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 6, no. 4 (2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v6i4.5612.

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International mobility is a form of flexible labor market adaptation available for young Nordic nationals who have the privilege of relatively easy return if life abroad does not work out. The article considers mobility as a labor market transition and examines the pre- and post-migration situation of two Finnish return migrant groups—those who lived abroad in 1999 and in 2004—based on longitudinal register data. It considers the consequences of return for an individual migrant: is it a form of failure in labor market integration in the country of destination or rather a sign of success whereby the skills, resources, and experiences gained abroad are brought back to the country of origin. Migrants who leave Finland nowadays often opt to move to other Nordic countries and are younger, more educated, and have a better socio-economic status than previous migrant generations. The article demonstrates that international migration does not deteriorate the returnees’ labor market status. While re-entry into the Finnish labor market may take some time and flexibility, mobility seems to pay off and have beneficial consequences: return migrants earn higher taxable incomes and have lower unemployment rates than their peers who only stayed in the national labor markets..

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Mohabir, Nalini, Yanpeng Jiang, and Renfeng Ma. "Chinese floating migrants: Rural-urban migrant labourers' intentions to stay or return." Habitat International 60 (February 2017): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.008.

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Donato, Katharine M., Erin R. Hamilton, and Anthony Bernard-Sasges. "Gender and Health in Mexico: Differences between Returned Migrants and Nonmigrants." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 684, no. 1 (2019): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219857964.

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This study considers gender differences in the health of Mexican migrants who return to Mexico from the United States, and Mexican nonmigrants. We use health data before and after migration to examine disparities in women’s and men’s childhood and adult health, comparing returned migrants and nonmigrants in Mexico. Using data on more than 14,000 household heads and their spouses interviewed between 2007 and 2016 in the Mexican Migration Project, we find evidence of only a few gendered patterns of health among migrants. Specifically, women migrants are more positively selected on height than are male migrants. We also find a stronger, positive association between migration and smoking among women: although women are less likely to smoke than men, the difference is smaller among returned migrants than among nonmigrants. In contrast, we find no evidence that the positive migrant selection on self-rated health at age 14, or negative migrant selection on emotional disorders, varies by gender, or that there is an association among migration and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease.

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Borodak, Daniela, and Matloob Piracha. "Occupational Choice of Return Migrants in Moldova." Eastern European Economics 49, no. 4 (2011): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/eee0012-8775490402.

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Labrianidis, Lois, and Brikena Kazazi. "Albanian Return-migrants from Greece and Italy." European Urban and Regional Studies 13, no. 1 (2006): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776406060828.

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Lianos, Theodore, and Anastasia Pseiridis. "On the occupational choices of return migrants." Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 21, no. 2 (2009): 155–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985620802176187.

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Gorodetska, Galyna. "Ukrainian migrants in Spain: settlement or return?" Ukrainian society 2013, no. 2 (2013): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2013.02.025.

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The article examines the driving force and the effects of staying of Ukrainian immigrants in Spain. Do they intend to return to Ukraine? And whether planning to build their lives in Spain? Through the prism of such factors as employment in the labor market in Spain, the presence/absence of a family in a new country, the situation in Ukraine, and access to various social services offered by the country of immigration, is shown Ukrainian migrant future choice.

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Wei, Xuan, and Honggen Zhu. "Return migrants’ entrepreneurial decisions in rural China." Asian Population Studies 16, no. 1 (2020): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2020.1718358.

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