Academic literature on the topic 'Returning interest'

Traveling is a necessary thing in everyday life, traveling on a tour can eliminate boredom and can remember thoughts of everyday problems. A good tourist spot will greatly affect the desire to make a visit on that tour, and a good tourist spot will be interesting to make a repeat visit on that tour. The research aims to see the effect of service influence, tourism image, tourist attraction and promotion partially and simultaneously on the interests of visiting tourists. This research uses quantitative methods. Sampling combines accidental sampling and purposive sampling, involving 97 tourists as respondents. Data processing using multiple linear regression with IMB 22 statistical tools: The results of data analysis show that service quality (X1) does not have a significant effect on the interest of returning tourists with a significant value of 0.394> 0.05. The results of data analysis show that the tourism image ( X2) has a significant effect on the interest of returning tourists with a significant value of 0.000 <0.05. The results of data analysis show that tourist attraction (X3) has a significant effect on the interest of returning tourists with a significant value of 0.031 <0.05, the results of data analysis show that Promotion (X4) has a significant effect on the interest of returning tourists with a significant value of
 0.022 <0.05 on testing service quality, tourism image, tourist attraction, promotion is able to influence the interest of returning visits simultaneously where the significance value is 0.000 <0.05.

This research was conducted to find out whether there is an influence of attraction and facilities on interest in returning to Sipinsur Geosite Tourism. This research used quantitative methods, the population in this study was 252,601 people. Data processing uses the SPSS 20 program. The results of the research show that: (1) partial attractiveness has a positive and significant influence of 19.7% on interest in returning to visit, (2) partial facilities have a positive and significant influence of 63.5% on interest in returning to visit, (3) Attraction and facilities together have a positive and significant influence on interest in returning to visit. The adjusted coefficient of determination (Adjused R2) is 0.821, which means that the variables Attraction and Facilities are able to contribute to the influence of interest in returning to visit by 82.1% while the remaining 17.9% is determined by other variables outside this research model. This shows that there are still other variables that explain Intention to Revisit.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Marketing Mix and Destination Imagery on the Interest of Returning Tourists in Selo Park Jatikalen Nganjuk. The study sample was taken as many as 100 respondents from visitors to Selo Park Jatikalen Nganjuk. The analytical tools used in this study are instrument analysis, validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test, multiple linear analysis and hypothesis testing. The results showed that the influence of the Marketing Mix had a significantly positive effect on the interest of returning tourists to Selo Park. The results showed that the influence of Citra Destination had a significant positive effect on the interest of returning tourists to Selo Park. Both of these variables also affect together the Interest of Revisiting Selo Park attractions.Based on the results of this study, the manager of Selo Park tourism object can increase the Interest of Tourist Return Visit by increasing the Marketing Mix and Destination Image variable, because the increasing of these two variables is increasing the Interest of Selo Park Tourist Returning Visit.

Purpose : this research aims to determine the influence of interior design and service quality on interest in returning to Cafe Arabica Central Park Mall. Research Methods : this research is a type of quantitative research and uses a questionnaire as a data collection technique. The sample used was 80 people selected using purposive sampling technique. The analytical method used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, T Test, and F Test. Results and discussion : The results of this study show that there is a significant partial or individual influence between interior design variables and service quality on interest in returning visits. Apart from that, it can also be seen that there is a significant influence between interior design variables and service quality simultaneously on interest in returning to visit. Interior design is related to creating a room or shop atmosphere that can influence and create an image in the mind of a visitor that influences the buyer's emotions, and generates or influences interest in visiting. In addition, the level of visitor satisfaction depends on the quality of service. Service companies really depend on service quality because it will influence visiting interest. Implication : It is hoped that the contents of this research for the Arabica Central Park Mall Cafe can become a reference for assessing consumers' interest in returning to the cafe and also become an input for improving the quality of service and implementing better types of design as time goes by in order to increase the level of interest in returning to visit. towards Arabica Cafe Central Park Mall.

This research aims to analyze and determine the influence of tourist attractions, facilities and service quality on interest in returning to the Taman Mini Indonesia Indah area, Jakarta. The population in this study were visitors to Taman Mini Indonesia Indah who had visited 2 or more times. The sample used in this research was 240 respondents, calculated based on the Hair Formula. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The sampling method in this research is NonProbability Sampling with the technique used is Purposive sampling. The data collection method in this research uses a survey method, with the research instrument being an online questionnaire via Google Form. The data analysis method used in this research is statistical analysis in the form of SEM-PLS (Partial Least Square) version 3.0. The results of this research show that the tourist attraction variable has a positive and significant effect on interest in returning to visit. The facility variable has a positive and significant effect on interest in returning to visit and the service quality variable has a positive and significant effect on interest in returning to visit.Keyword: Tourist Attration, Facilities, Service quality, Interest in Revisiting

The aim of the research is the systematic search of promotion and quality of service with interest to visit tourist objects. This article is a systematic search that collects data from relevant indexed journals in Indonesia. These findings are discussed in a theoretical study so as to produce a conclusion. This article draws the conclusion that in the current era, the use of the right marketing strategy is very important because many new attractions are emerging as competitors. Applying the right marketing strategy will bring tourists and make tourists who have visited have an interest to visit again. The interest in revisiting is the encouragement of someone to carry out a visit to the destination that was visited. The regional tourism industry pays attention to the duties and functions of the promotion department and service quality in planning and implementing strategies that optimize a tourist interest. The quality of service within these institutions and local governments in the field of tourism is very closely related and has a strong influence on the tourism industry. There are promotion factors and service quality, connected with the interest of the local government in tourists visiting directly or indirectly, thus affecting the development of industries in the region. The attitude of the local government directly influences the visit of domestic and foreign tourists, then indirectly the situation and stable conditions in political, economic and security developments. The contribution of this research is to study theories about promotion and service quality with an interest in visiting tourist objects.

The discovery of phenomena related to visitor experiences regarding Generation Z's interest in returning to the Linggai Park tourist attraction is the main reasons for conducting this research. The goals of the research is to analyze how interest in returning to visit is influenced by the visitor's experience. A survey method combined with a causal associative quantitative methodology is used in this kind of research to investigate cause and effect. The population is generation Z visitors to the Linggai Park tourist attraction. 337 respondents in all were selected for this study utilizing the purposive sampling approach, a non-probability sampling methodology.. The questionnaire employed as a data collection instrument is evaluated for validity and reliability using the Likert scale. SPSS 20.00 and Smart PLS 3.0 were utilized to handle research data. This research indicate that the outcomes of visitor experiences have a significant influence on Generation Z's interest in returning to the Linggai Park tourist attraction.

The Kayutangan Heritage Area is one of the areas with cultural, historical, and architectural heritage in Malang City that has the potential to attract tourists. However, as time went by, the Kayutangan area began to fade and become less attractive due to both physically and non-physically. After the realignment, this area returned to life as an economic center and historical and cultural tourism. This research aims to identify factors that influence tourists' interest in returning to the Kayutangan Heritage Area. The sampling technique was accidental sampling. The data collection technique used in this research was a field survey with a questionnaire. The analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression using IBM-SPSS Statistics 26. The research results showed that the variables of attraction, accessibility, and amenities simultaneously had a significant effect on tourists' intention to revisit. Partially, the attractiveness and accessibility variables have a significant effect on tourists' interest in returning to visit, but the amenities variable does not have a significant effect on tourists' interest in returning to visit.

Monkey Forest menjadi salah satu DTW yang sangat populer di Bali khususnya kawasan Ubud, hal tersebut dapat diketahui berdasarkan pada jumlah kunjungan wisatawan yang bisa dikatakan tinggi, dimana di tahun 2022 DTW Monkey Forest mendapat jumlah kunjungan sebesar 757,829, yang mana sebagian besar didominasi oleh wisatawan mancanegara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: 1) pengaruh motivasi terhadap minat wisatawan domestik untuk kembali ke DTW Monkey Forest; 2) pengaruh persepsi terhadap minat wisatawan domestik untuk kembali ke DTW Monkey Forest; dan 3) pengaruh gabungan motivasi dan persepsi terhadap minat wisatawan untuk kembali ke DTW Monkey Forest. Purposive sampling dipadukan dengan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif dalam penelitian ini. Untuk metode pengumpulan data digunakan tinjauan pustaka dan penyebaran kuesioner kepada 100 responden. Uji validitas serta reliabilitas sebagai uji instrumen, kemudian uji deskriptif, asumsi klasik, serta regresi linier berganda sebagai analisis data. Pengujian ini menunjukkan hasil antara lain: 1) Motivasi berpengaruh pada Minat Berkunjung Kembali ke Monkey Forest, 2) Persepsi mempengaruhi Minat Berkunjung Kembali ke Monkey Forest, 3) Motivasi dan Persepsi secara simultan memberi pengaruh yang positif terhadap Minat Berkunjung kembali ke Monkey Forest. Dengan variabel (X) mempunyai pengaruh sebanyak 61% kemudian 39% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain. Monkey Forest is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bali, especially the Ubud area, this can be seen based on the number of tourist visits which can be said to be high. where in 2022 tourist attraction Monkey Forest received a total of 757,829 visits, most of which are dominated by foreign tourists. The purpose of this study was to determine: 1) the influence of motivation on domestic tourists' interest in returning to tourist attraction Monkey Forest; the influence of perception on domestic tourists' interest in returning to tourist attraction Monkey Forest; and 3) the combined effect of motivation and perception on tourists' interest in returning to tourist attraction Monkey Forest. Purposive sampling is combined with a quantitative descriptive approach in this study. As methods for gathering data, a literature review and the distribution of questionnaires to 100 respondents were used. Validity and reliability tests were used for instrument analysis, and descriptive analysis, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression analysis were used for data analysis. This examination shows the outcomes include: 1) Motivation influences interest in returning to Monkey Forest, 2) Perception influences interest in returning to Monkey Forest 3) Motivation dan Perception influences interest in returning to Monkey Forest. With the variable (X) having a 61% influence and the remaining 39% being influenced by other variables.

Super Priority Destinations (DSP) are one of the efforts of the Government of Indonesia through the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy to increase tourism in Indonesia. One of the DSPs is Likupang in North Minahasa Regency. Revisit Intention is the main goal of tourism managers. The purpose of this research is to look at the factors that influence Revisit Intention at the Likupang DSP. From the results of multiple regression analysis, it is obtained that Customer Experience and Social Media Marketing have a significant influence on Revisit Intention. Tourism managers, in this case the Provincial and Regency Governments and related agencies, need to pay attention to the experiences that can be obtained by tourists, as well as maximize Social Media as an effective marketing tool to increase Revisit Intention to Likupang Super Priority Destinations.

A closed-loop economy involves a new approach to the production of goods and the culture of their consumption. It reduces the environmental impact on the environment, supports and restores natural ecosystems by returning waste to economic circulation. The promotion of a closed-loop economy is primarily facilitated by government institutions with tools to create favorable tax, legislative, institutional, financial and credit environments for the development of new business models, to support initiatives in production and management in accordance with the principles of circular economy. The monograph presents images of a circular future and analyzes the content of a closed-loop economy in the context of socio-ecological and economic relations with an emphasis on the expansion of transformative innovations. It can be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the problems of circular economy and sustainable development, as well as teachers, graduate students and students of economics.

Thousands of American service members are returning from their tours of duty with physical and/or psychological disabilities. Many—if not most—of these service members will need at least some assistance to adapt to their disabilities and learn how to reintegrate back into civilian life. Also impacted will be the spouse, friends, employers, family members, counselors, and community members of each veteran with a disability. The veterans may not be aware of the ways in which their disabilities are impacting them, nor knowledgeable about the resources available to help them cope. In addition, many such individuals feel isolated and reluctant to acknowledge their difficulties or ask for assistance. The volume compiles and summarizes the information disabled veterans and those with whom they interact will be interested in knowing and using. It describes how disabilities can impact an individual physically, psychologically, and spiritually. It also provides a context of these disabilities to reassure the readers that they are not alone in the thoughts, feelings, and pain, and that others have experienced the same problems and found solutions. The work provides guidance on different forms of treatment that may help the veteran and includes a list of contact information for local VA centers, peer-to-peer counseling services, and other programs, services, and individuals available (frequently for free) for veterans and their families. Brief biographies of disabled veterans and case studies of the ways they reintegrated back into civilian society provide support and perspective. In addition to aiding veterans, the book will serve as a useful reference source for librarians and other information providers.

The driving force behind this textbook was recognition of the increasing need for more consolidated information on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). During the past decade, may of the contributors to this book have seen an increasing number of individuals returning from military deployment suffering from PTSD, alongside the rising use and interest in CAM. This increased interest has led to significant strides forward in research, including some attention devoted to various CAM modalities. When looking across the clinical and research landscape, it was an easy decision to move forward with a project dedicated to consolidating the growing wealth of current information on CAM and PTSD. The hope is that this book provides easily digestible information that assists clinicians, advocates, patients, and students in their pursuit of better understanding of this important and growing topic.

This chapter demonstrates how, for Staël, the anticipation of a new state of affairs in Paris was not just a matter of general interest but carried immediate consequences for her own future plans and prospects. During her exile she had occasionally imagined herself beginning a new life elsewhere: in England with Narbonne; in Germany or Denmark with her new lover, Adolphe Ribbing; or even in America, where Necker had acquired some landed property. However, her real ambitions remained firmly focused upon the chances of returning to Paris and to the heart of French politics. Characteristically, while it was far from clear on what terms this return might be possible, she anticipated events, making a symbolic comeback with the timely publication of a provocative work.

This book explains how a creditor of an insolvent debtor can take priority over other creditors by claiming a proprietary interest in assets held by the debtor, and concentrates on the circumstances in which proprietary interests are created by operation of law or are implied from the arrangements between the parties. This is a subject of particular importance and difficulty in common law systems because of the changeable nature of equitable proprietary interests, and this book provides a clear and structured explanation of the current state of the law, with detailed reference to case law from England and Wales as well as Commonwealth jurisprudence, and suggests how it might be clarified and simplified by returning to first principles. The new edition considers a number of important developments which pertain to proprietary rights and insolvency. It evaluates the key decision of the Supreme Court in FHR European Ventures v Cedar Capital Partners. Although this has settled the question of whether constructive trusts extend to bribes, it has raised more general issues regarding the approach of the courts to the imposition of proprietary remedies, which the book explores. It also covers recent Privy Council and Court of Appeal decisions concerning constructive notice (Credit Agricole v Papadimitrou, Central Bank of Ecuador v Conticorp, and SFO v Lexi), as well as interesting issues concerning the new status of intangibles (Armstrong v Winnington) and the status of the anti-deprivation rule (Belmont Park v BNY). Proprietary Rights and Insolvency is a lucid and practical reference source on insolvency and property law.

The Channel Country is of special interest because its extreme aridity is disrupted unpredictably by summer monsoonal rains, causing massive flooding, and is followed by prodigious growth of plants and reproduction of animals, before returning to daunting conditions of drought. Yet, it is a region teeming with life, both plant and animal, possessing unusual capacities for existing there. It is also a region favoured by hardy pastoralists and their livestock, who have learned to coexist with this harsh climate. 
 In Meanderings in the Bush, the authors describe their many adventures and misadventures in the region, with its climate, its animals and its human inhabitants. They also discuss results of their research which reveals some of the secrets for survival of many of the native animals, including marsupials, rodents, birds and the remarkable desert crab. These studies are cast in the light of both the prehistoric and historic records of the Lake Eyre Basin, including the probable impacts of changing and/or stable climates, Aboriginal occupation, later European pastoral development and the influences of introduced exotic mammals.

This timely, readable text offers an authoritative and balanced analysis of how racially driven policies in America impact post release education as a leading pathway to social reintegration. Compelling research findings from an assemblage of college faculty, seasoned administrators, and criminal justice professionals are interwoven with first-person narratives from formerly incarcerated individuals. This book takes full advantage of its interdisciplinary mixture of voices and positionality to build its argument upon a three-part framework from Critical Race Theory (CRT). It convincingly utilizes the tools of academic research, counterstories, and counterspaces to make a persuasive case that the intersection of race, the criminal justice system, and education represent one of the greatest civil rights issues of our time. Part 1, “Context, Critical Race Theory and College Re-Entry,” explores the historical and current dynamics of these uniquely American intersections while linking Critical Race Theory with the field of re-entry and offering serious analysis of post incarceration and education initiatives. Interest convergence, white privilege, and writing from returning citizens as a way of “coming to voice” are also explored in this section. Part 2, “Counterstories,” offers case, comparative case, and phenomenological studies that include embedded quotations with first-person narratives contributed from formerly incarcerated students and graduates. This section also includes an honest and gripping analytic auto-ethnography from the book’s co-editor who readily reveals his experiences as both a faculty member and formerly incarcerated individual. Other highlighted topics include the issues of stigma, overcoming obstacles in the classroom, and the unique problems for returning citizens when acclimating to college culture. Combining qualitative research and descriptions of successful programs Part 3,“Counterspaces,” explores the dynamics of creating places within programs and classrooms that support physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual engagement for and with the formerly incarcerated through learner-centered, culturally sensitive, and racially explicit pedagogy. This book is designed to be a most welcome addition to any serious academic discussion focusing upon institutionalized racism and education’s use as a tool in reversing the mass incarceration of people of color in America.

This collection brings together an interdisciplinary team of historians, classicists, philosophers, and theologians for a holistic exploration of the thought of Gregory of Nyssa. Topics covered—some here examined for the first time—include: Gregory’s role in the main philosophical and religious controversies of his era, such as his ecclesiastical involvement in the Neo-Nicene apologetical movement; his complex relationships—for example with his brother Basil of Caesarea and with Gregory of Nazianzus; Gregory’s debt to Origen, but also the divergence between the two thinkers, and their relationships to Platonism; his wider philosophy and metaphysics; deep questions in philosophy of language such as the nature of predication and singular terms that inform our understanding of Gregory’s thought; the role of metaphysical concepts such as the nature of powers and identity; the nature of the soul, and connection to theological issues such as resurrection; questions that are still of interest in the philosophy of religion today, such as divine impassibility and the nature of the Trinity; returning to more immediately humane concerns, Gregory also has profound thoughts on topics such as vulnerability and self-direction. All of this paints a picture of Gregory as a groundbreaking philosopher-theologian.

More than 100 contributors from across the United States, all recognized experts in their fields, present information on the vast racial and ethnic health disparities, as well as approaches that can be used to reduce or eliminate these disparities. Chapters address topics from heart health, hypertension, diabetes, asthma and lung disease, and HIV/AIDS to alcohol and drug abuse, infant mortality, nutrition and exercise. Presents state-of-the-art information in a manner free of confusing jargon, making this accessible to a casual user, yet still helpful to students, scholars, and researchers. Chapters also address disparities in reproductive health, life expectancy and access to health care. Chapter authors include professionals and professors with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Harvard University, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Pennsylvania State University. This expansion of Dr. Livingston's first edition of the handbook includes a doubling of the text, with 20 new chapters and complete updates revising the 27 returning chapters. These volumes will be of special interest to those in fields including public health, medicine, health psychology, health policy, and medical sociology.

AbstractLinear temporal logic (LTL) is a specification language for finite sequences (called traces) widely used in program verification, motion planning in robotics, process mining, and many other areas. We consider the problem of learning formulas in fragments of LTL without the $$\mathbf {U}$$ U -operator for classifying traces; despite a growing interest of the research community, existing solutions suffer from two limitations: they do not scale beyond small formulas, and they may exhaust computational resources without returning any result. We introduce a new algorithm addressing both issues: our algorithm is able to construct formulas an order of magnitude larger than previous methods, and it is anytime, meaning that it in most cases successfully outputs a formula, albeit possibly not of minimal size. We evaluate the performances of our algorithm using an open source implementation against publicly available benchmarks.

AbstractIn model-driven engineering, runtime monitoring of systems with complex dynamic structures is typically performed via a runtime model capturing a snapshot of the system state: the model is represented as a graph and properties of interest as graph queries which are evaluated over the model online. For temporal properties, history-aware runtime models encode a trace of timestamped snapshots, which is monitored via temporal graph queries. In this case, the query evaluation needs to consider that a trace may be incomplete, thus future changes to the model may affect current answers. So far there is no formal foundation for query-based monitoring over runtime models encoding incomplete traces.In this paper, we present a systematic and formal treatment of incomplete traces. First, we introduce a new definite semantics for a first-order temporal graph logic which only returns answers if no future change to the model will affect them. Then, we adjust the query evaluation semantics of a querying approach we previously presented, which is based on this logic, to the definite semantics of the logic. Lastly, we enable the approach to keep to its efficient query evaluation technique, while returning (the more costly) definite answers.

AbstractOf all professional groups, the nurses at the Walker Unit have, undoubtedly, the greatest contact with patients. Much of this contact is informal, through supervision of activities of daily living and unstructured time. Nursing staff are the guardians for maintaining environmental safety and undertake searches of young people returning to the unit and regular environmental searches to ensure young people have no access to implements used for self-harming. Responding to duress alarms and the emergency administration of parenteral medication is also a common occurrence. Various ways of coordinating care have been trialled. In an effort to increase the likelihood patients will interact with a familiar nurse, the Walker Unit presently organises the nursing workforce into three teams that are allocated specific patients.

AbstractEach of the parties involved in labour recruitment in Southern Africa had their own agendas. The mines’ recruiting agency wanted an expanded recruiting zone to guarantee a supply of labour. The British Colonial Office and its administrations wanted not only to collect the revenue that came from contracting labour to the mines but also to protect native interests. The Southern Rhodesian government wanted to give its mines and white farms access to cheap labour. The ILO was keen to promote labour rights and work safety. The South African government supported the mining houses; it also wanted to channel mine rejects onto farms in the Transvaal. During those contests for authority, the interests of the Nyasaland government and the mining houses often coincided. Those of Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia rarely did. While there were constant references to returning miners suffering from tuberculosis in low-level correspondence, the risks to miners’ health from silicosis and tuberculosis were seldom mentioned in high-level meetings and documents. This chapter details some of the complex negotiations, with particular focus on the lifting of the ban on recruitment of tropical labour in 1938, and negotiations with the ILO and UN after the Second World War. Throughout, the superior negotiating power of the mining houses and their recruiting agency is highlighted.

AbstractNew Caledonia has been under French tutelage from 1853. From the early-twentieth-century local parties have sought increasing autonomy, and some, mainly indigenous Kanaks, independence, culminating in a civil war in the 1980s. The 1988 Matignon-Oudinot Accords ended the violence and, together with the 1998 Nouméa Accord, delayed a promised independence referendum by 30 years, in return for increased autonomy with scheduled handovers of certain responsibilities by France, and more equitable distribution of nickel returns, in a common destiny across communities. The final, self-determination phase of these agreements is now formally complete, with three independence referendums held in 2018, 2020, and 2021. The first two votes, returning a slim and narrowing majority for staying with France, revealed the continuing deep ethnic divide over independence. A call for nonparticipation by indigenous leaders, after the devastating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on their communities, widely heeded, effectively nullified the political effect of the final December 2021 vote, again favouring staying with France. Independence leaders are now calling for another vote. This paper reviews the historical context, the next steps, and key issues in the ongoing self-determination process, including issues engaging important geostrategic interests for France and, briefly, some implications for the South Pacific region.

AbstractCassava is currently the fourth most important food production crop in tropical and developing countries. Cassava root and its by-products are the main source of calories for the diets of 800 million people in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. Over the past 20 years, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) and collaborators have been developing innovations for the use and postharvest processing of cassava. These technologies have been transferred and disseminated to technicians, entrepreneurs, producers, and processors of cassava from several African countries. This South-South cooperation has been conducted in Brazil through short trainings, workshops, and technical visits requested by national R&D institutions, cooperatives, cassava producers, and processors associations and sponsored by international agencies and foundations. In this chapter, we present an overview of the technology transfer activities of Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura carried out for Africa, focusing on technological innovations that result in products and by-products of cassava root processing, especially those with great potential for adoption and opening new markets for Africa (e.g., precooked and frozen cassava, cassava chips, among others). The selection of these innovations was based on observations of the trainees’ preferences and interests for technologies that they envisioned willingness to apply and share the technology when returning to their countries.

The second chapter analyzes in depth Mou’s Critique of the Cognitive Mind. As the most mature work characterizing his earlier fifteen years of endeavor in logic and epistemology, it embraces the works of Russell, Wittgenstein, and Whitehead as reference points. Furthermore, even the title itself implies a close commitment to Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. The work serves as a bridge between Mou’s early interest in logic and language and the subsequent moral metaphysical development of his thought. In describing the inner life of the human mind, Mou skillfully interweaves Chinese and Western thought, which is a feature of the rest of his philosophical writings. In Critique of the Cognitive Mind, Mou shifts his attention toward the internal and subjective processes of the mind, maintaining the search for an objective and universally valid foundation as a tension that runs through the entire process of ego formation. The method Mou adopted to forge his original philosophy of mind distances itself from the multilayered architecture of Kant’s first Critique. Rather, it recalls a phenomenological quest, starting in medias res from the interdependence of perception and reality and accompanying the living autopoietic evolution of the mind. Given this mutual connection between mind and the world, Mou affirms that, even at the most basic level of cognitive interaction, reality is not scattered as autonomous fragments waiting to be set in order by the mind through the law of causation. On the contrary, it reveals itself as a unified whole, with a cohesive structure and an inherent meaning. According to Mou, the most basic expression of the mind is perception, that is, a self-aware dynamism of manifestation, structurally intertwined with the flux of the universe. We can perceive the originality of Mou’s approach here, reminding us that the majority of previously discussed Western theories of mind share an unformulated assumption—knowledge is the primary modality of our relationship with reality. According to this assumption, we learn about the world through basic mental operations of grasping, defining, and exploring its nature. Therefore, the primeval approach to reality is a disengaged inquiry into an object that appears in its otherness and externality. Mou challenges the elementariness of this experience by arguing that the human mind is always practically engaged in reality. Active participation and interest in the world imply that cognitive endeavors are only complete when guided by a moral, practical, and holistic approach to reality. Through this lens, the mind reveals itself as an unceasingly active dynamism. The prominence conferred on activity, dynamicity, and creativity is the cornerstone of Mou’s investigation of the mind and subjectivity. According to Mou, the mind is not an objective entity that we can examine and locate inside our brain, but a self-transcending movement of manifestation. The strict interrelation between the flux of the phenomenal world and the mind, as the creative locus of its manifestation, defines the task and responsibility of the mind. Its lively function is to preserve the integrity of this manifestative event and provide an ultimate place for its object to settle and disclose itself as an objective and universal totality of meaning. To provide an objective foundation for the perceived phenomenal word, the mind is able to spontaneously emanate structuring frames, such as space and time at the level of imagination, and finally the logical self, which synthesizes and produces all categories. The self-reflection of the logical self through which the mind, returning to itself, possesses and guarantees its own objectivity, is the supreme achievement of a cognitive mind. For Mou, the dynamism of the mind is a rhythmic succession of self-limitation and transcendence over those very limits. In the search for objectivation, the mind molds and fixes content through spatio-temporal and logical frames. This graspable, solidified content, which is the product of the self-limitation of the mind, should be liquefied. This is because the mind transcends and dissolves its partial cognitive products to restore its structural dynamicity and creativity. This capacity of mind to continuously emerge from its self-limitation is termed “intuition” by Mou. However, from his previous studies on logics, Mou derives that “the cognitive mind, both in self-limitation and in springing out, cannot obtain a final principle through which the system of knowledge can be completely verified.”[ Mou Zongsan (牟宗三), Renshi xin zhi pipan. 認識心之批判 (Critique of the Cognitive Mind), 2 vols, II, 560, in Mou Zongsan xiansheng quanji. 牟宗三先生全集 (Complete Works of Mou Zongsan), vols XVIII–XIX, Taipei: Lianhe baoxi wenhua jijin hui, 2003.] The faculty of understanding, through the emanation of forms a priori, becomes progressively wider but cannot achieve full verification without exception, that is, a concrete universality. Only intuition, in the very instant of eliminating any boundary, accomplishes full verification in a flash, leaving us with a glimpse of the infinite completeness of the universe. Depending on the self-limitations from which it emerges, intuition is transient and elusive. This is the final and unsurpassable boundary of the cognitive mind. However, the possibility of infinite self-realization adumbrated in intuition allows us to hypothesize the existence of a higher level of the mind. This mind should have a trans-cognitive, ontological character, being simultaneously both subjective and substantive. It will be able to unfold itself in everything and its self-knowing will be the same as that of its infinite being. The conclusion of Mou’s cognitive research is, therefore, that epistemology is ultimately incomplete and unsatisfying because it cannot find in itself the universal principle and motive of the mind and universe. In the rest of his works, Mou searches in Chinese tradition for another way to pursue truth. The exploration of this vertical, moral-metaphysical approach represents Mou’s greatest and most original contribution to philosophy of the mind. The mind cannot be reduced to an object of knowledge because it is an ever-flowing process of manifestation. What is manifested through one’s mental process is the world as a meaningful and interrelated totality. The mind can evolve through the rhythmic processes of self-limitation and self-transcendence. The ultimate aim of our inner life—realizing the full synthesis of mind and reality, subject, and object—is unattainable at the mere cognitive level.

AbstractThe civil wars that devastated Liberia between 1989 and 2003 displaced an estimated 800,000 people internally, with more than a million people travelling to neighbouring countries in West Africa in search of protection and the opportunity to rebuild their lives. More than 15 years after the Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed, tens of thousands of Liberians continue to be displaced in Liberia, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire. Whilst some have been resettled – primarily to Canada, the US, Australia, and European countries – most have been left ‘hanging in the air’, living in extreme poverty, marginalised from mainstream development policies and planning, and unable to either contribute to, or benefit from, efforts to rebuild peace and security in their home country. Their needs, interests and aspirations have been largely ignored by academics and policymakers in the Global North whose focus, particularly over recent years, has been primarily on the drivers of migration from West Africa across the Mediterranean to Europe. At a regional level, there have been efforts by the Economic Committee of West African States (ECOWAS) to provide alternative models of integration, particularly since the United Nations High Commissioner Refugees (UNHCR) announced the cessation of refugee status for Liberian refugees in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire in June 2012. However, significant barriers to both local integration and safe-third country resettlement remain. This chapter examines the experiences of Liberian refugees living in Ghana and their struggles to secure national and international protection in a context where returning to Liberia remains impossible for many.

In returning to his native town of Shaston as schoolmaster Phillotson had won the interest and awakened the memories of the inhabitants, who, though they did not honour him for his miscellaneous acquirements as he would have been honoured elsewhere, retained for him a...

Returning is intrinsically tied to migrating. Both mainstream and humanist models of migration posit the process as a response to crises. Structuralists are interested interest in return, too, Afterall, returning must be part of changing the structure. The study of remittances and return can enable us to evaluate the contention that there is a spatial fix to socio-ecological problems. Migrants constantly dream of return. Sending remittances to build homes to which they can return is one concrete step towards realising this dream. So, this chapter examines the connection between source problems, destination challenges, and the dream of return. While mainstream economists claim that remittances generated from transnational, overseas work can be counted as aid to poorer nations, for example in terms of providing funding to improve housing conditions, this chapter shows that housing-based remittances can exacerbate the present housing conditions of migrants, as money that can help to ease their own housing conditions is sent overseas, while urban land contradictions intensify where they are presently located. The problem, then, is not so much about the remittances, but the urban land contradictions, both in the source and destination of the remittances.

Abstract When Hurricane Ike crossed the Gulf of Mexico in September 2008, one of the major laterals in an offshore gas gathering system was ripped from the trunkline. As a consequence of that breach, approximately 75,000 BBL (11.9 MM liters) of seawater entered the trunkline, and approximately 40,000 BBL (6.4 MM liters) of seawater entered the lateral. A previous paper (NACE #10064) described the repairs, the high levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that were generated by microbiological activity, the monitoring program, and the chemical treatment and maintenance pigging programs, which were implemented to re-establish control over the SRBs and the H2S they generated. This paper is a follow up to that report. Although inhibitor residuals have been very high, sand production appears to have temporarily increased as the sand from within the lateral and trunkline is slowly transported uphill to the onshore gas processing facility, “one girth weld at a time.” Of interest, the iron counts have become elevated. This may be attributed to the maintenance (cleaning) pigs, which are slowly pushing the sand that entered the pipelines when the pipeline was breached. The pigs, coupled with the transportation of the sand, are apparently scraping and “sand blasting” the walls of the trunkline, thus removing the oxides and corrosion products from the pipeline. This paper also presents results from destructive metallurgical examination of a hot tap coupon or “cut-out” obtained from the trunkline when a new 6” (15.2 cm) OD subsea tie-in (SSTI) was made at the 3:00 o’clock orientation in 2010.

The principle of the best interest of the child aims to guarantee the supremacy of his rights, compared to the multitude of rights belonging to mature people. The child turns out to be helpless when the adults disguise their revenge on each other under pretexts of special care and affection for the child. The state is impartial and has assumed responsibility for ensuring the interests of the child by implementing appropriate mechanisms. In the procedure for returning or exercising the right of visitation, the interest of the child is examined in the light of the benefits or risks that a possible return of the child or the approval of the right of visitation could bring, for the physical and mental integrity of the child.

Multiphoton processes in a strong optical field, such as ionization and harmonic generation, have attracted both experimental and theoretical interest in recent years. In the tunneling ionization regime, a very simple physical picture called a two step model or a returning electron model[1,2], fairly well predicts the general aspects of such important phenomena as non sequential double ionization and the cutoff of high-order harmonics. This model straightforwardly predicts not only the enhancements of high-order harmonics and of ion yield but also the extension of the cutoff-order of harmonics when two optical fields of different frequencies are coherently superimposed.

Lasers coupled to phase conjugate external cavities are of interest because of the potential impact on laser phasing. The boundary conditions for a laser coupled to a bare phase-conjugate cavity and for two lasers coupled via a double phase conjugate mirror (DPCM) are derived. The analysis indicates that the phase shift on the beams returning from the external cavity is equal to 2nπ, where n is an integer, regardless of external cavity length. Data collected on the bare cavity supports this conclusion. The difference between reflection from a self-pumped photorefractive phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) and a four-wave mixing PCM are explained. The implications of this work for laser phasing are discussed.

Several universities and colleges recently have offered courses and certificate programs for training students and returning engineers in advanced energy storage, particularly in electric energy storage technology. However, few integrated advanced energy storage laboratories have been established for educational purposes. This paper presents the design, development and implementation of an interactive and computer-controlled test system for four different electric energy storage devices (electro-mechanical flywheel, electro-chemical batteries, supercapacitor and pumped hydroelectric) that serve as a teaching-aid. These units provide hands-on experience for students with multidisciplinary backgrounds who are enrolled in the advanced energy storage courses. The developed teaching-aid not only enhances the advanced energy storage training and education, but also inspires students’ interest in the green movement of renewable energy.

"The fields of international education and study abroad are inherently conducive to new experiences and attentiveness to the moment. However, they have not been fully explored as areas of interest for the integration of contemplative practices. We present a case study of a group of 10 respondents, eighteen months after returning to the US from a study-abroad program in France. The scaffolded curriculum of the program centered around mindfulness and the use of the five senses to engage with and learn about the host culture. During the program, students practiced techniques, reflected collectively and metacognitively in writing assignments. More than a year after the study-abroad program, ten of the thirteen students volunteered answers expounding on their connection to mindfulness. Content analysis of their answers indicates that students perceive a positive impact of mindfulness on their personal, professional, and academic lives. Notably, results indicate that students may have experienced an increased awareness of and attentiveness to their surroundings, improved interoception and metacognition, a greater ability to connect with those around them, and an enhanced capacity for recall and memory."

This incident-light microscope employs an oscillating three-facet mirror to scan the image of an illuminated slit across the object plane. The light returning from this illuminated region is passed through a second slit located in the imaging system. As a result nearly all the light reaching the image plane is from a thin layer centered at the object plane. By adjusting the slit widths the optimum optical section thickness can be chosen for the particular specimen and the light source used. For studies of the inner ear of the cat, an optical section thickness of 300 μm (full width at 1/10 power) or less is chosen, so that reflections or scattering from the round window membrane are eliminated. This permits identification of anatomical details on the basilar membrane without opening the round window membrane and disturbing the environment of the structures of interest. Results of theoretical calculations of optical section thickness are given, showing how it can be varied by selection of numerical aperture of the objective and slit width.

In recent years, consumers, including domestic meat consumers, have been looking for new products with high biological and nutritional value, plus flavour. Consumer concern for a healthy diet has led to increased demand for low-fat, low-cholesterol products, coupled with growing interest in returning to traditional products as an option to advanced processing. Game meat could meet consumer needs and requirements as an alternative to meat from domestic animals, with the following recommendations: 1. low fat content; 2. optimal unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio; 3. high protein content; 4. low calorie content; 5. outstanding texture, taste and flavour. The main aim of the work was to obtain a salami-type product from wild boar (Sus scrofa) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) meat, from the Western area of Romania, followed by a comparative study of quality indicators with a similar advanced processed product from domestic pork. From a physico-chemical point of view, the determination of water, ash, protein, fat, NaCl, and finally the carbohydrate content and nutritional value were calculated. From a sensory point of view, appearance, consistency, taste, smell and general acceptability were investigated.

Work is important. For most, it provides a host of positive emotions as well as the opportunity for social contact and the financial support that enables us to enrich our lives in other ways. If we can no longer work due to ill health, requirement to look after a loved one or following capability or conduct proceedings, the personal impact can be devastating. Even when taking time out of the workplace for positive life enhancing reasons, such as having a baby or a career break to pursue another interest, there can still be a negative impact on knowledge, skills, self-esteem, confidence and finances. An absence of 3 months or more is likely to significantly affect skills and knowledge, and an absence of 2 years or more is generally accepted as a period when formal retraining will be required. Returning to work after a prolonged period away is often greeted with a mixture of eagerness and anxiety for the clinician returning and the manager facilitating the process. For anaesthetists, there are additional concerns compared with some other specialties because anaesthesia requires a comprehensive medical knowledge-base, advanced technical skills to be immediately available and the ability to cope with multiple stimuli as well as the stamina to remain vigilant during long quiet periods. Anaesthesia is an intellectually, physically and emotionally demanding specialty. In this high-risk environment, an underperforming anaesthetist may easily harm a patient. Such high stakes mandate a thoughtful and carefully planned return. Even senior colleagues will require support, supervision, assessment, and in some cases further training. Returning colleagues may have obvious physical scars, but there may also be psychological injuries that are hidden. Good communication is key, but sharing important information must be balanced with confidentiality. If the return is tailored to the individual and managed well, colleagues will come back as healthy, safe and productive doctors. If it is done badly, there is the potential for significant harm to both patients and colleagues.

Review question / Objective: The search terms used for this review were constructed using the PICOS framework: (1) population were people in general of both genders and any age, (2) studies based on digital technologies used in football sportive events, (3) comparisons made in the domains of motivation, interaction, satisfaction and interest, (4) data reporting the use of digital tools (studies with no results reported will be considered, besides not having outcomes), (5) Intervention studies with a pre and post-test design, descriptive studies, theorical studies, and protocol proposals, and (6) articles written in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Condition being studied: Our concern is with the acceptance of the fans returning to the stadium with normality after a pandemic period. In addition, we also want to understand what kind of interactive applications are already on the market or with their well defined protocols that intend to increase fan interaction at live games, increasing their motivation to go to the stadium and to have accurate and updated live information.

This paper is an economic analysis of pathways through education leading to strong outcomes for Māori students, and how these differ by gender and for students with different interests and aptitudes (‘specialties’) in high school. The authors focus on labour market outcomes and also consider some non-labour market outcomes. This paper will help inform policy development and career advice to both school-aged Māori students and older Māori people considering returning to education. Key findings in the research: • Level 2 NCEA certificate subjects do not define careers. • Women gain more education, but men save more money. • Bachelor’s degrees benefit women more than men. • Vocational training yields strong outcomes for men and sometimes for women. • Some popular fields of tertiary study for Māori yield little financial benefit. • Not all STEM study leads to strong job prospects, but higher study in some fields is financially beneficial. • Connection to Māori culture is valuable. • Educational pathways to desirable outcomes for Māori may change in the future.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.

Violent extremism in the Western Balkans takes many forms, from Western Balkans foreign fighters recruited to participate in conflicts abroad, including in the Middle East and Ukraine; to ethno-nationalist organizations that spread inter-ethnic hatred, some emanating from and glorifying legacies of conflict spanning back to the breakup of the former Yugoslavia and regional conflicts in the 1990s; to chauvinism and anti-EU and anti-NATO ideas that emerge to become even more serious and with greater consequences for the region and socio-political cohesion and dynamics. As violent extremism continues to evolve and adapt in the Western Balkan countries, efforts to address it must also adjust to new threats from both internal and external sources. Recent research on violent extremism in the Western Balkans, and North Macedonia specifically, suggests that education may be an important tool in addressing violent extremism in the region. Some have suggested educational initiatives may assist in addressing online and offline disinformation and extremist narratives. Furthermore, addressing ongoing issues within ethnically divided educational systems may play an important role in working to address some of the ethnic-based divisions that can contribute to ”othering” dynamics. Others have further suggested that education and other support services can play a role in aiding the transition of those imprisoned on charges related to violent extremism and returning families back into society. As countries throughout the Western Balkans continue to update and revise their national action plans and policies to address violent extremism, greater consideration of the role of education and how it might be integrated into these policies is needed. This publication, based on findings from a large-scale literature review mapping the state of research on education in P/CVE in the Western Balkans and beyond,offers a series of considerations for policymakers and practitioners looking to incorporate education in future efforts to address drivers, both real and potential, of violent extremism in Western Balkan states. While findings from this paper are contextualized within the broader experiences of the Western Balkans, specific examples based on experiences in individual countries, North Macedonia most notably, are detailed to provide an in-depth example of considerations for policymakers interested in further incorporating education into P/CVE plans moving forward.

Macroeconomic summary The Colombian economy sustained numerous shocks in the second quarter, pri¬marily related to costs and supply. The majority of these shocks were unantic¬ipated or proved more persistent than expected, interrupting the recovery in economic activity observed at the beginning of the year and pushing overall inflation above the target. Core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) increased but remained low, in line with the technical staff’s expectations. A third wave of the pandemic, which became more severe and prolonged than the previous outbreak, began in early April. This had both a high cost in terms of human life and a negative impact on Colombia's economic recovery. Between May and mid-June roadblocks and other disruptions to public order had a sig¬nificant negative effect on economic activity and inflation. The combination and magnitude of these two shocks likely led to a decline in gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the first quarter. Roadblocks also led to a significant in¬crease in food prices. The accumulated effects of global disruptions to certain value chains and increased international freight transportation prices, which since the end of 2020 have restricted supply and increased costs, also affected Colombia’s economy. The factors described above, which primarily affected the consumer price index (CPI) for goods and foods, explain to a significant degree the technical staff’s forecast errors and the increase in overall inflation above the 3% target. By contrast, increases in core inflation and in prices for regulated items were in line with the technical staff’s expectations, and can be explained largely by the elimination of various price relief measures put in place last year. An increase in perceived sovereign risk and the upward pressures that this im¬plies on international financing costs and the exchange rate were further con¬siderations. Despite significant negative shocks, economic growth in the first half of the year (9.1%) is now expected to be significantly higher than projected in the April re¬port (7.1%), a sign of a more dynamic economy that could recover more quickly than previously forecast. Diverse economic activity figures have indicated high¬er-than-expected growth since the end of 2020. This suggests that the negative effects on output from recurring waves of COVID-19 have grown weaker and less long-lasting with subsequent outbreaks. Nevertheless, the third wave of the coro¬navirus, and to an even greater degree the previously mentioned roadblocks and disruptions to public order, likely led to a decline in GDP in the second quar¬ter compared to the first. Despite this, data from the monthly economic tracking indicator (ISE) for April and May surpassed expectations, and new sector-level measures of economic activity suggest that the negative impact of the pandemic on output continues to moderate, amid reduced restrictions on mobility and im¬provements in the pace of vaccination programs. Freight transportation registers (June) and unregulated energy demand (July), among other indicators, suggest a significant recovery following the roadblocks in May. Given the above, annual GDP growth in the second quarter is expected to have been around 17.3% (previously 15.8%), explained in large part by a low basis of comparison. The technical staff revised its growth projection for 2021 upward from 6% to 7.5%. This forecast, which comes with an unusually high degree of uncertain¬ty, assumes no additional disruptions to public order and that any new waves of COVID-19 will not have significant additional negative effects on economic activity. Recovery in international demand, price levels for some of Colombia’s export com¬modities, and remittances from workers abroad have all performed better than projected in the previous report. This dynamic is expected to continue to drive recovery in the national income over the rest of the year. Continued ample international liquidity, an acceleration in vacci¬nation programs, and low interest rates can also be ex¬pected to favor economic activity. Improved performance in the second quarter, which led to an upward growth revision for all components of spending, is expected to continue, with the economy returning to 2019 production levels at the end of 2021, earlier than estimated in the April report. This forecast continues to account for the short-term effects on aggregate demand of a tax reform package along the lines of what is currently being pro-posed by the national government. Given the above, the central forecast scenario in this report projects growth in 2021 of 7.5% and in 2022 of 3.1% (Graph 1.1). In this scenar¬io, economic activity would nonetheless remain below potential. The noted improvement in these projections comes with a high degree of uncertainty. Annual inflation increased more than expected in June (3.63%) as a result of changes in food prices, while growth in core inflation (1.87%) was similar to projections.

Macroeconomic summary Annual inflation continued to rise in the first quarter (8.5%) and again outpaced both market expectations and the technical staff’s projections. Inflation in major consumer price index (CPI) baskets has accelerated year-to-date, rising in March at an annual rate above 3%. Food prices (25.4%) continued to contribute most to rising inflation, mainly affected by a deterioration in external supply and rising costs of agricultural inputs. Increases in transportation prices and in some utility rates (energy and gas) can explain the acceleration in regulated items prices (8.3%). For its part, the increase in inflation excluding food and regulated items (4.5%) would be the result of shocks in supply and external costs that have been more persistent than expected, the effects of indexation, accumulated inflationary pressures from the exchange rate, and a faster-than-anticipated tightening of excess productive capacity. Within the basket excluding food and regulated items, external inflationary pressures have meaningfully impacted on goods prices (6.4%), which have been accelerating since the last quarter of 2021. Annual growth in services prices (3.8%) above the target rate is due primarily to food away from home (14.1%), which was affected by significant increases in food and utilities prices and by a rise in the legal monthly minimum wage. Housing rentals and other services prices also increased, though at rates below 3%. Forecast and expected inflation have increased and remain above the target rate, partly due to external pressures (prices and costs) that have been more persistent than projected in the January report (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine accentuated inflationary pressures, particularly on international prices for certain agricultural goods and inputs, energy, and oil. The current inflation projection assumes international food prices will increase through the middle of this year, then remain high and relatively stable for the remainder of 2022. Recovery in the perishable food supply is forecast to be less dynamic than previously anticipated due to high agricultural input prices. Oil prices should begin to recede starting in the second half of the year, but from higher levels than those presented in the previous report. Given the above, higher forecast inflation could accentuate indexation effects and increase inflation expectations. The reversion of a rebate on value-added tax (VAT) applied to cleaning and hygiene products, alongside the end of Colombia’s COVID-19 health emergency, could increase the prices of those goods. The elimination of excess productive capacity on the forecast horizon, with an output gap close to zero and somewhat higher than projected in January, is another factor to consider. As a consequence, annual inflation is expected to remain at high levels through June. Inflation should then decline, though at a slower pace than projected in the previous report. The adjustment process of the monetary policy rate wouldcontribute to pushing inflation and its expectations toward the target on the forecast horizon. Year-end inflation for 2022 is expected to be around 7.1%, declining to 4.8% in 2023. Economic activity again outperformed expectations. The technical staff’s growth forecast for 2022 has been revised upward from 4.3% to 5% (Graph 1.3). Output increased more than expected in annual terms in the fourth quarter of 2021 (10.7%), driven by domestic demand that came primarily because of private consumption above pre-pandemic levels. Investment also registered a significant recovery without returning to 2019 levels and with mixed performance by component. The trade deficit increased, with significant growth in imports similar to that for exports. The economic tracking indicator (ISE) for January and February suggested that firstquarter output would be higher than previously expected and that the positive demand shock observed at the end of 2021 could be fading slower than anticipated. Imports in consumer goods, retail sales figures, real restaurant and hotel income, and credit card purchases suggest that household spending continues to be dynamic, with levels similar to those registered at the end of 2021. Project launch and housing starts figures and capital goods import data suggest that investment also continues to recover but would remain below pre-pandemic levels. Consumption growth is expected to decelerate over the year from high levels reached over the last two quarters. This would come amid tighter domestic and external financial conditions, the exhaustion of suppressed demand, and a deterioration of available household income due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue to recover, while the trade deficit should tighten alongside high oil and other export commodity prices. Given all of the above, first-quarter economic growth is now expected to be 7.2% (previously 5.2%) and 5.0% for 2022 as a whole (previously 4.3%). Output growth would continue to moderate in 2023 (2.9%, previously 3.1%), converging similar to long-term rates. The technical staff’s revised projections suggest that the output gap would remain at levels close to zero on the forecast horizon but be tighter than forecast in January (Graph 1.4). These estimates continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with geopolitical tensions, external financial conditions, Colombia’s electoral cycle, and the COVID-19 pandemic. External demand is now projected to grow at a slower pace than previously expected amid increased global inflationary pressures, high oil prices, and tighter international financial conditions than forecast in January. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its inflationary effects on prices for oil and certain agricultural goods and inputs accentuated existing global inflationary pressures originating in supply restrictions and increased international costs. A decline in the supply of Russian oil, low inventory levels, and continued production limits on behalf of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies (OPEC+) can explain increased projected oil prices for 2022 (USD 100.8/barrel, previously USD 75.3) and 2023 (USD 86.8/barrel, previously USD 71.2). The forecast trajectory for the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate has increased for this and next year to reflect higher real and expected inflation and positive performance in the labormarket and economic activity. The normalization of monetary policy in various developed and emerging market economies, more persistent supply and cost shocks, and outbreaks of COVID-19 in some Asian countries contributed to a reduction in the average growth outlook for Colombia’s trade partners for 2022 (2.8%, previously 3.3%) and 2023 (2.4%, previously 2.6%). In this context, the projected path for Colombia’s risk premium increased, partly due to increased geopolitical global tensions, less expansionary monetary policy in the United States, an increase in perceived risk for emerging markets, and domestic factors such as accumulated macroeconomic imbalances and political uncertainty. Given all the above, external financial conditions are tighter than projected in January report. External forecasts and their impact on Colombia’s macroeconomic scenario continue to be affected by considerable uncertainty, given the unpredictability of both the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the pandemic. The current macroeconomic scenario, characterized by high real inflation levels, forecast and expected inflation above 3%, and an output gap close to zero, suggests an increased risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored. This scenario offers very limited space for expansionary monetary policy. Domestic demand has been more dynamic than projected in the January report and excess productive capacity would have tightened more quickly than anticipated. Headline and core inflation rose above expectations, reflecting more persistent and important external shocks on supply and costs. The Russian invasion of Ukraine accentuated supply restrictions and pressures on international costs. This partly explains the increase in the inflation forecast trajectory to levels above the target in the next two years. Inflation expectations increased again and are above 3%. All of this increased the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored and could generate indexation effects that move inflation still further from the target rate. This macroeconomic context also implies reduced space for expansionary monetary policy. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) continues to adjust its monetary policy. In its meetings both in March and April of 2022, it decided by majority to increase the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points, bringing it to 6.0% (Graph 1.5).