Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reusing and Recycling'

Over the last decades, the use of glass fibre reinforced thermosets (GRT) has become widespread and commonly used in many sectors. Currently no commercial recycling process exists for GRT and the amount of waste generated has reached an unsustainable level. The value of recycled glass fibres (RGF) is reduced significantly due to loss in strength and surface functionality during recycling. Thermal recycling processes involve decomposing the polymer matrix at elevated temperatures to recover the reinforcement fibres. Exposing to such high temperatures degrades the strength of the fibres as well as removes the sizing on the fibre surface. The focus of this thesis is to investigate the potential for retaining and regenerating the strength and interface properties of thermally recycled glass fibres; in order to produce composites reinforced with RGF that could complete with those using virgin/pristine glass fibres. In order to recycled GRT in-house, a lab scale thermal recycling system based on a fluidised bed reactor was initially designed and developed. To build on the already extensive research into this recycling process, this thesis aims to reduce the temperature required to recycle GRT within the fluidised bed by introducing a metal oxide catalyst to aid in the thermal decomposition of the thermosetting matrix. This novel line of research was selected due to the potential for reducing both the energy consumption of the recycling process and thermal damage sustained by the glass fibres during recycling. Using thermogravimetric analysis it was found that copper (II) oxide (CuO) was particularly active at catalysing the thermal decomposition of epoxy, reducing the decomposition temperature by up to 125 °C. When used within the fluidised bed recycling process, CuO facilitated recycling of glass fibre from glass fibre reinforced epoxy (GF-EP) at just 400 °C without compromising on fibre yield efficiency. Another avenue of research in this thesis was assessing the potential of a variety of chemical treatments to regenerate the strength and surface functionality of thermally recycled glass fibres. It was found that soaking in hot NaOH solution could provide approximately a 130% increase in the strength of RGF; concluding that changes to surface morphology due to etching was the re-strengthening mechanism. The interfacial adhesion between RGF and 1) polypropylene (PP) and 2) epoxy were examined. It was found that the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between RGF and epoxy could be fully restored by first treating the RGF in NaOH solution. Regenerating the IFSS between RGF and PP proved more challenging despite the use of fibre sizing and PP matrix modification. GRP reinforced with RGF (with and without regeneration treatments) were prepare and mechanically characterised; however, the GRP exhibited significantly poorer mechanical properties than those prepared with virgin fibres. This drop in performance was typically attributed to a combination of 1) lower fibre strength, 2) poor fibre-polymer interfacial adhesion and 3) low fibre volume fraction within the GRP.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A indústria de blindagens, seja ela com finalidade civil ou militar, utiliza em seu processo produtivo diversos materiais de interesse científico. A busca por produtos cada vez mais leves e com melhor desempenho balístico tem sido tema de estudos há vários anos. No entanto, pouco se tem observado em relação à questão da preservação ambiental, seja no próprio ciclo de vida do material ou de simples condutas responsáveis por parte dos fabricantes e consumidores. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de reutilização e/ou reciclagem do policarbonato utilizado em blindagens automotivas e arquitetônicas, observando se foram preservadas as características indispensáveis para sua finalidade original, como transmitância, resistência à tração e resistência ao impacto. Foram utilizadas amostras de policarbonato submetidas a diferentes técnicas de separação do conjunto balístico original, a fim de observar a influência da técnica de separação sobre as propriedades ópticas e mecânicas do policarbonato. Também foi avaliado o comportamento do policarbonato após repetidos ciclos de autoclavagem, já que esta técnica tem sido muito utilizada em serviços de recuperação de vidros blindados delaminados. Para avaliar os efeitos das técnicas de separação de autoclavagem, utilizaram-se as técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, ensaio de tração, análise dinâmico-mecânica e espectroscopia no ultravioleta e no visível. Os resultados demonstraram entre os principais fatores que degradam o policarbonato podemos destacar a exposição prolongada ao ultravioleta, exposição a solventes como álcool isopropílico e acetona.
The shield industry, for civil or military purposes, use in its process of production, many different materials of scientific interest. The research for lighter and better ballistic-performance products have been studied for many years. However, not much have been observed in relation to the environmental protection issue, whether it is in the own material life spam or simply, the responsible behavior by manufacturers and consumers. Therefore, the goal of this work was to measure the possibilities in reuse and/or recycling of polycarbonate used in shielding for cars and architectonics, observing if the essential characteristics were preserved to its original intent, like transmittance, tensile strength and impact resistance. Polycarbonate samples were submitted to different separation techniques from the original ballistic set, in order to observe the influence of the separation technique over the optical and mechanical properties of polycarbonate. It was also measured the polycarbonate s behavior after several autoclaving cycles, since this technique has been very much used in the recovery of delaminated shields. In order to measure the autoclaving separation techniques, it was used surveillance of electronic microscopic techniques, tensile essay, mechanical- dynamic analysis and visual ultra violet radiation spectroscopy. The results have shown that among the main factors that degrade the polycarbonate it is able to highlight the long-term exposition to ultra violet radiation, exposition to isopropylic alcohol and acetone solvents.

The prediction of self-reported recycling behaviors was examined using variations and expansions of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. Three hundred and forty-eight residents from the Multnomah, Clackamas and Washington counties in Oregon completed a questionnaire that assessed attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, self-reports of recycling behavior, moral obligation and past behavior. Recycling behaviors and intentions were grouped into three categories of difficulty by a factor analysis. Structural equation analysis did not support Ajzen's model. It was found that although attitudes was correlated with the antecedent variables, it did not directly influence intentions or behaviors. Perceived behavioral control had the largest direct influence on behavior. Subjective norms had the greatest direct influence on intentions. Past behavior, as measured, was not significantly related to any variable in the model. The inclusion of moral obligation added significantly to the ability to predict recycling behavior. Moral obligation directly influenced subjective norms, attitude, perceived behavioral control and behavior. The results suggest that programs that aim to increase recycling behaviors should focus on: the community good as the motivation for recycling, the impacts of the individual's recycling behavior on community resources, the "how to's" of recycling, and supplying services and information about those services.

Urban sprawl, global warming and overused landfills are conditions around the world today, and while people are concerned about these issues they have few practical solutions to them. This creative project seeks to devise a way for a specific sector of business (restaurants), to have a practical way to help reduce global warming and waste while utilizing unused or under-used land in urban areas. While life cycle models are available that address such issues as these, very few case examples are actually in use in this country. Based on existing life cycle models, this project will seek to reuse the wastes from a restaurant and recycle them into a garden/greenhouse (called an urban farm throughout this paper) which will produce food for the restaurant. The three main waste categories from the restaurant to be looked at are the organic kitchen food wastes, water and the heat that is always being expelled from the kitchen while it is operation. Additional ways to make a restaurant more sustainable will also be given. This project will show what the benefits are when a sustainable system is in operation.
Department of Landscape Architecture

For sequences of related linear systems, the computation of a preconditioner for every system can be expensive. Often a fixed preconditioner is used, but this may not be effective as the matrix changes. This research examines the benefits of both reusing and recycling preconditioners, with special focus on ILUTP and factorized sparse approximate inverses and proposes an update that we refer to as a sparse approximate map or SAM update. Analysis of the residual and eigenvalues of the map will be provided. Applications include the Quantum Monte Carlo method, model reduction, oscillatory hydraulic tomography, diffuse optical tomography, and Helmholtz-type problems.
Master of Science

Relatively high enzyme loadings are required for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, impeding the economical production of cellulosic sugars. The relative stability and robustness of these enzymes make enzyme recycling an attractive cost-reduction strategy. However, the efficiency of enzyme recycling has been limited by the complexity of enzyme-substrate interactions, which are influenced by enzyme, substrate, and physical factors. A lack of techniques to probe specific enzyme adsorption further limits our understanding of these interactions. Therefore, overcoming these challenges to better understand enzyme-substrate interactions is crucial if we are to improve the effectiveness of enzyme recycling strategies. Initial work compared various ways to assess enzyme adsorption during hydrolysis of steam pretreated corn stover (SPCS) using a complete commercial cellulase mixture. While the distribution of six individual enzymes could be followed, the initial approach used was laborious, highlighting the limitations of techniques used to quantify individual enzyme adsorption profiles. A quicker, more sensitive double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was subsequently developed, to follow Cel7A, Cel6A, and Cel7B adsorption during hydrolysis, and shown to agree with earlier results. As enzyme, substrate, and physical factors were known to affect enzyme recycling performance, their influence on individual enzyme adsorption was evaluated. Although the lignin present in the SPCS did not appear to influence enzyme adsorption (although Cel6A adsorbed more readily to the lignin-containing SPCS), cellulose allomorphs and crystallinity did appear to influence enzyme adsorption. The addition of Auxiliary Activity (AA) family 9, an oxidative enzyme, increased desorption of Cel7A, likely by increasing the substrate’s negative charge. The AA9 itself remained primarily in the supernatant, which highlighted the importance of recovering enzymes from both the liquid and solid phases of the reaction. The influence of glucose and ethanol on enzyme adsorption was evaluated, and a reduction in enzyme adsorption was observed at high glucose but not ethanol concentrations. When the addition of fresh substrate was assessed as one way to recover enzymes, by combining enzyme recycling at low glucose concentrations with enzyme supplementation, good overall cellulose hydrolysis (~70%) over 5 rounds of enzyme recycle could be achieved with a 50% reduction in enzyme loading.

S’adressant au difficile problème de l’élimination des déchets de téléphonie mobile, basée sur le concept de création de valeur partagée, de l’économie circulaire et de la chaîne d’approvisionnement verte, cette thèse a d’abord été démontrée dans des cadres théoriques et par la revue théorique de la littérature, puis a mis en avant l’idée et la méthode pour construire un système de recyclage de déchets de téléphone mobile basé sur ces théories. Pour faciliter le recyclage des déchets de téléphonie mobile au niveau pratique en Chine et dans d’autres pays, les problèmes existants et le mode de fonctionnement sont résumés, et l’espace d’utilisation des déchets de téléphonie mobile est élargi. Une analyse quantitative est appliquée pour examiner les indicateurs d’évaluation pertinents et les modèles mathématiques au niveau analytique. Cette thèse a principalement utilisé les quatre types de méthodes de recherche suivants: processus de hiérarchie analytique, analyse empirique, analyse quantitative et qualitative, ainsi qu’une intégration de l’analyse au niveau macro et micro. Grâce à ces méthodes de recherche, cette thèse a fait une analyse détaillée et une discussion sur le statut de recyclage, les facteurs influençants, l’effet d’utilisation, le système d’index d’évaluation complet, ainsi que les lois et réglementations pertinentes de gestion des déchets de téléphonie mobile. Après une analyse détaillée, la thèse a conclu que même si les preuves ont montré que les déchets de téléphones mobiles causent une pollution grave à l’environnement, une énorme quantité de valeurs économiques subsistaient pourtant dans les déchets des téléphones mobiles. Les faibles taux de recyclage et de réutilisation des systèmes pourraient être renforcés premièrement en améliorant le mécanisme économique basé sur les théories de l’économie circulaire, de création de valeur partagée et des chaînes d’approvisionnement vertes. Deuxièmement en améliorant l’innovation technologique. Troisièmement, en construisant un système pertinent de lois et de réglementations sur la gestion des déchets de téléphonie mobile. Quatrièmement, en établissant un système d’indicateurs d’évaluation raisonnable et efficace grâce à l’utilisation de modèles mathématiques. Et enfin, en subventionnant des activités éducatives pour promouvoir la protection de l’environnement et mettre en place un ensemble de systèmes de gestion qui impliquent le public, les gouvernements et les entreprises manufacturières
Addressing the difficult problem of eliminating mobile phone waste, based on the concept of creating shared value, circular economy and green supply chain, this thesis was first demonstrated in theoretical frameworks and by the theoretical review of the literature, then put forward the idea and method to build a mobile phone waste recycling system based on these theories. To facilitate the recycling of mobile phone waste at the practical level in China and other countries, the existing problems and the way of operation are summarized, and the utilization space of mobile phone waste is expanded. Quantitative analysis is applied to examine the relevant evaluation indicators and mathematical models at the analytical level. This thesis mainly used the following four types of research methods: analytic hierarchy process,empirical analysis, quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as an integration of the macro level and micro level analysis. Through these research methods, this thesis made a detailed analysis and discussion on the recycling status, influencing factors, the effects of use, comprehensive evaluation index system and relevant laws and regulations of mobile phone waste. After a detailed analysis, the thesis concluded that even though the evidences have showed that mobile phones waste cause serious pollution to the environment, an enormous amount of economic values still existed in the mobile phones waste. The low rates of recycling and reusing of systems could be strengthened first by improving the economic mechanism based on improving the economic mechanism based on the theories of the circular economy, creating shared value and green supply chains. Second, by improving the technological innovation. Third, by building a relevant system of laws and regulations on mobile phone waste management. Fourth, by establishing a system of reasonable and effective evaluation indicators through the use of mathematical models. And finally, by subsidizing educational activities to promote the protection of the environment and put in place a set of management systems that involve the public, governments and manufacturing companies

This is a master’s thesis project of 30 credits written with guidance from the Swedish research institute ICT Viktoria and Industrial Ecology at KTH. This thesis is conducted by two students at KTH, one with a background in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Ecology and the other with a background in Energy and Environmental Technology. This study focuses on circular economy linked to the furniture industry in Sweden and how the transition from theoretical to practical concepts can be improved. The methods of this thesis consist of three semi-structured interviews, a survey and an analytical comparative literature review. The interviews, survey and literature review is analyzed with the purpose of finding important criteria relevant for office chairs in circular business models. The interviews are performed face-to-face with three different key persons; an office supply manager, a CEO at a refurbishing company and a product manager. The study focuses on product design within the Swedish furniture industry although some aspects regarding circular business models, logistics and psychological values are included. The results are design criteria for office chairs in circular business models and a design evaluation program for the industry built on these. The program, based on multi criteria analysis, can help reduce the gap between theory and practice of how circular economy should be implemented in the industry. By giving early feedback during the design phase on how well an office chair and a company’s structure meet circular economy criteria the authors hope to ease and speed up this transition. The main characteristics of an office chair designed for circular business models are: Durable Easy to service Adaptable Modular Homogeneous material composition in modules Although the transition to circular business models can be a comprehensive process the authors believe that if furniture manufacturers would integrate circular business models for office chairs into their business structure this would be both economically viable and highly beneficial for their environmental profile which can strengthen their position on the market.

Exploitative and profit-oriented business operations are unsustainably depleting the world’s resources and extensively harm the environment. Linear production systems within the manufacturing industry are partly held responsible for this ongoing issue as materials and waste are not getting reused but dumped. An alternative to the traditional linear system that increasingly gets attention in the scientific literature is a Circular Production System within the Circular Economy framework, where waste is treated as resources and streamlined back into the production system to create closed resource loops. However, most manufacturing companies nowadays follow linear production systems and have implemented the Lean philosophy to maximize output and profits, leaving environmental aspects rather behind. This context needs to be considered, when thinking of implementing circular measures within a company. Therefore, this study focused on elaborating potentials, enablers and barriers of a Circular Production System in a Lean context. A case study has been conducted within the Swedish commercial vehicle company Scania, located in Södertälje, to gather empirical data about current lean and already ongoing circular practices in a real-life environment, and on future potential of extending circular measures. Internal benchmark studies, including observational studies and semi-structured interviews have been conducted along Scania’s industrial value chain. External benchmark studies contributed to obtain data about already ongoing CPS initiatives within the manufacturing industry. Following the empirical findings, this study suggests that potentials, enablers and barriers are categorized into system, process and product level, which are interdependent and interrelated. The research revealed that due to the many influences from departments along the value chain on the production, the system as a whole needs to be investigated. This study suggests the 4R framework (reduce, reuse, remanufacture, recycle) for implementing a cascaded use of materials. Implementing a new business model giving the product ownership back to companies would facilitate circular flows in the first place. Such a new business strategy can be supported by following more advanced design strategies, that extend the product life and maintain its performance. Lean, however, was found to bear conflict issues, but is considered still useful to some extent to reduce material inputs through more efficient processes.

Steel industries consume refractory materials on a large scale. High temperature resistant refractory materials are essential for linings of the steelmaking vessels, to protect them from corrosive environments, high temperatures, molten steels and slags during transportation and steelmaking operations. Furthermore, with the increasing demand in steel production the usage of refractory materials has substantially increased, resulting in an increasing demand for refractory raw materials. However, with the hike in prices and abundancy for raw materials there is a need for recycling and reusing of spent refractory materials, which are otherwise sent to landfill. Nowadays the environmental as well as economic aspect regarding the recycling of spent refractories are of interest for the steel industries for achieving a solution towards zero waste. Several projects have been launched to investigate and generate new ideas with different ways to recycle refractory materials, but there is much more research and planning that needs to be done in order to find a large scale solution towards achieving zero waste. One of the simplest solutions to avoid landfilling of spent refractory is to introduce and manage a good sorting of the breakout scrap refractory, which can later be recycled or reused depending on their condition. The thesis work was carried out in collaboration of KTH – The Royal Institute of Technology/ Stockholm/ Sweden and Jernkontoret – The Swedish Steelmaking Association / Stockholm / Sweden. The work includes a collection of information regarding the current refractory waste management situation within some of the Swedish steel producers as Ovako AB, Uddeholm AB and SSAB. The information were collected on the basis of their refractory usage and practises. The thesis as well provides some suggestions for recycling and reusing of spent refractory waste materials collected from literature. Additionally some experimental work was carried out on whether an MgO-C refractory brick made of recycled materials can perform similarly against slag as a brick made from virgin materials. Experimental corrosion trials with one industrial slag composition were carried out using a hot-finger test apparatus for bricks with different amounts of recycling content in comparison to a brick made of virgin materials. After experiments, the samples were analysed using a Light Optical Microscope (LOM). A similar performance of all bricks against the slag composition was observed. Additional laboratory tests with different slag compositions, holding times and stirring rates are required to reach more profound conclusions. Industrial trials are essential with bricks containing recycled raw materials to reach a final performance status.
Stålindustrin konsumerar eldfasta material i stor skala. Högtemperatur resistenta eldfasta material är nödvändiga för att fodra skänkugnen, för att skydda den från frätande miljöer, höga temperaturer av smält stål och slagg, samt transport och blandning av smält stål under ståltillverkning. Vidare har användningen av eldfasta material ökat avsevärt med den ökande efterfrågan inom stålproduktion, vilket har resulterat i en ökande efterfrågan på eldfasta råvaror. Men i och med prishöjningen och avhållsamheten för råvaror behövs en idé om återvinning och återanvändning av eldfasta material som annars skickas till deponi. Numera är den miljömässiga och ekonomiska aspekten av återvinning av förbrukade eldfasta ämnen av intresse för stålindustrin för att kunna nå en lösning mot zero waste. Flera projekt har påbörjats för att undersöka och generera nya idéer med olika sätt att återvinna eldfasta material, men det finns mycket mer forskning och planering som behöver göras för att hitta en storskalig lösning mot netto noll avfall. En av de enklaste lösningarna för att undvika deponering av använt eldfast material är att införa och hantera en bra sortering av använt eldfast avfall, som senare kan återvinnas eller återanvändas beroende på dess tillstånd. Avhandlingsarbetet utfördes i samarbete med KTH – Kungliga tekniska högskolan / Stockholm / Sverige och Jernkontoret – Svenska stålföreningen / Stockholm / Sverige. Informationen samlades in angående användning och praxis av eldfasta material. Avhandlingen innehåller också några förslag för återvinning och återanvändning av använt eldfast avfall som samlats in från litteraturen. Dessutom utfördes experiment för huruvida en eldfast infodring av återvunnen MgO-C kan motstå reaktioner mot slagg som en infodring tillverkad av ny utvunna råvaror. Experimentella korrosionsförsök med en industriell slaggkomposition utfördes av en ugn designad för hot finger test för eldfasta material gjorda av olika mängd återvunnet material samt inget återvunnet material alls. Efter experimenten analyserades proverna med ett ljusoptiskt mikroskop (LOM). En liknande prestanda för alla tegelstenar mot slaggkompositionen observerades. Ytterligare laboratorietester med olika slaggkompositioner, hålltider och omrörningshastigheter krävs för att nå en djupare slutsats. Industriella försök är väsentliga med eldfast tegel som innehåller återvunna råvaror för att kunna nå en slutlig prestandastatus.

This study's aim was to investigate the strength of contextual aspects' influences on environmentally ethical behaviour (EEB). A survey method with a selfadministered questionnaire was used and a cross-section of the Muslim male population of New Zealand was taken. The qualitative interviews and email questionnaires were also utilised to further explain the survey results. The linear regression analyses show correlations between contextual aspects (i.e., social, religious, economic, political, and demographic) and EEB (pre-cycling, re-use and recycling). Results indicate that the contextual aspects are influential on EEB in many ways and degrees. A model describing the relationship was developed. The economic aspect statistically significantly related to EEB the strongest. The qualitative interview and email questionnaire data support the findings of the survey. The relationship was positive, meaning that the more the consumers were influenced by the economic aspect to behave in an environmentally ethical way, the more they were likely to perform EEB. Compared to the economic aspect, white collar workers, number of household occupant, work involvement with the environment, type of house, and age had a weaker statistically significant relationship with EEB. The relationships were positive, meaning that the better the consumers' occupation (i.e., white collar workers), the more household member they had (i.e., 4 and above), the higher their level of work involvement with the environment, and the better their dwelling (i.e., bungalow or semi-detached houses), the more they were likely to perform EEB. However, the relationship between age and EEB was negative, meaning that the younger the consumers the more they were likely to perform EEB. However, the results of this study, from both the survey and the interview methods, indicate that demographic characteristics were not as important as the contextual aspects, particularly the economic aspect, in understanding consumers' EEB. This study shows that the economic aspect was very important in understanding consumers' EEB compared to the other contextual aspects even the political aspect was statistically significantly related to EEB via the economic aspect. Thus, the economic aspect should be used optimally by public and private sector managers to promote EEB.

碩士
國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
106
As international oil prices continue to rise and clear targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report states that Carbon dioxide emissions in 2050 need to be reduced by 41% to 72% compared to 2010, in order to suppress the temperature increase to less than 2 °C Therefore, people began to look for alternative energy sources to reduce the harm. In recent years, the electric vehicle market has begun to rise and become a development trend. Governments have also formulated policies to introduce subsidies for electric vehicles and a number of tax rate reductions. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the number of electric vehicles in the world has increased to two million in 2016. It is estimated that by 2030, the number of electric vehicles will grow to fifty six million, and the growth is very impressive. This study is based on Chen and Chang (2016). We want to construct a two-stage profit maximization model. In this case, there is an original equipment manufacturer(OEM) and our consumer is electric vehicle manufacturer. We set a new model through the sensitivity coefficient between remanufactured products, and want to find the optimal price of our new products, remanufactured products and reuse in the power grid. After the end of the life cycle, the lithium battery will explore in which mode can create maximum profit. At the same time, recycling and remanufacturing also take advantage of valuable metals in lithium batteries, which not only reduces manufacturing costs but also reduces waste of resources.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
工業設計系碩士班
93
Abstract Since Human Environment Convention of UN held in 1972 in Sweden, the tendency of environment protection is more global-wise than district-wise. Recycling and reusing the materials becomes a consensus of people. In the process of product development, environment-friendly design or concept not only has taken place of the mainstream in any consumption activity, but also built up a great interactive platform between enterprises and consumers. By planning the development of products, setting a life time for products, designing for ever-lasting use of materials and re-organizing the processes of product development, products should be developed carefully, incorporated with sale strategies, accompanied with the concepts of ever-lasting design and reuse of materials, from the very beginning stage of product development. This research is focused on the issue of ever-lasting use and design of materials and products. We are process through the case study, data collecting and analyzing from the sample manufacturer recommended by some specialists. They are based on the accumulated data and information gained on site, concludes with influences and endeavors from the following three levels. The first we got the four result from government unit of view as (1) Coped with government policies, to ensure a consistent material supply; (2) An overall plan on recycled material line; (3) Reproduced products are mostly cheaper, so they are less exquisite in designing and styling ; (4) Maintenance of the products becomes the main factor while designed. The second we got the four results from enterprises unit of view as (1) Limited recycled material sources; (2) Good quality, exquisite handcrafts and style; (3) Lack of brand image; (4) More international contacts and latest information help creativity of products. The third we got the four result from Independent studio unit of view as (1) Less-production and uniqueness makes a higher price ; (2) Products are usually presented with more personalized character and a bigger variety ; (3) Sale channel is not well-established ; (4) A brand or image is not likely to be built up. Such information can be of reference value to related industries.

碩士
國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
99
Water recycling has gained attention all over the world. Especially, this issue is important to Taiwan because of serious water shortage problem. This study was to review and investigate water recycling in a thin-film solar plant which is currently under operation. Based on original design in this plant and without disturbing the function of all processes, this research was to conduct feasibility assessment to achieve the goals of water recycling and reuse, and then to reduce the plant’s demand for fresh water. There were five objectives in this research. The first objective was to review the plant''s water recycling function and implement appropriate improvements; in this case using collected rainwater for watering the green belt. The second objective focused on recycling reverse osmosis rejection water which can be used for downstream water units including multilayer filter towers and scrubbers. The recycled water of backwash water from the filter unit can also be used for green belt, and the quantity of water was the largest among units investigated. The third objective was to make a plan of water reuse for a new process by assessing the future water demand and evaluating discharge water to exploit the water reuse as much as possible. The fourth was to optimize the wastewater treatment process by modifying the practical operational parameter in order to meet the wastewater treatment standard, also to reduce chemical usage, and ultimately to improve the efficiency of all operations. Finally, this research focused on statistical analysis and estimation for economics based on the modifications of the actual operations. The results from this research showed that that the amount of reuse water was about 207,510 tons/year, accounting for 43.5% of the amount of fresh water. The alkaline capacity for wastewater treatment per ton was down from 0.98 kg to 0.60 kg. The chemical usage decreased by 38.8%. The total saving of the expenses reached 5,101,296 NT$/year. The effort put forth on water recycling was not only to lower costs but also exhibit positive contribution to environmental protection. The results of this study can serve as a reference for a new or existing thin-film solar plant for designing or improving their water recycling and reuse system and reduce fresh water dosage and pollution discharge.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
工業管理系所
97
Comparing with general engineering plastics, Nylon 6 nanocomposites are superior in mechanical and thermal properties and are good for recycle. This study investigates the influence of the multi-recycling and reusing as well as various combination ratio of recycled material on mechanical properties of injection molding experimentally. Two-way ANOVA and regression analysis are used to interpret the experimental results and to construct the regression lines and relative equations. The results showed that the optimum combinations of recycling and reusing Nylon 6 nanocomposites depend on the aspect of tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness, and heat deflection temperature respectively. The results of this study can be served as the reference of selecting the combinations of recycling and reusing Nylon 6 nanocomposites with the lowest material costs or new product design requirements. Keywords：Nano-Nylon 6, recycling and reusing, mechanical property, injection molding

碩士
國立中山大學
公共事務管理研究所
93
Food waste is one of an organic waste and contains the value of recycling and reusing. EPA shows that there are almost the amount of 4500 tons food wastes which is about 36~64% in households in Taiwan everyday. Therefore, if food wastes could be reused again, not only greatly reducing the amount of waste, decreasing the problem of odor from progressing food wastes, but also increasing the using year of landfills and incinerators. Furthermore, it can develop fully the value of multiple reusing in recycling. The study is forced on questionnaires for the residents of the city of Kaohsiung and Taichung, to know the present of recycling of food waste and its difficulty in executing a strategy. Conferring the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept of food waste recovery and if the price is different or not by Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), and moreover evaluating the potential benefit. The results of the study are as following: there are conspicuous difference in “if doing something about recovery” “the way of recovery” and “if see any inspectors examine the classification of refuse”. The most difficulties of recovery food waste in both cities are “its odor and breed mosquito and fly easily” and “not knowing clearly what materials should be recovered or not”. About the price of the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept, the major answer shows “No, I would not.” from this questionnaires. On the other hand, answers of “Yes, I would like.” all hope that the pay less is better and the compensation more is better. The price of the willingness to pay of Kaohsiung residents is NT$ 41.8 dollars, and Taichung residents is NT$ 45.3 dollars. Otherwise, the higher environmental conscious the Kaohsiung residents have, the higher willing to pay. At the same time, the difficulty of recovery food waste is low comparatively. In addition, “occupation” “family revenue per month” “cooking per week” have effect on the price of the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept. In the result of regression, some of variable parameters could affect the price of the willingness to pay. It maybe provides society for reference according the benefit in the estimating of regression. Therefore, the study hopes to provide the decision-maker more clear environmental and economical information through evaluate and analyze the willingness of pay of food waste. Furthermore, it maybe help the government to make a future policy in order to practice the food waste recovery indeed and carry out the target of reducing the amount of waste and resources recovering for a sustainable resources of food waste.

abstract: The built environment is responsible for a significant portion of global waste generation. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste requires significant landfill areas and costs billions of dollars. New business models that reduce this waste may prove to be financially beneficial and generally more sustainable. One such model is referred to as the “Circular Economy” (CE), which promotes the efficient use of materials to minimize waste generation and raw material consumption. CE is achieved by maximizing the life of materials and components and by reclaiming the typically wasted value at the end of their life. This thesis identifies the potential opportunities for using CE in the built environment. It first calculates the magnitude of C&D waste and its main streams, highlights the top C&D materials based on weight and value using data from various regions, identifies the top C&D materials’ current recycling and reuse rates, and finally estimates a potential financial benefit of $3.7 billion from redirecting C&D waste using the CE concept in the United States.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2019