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1
Raifu, Isiaka Akande, and Abiodun Najeem Raheem. "Do Government Revenues Matter for Economic Growth? Evidence from Nigeria." European Journal of Government and Economics 7, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2018.7.1.4333.
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The bursting of crude oil prices in the international market since mid-2014 has resulted in dwindling oil revenue, which has led to economic recession in Nigeria. The recession has further exacerbated existing socioeconomic problems bedeviling the country. In the light of this, we examined the effect of government revenues (oil and non-oil revenues) on economic growth, both in the short-run and the long-run using autoregressive distributed lag method. Our findings show that government revenues are indispensable to economic growth in Nigeria. In addition, we found that economic growth is more responsive to oil revenue than non-oil revenue. Based on our findings, we advocate for effective and efficient use of government revenues. Furthermore, since oil revenue fluctuates more than non-oil revenue, we further advocate for creation of an enabling business environment geared towards improving the contribution of the non-oil sector to the government revenue base.
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Akinkunmi, Mustapha A. "Dynamic Analysis of Structural Shifts of Fiscal Revenue in Nigeria, 1999-2016." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n11p96.
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The oil sector that eased the financial constraint of Nigerian government in the 1970s is presently acting as the source of financial constraints to the country due to a continuous decline in government revenue, arising from the recent drastic fall in world crude oil prices. This calls for the government to diversify its revenue base through improving taxation. This study examined the influence of economic performance on the government revenue as well as the various sources of tax revenues in Nigeria. Monthly data spanning 1999 to 2016 were utilized to estimate vector error correction models (VECM) for five sources of government tax revenues based on data availability. Empirical results revealed that there is a significant relationship between real GDP and real company income tax revenues, and between real GDP and real excise duty revenues in the long run. However, in the short run, the one-year lag of tax revenue varieties poses a significant influence on the various sources of tax revenues.
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Kakaulina, M. O. "Projected shortfall in personal income tax revenues of regional governments in Russia due to the COVID-19 pandemic." Journal of Tax Reform 7, no. 1 (2021): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2021.7.1.089.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has put a great strain on the Russian economy and budget revenue. The study aims at furnishing an estimate of losses in personal income tax revenue in regional government budgets in 2020–2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to investigate the shortfall in tax revenues, three factors were studied: the amount of damage caused by the COVID-19 outbreak to the whole economic system; the sensitivity of the state revenue base to the crisis; the sensitivity of regional tax revenue to the revenue base. The study was based on the annual reports of the Federal Tax Service of Russia, Rosstat data, Forecast of the Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation, and data from the “National action plan to ensure the recovery of employment and incomes of population, economic growth and long-term structural changes in the economy”. It was found that recession will lead to a significant reduction in people’s income over the given period. As a result, personal income tax revenues will decrease. The budget losses will reach 416.6 billion rubles by the end of the 2020 fiscal year. This is equivalent to 0.4% of GDP and 9.7% of total income from personal income tax in an economic situation unmarred by the pandemic. The largest fall in public revenue is expected in the regions which stand out in regard to personal income tax revenues per capita. The research results confirm the initial hypothesis that the negative impact of the pandemic on personal income tax revenues depends on the share of income tax revenues of a particular region or municipality. The findings can be used by the regional and municipal financial authorities for developing draft budgets for 2022 and the planning period of 2023–2024.
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Nurhidayati, NFN. "ESTIMASI ELASTISITAS DAN BUOYANCY PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI (PPN) DI INDONESIA." INFO ARTHA 3 (May 23, 2017): 170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31092/jia.v3i0.51.
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Tax revenue is the most important source of state revenue nowadays. One of the largest sources of tax revenue is Value Added Tax (VAT) and Sales Tax on Luxury Goods. Tax buoyancy and elasticity is a common measure employed to estimate tax revenue productivity. Concept of elasticity is used to determine the level of responsiveness of automatic (built-in) of tax revenue to the tax base. While the concept of buoyancy is useful to know responsiveness of tax revenue, both to the tax base and to changes in policy. By using the Divisia index during 1984 to 2012, this research specifies that the coefficients of buoyancy and elasticity are 0.99 and 0.82 respectively. It shows that the PPN / PPnBM (VAT and Sales Tax on Luxury Goods) relatively unitary buoyant, but less elastic to the tax base. While using the basis of sectoral GDP from 2005 to 2012, VAT revenues also inelastic with respect to the development of the tax base with a coefficient of 0.632 and a buoyant relative to GDP overall with a coefficient of 1.076. Inelastic tax system forces governments to continuously make discretionary changes, either in the tax bases or in the tax rates or both, in order to be able to keep up with increasing public expenditures. Moreover, the point elasticity indicates that manufacturing and mining sectors are fluctuating as the VAT key sector and the trade sector are relatively stable and buoyant. Therefore, the government needs to review the policies of both the base and the VAT structure, in particular for the manufacturing and the mining sector.
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OULAI, Sieni Toussaint. "Heterogeneous Effects of Financial Development on Tax Revenues: Accounting for Institutional Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa." Applied Economics and Finance 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v9i1.5468.
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Several studies have shown that financial development improves efforts to increase the tax base and tax revenue through different channels. This paper analyzes the effect of financial development on tax revenue conditional on institutional quality for a panel of developing countries over the period 1990-2019. Using a threshold approach, the results indicate that the influence of financial development on non-cash tax receipts is not monotonic and is sensitive to level of institutions. Financial development improves the tax base and tax revenue when the quality of institutions is better. The results point out as well heterogeneousness across countries and over the years counts. Estimates with financial market index confirm the evidence that countries that benefit most from increased tax revenues are those that improve their institutional quality.
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Bachas, Pierre, and Mauricio Soto. "Corporate Taxation under Weak Enforcement." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 36–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180564.
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How should developing countries tax corporate income? We study this question in Costa Rica, where firms face higher average tax rates on profits when revenues marginally increase. We combine discontinuity and bunching designs to estimate the elasticity of taxable profit and separate it into revenue and cost elasticities. We find that firms faced with a higher tax rate slightly reduce revenues but considerably increase costs, thus producing a large elasticity of taxable profit of 3–5. In this context, the revenue-maximizing rate for a corporate tax on profit is below 25 percent, and we show that a tax policy that broadens the base while lowering the rate can almost double the tax revenue collected from these firms. (JEL D22, H25, H26, H32, K34, L25, O23)
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Hussain, Ijaz, and Sumbal Rana. "A Comparison of Fiscal Effort by Provincial Governments in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 545–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.545-562.
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Considerable variation exists among Provinces of Pakistan with respect to their abilities to raise revenues. This is due to underlying varied provincial characteristics like area, resources, population, nature of economic activities and provincial GDPs. The main focus of this paper is to make inter-provincial comparison of their fiscal efforts after allowing for difference in taxable capacity. Therefore, objective of such inter-provincial comparisons of fiscal effort is to identify whether provincial revenue collection is limited by capacity (revenue base) or if a province is unwilling to exploit the available capacity to generate revenues.12 This will enable development of the appropriate resource mobilisation strategy for each province and help in enhancing the overall provincial tax revenue to GDP ratio which is currently below 1 percent of the GDP. This analysis will also help policy-makers in designing fiscal equalisation formulae for assisting those provinces which have demonstrated lesser capacity to raise revenues from their own sources.
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Kwaw Andoh, Francis, Nehemiah E. Osoro, and Eliab Luvanda. "Growth Dynamics of Value-Added Tax Revenue in Ghana." Contemporary Economics 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.305.
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The introduction of the value-added tax (VAT) to replace the sales tax in 1995 was one of the key policy steps undertaken by the government of Ghana (GoG) to further deepen and sustain the efficiency of Ghana’s tax system to boost tax revenue. This study uses quarterly data from 2000 to 2014 and employs dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and Divisia Index approaches to examine the growth of Ghana’s VAT revenues and how this growth is affected by discretionary tax measures. On the whole, the study finds that all of the measures of VAT revenue (total VAT, domestic VAT, and import VAT) have experienced some growth. Growth in total VAT and import VAT is driven strongly by growth in the base, while that of the domestic VAT is driven by both discretionary tax measures and the tax base. Discretionary tax measures are found to have a depressive effect on both total VAT and import VAT revenue growth.
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Sumskaya, T. V. "The Main Aspects of Financial Support of Local Governments in the Russian Federation." World of Economics and Management 19, no. 2 (2019): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2019-19-2-99-115.
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For the effective functioning of local governments an important role is played by the sufficiency of the revenue base of local budgets. It is the municipal level of power in the Russian Federation that is responsible for the most important social expenditures of the state. The purpose of this work is to analyze the revenue sources of local governments, as well as the expenditures of municipal budgets in Russia in the framework of the sub-federal fiscal policy. A set of calculations based on materials from municipalities of the Russian Federation allows to determine the main directions of formation of revenues and expenditures of budgets of local governments, as well as assess the impact of the budget policy of regional authorities on incentives for the socio-economic development of municipalities. The analysis of budget revenues and expenditures by types of municipalities in Russia has been carried out in order to identify their budget solvency both in statics and in dynamics. The results of the study can be applied in studying the possibilities of improving budget policy in the direction of leveling and stimulating local governments to strengthen their own revenue base. It has been concluded that the improvement of intergovernmental relations should include measures to strengthen the tax potential of municipalities, which is impossible without ensuring stable fixed tax revenues for local budgets.
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Hidayat, Taufik, Rahutomo Mahardiko, and Mudrik Alaydrus. "Mobile Cellular Technology Forecast for the Indonesian Telecommunications Industry." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n1.226.
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Current mobile telecommunications deployment in Indonesia, based on 2G, 3G and 4G technologies, lags behind many other developing countries because of Indonesia’s larger territory. This paper presents recent data on revenue growth (%) and the number of Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) in Indonesia, divided among 2G, 3G and 4G technologies, and forecasts future revenue growth and numbers of BTSs for the next few years. The results show that, while revenue growth from 2G operation is decreasing and 4G deployment is significantly increasing, there are still significant revenues from 2G services and many 2G BTSs in operation at the end of the forecast period, making it difficult to shut down the 2G networks in the near future.
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Sokyrko, O. S., and V. Y. Shepylenko. "Trends in the Formation of the State Budget Revenues of Ukraine." Business Inform 3, no. 530 (2022): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-3-87-92.
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In the conditions of acceleration of rates of economic growth the question of formation of the State budget of the country acquires special urgency. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in budget revenues in Ukraine, the study of the proportion of taxes in the overall structure of the revenue side. The purpose of the study led to the formation of the following tasks: study of the main items of the State budget revenues of Ukraine, their comparative analysis and proposals for increasing the revenue base of the State taking into account social inequality and peculiarities of mentality. In the course of the analysis such methods of scientific cognition as analysis, comparison, statistical, graphic were used. In the course of the research it was determined that the following types of revenues occupy the largest share in the country's revenues: value added tax, corporate income tax, excise tax. Value added tax has the greatest fiscal potential, as the tax base is concentrated within the consumer needs of individuals and legal entities. The process of consumption is continuous, which is why value added tax can be considered a stable source of budget revenues. However, the high share of taxes in the overall revenue structure is not able to provide the current expenditures of the country, so there is a need to expand sources of funding. The authors proposed a number of measures aimed at increasing the State budget revenues: transition to long-term budget planning, expanding the tax base by introducing luxury taxes, introducing rational property taxation, transition from proportional to progressive personal income taxation system. At this, the authors emphasize the gradual introduction of tax changes, as an instantaneous change of direction can lead to an increase in the level of the shadow economy. Such measures will increase budget revenues and minimize the need for credit resources (public lending).
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Bilquees, Faiz. "Elasticity and Buoyancy of the Tax System in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i1pp.73-93.
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This paper examines the elasticity and buoyancy of the tax system for the period 1974-75–2003-04. The elasticity of the total tax revenue both with respect to the total GDP and the non-agricultural GDP base is less than unity. Overall, sales tax takes the lead by way of improving revenues. The high coefficient of income tax inclusive of withholding tax, which is an indirect tax, is high. Excluding the withholding tax leads to a lower coefficient. Sales tax with respect to imports and manufacturing also takes care of loss of revenue due to lowering of tariff and excise duties. However, the sales tax coefficient with respect to the GDP base reflects the inclusion of service sector and utilities in the sales tax net, which has serious implications for the poor. The estimates of buoyancy suggest that tax changes did not lead to significant revenue augmentation. The low buoyancy of income tax exclusive of the withholding taxes implies that imposition of massive withholding taxes coupled with an increase in the taxable income limits is working at cross purposes.
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Yan, Wenli. "The impact of revenue diversification and economic base on state revenue stability." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 24, no. 1 (March 2012): 58–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-24-01-2012-b003.
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Chen, Xu. "Optimizing MPBSM Resource Allocation Based on Revenue Management: A China Mobile Sichuan Case." Mobile Information Systems 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/892705.
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The key to determining the network service level of telecom operators is resource allocation for mobile phone base station maintenance (MPBSM). Given intense market competition and higher consumer requirements for network service levels, an increasing proportion of resources have been allocated to MPBSM. Maintenance costs account for the rising fraction of direct costs, and the management of MPBSM resource allocation presents special challenges to telecom operators. China Mobile is the largest telecom operator in the world. Its subsidiary, China Mobile Sichuan, is the first in China to use revenue management in improving MPBSM resource allocation. On the basis of comprehensive revenue (including both economic revenue and social revenue), the subsidiary established a classification model of its base stations. The model scientifically classifies more than 25,000 base stations according to comprehensive revenue. China Mobile Sichuan also conducted differentiation allocation of MPBSM resources on the basis of the classification results. Furthermore, it optimized the assessment system of the telecom base stations to establish an assurance system for the use of MPBSM resources. After half-year implementation, the cell availability of both VIP base stations and total base stations significantly improved. The optimization also reduced economic losses to RMB 10.134 million, and enhanced customer satisfaction with network service by 3.2%.
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Rudzkis, R., and E. Mačiulaitytė. "Econometrical Modelling of Profit Tax Revenue." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 12, no. 1 (January 25, 2007): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.2007.12.1.14724.
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The aim of this article is to present a forecast of budget revenue from the profit tax using econometric models. The set of applied models has to be reduced to very simple models due to short time series used. Therefore, the profit tax regression analysis is made in two stages. In the first stage, econometric modelling of profit tax revenue with the main profit indicators (called the profit tax base) is performed on the basis of information on profit tax regulation and its changes. In the second stage, algorithms of forecasting the profit tax base are formed when the main macroeconomic indicators of Lithuanian economy are used as regressors. Crossvalidation was applied to estimate the accuracy of these algorithms.
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Mulyadi, M. Syarif. "KONTRIBUSI, EFEKTIVITAS, EFISIENSI, DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAAN PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 15, no. 1 (November 9, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v15i1.83.
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This paper examines the contribution, the effectiveness, and the efficiency of value added tax (VAT) revenue.lt also investigates the variables affecting the value added tax revenue. Using the ratio of VAT revenue to total government expenditures as the measurement of the contribution shows that VAT revenue contribution is 33 percent in average lower than income tax revenue contribution. Meanwhile the effectiveness of VAT is around 3,5 percent, still below the income tax effectiveness. In addition, the c-efficiency ratio is 0.50 in average which means that every 1 point increase in VAT tax rate results in an increase in VAT revenue by 0,50 percent of GDP. Furthermore, using ordinary least square estimation, the VAT revenue is determined by tax base, regulations, and the exemption policy where household and government consumption as tax base have positive and significant effect on VAT whereas previous import has a negative effect on VAT revenue.
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Guziejewska, Beata. "Designing a revenue structure in local self-government entities in Poland: taxes versus grants." Equilibrium 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.024.
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This paper discusses the problem of rational forming of the financing system for local self-government entities. The concept of fiscal federalism as well as the role and importance of own revenues and revenues from the state budget transfers, which are slightly different from other unitary countries, have been referred to in this context. The aim of this paper is to statistically analyze the selected categories of local self-government revenues in Poland with regard to the local self-government total revenue in 2013 and the total expenditure between 1999 and 2013. The study involved methods for the analysis of dynamics of mass phenomena such as, first of all, fixed base indexes, the average rate of change indicator and the correlation and regression coefficients from time series. The correlation and regression coefficients from time series were calculated with the first difference method. The results of study demonstrate a statistically significant role of transfer revenues in the expenditure (with the exception of voivodeships) and a statistically insignificant effect of sensu stricto own revenues in the case of cities with poviat status, poviats and voivodeships. The results reveal that the spending policy of local self-governments in Poland is highly dependent on a specific category of revenue, which is referred to as “other revenue” in the study, as a result of the inflow of EU funds. In the long term, once this specific, incidental source of revenue has been exhausted, the local self-government finance may face serious disruption. Such conclusions may serve as a practical contribution to the creation of an early warning mechanism in the shaping of present and future fiscal policies.
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Javid, Attiya Y., and Umaima Arif. "Analysis of Revenue Potential and Revenue Effort in Developing Asian Countries." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.365-380.
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Countries around the world are increasingly recognising that the effective revenue system is the most important factor for economic development. Factors effecting revenue potential measured as the revenue to GDP has been one of the most important issues that concerns to policy-makers from last three decades. Many developing countries face difficulties in generating sufficient revenues for public expenditure. In some countries budget deficits and the unproductive use of public expenditures have narrow the vital investments in both human resources and basic infrastructure that are necessary for providing base for sustainable economic growth and development. Too much dependence on foreign financing may cause problems of debt sustainability; therefore developing countries will need to depend substantially on domestic revenue generation. There is a large body of literature on tax revenue potential in developing countries [Bahl (1971); Tanzi (1987); Leuthold (1991); and Stotsky and Mariam (1997); Gupta (2007)]. However, there is few studies that examine institutional and governance quality as a factor influencing tax collection and tax revenue potential. According to Tanzi and Davoodi (1997) and Gupta (2007) these factors are responsible for low tax collection in developing countries by allowing citizens inappropriate tax exemptions and enabling tax evasion due to bad tax administration. Therefore, a precondition for ensuring adequate revenue collection is a legitimate and responsive institutions following the rule of law with control on corruption and having high quality bureaucracy to administer. Studies also confirm that a strong political will to reform is required for successful reform process [Bird (2004)]. Alm, et al. (2003) suggest that tax records of countries are reflection of their political or societal institutions.
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Vysochyna, Alina, Yaryna Samusevych, and Liudmyla Starchenko. "Convergence trends of environmental taxation in European countries." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 03031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020203031.
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The aim of the paper is to analyse peculiarities of building an environmental tax systems, examining the level of their convergent (divergent) relationships. Main contribution of the paper lies in testing of the hypothesis of existing convergence processes in architecture of environmental tax systems of European countries (as the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Czech Republic) on the basis of panel data analysis for the set of European countries using the regression model in Stata 12/SE and MS Excel. Testing the hypothesis about the existence of convergence in construction of environmental tax system of the above mentioned European countries was realized on the base of analysis of coefficients of panel data regression analysis (both fixed effects and random effects models) – for beta convergence and variation coefficient – for sigma convergence. Such parameters as environmental tax revenue (for air pollution) to general tax revenues ratio, %; environmental tax revenue (for water pollution) to general tax revenues ratio, %; environmental tax revenue (for waste management) to general tax revenues ratio, % were chosen as measures of environmental tax system characteristics. Empirical research results confirmed hypothesis of the presence of β-convergence and σ-convergence in the context environmental tax systems of chosen countries.
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Holst, Anna, and Anders Fuglsig Larsen. "Corporate taxation in Denmark and the international challenge." Nordic Tax Journal 2014, no. 2 (November 1, 2014): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntaxj-2014-0020.
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Abstract We study the development in the Danish corporate income tax base and the corporate income tax revenue in the period from 1990 until present. Measured in per cent of GDP the CIT base has out-paced the revenue due to parallel CIT rate cuts and base broadening reforms. We seek to explain the development in the CIT base and discuss whether this is threatened by base erosion and profit shifting. Describing the development in the CIT tax base is a comprehensive and complex task and to pin-point one single cause is not possible. But it is possible to point to elements which have contributed to the development. We conclude that there exists a challenge in terms of international tax competition but find no evidence of the Danish CIT base suffering from this. The challenge for policy makers is designing a tax system which on one side secures sufficient revenue and on the other hand is internationally competitive.
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Hnativ, V. A., and O. T. Zamaslo. "Analyzing the Efficiency of Local Taxation in Ukraine." Business Inform 10, no. 513 (2020): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-10-332-338.
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One of the key factors on which the efficient functioning of the entire national economy depends is the organization of the State taxation system. In today’s conditions, a sufficient amount of revenues of local budgets are needed to meet the social needs of the population, to solve problems of local nature at the administrative-territorial level. For the successful social and economic development of territories, it is necessary to have a reasonable amount of funds in the budget, as well as a plan for the efficient use of these funds. As result of the research, the essence of local taxes and their efficiency are allocated. It is specified that the Tax Code is a prerequisite for fulfilling the tasks of tax reform and a step towards creating a more perfect taxation system. The current status of the revenue base of budgets in Ukraine, the dynamics of collections of taxes and fees in budget revenues during 2014-2019 are analyzed; the role of local taxes in the formation of the revenue part of local budgets is defined. The results of the process of financial decentralization in Ukraine are summarized, in particular, the increase of powers that can be transferred to the local level in order to increase the independence of local budgets and improve the inter-budget relations. The mechanism of budget alignment, which replaced the formula for distribution of the volume of inter-budget transfers, is researched. The necessity of further reform of local taxation taking into account the competitive advantages and interests of each individual region, optimization, expansion of the base of local taxation and the right of local authorities to establish and collect local taxes and fees in order to avoid problems of forming the revenue base of local budgets of Ukraine is substantiated.
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Gift, Paul. "Moving the Needle in MMA: On the Marginal Revenue Product of UFC Fighters." Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 176–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002519885432.
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This article analyzes fighter marginal products (MP) and marginal revenue products (MRP) for the largest component of Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) revenues: content. Most bouts are fought in the presence of fixed content revenues, and most fighters go their entire careers without supplying labor services for variable revenue pay-per-view (PPV) main cards. After demonstrating that winning does not sufficiently explain variation in PPV buys, I estimate fighter MP and MRP using U.S. consumer search activity from Google Trends as a proxy for fighter popularity. Results suggest that a sizable percentage of UFC fighters generated little to no MRP, while a small number of PPV main card fighters were responsible for 75% of aggregate MRP. Other PPV main card fighters who did not drive the majority of MRP appeared to generate more than some compensation estimates. An apparent decline over time in the UFC’s inframarginal consumer base is also discussed.
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TRUSOVA, Natalia, and Olena SYZONENKO. "FORMATION OF LOCAL BUDGET REVENUES IN THE CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 3(56) (2018): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.03.019.
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Introduction. Increasing the profitability of local budgets is an important issue on the way to the plundering of territorial communities, because local budgets take the main place in the socio-economic development of the territories. Particular relevance of this issue comes in terms of decentralization reform, which gives new opportunities for increasing thefinancial base of local budgets. Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to identify the peculiarities of the formation of revenues of local budgets of Ukraine in the conditions of decentralization of financial resources. Results. The theoretical questions of formation of the revenue part of local budgets are considered. The structure of the distribution of tax and non-tax revenues between the levels of the budget system of Ukraine, the role of inter-governmental transfers in the system of budget revenues of the combined terri-torial communities are investigated. The influence of decentralization reform on formation of the revenue part of local budgets is determined. Conclusions. The changes that have been made to the budget legislation in the process of decentralization reform have affected the structure of distribu-tion and source of local budgets, and strengthened the financial base of local authorities. However, it is precisely from the efforts of local self-government, the adoption of quality management decisions depends on the rational and effi-cient use of budget funds and the successful development of the community.
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Smith, Julie. "Deficiencies in the Current Tax System." Economic and Labour Relations Review 8, no. 1 (June 1997): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469700800105.
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International mobility of capital and competitive pressures are challenging Australian governments to reduce taxes, especially on capital, while conflicting demands, from deregulation, concerns about national savings, and pressures to reform indirect taxes, heighten the need for higher revenues and more progressive taxes. We risk becoming a society of ‘rational fools’, where citizens value government services, but governments lack revenue to find them. Taxpayers see the system as unfair and see others dodge taxes; tax resistance increases, and the revenue base further declines. Rational behavior from an individual viewpoint is foolish from a communal perspective. Deficiencies in the tax system must be remedied to break the cycle. The inability to raise adequate revenue is fundamental. Federal/state financial imbalance is intrinsic to the problem and must be addressed. Removing opportunities for ‘tax shirking’, and addressing major inequities and concessions in direct taxes would improve prospects for indirect tax reform. Increasing overall progressivity by asset or inheritance taxes would balance regressive effects of indirect taxes.
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WANG, Aiqing, and Shoudong FENG. "Fiscal and Taxation Management Strategies of Enterprise Sales Income." Theory and Practice of Social Science 3, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/tpss.030508.
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At the point in time when the sales revenue is realized, the accounting treatment is different from the tax treatment, and it is necessary to effectively control the revenue. From the perspective of corporate tax planning, this paper analyzes the impact of sales revenue on taxation and various factors that affect revenue, points out the key points of sales revenue management and control, and proposes tax base management and control strategies, namely revenue minimization, revenue maximization and revenue. Equalization strategy; from the key factors affecting the recognition of sales revenue, research and put forward the operation methods of management and control of revenue, including factor method, deferral method, decomposition method, transfer method and industrial chain method.
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Barniv, Ran, Kreag Danvers, and Joanne P. Healy-Burress. "An Empirical Examination of State and Local Revocations of Tax-Exempt Status for Nonprofit Hospitals." Journal of the American Taxation Association 27, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2005.27.2.1.
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In recent years, many states and local authorities have revoked the tax exemptions for several nonprofit hospitals. In this study we examine whether hospital-specific and governmental revenue-need characteristics, organized by four underlying constructs, affect state and local tax authorities' decisions to revoke nonprofit hospitals' tax-exempt status. Based on analyses of state and local tax laws, we distinguish three types of taxes paid by hospitals: Medicaid taxes; state revenue-based taxes; and local taxes. We separately examine the effects of these characteristics on the revocation of the tax-exempt status for each type. We use survivorship analysis and fit logistic regressions that employ panel data to study the risk of revocation for each type of tax. Our results suggest that the likelihood that state authorities assess Medicaid taxes increases with the size of the tax base (i.e., patient revenue) and ability to pay, but decreases with lower revenue needs. We find that the likelihood of revocation for hospitals paying state revenue-based tax increases with the size of the tax base (i.e., total operating revenue), but decreases with public health benefits provided (e.g., charity care) and lower revenue needs. Finally, we show that the size of the tax base (public health benefit provided) increases (decreases) the likelihood of revoking the tax-exempt status for hospitals that pay local tax. Implications for local tax authorities and hospital managers are briefly discussed.
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Farouk, Abubakar Umar, Rabiu Saminu Jibril, Zaharaddeen Salisu Maigoshi, Tijjani Habibu Ahamad, and Muktar Musa Bako. "Broadening Nigeria’s Revenue Base: Exploring Blue Economy Activities." Applied Finance and Accounting 7, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v7i2.5224.
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The study explores appropriate mechanism for diversifying Nigeria’s revenue to tap from the opportunities offered by the blue economy. The study conceptually reviewed extant literature as a basis for acquiring an in depth understanding of the phenomenon with a view to offer practical recommendations on the issue. The study discovered that blue economy has the potential of augmenting government revenue if the financial and environmental issues bedeviling the development of the sector are properly addressed. Thus, the study recommends political will and strong institutions for effective running and implementation of blue economy strategies in the nation based on the existing international standards. It also suggested that, to boost revenue from blue economy, Area-based Management needs to be established.
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Ogneru, Victor, Oana Mădălina Popescu, and Stelian Stancu. "Relationship between VAT Revenue and Intermediate Consumption - A VAR Approach." Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0031.
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Abstract The paper analyzes the relationship between value added tax revenue and intermediate consumption in the case of Romania in the period January 2007 – September 2018 (quarterly data), using an unrestricted Vector Autoregression Model based on the rate of dynamic taxation’s level (in terms of value added tax revenue) and the rate of dynamic intermediate consumption. In literature, is questioned only the relationship between tax revenue and gross domestic product. Our study emphasizes the link between tax revenue and parts of the own tax base. The relationship is questioned in both directions, namely with respect to the manner in which value added tax affect intermediate consumption and in terms of the influence of intermediate consumption on value added tax revenue in the case of Romania. Given that a significant part of the corporate taxpayers have left the value added tax regime, intermediate consumption is considered instead of final consumption. The analysis is focused on a specific relationship in order to assess the general impact of indirect taxation on production capacity of the undertakings. Our findings reveal that there is not a direct relationship between intermediate consumption and value added tax revenue at the level of Romania despite a such relationship at the EU-28 level. Moreover, in the case of Romania a high volatility of intermediate consumption was found. Both the breakage between tax revenue and his tax base, and volatility of the tax base suggest an influence of hidden economy. For future concerns about tax policy development, a specific model for estimating and forecasting value added tax revenue should be developed for Romania. On the other hand, based on the findings of this study, a model can be developed to assess the impact of the hidden economy on the value added tax revenue.
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Limseti, Setiadi Alim, and Lilik Indrawati. "Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Program Amnesti Pajak Tahun 2016 Di Indonesia." BIP's : JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 10, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v10i1.44.
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Income from the tax sector is generally the main income for all countries in the world in order to finance its activities. Increased revenue from the tax sector is often hampered, due to the large tax evasion and tax avoidance activities. Tax evasion and tax avoidance practices are triggered by the practice of low tax rates and other facilities provided by the tax heaven countries. In order to combat tax evasion and tax avoidance, the approach taken by each country is different. But basically approach done can be distinguished on soft apporach and hard approach. One approach that is classified as a soft approach is a tax amnesty program. In 2016 the Government of Indonesia is implementing a tax amnesty program based on Law Number 11 of 2016 concerning Tax Amnesty applied from 1 July 2016 to 31 March 2017. This paper will evaluate the successful implementation of the tax amnesty program that has been implemented in Indonesia. Evaluation is based on the achievement of 3 objectives, namely the repatriation of assets from abroad, expansion of the tax base and increase in tax revenue for the short and long term. From the point of asset repatriation, the tax amnesty program is considered quite successful, because although the target of asset repatriation is not achieved, but the asset repatriation has reached 30.54% of the estimated financial assets abroad. From the point of view of the expansion of the tax base, the number of declarations and repatriation reaches Rp. 4,737.56 trillion has exceeded the target. Meanwhile, from the point of view of increasing short-term tax revenues, the objective of the amnesty program can be considered quite successful, because it contributes 10.15% to the average amount of tax revenue in 2016 and 2017, although it has not been able to raise the growth rate of overall tax revenue for the year 2016 and 2017. Increased tax revenues for the long term can not be evaluated, because the tax amnesty program was completed 1 year ago.
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Lim, Setiadi Alim, and Lilik Indrawati. "Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Program Amnesti Pajak Tahun 2016 Di Indonesia." BIP's JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v10i1.51.
Full textAbstract:
Income from the tax sector is generally the main income for all countries in the world in order to finance its activities. Increased revenue from the tax sector is often hampered, due to the large tax evasion and tax avoidance activities. Tax evasion and tax avoidance practices are triggered by the practice of low tax rates and other facilities provided by the tax heaven countries. In order to combat tax evasion and tax avoidance, the approach taken by each country is different. But basically approach done can be distinguished on soft apporach and hard approach. One approach that is classified as a soft approach is a tax amnesty program. In 2016 the Government of Indonesia is implementing a tax amnesty program based on Law Number 11 of 2016 concerning Tax Amnesty applied from 1 July 2016 to 31 March 2017. This paper will evaluate the successful implementation of the tax amnesty program that has been implemented in Indonesia. Evaluation is based on the achievement of 3 objectives, namely the repatriation of assets from abroad, expansion of the tax base and increase in tax revenue for the short and long term. From the point of asset repatriation, the tax amnesty program is considered quite successful, because although the target of asset repatriation is not achieved, but the asset repatriation has reached 30.54% of the estimated financial assets abroad. From the point of view of the expansion of the tax base, the number of declarations and repatriation reaches Rp. 4,737.56 trillion has exceeded the target. Meanwhile, from the point of view of increasing short-term tax revenues, the objective of the amnesty program can be considered quite successful, because it contributes 10.15% to the average amount of tax revenue in 2016 and 2017, although it has not been able to raise the growth rate of overall tax revenue for the year 2016 and 2017. Increased tax revenues for the long term can not be evaluated, because the tax amnesty program was completed 1 year ago.
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Hapsari, Ika, and Pancawati Hardiningsih. "OPTIMALISASI PENERIMAAN DI ERA REFORMASI PAJAK: EKSTENSIFIKASI BERBASIS PENGUASAAN WILAYAH DENGAN PEMODERASI TAX BASE." JURNAL AKUNTANSI DAN AUDITING 17, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jaa.17.2.10-32.
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Tax base enrichment is DGT’s main purpose in the 2020-2024 strategic plan. This program is parallel with the tax reform volume III agenda in DGT since 2017. The research aims to measure the effectiveness of extensification based on regional mastery especially using the digital approach at Central Java I Regional DGT Office in supporting DGT's strategic goal: tax revenue optimization. Tax base as moderator aims to determine the effect on the correlation between the two. Primary data came from online questionnaires results from fifty respondents and in-depth interviews. Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The result shows that extensification based on regional mastery has a significant and positive effect on tax revenue optimization, while tax base moderation doesn't have any effect. The result of the interaction test also concluded that the tax base did not moderate the relation between extensification based on regional mastery and tax revenue optimization in the tax reform era.
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Mokhnatkina, Leyla B. "Assessing Regional Inequality based on Revenues of the Federal Budget using the Pareto Principle." Economy of Region 16 (December 2020): 1377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2020-4-25.
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The use of fiscal instruments for regulating territorial development has both positive and negative macroeconomic effects related to the withdrawal of revenue from more economically developed regions. Therefore, using the Pareto principle, this paper assesses the negative effects of budgetary reallocation. This study considers inter-budgetary reallocation as an annually recurring four-stage process of regional budgets reproduction. The article analyses the firs t stag e o f th e process , namely , the creation of resource allocation base. A hypothesis has been tested to examine whether the centralisation of tax revenues in the federal budget and, consequently, an increase in inter-budgetary reallocation does not reduce, but exacerbates inequality in regions due to their revenue depletion and limited self-development. The study assessed the contribution of federal districts and individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation to the federal budget, withdrawal of regional revenues, and the concentration of territorial revenues to the federal budget. Based on the ranking of regional contributions to federal revenues, I built a Pareto diagram, checking the 80/20 rule for grouped and non-grouped data. Calculations and comparison of the data for 2017 and 2010 confirm numerous negative effects. For example, there is an increase in the withdrawal of regional revenues and a significant concentration of federal revenues for a limited number of regions. Additionally, negative effects include the existence of a direct relationship between regional revenues and the rate of their withdrawal, as well as the predominance of the equalising component over the stimulating one in regional socio-economic development. These effects lead to revenue depletion in the territories and increased centralisation of budgetary resources, contradicting the principles of fiscal federalism. Authorities can use the research results, conclusions and suggestions for managerial decision-making to improve intergovernmental relations in the Russian Federation.
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Mokhnatkina, Leyla B. "Assessing Regional Inequality based on Revenues of the Federal Budget using the Pareto Principle." Economy of Region 16 (December 2020): 1377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2020-4-25.
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The use of fiscal instruments for regulating territorial development has both positive and negative macroeconomic effects related to the withdrawal of revenue from more economically developed regions. Therefore, using the Pareto principle, this paper assesses the negative effects of budgetary reallocation. This study considers inter-budgetary reallocation as an annually recurring four-stage process of regional budgets reproduction. The article analyses the firs t stag e o f th e process , namely , the creation of resource allocation base. A hypothesis has been tested to examine whether the centralisation of tax revenues in the federal budget and, consequently, an increase in inter-budgetary reallocation does not reduce, but exacerbates inequality in regions due to their revenue depletion and limited self-development. The study assessed the contribution of federal districts and individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation to the federal budget, withdrawal of regional revenues, and the concentration of territorial revenues to the federal budget. Based on the ranking of regional contributions to federal revenues, I built a Pareto diagram, checking the 80/20 rule for grouped and non-grouped data. Calculations and comparison of the data for 2017 and 2010 confirm numerous negative effects. For example, there is an increase in the withdrawal of regional revenues and a significant concentration of federal revenues for a limited number of regions. Additionally, negative effects include the existence of a direct relationship between regional revenues and the rate of their withdrawal, as well as the predominance of the equalising component over the stimulating one in regional socio-economic development. These effects lead to revenue depletion in the territories and increased centralisation of budgetary resources, contradicting the principles of fiscal federalism. Authorities can use the research results, conclusions and suggestions for managerial decision-making to improve intergovernmental relations in the Russian Federation.
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Pasara, Michael Takudzwa, and Michael Zuze. "CAN REMITTANCES BOOST TAX REVENUES IN ZIMBABWE? A SECONDARY QUARTERLY TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 9, no. 2 (2021): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2021.09.02.005.
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The study applied the ordinary least squares (OLS) technique on quarterly time-series data to analyze if remittances can boost tax revenue in Zimbabwe. The main challenge faced in Zimbabwe is the insufficient tax revenues to finance growing public spending needs. Results indicate that the share of remittances both in the current and lagged period significantly influenced income tax revenue and the volume of manufacturing. Trade openness was found to be insignificant. Similar results were also observed for the variables when value-added tax to total revenue was the dependent variable. When lagged variables were taken into account, results showedthat only remittances were significant. Thus, increased remittance inflows have significant potential to generate more taxes for the government through income and consumption taxes. The study recommends the creation of platforms, which stimulate and attract more remittances, such as reducing costs of sending remittances through formal channels. Secondly, good governance and quality institutions provide appropriate economic environment and growth policies. Economic growth fosters increased and sustainable tax due to an increased tax base.
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Yan, Wenli. "The interactive effect of revenue diversification and economic base on US local government revenue stability." Public Money & Management 31, no. 6 (November 2011): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2011.618766.
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Zotovich, I. G., and M. N. Lukyanova. "Developing Organization and Management of Municipal Revenues in the Russian Federation." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 17, no. 6 (December 4, 2020): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2020-6-118-127.
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Budget revenues of public-legal institutions form the financial base providing bodies of state power and local selfgovernance with cash necessary to perform their authorities on organizing overall development of economic and social spheres of territories. The article studies conditions of shaping budget revenue of municipal bodies and analyzes difficulties of municipal budget filling in view of national legislation. Problems in municipal administration work are shown, which are envisaged by the absence of stimuli to effective and efficient functioning of municipal clerks. Practices of participation (people’s) budgeting are described and the impact of this tool on budget revenue shaping is estimated. The article demonstrates possibilities of concession agreements and contracts of state-private partnership, which can decrease the burden on the municipal budget connected with projects dealing with repair and reconstruction of property. On the basis of materials studied by methods of comparative analysis, structural and dynamic analysis of local budget revenues, critical analysis, method of searching for new scientific categories and concepts, logical and deductive methods recommendations were worked out on issues of regulating the missing revenues (tax expenses) and introduction of digital technologies of tax administration.
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Wang, Yu kun. "MEASURING THE TAX REVENUE AND TAX BASE EROSION; EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN." JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 3, no. 2 (2022): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jdef.2022.v03i02.11.
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Basically, tax evasion is a gamble taken by private agents and limited “public-sector”. It is rather difficult to get accurate information about the extent of underground economy activities in the goods and labour market, because all individuals engaged in those activities wish not to be identified. Undoubtedly, engaging in the research can be considered as a scientific passion for knowing the unknown. To explore the relationship among economic growth, tax rate, debt, consumer price index and tax revenue. This study differs from the traditional methodology. We adopt SUR-OLS method and Threshold approach for estimating the response of economic growth on total tax revenue,direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue in Taiwan from 1991-2020. This paper further discusses the response of total tax, direct tax and indirect tax to the fluctuation of tax rate. We show that as the tax rate is between 12.59% and 13%, the increase of income leads to the decrease instead of the increase for direct tax revenue, resulting in serious tax base erosion. That is, the relationship between GDP and TTR presents a Nshaped relationship. However, indirect tax does not exist any tax rate threshold effect, On the other hand, with the increase of GDP, indirect tax revenue also increases.
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Polezharova, Liudmila V., and Aleksandra Berger. "OECD UNIFIED APPROACH TO TAXATION OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS: MODEL OF TAX BASE REDISTRIBUTION, FORECASTING AND EVALUATION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 6/2, no. 126 (2022): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.06.02.016.
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The article provides a qualitative and quantitative diagnostics of the OECD unified approach to the taxation of transnational companies in the context of the digitalization of the economy. An analysis of a sample of the world’s largest companies by consolidated revenue and the application of the author’s methodology for calculating tax revenues made it possible to determine the expected revenues for Russia from the implementation of the OECD proposal. The proposed methodology can be used to assess the attractiveness of the proposal for forecasting tax revenues for the Russian budget for planning periods. Key challenges are identified that prevent the application of new rules to a larger number of companies and the formation of a larger tax base to be distributed between the countries where users are located.
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Wu, Yonghong, and David Merriman. "Illinois’ Municipal Telecommunications Tax." Urban Affairs Review 47, no. 6 (September 16, 2011): 838–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087411415507.
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In this article, the tax base elasticity and revenue potential of the municipal telecommunications tax in Illinois over the period 2004 to 2007 are studied. The hypothesis that the municipal telecommunications tax base is perfectly inelastic with respect to variation in the tax rate cannot be rejected. Under the assumption that the tax base is purely inelastic, the maximum revenue potential of this local option tax is estimated. This study suggests that municipal telecommunications taxes have the potential to provide much needed relief to the current and future fiscal stress of municipal governments with minimal economic efficiency costs.
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Leonov, Sergei. "State of Consolidated Budgets and Dynamics of Public Debt of the Far Eastern Federal Subjects." Bulletin of Baikal State University 30, no. 3 (November 10, 2020): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2020.30(3).371-382.
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The trends in the volume and structure of revenues and expenditures of budgets of 11 Far Eastern regions for 2013–2019 are analyzed. An analysis of the balance of consolidated budgets and dynamics of the state regional debt based on statistical and empirical research methods was performed. It is shown that, in the conditions of low inflation in 2018–2019 and positive dynamics of the main sources of revenue, the rate of growth of Far Eastern budget revenues in the period under review was lower than the respective Russian average. The revenues of the Far Eastern regions remained highly dependent on federal budget subsidies. It is revealed that the dynamics of changes in the main sources of growth of the revenue base of the regional budgets in the Far Eastern regions does not give much ground for optimism. The features of dynamics, as well as the problems of the poorly balanced and costly structure of regional public debt of the Far Eastern federal subjects are shown. The possibility of replacing inter-budget transfers, which form a third of budget revenues in the region, with taxes and fees collected in the territory and sent from the Far East to the federal budget is assessed.
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Cornelius, J. P., and E. K. Morgenstern. "An economic analysis of black spruce breeding in New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-085.
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A representative black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) breeding program was formulated using information collected from New Brunswick Tree Improvement Council cooperators. This "base program" was subjected to program profitability and program efficiency analyses. Costs and revenues were computed for a range of real discount rates. The results showed that variation in discount rates did not greatly influence the break-even level of gross discounted revenue, which was fairly stable at around $100 000 for the base orchard of 5.2 ha. Projected gross discounted revenue ranged from about $100 000 at 4.5% discount rate to $36 at 16%. With the internal rate of return at 4.4%, it was concluded that black spruce breeding is probably an economic means of securing extra wood supplies. The program efficiency component concentrated on resource allocation between plus-tree and family selection. The results suggested that current strategies are close to optimum; for a wide range of numbers of familis selected within a constant budget, gross returns remained within about 10% of the maximum possible for each assumption set. It was concluded that current breeding programs should be continued, with present recommended strategies retained.
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Broer, Michael. "Ist im Länderfinanzausgleich die isolierte Berechnung von Grenzentzugsraten für einzelne Steuern sinnvoll?" Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 68, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2019-2003.
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Abstract In 2020 the new fiscal equalization system will come in force. One problem of the new system seems to be, that local tax revenues (e. g. local trade tax) are subject to much higher redistribution than under the status quo; the maximum of redistribution is higher than 100 %. But these results do ignore, that taxes could be seen as co-products. If e. g. the base of the local trade tax increases, the base of the corporation tax will raise, too. So it is not possible, to change only the revenue of one tax like the former analysis imply. Having this in mind, a simulation analysis shows, that the redistribution will always be lower than 100 %.
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KUZNYETSOVA, ANZHELA YA, LIUDMYLA S. ZAKHARKINA, VOLODYMYR M. NOVIKOV, and RUSLANA YU CHUKHNO. "Formation of Financial Self-Sufficiency for Local Budgets in Ukraine: Problems and Prospects of Increasing the Revenue Base." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 3 (2020): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.89.01.
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The guarantee for stable development of the local community's well-being creates conditions to ensure the financial self-sufficiency for local budgets. Today it is urgent to improve the theoretical and practical approaches to forming the local budget revenue to ensure the necessary financial self-sufficiency level for local budgets. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate the level of financial self-sufficiency for local budgets in Ukraine in 1998−2019 by analyzing the revenue side of these budgets. The research used methods of economic, systemic, and structural dynamic analysis. The paper compares different approaches to defining the concept of “financial self-sufficiency for local budgets”. It is determined that the community's success depends on the level of its financial self-sufficiency, which is possible only when the community has financial resources fully to implement local budgets in terms of expenditures. Structural and dynamic analysis of the local budget revenue in Ukraine for 1998-2019 is carried out to assess the level of financial self-sufficiency for local budgets in Ukraine as a whole. The study results indicate the state measures correctness in the reforming of the local taxation system in 2010 and budget decentralization in 2015. However, these measures must be fully implemented and systemic. Conclusions: the composition and structure of the revenues of the local budgets are continually changing, due to the constant changes in the tax system of Ukraine and the state’s efforts to solve the problem of generating local budget revenues, not due to the development of local taxation, but via official transfers. In such conditions, the self-sufficiency of local budgets does not receive the appropriate level. Local budgets are formed on the principle of minimum execution. However, the local taxation system development and the significant increase in tax revenues from local taxes since 2015 allow us to make optimistic forecasts for the growth of the financial self-sufficiency level for local budgets in the future. Keywords: self-sufficiency, community, budget, taxes.
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Zimmermann, H. "Fiscal Equalization between States in West Germany." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 7, no. 4 (December 1989): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c070385.
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Almost from the beginning of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, a sophisticated horizontal equalization mechanism with strong equalizing effects has existed between its states ( Länder). Its historical and social background is shown briefly, and the equalization procedure, which compares the revenue potential of each state with a rough measure of its fiscal need, is described in detail. The far-reaching equalization of state revenues that results is evaluated under distributional objectives and above all on allocative grounds: There are few incentives for states to care for their own tax base, particularly because states have no tax-rate authority which would enable them to vary their revenues from own sources.
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PYSMENNYI, Vitalii. "ENSURING INDEPENDENCE OF LOCAL BUDGETS UNDER CONDITIONS OF FINANCIAL DECENTRALIZATION." Socio-Economic Research Bulletin, no. 1(76) (February 16, 2021): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33987/vsed.1(76).2021.144-156.
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The article investigates the modern conditions and problems of forming local budget revenues in Ukraine. It is determined that local budgets must function as a well-oiled machine ensuring the equivalence of financial resources and planned allocations under conditions of financial decentralization. Approaches to ensuring budgetary independence are substantiated, outlining the tools necessary for local self-government bodies to ensure their capacity to develop. It is established that increased emphasis on independence of local budgets can become one the levers used for ensuring the local finance system complies with the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine». For this purpose, local self-governments are recommended to establish a sufficient and stable revenue base by introducing their own taxes and fees, expanding the non-tax revenue sources, changing the distribution of the revenues from the income tax and corporate tax between government budgets of different levels, creating community funds of economic development, balancing subsidies and subventions. It is argued that budgetary independence is an economic ideal that local self-government bodies should strive for. Its antipodes are rigid financial dependence of local budgets on state budgets, lack of own revenues, and ineffective distribution of funds between budgets of different levels. Additionally, the revenue sources specified in the legislature do not allow the authorities to sustain expenditures with the levies at local level. It is substantiated that territories with independent local budgets can create the state economic environment that corresponds to the principles of financial decentralization.
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Zvi, Winer Zvi, Ben David Evyatar, and Ben David Nissim. "The Connection between the Increase in Foreign Reserves around the Globe and the U.S Collection of Seignorage Revenue." Business and Economic Research 8, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v8i1.12789.
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This paper sheds light on the large seignorage revenue collected by the U.S government resulting from the increase in dollar holding by foreign governments in their foreign reserves. In order to explore the connections between U.S seignorage revenue and other countries foreign reserves we estimated an equation linking between the foreign reserves of several foreign countries and the US monetary base. Our results show a strong connection between the foreign reserves of China, Japan and UK and the US monetary base.
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Bachmann, Carmen, Johannes Gebhardt, and Patrick Sunday Kayongo. "Article: Uganda’s Tax System: Key Challenges and Prospects for Improvement." Intertax 50, Issue 5 (May 1, 2022): 424–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2022028.
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Most studies on tax research have focused on the developed countries, and those on developing countries concentrate on subjects of general application. As a result, research on many aspects of tax applicable to low-income countries (LICs) has been neglected. By presenting an in-depth analysis of Uganda’s tax system, this study seeks to address this gap. The authors analysed panel data spanning over seventeen years to identify the key system gaps. The findings revealed that Uganda’s tax system conforms to the generally accepted international standards, and its economic performance during the period was above the regional sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) average. However, tax revenue performance still remains poor. The main reasons include: unrealistic tax expenditures, corruption, poor governance, low tax morale, overdependence on international trade tax revenues, and structural system weaknesses. To address those challenges, mitigation measures including creating a firm and all-inclusive political settlement; enforcing anti-corruption measures; streamlining the tax system to eliminate system inefficiencies; and systematically formalizing the agricultural and informal sectors to widen the tax base are proposed. It is hoped that the findings provide valuable insights to tax policymakers in formulating policies for improving revenue performance in Uganda and related LICs. Uganda, taxation, tax system, tax reform, tax challenges, revenue mobilization, revenue performance, low-income countries, corruption, political settlement.
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Gatuyu, Justice. "Taxing a Digital Economy: Exploring Intangible Assets to Broaden Revenue Base in Kenya." Strathmore Law Review 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slr.v4i1.112.
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The world economy has shifted from brick and mortar industries to a knowledge and service economy. In the age of digital evolution, intangible assets have become the new drivers of corporate profit and restructured business models of leading firms. Creators of these assets look forward to monetising and making gains from them. Equally, governments expect to extract revenues by way of taxation. As cross-border trade broadens with the rise of globalisation, intangible assets have increasingly become an area of concern in relation to tax avoidance schemes especially by global firms. In Kenya, appreciation of intangible assets has been rising. This study surveys the prospects of expanding Kenya’s revenue base by tapping intangible assets. The digital economy in Kenya is generally inadequately regulated. This leaves tax loopholes which this study explores in order to identify where revenue can be imposed. In order to make recommendations, the study equally focuses on accounting, valuation, and transfer pricing of intangible assets for tax purposes. To this extent, numerous reforms are necessary to ensure that the taxation of intangibles is optimal and does not distort the rise of a digital economy.
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Ivanova, Rositsa. "ANALYSIS OF REVENUE AS REPORTED IN THE ENTERPRISE’S FINANCIAL STATEMENTS." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 47, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij4701071i.
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Enterprise’s financial statements may be defined as structured presentation of the information about the financial position, financial performance and cash flows in the form of: assets; liabilities (payables); equity; revenue; expenses; cash inflows, outflows and net cash flows. Based on this information, one could analyse revenue and expenses, financial performance, financial position, cash flows and effectiveness of the overall business of the enterprise.
The object studied in this publication refers to the revenue of enterprises, which apply the national accounting basis of the Republic of Bulgaria – the National Accounting Standards, and its subject – to the specific directions of the analysis and the methodologies for revenue analysis.
The aim of this publication is to present the plenty of opportunities and methodological directions of the revenue analysis as reported by the enterprise’s financial statements, and in particular, the Statement of revenue and expenses.
The data in the enterprise’s Statement of revenue and expenses may be used for analysis in the following methodological directions: overall evaluation of revenue; analysis of costs per revenue of BGN 100 (revenue effectiveness); analysis of net sales; analysis of revenue-based return with regard to the revenue effectiveness; analysis of net sales-based return (return of sales); analysis of return on the basis of net sales of products with regard to the total cost per products of BGN 100.
In terms of the overall evaluation of enterprise’s revenue, their amount, composition, structure and dynamics are subject to analysis. Such analysis is aimed at identifying the change of revenue – in aggregate, by groups and specific types of revenue, for the current period in comparison to the reference period, both as an absolute and as a relative value. For management purposes, one can identify the average growth and increase rates of revenue for a long time period, characterise their development trends, forecast the expected sales, etc.
When analysing the costs per revenue of BGN 100, one can identify the impact of the direct factors on the dynamics of this indicator. In their nature, these are the total amounts of costs and revenue of the enterprise. Their impact may be broken by groups and by specific items of enterprise’s costs and revenue. Therefore, one could define the impact strength and direction of any item of costs and revenues on the dynamics of revenue effectiveness. Based on the obtained information, the enterprise’s management is able to make timely, objective, justified and proper decisions for the management of enterprise’s revenue and its effectiveness.
Costs per revenue of BGN 100 are directly related to the net revenue-based return. Therefore, the factors that affect the change of the indicator that characterises revenue effectiveness, have impact on the change of revenue-based return.
The date from the Statement of revenue and expenses may be used to analyse the amount, composition, structure and dynamics of net sales. The opportunity to identify the profit from sales of products, goods and/or services in aggregate, and, on this base, to calculate the net sales-based return – an indicator that characterises the effectiveness of the enterprise’s operations, is crucial for the management.
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Saungweme, Talknice, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "A Critical Review of the Dynamics of Government Debt Servicing in Zimbabwe." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2018-0013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper provides a conceptual analysis of government debt servicing in Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2015. The mounting debt burden arising largely from nonconcessionary foreign loans since the 1980s, and the economic hardships that characterise the country beginning the late 1990s, caused dreadful public debt servicing challenges. Thus, the paper discusses the public debt service reforms and policies; trends; and problems in Zimbabwe over the review period. In the paper, it was identified that between 1983 and 1997, the government’s debt servicing costs were growing exponentially, resulting in liquidity challenges. However, between 1998 and 2015, the country had plunged into public debt service overhang, with public debt servicing liabilities exceeding the country’s foreign exchange earnings. Notwithstanding the various public debt servicing reforms to boost domestic revenues, Zimbabwe, as many other developing countries, still faces a number of debt servicing problems. Among others, these include: high government debt, low industrial and export competitiveness, narrow revenue base and subdued investor confidence. The paper recommends the government of Zimbabwe to undertake the following measures, among others, aimed at either boosting or expanding the revenue base: (i) improving tax enforcements; (ii) mobilising the informal sector; and (iii) expanding the productive capacity of public entities.