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Journal articles on the topic 'Revenus miniers'
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1
Aguirre Unceta, Rafael. "République démocratique du Congo : revenus miniers et dépenses publiques pour le développement." Mondes en développement 189, no. 1 (2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/med.189.0055.
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Camara, Rachel Honorine, Koya Kaba Ousmane, Salif Ismaël Sylla, and Abdoulaye Keïta. "Réhabilitation et Valorisation d’Anciens Sites Miniers en Champ de Tomate." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 33 (2024): 335. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n33p335.
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Les activités agricoles occupent 64% de la population Guinéenne, qui y tire 80% de ses revenus. Les femmes qui représentent 52% de la population sont actives tout au long de la chaine de production, elles comptent pour 53,3% de la main d’œuvre et y dévouent 80% de leur temps. Cependant, la plupart peinent à posséder la terre. Par ailleurs, malgré la contribution appréciable des compagnies minières au développement économique des pays, pas ou très peu d’efforts sont consentis pour la réhabilitation des anciennes carrières en domaines agricoles. La richesse du sous-sol guinéen, l’intensification de l’exploitation minière et leurs corolaires en Guinée en général et dans la zone de Boké en particulier, qui est une zone de production agricole, font que les domaines cultivables sont sous pressions anthropiques et climatiques. Par conséquent, la réhabilitation et la valorisation des anciennes carrières à des fins agricoles s’imposent comme une nécessité. L’objectif de l’étude est de réhabiliter un ancien site minier à Hamdallaye en un champ de tomate. Après la fermeture des excavations et l’aménagement grossier du site par la compagnie minière, les blocs de pierres ont été retirés, suivi de l’étalement d’une couche d’environ 25 cm d’argile surmontée de 25 cm de terre. Puis, le site a été mis en jachère pendant 15 mois après avoir été nivelé. Par la suite, une analyse agro pédologique du sol viabilisé a été réalisée dont les résultats sont les suivants : Texture : limono-argilo-sableuse ; pH : moyennement acide ; Matière organique : bien présente ; Azote : bien présent ; Phosphore : très faible ; Potassium : teneur élevée ; Capacité d’échange cationique : moyennement faible. En plus, un test de comportement a montré que le meilleur résultat est obtenu à partir de la combinaison des engrais organiques et minéraux. Conséquemment, des apports en fiente et NPK ont été faits lors de la production de la tomate. Malgré les difficultés rencontrées, les résultats de la production (13,09 T /ha) sont plutôt satisfaisants, ils démontrent la possibilité de réhabiliter une ancienne carrière en champ de tomate. This paper focuses on examining the rehabilitation of a former mining site in Hamdallaye, Guinea, with the goal of converting it into a productive tomato field. Agriculture is a significant part of the Guinean economy, with 64% of the population involved in farming, and women playing a crucial role in the production process. However, many women struggle to own land, and the impacts of mining on arable land in regions like Boké exacerbate the challenges faced by local farmers. The study highlights the importance of rehabilitating old quarries into agricultural land, especially as mining intensifies and puts pressure on land resources. After the mining company closed the site and performed preliminary leveling, the area was left fallow for 15 months before an agro-pedological analysis of the soil was conducted. The findings revealed that the soil had a silty-clayey-sandy texture, moderate acidity, and high levels of organic matter and nitrogen. However, phosphorus levels were very low, and potassium content was high. The study determined that the combination of organic manure and NPK fertilizers led to the best production results during tomato cultivation, with a yield of 13.09 tons per hectare. These results suggest that it is possible to successfully rehabilitate former mining sites into agricultural fields, particularly for crops like tomatoes, contributing to land restoration and increased food production in regions affected by mining.
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Dipakama, Claude Melaine, Noël Watha-Ndoudy, Jean De Dieu Nzila, Isidore Nguelet Moukaha, and Victor Kimpouni. "Impact de l’exploitation artisanale de l’or sur l’environnement dans le secteur de Dimonika (Massif forestier du Mayombe, Congo)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 17 (2024): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n17p68.
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L’orpaillage est très actif dans le secteur de Dimonika et ses environs. Cette activité bien que génératrice de revenus à la population locale, est réputée source de dégradations environnementales. Cette étude vise à évaluer l’impact de l’orpaillage sur l’environnement de ce secteur. La méthodologie adoptée a été axée sur les enquêtes afin de caractériser les pratiques d’orpaillage, identifier les impacts générés sur l’environnement et comprendre le rôle et l’implication des structures de tutelle dans la gestion durable des écosystèmes forestier ; les levés topographiques ; la description des impacts générés ; l’analyse des eaux des cours d’eau orpaillés et des pertes du couvert végétal à partir des SIG et télédétection. Les résultats montrent que l’orpaillage occupe à plus de 50% les jeunes du secteur, dont l’âge varie entre 20 et 40 ans. On assiste à une avancée alarmante des sites d’orpaillage : gisements alluvionnaires (57%), éluvionnaires (41%) et filoniens (3%), avec des techniques non appropriées (défrichage, coupe et déracinement des arbres, mauvaise utilisation des détecteurs des métaux, excavation non remblayée, étalage des couches lithologiques, exploitation et déviation des lits des cours d’eau) sans respect environnemental, ni mesure de prévention et d’atténuation des impacts générés. Les principaux impacts identifiés sont des excavations pouvant atteindre 8 m de profondeur (29 % sur les sites éluvionnaires contre 15% sur les sites alluvionnaires). Les déchets miniers abandonnés sur ces sites (18 et 17% respectifs). 15% des cours d’eau sont crevassés et déviés sur des longueurs moyennes de 9 m avec pour conséquence la perturbation du régime hydrographique. Avec une turbidité moyenne de 114 NTU, les eaux des cours d’eau orpaillés sont impropres à la consommation selon SEQ-Eau (2003). La végétation n’est pas épargnée de ce désastre, les arbres non coupés tombent parce que déracinés surtout sur les sites éluvionnaires et la perte du couvert végétal s’est rapidement amplifiée et atteint 1058 ha en 2 ans avec l’utilisation des détecteurs de métaux. L’utilisation de ces détecteurs poserait un réel problème en milieu forestier car la régénération de la végétation est très lente à cause des inversions lithologiques qui sont associées à cette méthode. Gold panning is very active in the Dimonika sector and its surroundings. Although this activity generates income for the local population, it is known to be a source of environmental degradation. This study aims to assess the impact of gold panning on the environment in this sector. The methodology adopted focused on surveys to characterize gold panning practices, identify the impacts generated on the environment and understand the role and involvement of supervisory structures in the sustainable management of forest ecosystems; topographic surveys; description of the impacts generated; analysis of the waters of gold-panned streams and losses of plant cover using GIS and remote sensing. The results show that gold panning occupies more than 50% of young people in the sector, whose ages vary between 20 and 40 years. There is an alarming increase in gold mining sites: alluvial deposits (57%), eluvial deposits (41%) and vein deposits (3%), with inappropriate techniques (clearing, cutting and uprooting trees, improper use of metal detectors, unfilled excavation, spreading of lithological layers, exploitation and diversion of river beds) without environmental respect, nor measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts generated. The main impacts identified are excavations that can reach 8 m deep (29% on eluvial sites compared to 15% on alluvial sites). Mining waste abandoned on these sites (18 and 17% respectively). 15% of watercourses are cracked and diverted over average lengths of 9 m, resulting in disruption of the hydrographic regime. With an average turbidity of 114 NTU, the waters of the gold-mined streams are unfit for consumption according to SEQ-Eau (2003). Vegetation is not spared from this disaster, uncut trees fall because they are uprooted, especially on eluvial sites, and the loss of plant cover has rapidly increased and reached 1058 ha in 2 years with the use of metal detectors. The use of these detectors would pose a real problem in forest environments because the regeneration of vegetation is very slow due to the lithological inversions associated with this method.
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Molobela, Terrance. "Exploring the role of the minibus-taxi industry on promoting taxi entrepreneurship in South Africa." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 13, no. 10 (2024): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v13i10.3660.
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From the 1930s, the South African minibus-taxi industry has been playing a fundamental role in supporting the growth and development of minibus-taxi entrepreneurs. The minibus-taxi industry in South Africa is often misunderstood due to its informal nature. However, it is worth noting that the South African minibus-taxi industry has created economic opportunities for taxi entrepreneurs, and today it has an annual turnover of R38-billion to R50-billion. This study investigated the role of the South African minibus-taxi industry in promoting the development of taxi entrepreneurship in Mankweng taxi ranks, within the Limpopo Province and its limited within this area. The mixed-method research approach was used with a stratified-random sampling using a semi-structured questionnaire administered to 110 taxi entrepreneurs. In addition, the study conducted group focus interviews purposively with 12 minibus-taxi bosses. Qualitative data was analysed using descriptive analysis and quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software and then transported to the Microsoft Excel for further analysis where necessary. The findings reveals poor business planning; weak support from both the Mankweng Taxi Association and government; and high fuel prices affects the day-to-day business activities and causing majority of minibus-taxi entrepreneurs running their businesses at loss without realisation. The study recommend an urgency for the Mankweng minibus-taxi group and their key stakeholders to design an entrepreneurship model suitable for the industry’s development to boost the local economy. This study sought to demonstrate the importance of unlocking the full potential of minibus-taxi entrepreneurship through sufficient support from both the government and minibus-taxi associations to address structural challenges, limited access to resources and finance, and regulatory complexities to lessen the burden of running the minibus-taxi business. The study challenges policy-makers intentionally to design programs aimed at incorporating the minibus-taxi business into boosting the overall economy in a formal manner.
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BELA, Christian, Laurent Ekobary ANDRIATAHINA, and Floris RAHERIVELO. "Impacts of FDI on Economic Development: The Case of the Mining Sector in Madagascar." Cahiers du cedimes 19, SI (2024): 128–36. https://doi.org/10.69611/cahiers19-hs-08.
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Madagascar remains one of the least developed countries in the world despite the natural resources it has. Foreign direct investment in the mining sector can play a crucial role in reducing poverty, but how can it be leveraged ?The objective of this article is to present the optimization of the participation of mining sector in economic development of Madagascar. To do this, bibliographic research, an analysis of regulations as well as surveys carried out with the Ambatovy company, the Ministry of Mines and National Institute of Statistics of Madagascar were carried out. The result shows that mining industry increases state revenues and direct and indirect job creation. However, mines are often installed around critical ecosystems and protected areas, despite laws prohibiting such operations thereby harming adjacent communities and creating opposition to mining. The development of natural resource exploitation constitutes a considerable development factor for Madagascar if the normative conditions are well established and clear for all stakeholders concerned.
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Cannucci, Silvia, Claudia Angiolini, Barbara Anselmi, et al. "Contribution to the knowledge of the vascular flora of Miniera di Murlo area (southern Tuscany, Italy)." Italian Botanist 7 (April 19, 2019): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.7.33763.
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This work aims to increase the floristic knowledge of southern Tuscany by means of a floristic investigation which took place in the Miniera di Murlo (southern Tuscany, Italy). The study area, located in the province of Siena, has an extension of 2.26 km2 and hosts a heterogeneity of habitats like rocky outcrops, woodlands, meadows and riparian formations. The prevalent geological type is an acidic sedimentary rock known as diaspri formation (jasper). The checklist of vascular flora consists of 501 taxa and includes six endemics and 13 alien species, among which Vitislabrusca is a newly-found species for the Province of Siena along with the native Rosabalsamica and Rosasquarrosa. The most interesting species, such as Anthoxanthumaristatum, Gageabohemica, Paragymnopterismarantae, Saxifragagranulata, and Teesdaliacoronopifolia, are found on acidic rocks. Species of the Italian Red List, such as Ruscusaculeatus, and species of Regional conservation interest, such as Centaureaaplolepasubsp.carueliana, Ervilialoiseleurii, and Vicianigricans, were recorded. The chorological spectrum reveals a dominance of Mediterranean species indicating warm climate conditions and mild winters whereas the life-form spectrum shows a slight dominance of hemicryptophytes followed by therophytes. However, a clear dominance of one life-form type over the other is lacking, since the acidic and dry rocky substrate partially compensates for the humidity provided by the stream. This study highlights the relevant floristic value of the Miniera di Murlo area and supports the possible creation of a protected area or its inclusion in the adjacent one.
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Lupapa, Moses kalombo. "DE L’INSTITUTION DU FONDS MINIER POUR LES GENERATIONS FUTURES EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO." IJRDO - Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 9, no. 3 (2023): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/sshr.v9i3.5622.
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Il existe un contraste dérangeant entre les besoins des générations futures prônées par le législateur congolais de 2018 et les besoins des générations présentes qui ne jouissent pas sensiblement de recettes découlant de l’exploitation minière. Le pays figure parmi les plus pauvres du monde en termes de revenu par habitant. Le législateur ne doit pas non plus sacrifier les intérêts des générations présentes sur l’autel de l’équité. L’équité bien ordonnée devant commencer par les générations présentes. 
 Ainsi, nous demandons-nous : quelles furent les motivations profondes du législateur congolais pour instituer le fonds minier pour les générations futures au moment où les générations présentes ne jouissent pas de recettes découlant de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles ? Etait-il nécessaire d’instituer un tel fonds en RDC et quel serait son impact sur le développement durable ?
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Cannucci, Silvia, Claudia Angiolini, Barbara Anselmi, et al. "Contribution to the knowledge of the vascular flora of Miniera di Murlo area (southern Tuscany, Italy)." Italian Botanist 7 (April 19, 2019): 51–67. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.7.33763.
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This work aims to increase the floristic knowledge of southern Tuscany by means of a floristic investigation which took place in the Miniera di Murlo (southern Tuscany, Italy). The study area, located in the province of Siena, has an extension of 2.26 km<sup>2</sup> and hosts a heterogeneity of habitats like rocky outcrops, woodlands, meadows and riparian formations. The prevalent geological type is an acidic sedimentary rock known as diaspri formation (jasper). The checklist of vascular flora consists of 501 taxa and includes six endemics and 13 alien species, among which Vitis labrusca is a newly-found species for the Province of Siena along with the native Rosa balsamica and Rosa squarrosa. The most interesting species, such as Anthoxanthum aristatum, Gagea bohemica, Paragymnopteris marantae, Saxifraga granulata, and Teesdalia coronopifolia, are found on acidic rocks. Species of the Italian Red List, such as Ruscus aculeatus, and species of Regional conservation interest, such as Centaurea aplolepa subsp. carueliana, Ervilia loiseleurii, and Vicia nigricans, were recorded. The chorological spectrum reveals a dominance of Mediterranean species indicating warm climate conditions and mild winters whereas the life-form spectrum shows a slight dominance of hemicryptophytes followed by therophytes. However, a clear dominance of one life-form type over the other is lacking, since the acidic and dry rocky substrate partially compensates for the humidity provided by the stream. This study highlights the relevant floristic value of the Miniera di Murlo area and supports the possible creation of a protected area or its inclusion in the adjacent one.
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Pibaev, I. A. "КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ СТАТУСА РЕЛИГИОЗНЫХ СЛУЖИТЕЛЕЙ". Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки, № 57 (2022): 454–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2022-57-454-475.
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Introduction: religious ministers are a special category of persons, often having a special status regulated not only by internal norms of religious organizations (e.g. those provided in sacred texts) but also by legal rules of the state. Purpose: to analyze the provisions of the constitutions of the UN member states and a number of basic laws of the constituent entities of federal states, to identify the features of the constitutional regulation of the status of religious ministers, the reasons for etatization and ‘constitutional silence’. Methods: the research mainly relies on the comparative legal method, used when analyzing the constitutions and laws of 193 countries (cross-study); the systematization method was employed to develop the author's classification of the identified norms into groups. Results: the analysis showed a terminological diversity in the texts of the constitutions; when studying the issue in question, it is advisable to use the term ‘religious minister’ as it allows covering this category of persons to the greatest extent possible. The author has identified six groups of norms reflecting the status of religious ministers: the norms governing participation in the management of state affairs; norms blurring the boundaries between secular and religious regulation; norms establishing privileges for clerics; norms ensuring the autonomy of religious associations; norms that regulate the exercise of freedom of religion through spiritual mentors; norms limiting the civil legal capacity of religious ministers and determining the legal force of religious rites and sacraments. The paper explains why some ‘standard norms’ have been established, including those forbidding religious ministers from participation in the management of state affairs. Conclusion: the author reveals the reasons behind the ‘constitutional silence’ and etatization of the norms on religious ministers in the constitutions, and also offers the ways to differentiate the status of clerics in the structure of constitutions.
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Rosliana, Rosliana, Ranti Melasari, and Badewin Badewin. "INVENTARISASI POTENSI PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH (PAD) PADA USAHA AGEN TRAVEL PERJALANAN DARAT DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR SESUAI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2022 TENTANG HUBUNGAN KEUANGAN ANTARA PEMERINTAH PUSAT DAN PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH (HKPD)." Selodang Mayang: Jurnal Ilmiah Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir 9, no. 2 (2023): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47521/selodangmayang.v9i2.316.
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Private minibus car travel is currently the choice of the people of Indragiri Hilir in supporting activities. Based on a preliminary survey and comparison with Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning road traffic and transportation, information was obtained that: black plate travel does not have a route permit; vehicles do not pass due diligence; and operators do not pay various levies set for passenger transportation. The high growth of travel agents for land travel business in Indragiri Hilir did not make a positive contribution to the regional original income of the Indragiri Hilir Regency. This study aims to take inventory of the potential for regional original revenue sourced from the operations of travel agents in the land travel business. The results of the study are the potential of PAD that needs to be optimized for land travel business, namely route permit fees; (2) terminal levies; (3) motor vehicle testing retribution; (4) motorized vehicle title transfer fee; (5) advertising tax; (6) PBB-P2 and (7) Parking tax. This research suggests to the government that it should be able to enforce the regulations that have been published in order to increase local revenue. 
 
 Travel Mobil Minibus pribadi saat ini menjadi pilihan masyarakat Indragiri Hilir dalam menunjang aktivitas. Berdasarkan survey pendahuluan dan dikomparasi dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan, diperoleh informasi bahwa: Travel Plat Hitam tidak memiliki izin trayek, Kendaraan tidak melalui uji kelayakan, serta tidak membayar berbagai retribusi yang ditetapkan untuk angkutan penumpang. Tingginya pertumbuhan Travel Agen Usaha Perjalanan Darat di Indragiri Hilir tidak memberikan kontribusi positif bagi Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisir potensi – potensi Pendapatan Asli Daerah bersumber dari Operasional Travel Agent Usaha Perjalanan Darat. Hasil Penelitian yaitu potensi PAD yang perlu di optimalisasi pada Travel Usaha Perjalanan Darat yaitu Retribusi Izin Trayek; (2) Retribusi Terminal; (3) Retribusi Pengujian Kendaraan bermotor; (3) Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor; (4) Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor; (5) Pajak Reklame; (6) PBB-P2; (7) Retribusi Parkir di tepi jalan umum. Penelitian ini menyarankan kepada pihak Pemerintah untuk dapat menegakkan Regulasi-regulasi yang telah di terbitkan guna meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah.
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Duhaime, Gérard, and Véronique Robichaud. "L’économie du Nunavik entre 1983 et 2003." Recherche - Aspects de l'économie québécoise 51, no. 1-2 (2010): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044693ar.
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RésuméCet article compile des données sur l’économie formelle de la région du Nunavik, au nord du Québec, portant sur une période de vingt ans. Il permet de vérifier que les caractéristiques de l’économie régionale se maintiennent, voire s’intensifient, durant toute la période : structure industrielle dominée par l’administration publique, rôle majeur du salariat, importation massive de produits finis et de biens intermédiaires, importance variable du secteur minier… Cet examen permet surtout d’identifier certaines tendances méconnues. Les politiques visant à réduire les déficits et la dette publique ont eu des effets plus profonds au Nunavik que dans l’ensemble du Québec; il montre une rémunération asymétrique en vertu de laquelle les autochtones accaparent une proportion du revenu toujours plus faible que leur proportion dans la main-d’oeuvre; les paliers gouvernementaux régionaux et locaux ont une importance croissante dans la prestation des services, qui ne se reflète pas forcément dans le pouvoir politique qu’ils exercent. Il conclut que, si l’autonomie décisionnelle peut être accrue par le projet d’une nouvelle forme de gouvernement régional, les grandes forces contemporaines – politiques néo-libérales et marchés mondiaux – continuent d’influencer l’économie régionale, intimement liée à celle du reste du Québec et du monde.
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Cignini, Fabio, Antonino Genovese, Fernando Ortenzi, et al. "Experimental Data Comparison of an Electric Minibus Equipped with Different Energy Storage Systems." Batteries 6, no. 2 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6020026.
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As electric mobility becomes more important every day, scientific research brings us new solutions that increase performance, reduce financial and economic impacts and increase the market share of electric vehicles. Therefore, there is a necessity to compare technical and economic aspects of different technologies for each transport application. This article presents a comparison of three bus prototypes in terms of dynamic performance. The analysis is based on the collection of real data (acceleration, maximum speed and energy consumption) under different settings. Each developed prototype uses the same bus chassis but relies on different energy storage systems. Results show that the dynamic bus performance is independent on the three energy storage technologies, whereas technologies affect the management costs, charging time and available range. An extensive experimental analysis reveals that the bus equipped with a hybrid storage (lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors) had the most favorable net present value, in comparison with storage composed of only lead–acid or lithium-ion batteries. This result is due to the greater life of lithium-ion batteries and to the capability of supercapacitors, which reduce both batteries depth of discharge and discharge rate.
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Kalimo, Harri, and Max S. Jansson. "De minimis meets market access: Transformations in the substance and the syntax of EU free movement law?" Common Market Law Review 51, Issue 2 (2014): 523–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2014036.
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The article examines whether the ECJ has used, or could use, de minimis test(s) in free movement law as a means of limiting the scope of prima facie prohibited non-discriminatory measures. The scrutiny is framed against the Court's recent case law, where the notion of market access has become important. Market access may in fact be interpreted with reference to de minimis tests and its relationship with such tests - systemized here as magnitude, causality and probability thresholds - reveals interesting parallels. Combinations of de minimis tests may influence the content of free movement law and perhaps even lead to changes in the prohibition-justification syntax.
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Abdou, Bougoury TRAORÉ. "Impact socioéconomique de l'orpaillage dans le cercle de Kenema au Mali." International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, Management and Economics 3, no. 1-2 (2022): 251–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5914551.
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La population du Mali tire essentiellement ses revenus de l’agriculture. La croissance affichée dans ce domaine pourrait être soutenue par le secteur minier étant donné que le Mali dispose d’importants gisements d’or qui fournissent au pays environ 75% de ses recettes d’exportation. L’orpaillage a favorisé le développement de plusieurs villages dans le Sud-Ouest du Mali qui abrite les principales ressources aurifères du pays. Kéniéba, fait partie aujourd’hui des principales localités de la région de Kayes où l’orpaillage est pratiqué avec plus de 148368 orpailleurs à la recherche du métal jaune. Cette activité contribue de manière substantielle à l’économie locale de cette localité. Par ailleurs, elle implique l’utilisation de produits chimiques toxiques dont le mercure. L’orpaillage constitue à cet effet la principale activité de plusieurs communautés au détriment de l’agriculture dans les régions de Kayes, Sikasso, Kidal et Gao. L’objectif de notre travail était de comprendre les externalités socio-économiques issues de l’orpaillage dans la zone de Kéniéba (Kayes) pour les populations. À travers des interviews et entretiens semi-directifs, l’analyse des rapports et articles, nous avons examiné la problématique des effets de la prolifération de l’extraction traditionnelle de l’or sur les populations concernées. Nos résultats ont confirmé le rôle de l’orpaillage dans la réduction du taux de pauvreté et un accroissement du revenu annuel moyen des ménages dans les zones soumises à cette activité. En revanche, il s’en suivait une aggravation des inégalités sociales, la dégradation abusive de l’environnement sous l’effet des produits chimiques non maîtrisés et le travail des enfants. Des mesures fortes d’encadrement de l’orpaillage traditionnel devaient permettre de réduire l’impact négatif de cette activité sur l’environnement et sur la vie des populations des zones cibles. <strong>Mots clés :</strong> <strong>Classification JEL: </strong>O31, O34, Q12 <strong>Type de l’article : </strong>Recherche appliquée
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Fried, Travis, Thet Hein Tun, Jacqueline M. Klopp, and Benjamin Welle. "Measuring the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Transport Target and Accessibility of Nairobi’s Matatus." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 5 (2020): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120914620.
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The urban Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) includes the target to provide “access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all” by 2030. However, debate exists around the best indicator to measure this target, and few actual measurements exist. This is in part because basic transit data are missing from many of the world’s cities, including in Africa where popular or “informal” systems dominate. This paper explores how to make progress in measuring indicators for the SDG transport target using Nairobi’s minibus system, matatus, as a case study. We partially measure the SDG indicator for the city as currently defined by the UN and then compare the SDG measurement to a location-based accessibility indicator that incorporates income data, travel times, and land-use considerations for Nairobi’s highly monocentric spatial urban form. We show that although the SDG analysis suggests generally favorable transit coverage, it also points to underlying transport inequalities for low-income residents. The more fine-grained location-based accessibility analysis reveals rapidly decreasing accessibility to opportunities as distance increases from the city’s central business district. This accessibility-based analysis further highlights income-based transport inequalities, identifying opportunities for improving integrated transport for residents living on the city’s near and far peripheries. Improving non-motorized transport access for those living in low-income areas with high access potential would also be important to improve access. We recommend that cities start using open-source software and open data to measure a variety of indicators needed for data-driven policy, to meet SDG 11.2 and go further to improve access to opportunities for all residents.
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Melnikova, Ekaterina M. "Yaroslavl microtoponym ZAVOLGA: grammatical status, semantics." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 1, no. 24 (2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-1-24-95-103.
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The article analyses semantic and grammatical features of the Yaroslavl microtoponym Zavolga. It is noted that the sphere of modern unofficial microtoponymy (urbanonymy) is heterogeneous in its stylistic status: speech communication of city dwellers includes both expressive colloquial and vernacular names from urban jargons and emotionally coloured neutral micro-toponyms. The urban name Zavolga belongs to the latter group: the appearance of this word on Yaroslavl's minibus taxi signs as well as in the local press, indicates that it is widespread in the city's usage and has gone beyond the limits of verbal vernacular. Replacing the word combination Zavolzhsky district and the single-word name Zavolzhye, the urbanonym Zavolga is actively acquiring the full declension paradigm in the singular, is used with adjectives and combines with prepositions of space. The article considers both normative prepositional phrases and non-normative constructions. It is shown that the prepositional case form «v Zavolge» is used very rarely and its place is taken by the adverbialized form «Zavolgoi»; the form «Zavolgu» is used instead of the form *v Zavolgu. The author suggests that not distinguishing these forms from the normative Za Volgoi and Za Volgu reveals the irrelevance of distinguishing their semantics: both spellings denote the same thing – the city district, not the river beyond which something takes place. The study also points out that such variability in the spelling of urban toponyms is not unique to the speech of Yaroslavl residents: the coexistence of spatial names merged with prepositions and prepositional case combinations is found in the toponymy of different Russian regions, and the convergence with nominal nouns like zagranitsa and adverbial phrases za granitsei, za granitsu, underlines the transitional status of such units.
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Cheick, Sidia Diabaté. "Approche Gestion des risques et son impact dans le processus de développement territorial des villes minières." Revue Droit et Société 1, no. 2 (2021): 82–101. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4720857.
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Dans les communautés riveraines des sites d’exploitation minière, les trente dernières années sont marquées par l’impact de l’exploitation exponentielle industrielle et artisanale des ressources minières. Ces impacts se manifestent sur le cadre social, économique et environnemental des populations riveraines des sites d’exploitation minières. Pour atténuer les conséquences désastreuses des activités minières, des incohérences des politiques publiques de développement qui s’en suivent dans un contexte fortement marqué par les catastrophes naturelles et les risques territoriaux, les approches développement territorial et la gestion des risques s’avèrent des démarches à implémenter dans les politiques nationales de développement local en vue de renforcer la décentralisation. A l’aune de ce contexte dominé par les catastrophes naturelles et les risques territoriaux enregistrés dans les communautés impactées par l’activité minière en général, le concept de gestion des risques se révèle une démarche qui condition l’avenir des infrastructures de base des territoires. Le retard observer dans la mise en place de l’approche gestion des risques par l’Etat dans les politiques territoriales et l’application de son contenu par les communautés et les compagnies minières constitue l’une des sources des risques territoriaux dont les populations, les élus locaux et les organisations de la société civile font face dans les domaines essentiels de développement. Abstract: In decentralized territorial communities, especially in communities bordering mining sites. In these communities, the last thirty years have been marked by the impact of industrial and artisanal exploitation of mineral resources. These impacts are manifested on the social, economic and environmental framework of the populations living near these mining sites. To mitigate the disastrous consequences of the mining activities, inconsistencies with public development policies in a context strongly marked by natural disasters and territorial risks, territorial development approaches and risk management are steps to be implemented in national policies of local development with a view to strengthening decentralization. In the light of this context dominated by natural disasters and territorial risks recorded in communities impacted by mining activity, the concept of risk management in its etymological sense of the term, in its evolution and in its implementation reveals an approach which conditions the future of the basic infrastructures of the territories. The delay observed in the implementation of the risk management approach by the State in territorial policies and the application of its content by communities and mining companies is one of the sources of territorial risks, including populations, local elected officials and civil society organizations that are dealing with essential areas of development.
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Ergashboyev, Minghojiddin Jasurbek o'g'li, and Ulug'bek Tashmuratovich Eshmuradov. "TURISTIK KLASTERLAR VA ULARNING IQTISODIYOT UCHUN AHAMIYATLILIK DARAJASI." Role of agriculture and medicine in science va O'zbekiston Agrar fani xabarnomasi Maxsus son, no. 1/1(19) 2025 (2025): 310–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15025138.
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<strong>TURISTIK KLASTERLAR VA ULARNING IQTISODIYOT UCHUN AHAMIYATLILIK DARAJASI</strong> <strong>Ergashboyev Minghojiddin Jasurbek o‘g‘li</strong> <em>Samarqand davlat veterinariya meditsinasi, chorvachilik va biotexnologiyalar universiteti</em> <em>Iqtisodiyot fakulteti 2-bosqich talabasi </em>ergashboyevminghojiddin@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1268-4353 <strong>Eshmuradov Ulug‘bek Tashmuratovich</strong> Samarqand davlat veterinariya meditsinasi, chorvachilik va biotexnologiyalar universiteti “Buxgalteriya hisobi va audit kafedrasi” mudiri https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5325-9176 ulugbek1983.05@gmail.com
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Moutedé-Madji, Vincent, and Elias O. Tchouki. "Orpaillage et recomposition des systèmes d’activités rurales au sud-ouest du Tchad." EchoGéo 71 (2025). https://doi.org/10.4000/140dw.
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L’article analyse les recompositions des systèmes d’activités rurales liées à l’orpaillage dans le Mayo Dallah, au sud-ouest du Tchad. Ce territoire recèle de l’or dont l’exploitation, qui s’est intensifiée au cours des dernières années, attire des populations venues d’horizons divers. À l’aide de la documentation, d’entretiens et d’enquêtes sur les sites aurifères, l’étude montre que l’orpaillage du Mayo Dallah est source de revenus additionnels pour la population et de recomposition des activités socio-économiques. Cependant, ces dynamiques ne produisent pas d’effets structurants sur le territoire. Les sociétés minières titulaires de droits d’exploitation et le Trésor public de Pala engrangent des ressources financières faibles du fait du trafic informel de l’or, contrôlé par des proches du pouvoir ; de plus, la disposition du code minier de 2018 qui prévoit d’accorder 5% des revenus miniers aux collectivités locales riveraines n’est pas mise en œuvre, ce qui traduit la faiblesse de la décentralisation effective et explique l’absence d’investissements locaux.
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ADUBANG'O, THUAMBE Dieu Merci, and SIRIKA Jean OBOTE. "Revenus miniers du développement local, socle d'une émergence des jeunes entrepreneurs en territoire de Watsa." August 25, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13371724.
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La liberté d’entreprendre est reconnue sur l’ensemble du territoire de la République Démocratique du Congo. Le pouvoir public veille à la promotion des partenariats publics-privés en vue d’œuvrer à l’émergence d’une classe moyenne d’entrepreneurs. Cet article clarifie la présence des initiatives de l’entrepreneuriat de la jeunesse, évalue le taux de réussite de cette initiative entrepreneuriale et décèle les défis liés à l’atteinte de cette initiative en territoire de Watsa. Il ressort auprès de 352 entrepreneurs enquêtées dans les sites de Durba, Watsa et Moku que dans ce coin du pays les jeunes s’émergent avec des financements issus du partenariat étroit de la dotation minimale de 0,3% du chiffre d’affaires de la mine de kibali pour contribution aux projets de développement communautaire, de la redevance minière que les entités territoriales décentralisées bénéficient ainsi que des fonds issus du financement des travaux du cahier de charge. Nonobstant, les défis restent énormes pour la promotion des PME et startups dont la plupart œuvre dans le secteur informel.
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Souza, Keulle Oliveira da, Elisângela Claudia de Medeiros Moreira, Cláudio Gellis de Mattos Dias, et al. "Changements socio-environnementaux et sanitaires résultant de la mise en œuvre de projets miniers à Barcarena-PA: Développement et ses contradictions en Amazonie, Brésil." Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento, December 18, 2019, 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/environnement/changements-socio-environnementaux.
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Face aux enjeux environnementaux et à l’activité minière, il est important d’analyser la relation entre les questions sociales et environnementales et de santé et les activités minières et leurs relations directes avec le développement, en particulier économique. Les travaux actuels visaient à évaluer les changements socio-environnementaux et sanitaires résultant de la mise en œuvre de grands projets miniers à Barcarena-PA, contextualisant le développement et ses contradictions dans l’Amazonie brésilienne. À cette fin, des recherches bibliographiques ont été utilisées, sur la littérature publiée dans des livres, des articles scientifiques et documentaires, sur le thème à l’étude. Il a été constaté que le Brésil représente l’un des plus grands potentiels de ressources minérales sur la planète, avec environ 55 types de minéraux qui peuvent être utilisés à des fins d’exploration économique. D’autre part, en plus de contribuer au renforcement de l’économie régionale et nationale et à la création d’emplois et à l’augmentation des revenus de la population locale, comme c’est le cas de la municipalité de Barcarena-PA, cette région a subi des impacts socio-environnementaux et sanitaires consécutifs, en raison des activités minières développées dans la région. Les environs des grands projets miniers sont habités par des familles qui, depuis leur mise en œuvre, ont leur mode de vie, leur économie, leur santé et leur organisation socioculturelle touchés, résultant de cette activité et des impacts environnementaux successifs qui se produisent sur le site. Compte tenu de tout ce qui a été analysé, il est possible de conclure que, parce qu’il s’agit d’un modèle de développement économique accéléré, et souvent mal planifié, ne tenant pas compte des particularités de l’Amazonie brésilienne, il finit par générer de nombreux impacts environnementaux et sociaux qui reflètent même directement de graves problèmes de santé de la population locale. Il est donc essentiel de repenser d’urgence cette forme de mise en œuvre de projets d’exploration minérale dans la région amazonienne, comme c’est le cas dans la ville de Barcarena, car des catastrophes socio-environnementales majeures peuvent encore se produire.
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MBAHIKYA, Anicet MBURA. "DU CONGRES NATIONAL POUR LA DEFENSE DU PEUPLE (CNDP) AU MOUVEMENT DU 23 MARS (M23) : LE NORD-KIVU ENTRE COMMERCIALISME MILITAIRE ET NOUVELLES STRATEGIES PREDATOCRATIQUES DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES RD. CONGOLAISES." Revue Intelligence Stratégique 03, no. 007 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.62912/qsxo6778.
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Depuis le déclenchement des belligérances d’entre 1996 et 2013, le Rwanda influence largement, et de manière managériale, les destinées géopolitico-économiques de la RD Congo et de la province du Nord-Kivu, particulièrement. Cet Etat membre de la première zone de Conférence Internationale sur la Région des Grands Lacs (RD Congo, Rwanda et Ouganda) développe un système économique de prédation des ressources minières (étain, tantale, tungstène, l’or, etc.) qu’il a instauré à son profit. Après le retrait de ses troupes du territoire congolais, le pays de mille collines est rentré en RD Congo par multiples réseaux prédatocratiques armés et non armés interposés. Parmi ces réseaux, le CNDP du général Laurent Nkunda Mihigo, le M23 du général Bosco Ntaganda et du colonel Sultani Makenga. Entre 2008 et 2013, les minerais exploités illégalement dans cette partie de la RD Congo ont constitué la première source de devises du régime de Kigali. Pendant la même période, ce pays des Grands Lacs africains a connu un véritable décollage socio-économique à partir de ses exportations des minerais désignés, c’est-à-dire, les 3T+Or (Tin, Tantalum, Tungstène et Or). Contrastant avec l’économie politique minière congolaise, il est pourtant noté qu’au Nord-Kivu les maisons issues des revenus miniers foisonnent comme de champignons, et surtout dans la ville touristique de Goma. Ce qui prouve comment, par un jeu lucratif du commercialisme militaire permanent de la Kalachnikov, les guerres sont devenues la voie autorisée pour nourrir non seulement les économies domestiques des gouvernants et des seigneurs deguerres, mais aussi les économies politiques des Etats prédateurs, à l’instar du Rwanda et de l’Ouganda, ainsi que de leurs alliés capitalistes, maîtres du système prédatocratique international. Mots-clés : CNDP, M23, Ressources naturelles, minerais de conflits, guerre, commercialisme militaire.
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Ndlovu, Jane, and Enhle Mohale. "Innovative Approaches for Tackling Tax Evasion in the South African Minibus Taxi Industry: Lessons from Ghana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe." Journal of Law, Society and Development 9 (May 10, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/12495.
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In South Africa, minibus taxis are a crucial mode of public transport for many commuters and a vital informal business sector with an estimated value of R90 billion. Concerns have been raised that the South African Revenue Service (SARS) is not collecting the optimal amount of tax revenue from this industry, with estimated tax collection at only R5 million in 2021. As a result of concerns that this industry might be involved in tax evasion or massive tax avoidance, this study investigates the taxation of minibus taxis in South Africa and explores alternative tax regimes that could be implemented to improve revenue collection. The study compares the current South African turnover tax system for minibus taxi operators to other African tax systems and evaluates a viable alternative tax regime or tax collection system. To improve tax collection from the industry, South Africa could consider a tax system tailored to the industry’s informal nature, utilising metrics such as vehicle seating capacity or distance travelled. A standardised tax system for small, medium, and micro enterprises may not be suitable. Consultation with industry stakeholders is essential for the proposed tax system to be acceptable. The study’s findings could inform South Africa’s National Treasury in creating a tax structure or collection scheme targeting the minibus taxi industry. This could increase tax revenue collection from the industry and support government expenditure, including income and wealth redistribution. This study distinguishes itself from prior publications on the South African minibus taxi industry by addressing tax compliance and collection challenges. It offers recommendations for alternative tax regimes to mitigate these challenges.
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Schlüter, Jan, Manuel Frewer, Leif Sörensen, and Justin Coetzee. "A stochastic prediction of minibus taxi driver behaviour in South Africa." Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0508-2.
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Abstract For many emerging and developing countries, urbanization and demographic changes require a remodelling of transportation systems and networks. Paratransit, with its demand responsive characteristics of being fully flexible, often represents the backbone of the transport sector while being an informal and, therefore, fairly unorganised system with little knowledge about working routines of its workers. As an example, this paper analyses the minibus taxi industry in South Africa based on data from Rustenburg, a mid-sized city, to gain valuable insights into the working behaviour of minibus taxi drivers by taking an evidence-based and data-based approach. Therefore, the principle of reference-dependent preferences is applied to the data to investigate the labour supply choice of taxi drivers, since sheer profit maximization has proven inadequate for the analysis here. Results indicate, that working hours for South African minibus taxi drivers are likely to be in the 10–12 h bracket with a revenue-dependent additional hour accounting for the revenue performance of that day. As a main finding however, South African minibus taxi drivers cannot clearly be attributed to either reference dependence or profit-maximization behaviour.
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Holloway, Stephen, and Jeffrey Rae. "De Minimis Thresholds in APEC." World Customs Journal 6, no. 1 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.55596/001c.92739.
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A de minimis regime provides streamlined border clearance and exemption from customs duties and other taxes. These features generate economic benefits by refocusing public revenue collection on more efficient revenue sources, reducing the costs borne by importers, and accelerating the delivery of imports. Most APEC economies have de minimis regimes but thresholds range from under USD1 to more than USD1,000, and eligibility varies. These design features affect the balance of economic benefits and costs that a regime produces. This study assesses, in some detail, the de minimis regimes of Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand — the APEC-6 economies for ease of reference. We chose them as being broadly representative of the APEC region in terms of geography and economic development.
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Ramadlan, Muhammad Fauzi, and Akhmad Mulyadi. "KPPBC TMP Juanda Policy in Achieving Revenue Target as a Impact of De Minimis Value." Academia Open 9, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/acopen.9.2024.9337.
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Background: The implementation of the de minimis value rule, which sets a threshold for import duty exemptions on small shipments, significantly influences national trade dynamics and fiscal policies. Despite global integration and economic transactions escalating, effective customs regulations remain pivotal for controlling import activities and enhancing revenue. Knowledge Gap: Prior research has primarily focused on the implications of the de minimis rule on import volumes and compliance, leaving a gap regarding its impact on revenue targets and administrative practices at the customs office level. Aims: This study aims to explore the strategies employed by KPPBC TMP Juanda in achieving revenue targets influenced by the de minimis value policy. Methods: Utilizing qualitative research methods, including interviews, observation, and documentation, this research engages directly with three customs officials at KPPBC TMP Juanda, analyzing data with NVivo12Plus. Results: The findings indicate that while the de minimis value does not control the surge in import activities, it assists in increasing revenue and meeting fiscal targets. Novelty: This study provides new insights into how customs policies adapted at the local office level can contribute to national fiscal strategies under global trade pressures. Implications: The outcomes underscore the necessity for continuous policy evaluation to balance trade facilitation with fiscal responsibility, suggesting enhancements in customs operations to optimize revenue without stifling economic growth. Highlights: Customs Strategy: De minimis value adjustments reflect local customs alignment with fiscal goals. Revenue Impact: The rule boosts revenue without curbing import volumes. Policy Review: Highlights the need for continual policy optimization to balance trade and revenue. Keywords: Policy, Revenue Target, De Minimis Value
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Oloruntoba, Olusola A., and Adebunmi P. Okediji. "Effect of Speed and Boot Opening on Aerodynamics, Fuel Consumption, and CO2 Emission of Minibus." FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology 6, no. 4 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v6i4.665.
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Overspeeding and overloading contribute to road accidents. In developing countries, overloading is often indicated by open boot due to commercial transporters’ motivation to carry an excess load to boost revenue. Therefore, there is a need to provide measures to control or eliminate the practice of overspeeding and overloading. This study aims to conduct a parametric study to determine the effect of vehicle speed and boot opening on the aerodynamics of airflow around a typical minibus, fuel consumption, and CO2 emission, and recommend optimum boot opening. Computational Fluid Dynamics is employed using the FLUENT™ program. Results show the existence of a wavy pattern for drag coefficient, fuel consumption, and CO2 emission concerning boot opening. Furthermore, two boot opening regions exist: and . The first region exhibits low prediction error (maximum of 7.25%) and better fit of regression model to FLUENT™ data. The first region also has lower susceptibility to exhibit handling instability. Therefore, boot opening around is recommended as the optimum boot opening, to ensure minimum fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, improve handling and safety. The developed regression models could inform regulatory bodies’ formulation and implementation of policies to mitigate road accidents. Keywords—Boot Opening, CO2 emission, Fuel Consumption, Pressure drag, Total Drag, Minibus, Viscous Drag
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Meinhardt, Simon, and Kai Nagel. "Applying Income-Sensitive Road Pricing Schemes Based on a Transport Model: Simulation Study for Mexico City." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, April 25, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251330890.
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This study implements the Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) Open Mexico City Scenario as an activity-based transport model, which is completely built on open data. The model’s base case is calibrated against real-world origin-destination survey data for Mexico City. In a first case study, different road pricing setups are applied. The different setups vary in the tolled area as well as the applied pricing scheme. Here, either an absolute daily toll of 52 Mexican pesos, or different tolls, which are relative to the agent’s monthly income, are charged. The simulation results show that, the higher the toll, the more car users are drawn to alternative transport modes. With more moderate tolls, fewer agents are drawn from using private cars, but higher total toll revenues are achieved. Therefore, to achieve the highest possible revenue, the model proposes to choose a toll setup featuring a widely expanded toll area as well as moderate prices to prevent as many agents as possible from switching to other transport modes (from private car), which is intuitive. Further, the results suggest that the simulated road pricing measures can be an effective tool to cause a modal switch from private cars to transport modes with high capacities, such as public transport or minibus/taxibus. However, policymakers should be cautious about the implementation, as it could prevent citizens with low monthly incomes from being able to afford the usage of a private car.
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Yeleussizova, Bakhytgul K., Sariya Zh Kazbekova, and Altay B. Zeinelgabdin. "Cross-border Retail E-Commerce and De Minimis: The Case of Kazakhstan." World Customs Journal 18, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.55596/001c.117024.
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The development of international e-commerce has expanded opportunities for business and consumption in Kazakhstan and worldwide. However, these rapid changes have challenged the governments’ regulation of the flow of cross-border goods, ranging from clearance to customs duty and taxes collection. Among concerns is the flow of low-value consignments, the impact of which had previously been seen as beneficial. This paper examines whether cross-border e-commerce and the de minimis threshold are advantageous in Kazakhstan based on context, description, cause-and-effect and statistical analysis. The findings show a partial impact of de minimis threshold changes on the increase in retail e-commerce goods imported and on the decrease in the value of mis-declared goods; however, in Kazakhstan the consequences from the import of mis-declared low-value goods on the tax revenue are insignificant. Misuse of the de minimis threshold in Kazakhstan is confirmed by the study. Government actions for solving this problem involve giving higher priority to people’s access to higher quality and/or cheaper personal use goods. Also, the potential for further improvement of statistics on cross-border e-commerce is identified.
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De Lange, Silke, and Monique Tessa Malan. "How Have the Courts Decided What De Minimis is in Tax Law?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 27 (October 31, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2024/v27i0a17480.
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This article analyses how South African courts have decided the applicability of the de minimis non curat lex maxim and, more broadly, considered the de minimis concept in tax law. A doctrinal research methodology is employed with the focus on an analysis of predominantly reported judicial decisions. The applicability of the maxim is found to be decisive in only one tax case: the Diageo SA (Pty) Ltd v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service case of 5 July 2023. Consequently, this study thus also reviews judicial precedent in respect of the applicability of the maxim in other areas of the law with consideration of the relevance to tax law. Further, several tax cases that refer to the broader de minimis concept or to trivial or trifling matters are examined. As there is no one definitive test to determine the applicability of the maxim, the courts have used several factors to guide their determination. Through inductive reasoning, the following conclusions are drawn. (i) In respect of statutory interpretation: First, the primary factor in the determination of the applicability of the maxim is the purpose of the provision. This is aptly demonstrated in the Diageo judgment. Secondly, where the statute sets a clear, objectively verifiable limit or amount, there is essentially no room for the application of the maxim in interpreting the statute. Where, however, no such verifiable basis is provided, a purposive interpretation is paramount – which may in fact require the application of the maxim. (ii) The use of the de minimis concept in tax law appears to depend on whether the matter is one of principle (substance) or practicality (administrability). In the former case, the amount (the factor of extent or value) is irrelevant whereas in the latter, the de minimis concept has been applied.
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Esheti, Shambel Assefa, Yonas Minalu Emagnu, Birhanu Demissie Haylemariam, and Robeam Solomon Melaku. "Comparative Analysis of Public Transportation Comfort in Addis Ababa: Objective and Subjective Performance Metrics." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2024, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/2279130.
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Passenger comfort significantly influences commuter satisfaction and mode preferences in urban transportation systems. To maintain competitiveness and attract more passengers, conducting continuous performance evaluations based on key performance indicators is commendable. Therefore, this study is aimed at conducting a mode‐wide comfort performance evaluation and comparisons to identify the strengths and weaknesses of respective mass transport alternatives found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study employs a comprehensive approach by integrating both subjective surveys and objective measurements on key comfort determinants, including in‐vehicle passenger loading, travel time, vibration, and sound, across five transport modes: minibus taxis, midi buses, PSETSE, Anbesa City Bus Service Enterprise (ACBE), and Sheger Mass Transport Enterprise (SMTE). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals variations among transport modes, with minibus taxis emerging as the most comfortable, featuring a travel time of 1.7 min/km, 2.6 min/km during off‐peak and peak times of the day, respectively, and an average of 1.13 passengers per seat in both periods of the day. In contrast, midi buses are identified as the least comfortable, characterized by elevated noise production (77.46 and 80 dB) and an average vibration rating of 3.9 and 4.2 at peak and off‐peak periods of the day. Following midi buses, the ACBE exhibits the highest passenger loading and travel time (2.113 and 1.548 passengers per seat and takes 4.2 and 3.34 min) to cover 1 km during peak and off‐peak periods, respectively. The holistic evaluation demonstrates an average correlation of 81.75%, indicating a strong alignment between peak‐hour objective and subjective assessments. This could help commuters make relevant mode choice decisions and transport companies make market‐oriented decisions in this competitive environment.
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Sun, Shouheng, Shengjie Dong, Qi Wu, and Xuejiao Tian. "How to Survive in the Shadow of Sharing Economy Giants: Business Model Innovation for Small and Medium-Sized Platforms." SAGE Open 13, no. 3 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440231196800.
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This study aims to explore how small and medium-sized platforms in the sharing economy can gain a competitive advantage in a market monopolized by giants. Taking China’s ride-hailing industry as an example, the k-means clustering method was employed to compare and analyze the characteristics and differences of 207 small and medium-sized platforms based on the framework of the business model canvas. An empirical typology comprising four representative successful business models of small and medium-sized ride-hailing platforms is extracted from the dimensions of key partners, value propositions, customer segmentation, and cost-revenue structure: high-end business platforms, Minibus-hailing platforms, Intercity carpool platforms, and Aggregation mode platforms. The results show that small and medium-sized platforms in the sharing economy can rely on their own characteristics and advantages to seek new potential development directions and gain development space by constructing value propositions and operating models that are different from industry giants. Specifically, it is necessary to further implement refined market identification and segmentation to continuously develop differentiated competitive advantages. In particular, more effective and open business strategies should be explored and practiced to greatly expand the network effects and business boundaries of small and medium-sized platforms, thereby significantly enhancing their competitiveness in the ride-hailing market. This study provides a new perspective on the reconstruction of market exchange in the sharing economy through the prism of small and medium-sized digital platforms and has certain important theoretical significance for supplementing and advancing existing research.
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Boateng, Festival Godwin. "“Indiscipline” in context: a political-economic grounding for dangerous driving behaviors among Tro-Tro drivers in Ghana." Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0502-8.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper attempts a better explanation for the causes of dangerous driving behaviors among “Tro-Tro”(minibus) drivers in Ghana. The current media, policy, and academic coverage of the problem reveals an immutable discourse that considers the behaviors (such as over speeding) as a function of moral failure, indiscipline, or bad attitudes on the part of the drivers. Often little consideration is given to the context of the behaviors and their influences. This paper provides an alternative explanation that considers the behaviors as predictable actions that are systematically connected to the Tro-Tro industry. Tro-Tro drivers operate within a precarious work climate marked by problems such as low wages; cut-throat competition; high level of job insecurity; imposition of non-negotiable throat-cutting daily fees by car owners and harassments from bribe-demanding corrupt police officers. The exigencies of meeting these numerous financial and other demands of their work, not moral failure, are what fuel dangerous driving behaviors among the drivers. Based on this analysis, the present public policy of using penal populism (i.e., heavy fines and prison sentences) to address road trauma in Ghana is ineffective for inducing safer driving behaviors among Tro-Tro drivers. Interventions to reduce road transport problems involving such commercial passenger vehicles in Ghana and other developing countries similarly situated must be broad, more-wider reaching and include initiatives that also address the range of political-economic causes, motivations, and constraints that incentivize the drivers to drive dangerously. The paper contributes to the sustainable development goals of ensuring safe and sustainable transport (SDG 11.2), and reducing deaths and injuries from road accidents (SDG 3.6).