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Baldini, Renato Ornellas. "Distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova no direito processual do trabalho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-05122013-093647/.
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O presente trabalho estuda a aplicação da teoria da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova no Direito Processual do Trabalho. Analisa, inicialmente, os impactos das novas demandas trabalhistas e das modernas teorias do Direito Processual no Direito Processual do Trabalho. Aborda o ônus da prova em seus aspectos gerais, definindo conceito de prova, conceitos e distinções entre ônus, obrigação e dever e conceito de ônus da prova, analisando a evolução teórica e o perfil dogmático da distribuição do ônus da prova, a estrutura funcional do ônus da prova (ônus da prova subjetivo e ônus da prova objetivo), o ônus da prova de fato negativo, a prova diabólica, a inversão judicial do ônus da prova (com ênfase para a regra prevista no Código de Defesa do Consumidor e o momento processual adequado para tanto) e a relação entre presunções, responsabilidade civil objetiva e o ônus da prova. Estuda aspectos gerais acerca do ônus da prova no Direito Processual do Trabalho, referentes à regra do artigo 818 da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, e a aplicação subsidiária do artigo 333 do Código de Processo Civil, e à inversão judicial do ônus da prova no processo juslaboral, com base na aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, do princípio protetor, do princípio da pré-constituição da prova e do princípio da aptidão para a prova. Analisa aspectos gerais referentes à teoria da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova, estabelecendo conceitos e distinções entre distribuição estática, inversão judicial e distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova, abordando origens históricas e incorporação da teoria no Direito Comparado, fundamentos para aplicação da dinamização da carga probatória no Direito Processual Brasileiro (com ênfase ao direito fundamental à prova, ao princípio da igualdade material no processo, exercício dos poderes instrutórios do juiz, busca da verdade real e regra do artigo 333, parágrafo único, inciso II, do Código de Processo Civil) e incorporação legislativa da teoria no Direito Processual Brasileiro, prevista no Anteprojeto de Código Brasileiro de Processos Coletivos, Projeto de Lei da Ação Civil Pública e Projeto de Código de Processo Civil. Por fim, estuda especificamente a aplicação da teoria da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova no Direito Processual do Trabalho, partindo dos fundamentos para sua incidência no processo juslaboral (direito fundamental à prova, princípio da igualdade material no processo e a regra do artigo 852 - D da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho), abordando critérios objetivos para a aplicação (subsidiariedade, utilização dos poderes instrutórios e das máximas de experiência do juiz, vedação do incentivo ao comodismo processual e à instauração da probatio diabólica reversa, com observância do binômio impossibilidade/extrema dificuldade do empregado na produção da prova-possibilidade/maior facilidade na produção para o empregador, fundamentação da decisão, vedação da carga processual superveniente), momento processual adequado para a dinamização, relação entre nulidades processuais e distribuição dinâmica, instrumento processual cabível para impugnação da incidência da teoria, definição da regra de distribuição do ônus da prova pelos Tribunais e casuísticas de aplicação da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova, com exame crítica da doutrina e da jurisprudência, no Direito Processual Individual do Trabalho (abordando os seguintes temas: jornada de trabalho, vale-transporte, equiparação salarial, depósitos do fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Serviço (FGTS), despedimento, salário-família, acidente do trabalho, assédio moral e assédio sexual, discriminação das relações de trabalho, privacidade e intimidade do trabalhador, responsabilidade subsidiária da Administração Pública, grupo econômico, sucessão trabalhista, bem de família e gratuidade processual) e no Direito Processual Coletivo do Trabalho, com formulação de proposta legislativa ao final do estudo.This work studies the application of the theory of dynamic distribution of the burden of proof on Labor Procedural Law. It examines, initially, the impact of new labor demands and modern theories of the Procedural Law on Labor Procedural Law. It boards the burden of proof in its general aspects, defining concept of proof, concepts and distinctions between burden, obligation and duty and concept of burden of proof, analyzing the theoretical evolution and dogmatic profile of the distribution of the burden of proof, the functional structure of the burden of proof (subjective burden of proof and objective burden of proof), the burden of proof in fact negative, diabolical proof, the judicial reverse of the burden of proof (with emphasis on the rule laid down in the Consumer Defense Code and the appropriate procedural moment for this) and the relation between presumptions, strict liability and burden of proof. It studies general aspects about the burden of proof on Labor Procedural Law, referring to the rule of Artic le 818 of the Consolidation of Labor Laws, and the subsidiary application of Article 333 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and the judicial reverse of the burden of proof in Labor Procedure Law based on implementation of the Code of Consumer Protection, protective principle, principle of pre-establishment of proof and principle of the aptitude for proof. It analyzes general aspects concerning the theory of dynamic distribution of the burden of proof, establishing concepts and distinctions between static distribution, judicial reversal and dynamic distribution of the burden of proof, addressing historical origins and incorporation of the theory in Comparative Law, grounds for implementation of dynamic distribution of the burden of proof on Brazilian Procedural Law (with emphasis on the fundamental right to proof, principle of substantive equality in the process, practice of the judges investigation powers, search for real truth and rule of Article 333, sole paragraph, II, of the Code of Civil Procedure) and legislative incorporation of the theory in the Brazilian Procedural Law, foreseen in the preliminary bill of law for the Brazilian Code of Class Actions, bill of law for the Public Civil Action and bill of law for the Code of Civil Procedure. Finally, it studies specifically the application of the theory of dynamic distribution of the burden of proof on the Labor Procedural Law, starting for her impacts on the Labor Procedure (fundamental right to proof, principle of substantive equality in the process and the rule of Article 852 - D of the Consolidation of Labor Laws), addressing objective criteria to application (subsidiarity, use of the judges investigation powers, judges maxims of experience, prohibition to encourage self-indulgence and to establish reverse probatio diabolica, with observance of the binomial inability/extreme difficulty of the employee in the production of proof-possibility/ease in the production for the employer , reasons for the decision, seal to supervening procedural burden), procedural moment suitable to dynamize, relation between procedural nullity and dynamic distribution, appropriate procedural tool to challenge the incidence of the theory, definition of the distribution rule of the burden of proof by the Courts and case studies of application of the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof, with critical examination of doctrine and jurisprudence, in the Individual Labor Procedural Law (addressing the following topics: working time, transportation ticket, salary equation, Brazilian s employment compensation funds credit (FGTS), dismissal, family allowance, labor-related accident, workplace bullying and sexual harassment, discrimination in work relations, employee\'s privacy and intimacy, public administrations subsidiary liability, economic group, labor succession, homestead right and gratuity procedure) and Labor Class Actions, with formulating legislative proposition by the end of the study.
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Monnerat, Carlos Fonseca. "Inversão do ônus da prova no processo penal brasileiro em face da criminalidade moderna: um estudo sobre a possibilidade do uso desse mecanismo de decisão no campo penal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7591.
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Previous issue date: 2005-04-29The present study had as main objective, to examine the possibility of the use of the reversal of the burden of proof, applied to the Brazilian Criminal Process. The reversal of the burden of proof, rule destined mainly to aid the judge in his decision has been frequently used in the field of the consumer s right, authorized in the Brazilian Consumer Code. It allows that, as long as specific fundamentals are present, that the Judge can decide favorably to the weakest part in case that there is a doubt regarding the demonstration of the facts by the parts involved, not using the normal rule of distribution of the burden of proof, but the inversion of such distribution. As it is a rule of exception, it has to be clearly expressed. The questioning that is done is that considering the present characteristics of modern criminality, and the tendency to make some of the basic institutions and rules of the criminal law process more flexible, and in order to try to answer to the organized crime, that such instrument would be able to be used in this kind of legal process. The goal will be to provide the judge with a new rule to distribute the burden of proof, different of the usual in dubio pro reo. It comes as a fact that the modern criminality requires changes in the field of the criminal process. There are new theories worldwide in criminal law and its practical use, pointing to changes, some of them very extreme. It became necessary a detail exam of the truth, of the proof itself, of the criminal proof, of the burden of proof and of its inversion. With all these analyzed, it was realized that it will not be possible, considering the present Brazilian constitutional structure, to use the inversion of the burden of proof in the criminal process. To circumvent this, two legislative proposals were then formulated, one in the constitutional arena, and another in the area of the Brazilian Criminal Code. The first one to permit the reversion of the burden of proof in the practical determination of a criminal offense, after been established the certainty that the accused is part of a criminal organization. The second proposal, allowing the utilization of the reversal of the burden of proof considering the civil effects of the criminal sentence, with emphasis in the loss of property supposedly acquired with the product of a crime and which it was not proved that the acquisition was performed with unlawful proceeds.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal examinar a possibilidade do uso da inversão do ônus da prova no Processo Penal Brasileiro. A inversão do ônus da prova, regra destinada principalmente ao julgador no iter da decisão, vem sendo utilizada com freqüência na área das relações de consumo, autorizada pelo Código Brasileiro de Defesa do Cosumidor. Permite que, presentes requisitos específicos, o Juiz possa decidir favoravelmente ao hipossuficiente, caso esteja em dúvida com relação à demonstração dos fatos pelas partes, não aplicando a regra normal de distribuição do ônus da produção de provas, invertendo tal distribuição. Como é regra de exceção, precisa ser expressa. O questionamento que se faz é se, à vista da moderna criminalidade, e de uma tendência de flexibilização de alguns dos institutos basilares do direito penal e processual penal, para tentar responder ao crime organizado, tal instrumento poderia ser usado nesse ramo do Direito. A finalidade seria a de permitir ao juiz do processo uma nova regra de distribuição do ônus da prova, diversa do in dubio pro reo. Partiu-se da constatação que a criminalidade moderna está a exigir alterações no campo da persecução penal. Há novas teorias penais e uso prático das mesmas, apontando para mudanças, algumas extremadas. Passou-se ao exame específico da verdade e da prova, da prova penal, do ônus da prova e de sua inversão. Dominados esses institutos, apontou-se que não seria possível, dentro da atual estrutura constitucional brasileira, o uso da inversão do ônus da prova no campo penal. Para sua implementação, duas propostas legislativas foram então formuladas, uma no campo constitucional e outra na esfera do Código Penal Brasileiro. A primeira, para permitir uma inversão do ônus da prova na aferição da prática delitiva, após ter sido constatada a certeza de que o acusado é partícipe de organização criminosa. A segunda, permitindo a utilização da inversão do ônus da prova na esfera de efeitos civis da sentença penal, mormente no perdimento de bens presumivelmente adquiridos com o produto do delito e sobre os quais não fora feita prova de aquisição com aportes lícitos.
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Thomson, Christopher Martin. "On the burden of proof in ordinary argumentation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59049.pdf.
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Rickard, Gary K. "The burden of proof between theism and atheism." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 1999. http://www.tren.com.
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Rhode, Conny. "Dialogical empiricism : the burden of proof upon metaphysical methods." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19576/.
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Drawing on Douglas Walton’s typology of dialogues, I analyse a representative sample of philosophical dialogues, finding that over 95% of them instantiate a type of dialogue aimed at persuading one’s opponent. I then argue that this goal entails the prudential requirement that any assertion questioned in philosophical dialogue be either supported or else retracted, and that no assertion is privileged over the burden of proof imposed by its questioning. This in turn renders it prudent to avoid the employment of premises that, if questioned, could never be supported. Such unsupportable premises in particular include bridge premises across inference barriers (e.g. Hume’s is/ought separation). Dialogical Empiricism is the resultant thesis that any assertion questioned in philosophical dialogue must prudently be supported by the asserting party without crossing any inference barrier. I focus on the inference barrier between psychological or linguistic content and the world beyond such content, arguing that much common philosophical evidence consists of psycho-linguistic content (e.g. intuitions) and thus cannot prudently be employed in support of hypotheses expressing claims about the world beyond such content. Since many philosophical dialogues, from metaphysics through to ethics, rely upon such psycho-linguistic evidence for claims about the world beyond content, these dialogues prudently can no longer be conducted. In closing I consider avenues of escape from the foregoing prudential restrictions that remain open.
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De, la Rey Jan Hendrik. "The fact-finding process and burden of proof during litigation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26346.
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This dissertation investigates the manner in which facts are proven with specific emphasis on the role which the concept of ‘probabilities’ plays in achieving the ‘burden of proof. It is illustrated that the concept of ‘probabilities’ plays a central role throughout the process of determining the accountability of a litigant, including fact-finding during the evaluation of the adduced evidence and the application of the burden of proof. This study distinguishes between the findings of individual facts, as opposed to the finding of whether the case of a party, as reflected by the cumulative effect of the individually proven facts, has been proven. It is submitted that, despite traditionally perceived views, the concept of ‘probabilities’ is applied in exactly the same manner to both these aspects of a legal dispute, the only variable being the degree of probabilities as determined by a specific stage and nature of the litigation. The research focuses on both criminal and civil cases. The dissertation is based on current South African practices as reflected in judgments in different law reports and, to some extent, on English and American legal practices. CopyrightDissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Procedural Law
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Couto, Camilo José d'Avila. "Dinamização do ônus da prova: teoria e prática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-05072012-140925/.
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Pesquisa desenvolvida na área do direito processual civil por intermédio de análise bibliográfica, baseada na averiguação de legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência pátria e estrangeira, pertinentes à teoria e prática da dinamização do ônus da prova e, em efeito, ao dogma do ônus da prova. Dinamizar o ônus da prova é atribuir o caráter dinâmico ao referido dogma, permitindo ao magistrado, quando da utilização da regra de julgamento, transformar a regra estática de distribuição do ônus da prova em algo dinâmico, ativo, observando determinados elementos conceituais e estruturais. A dinamização do ônus da prova é um instrumento jurídico que soluciona a impossibilidade de se formular um critério geral de distribuição do ônus da prova que satisfaça todas as hipóteses de aplicação do direito diante da existência de incerteza, de dúvida quanto à situação fática, quando do provimento final do juiz, momento em que deverá decidir sobre um fato incerto. Como indica sua própria denominação, retrata a capacidade de ser flexível, sendo sua maior característica a adaptabilidade aos casos concretos para garantir o direito material de quem o realmente tem, estando assim em perfeita sintonia com o princípio da efetividade da tutela jurisdicional. A teoria da dinamização do ônus da prova não objetiva conceder aos magistrados amplos poderes a ponto de permitir arbitrariedades. Contudo, confere-lhes, diversamente da distribuição rígida, pré-estabelecida e em abstrato, considerável grau de poder interpretativo, pois para aplicá-la, é necessário, diante da ausência de certeza oriunda da inércia da respectiva parte na produção da prova ou de sua insuficiência, utilizar a regra de julgamento sob enfoque, após analisar as circunstâncias específicas do caso concreto. Para isso é condição imprescindível a averiguação de qual das partes tem maior facilidade fática e jurídica na produção da prova, se uma das partes está em situação de desigualdade econômico-financeira e/ou técnica perante a outra, se a prova é complexa, bem como se a prova a ser produzida configura uma prova diabólica para a parte onerada. Em síntese, à luz dos preceitos constitucionais da inafastabilidade da jurisdição, da igualdade entre as partes, do direito à prova, do devido processo legal, identificar quais situações em que os critérios fixos estabelecidos pela lei quanto à distribuição do ônus da prova não se mostram adequados e eficazes para atingir o seu fim. A parte teórica está estruturada sob uma visão publicista do processo, com destaque à atividade processual das partes dimensionada em uma concepção cooperativa de processo. Ponto marcante desta pesquisa é aquele que identifica e imputa ao magistrado, essencialmente na fase do saneamento do processo, o dever de informar às partes de que, naquele caso concreto, poderá aplicar a dinamização do ônus da prova, caso seja necessário utilizar a regra de julgamento do ônus da prova, advertindo-as quanto às consequências de eventual inércia e do dever de colaboração na busca da verdade. Este dever consiste em um meio teórico, aliado à prática procedimental, que permite ao magistrado alertar às partes que a dinamização do ônus da prova poderá ser aplicada no momento oportuno, como regra de julgamento e, ao mesmo tempo, cientificá-las quanto à postura que devem adotar em âmbito de produção de provas, permitindo-lhes que exercite de forma plena o direito constitucional à produção de provas e, ainda, evitando que o direito constitucional à ampla defesa e contraditório seja transgredido. Este dever de informação específica se harmoniza com o princípio fundamental do processo civil expresso na cláusula constitucional do due process of law. A teoria da dinamização do ônus da prova operacionaliza um parodoxo de extrema relevância para a ciência jurídica, expresso na possibilidade do aumento de certeza versus possibilidade de diminuição das desigualdades na ausência de certeza fática. A regra de juízo ganha ainda mais relevância em um modelo de processo no qual a verdade não é um de seus escopos, como o nosso modelo e estrutura de processo civil. A pesquisa está dividida em quatro partes principais. Na primeira, o tema da prova é apresentado sob a concepção de direito, de dever e de ônus. Na segunda, o dogma do ônus da prova é analisado sob a ótica da modernidade. Na terceira, estão fixados os elementos conceituais e estruturais, bem como os fundamentos da aplicabilidade, inclusive de lege lata, da teoria e da prática da dinamização do ônus da prova. Na última parte são apresentadas as perspectivas de inserção da dinamização do ônus da prova no direito positivo brasileiro, em âmbito do processo civil.The present research was carried out in the area of legal process by conducting a review of literature and consulting the current legislation, doctrine, homeland and foreign jurisprudence, which concerns to the theory and practice of the dynamism of the burden of proof and by a certain extent, to the dogma of the burden of proof. Making the burden of proof dynamic is to attribute a vigorous character to the referred dogma, allowing the magistrate when one is to judge to transform the static rule of burden of proof distribution into something flexible, active, by observing certain conceptual and structural elements. Making the burden of proof dynamic is a jurisdictional instrument that could solve the impossibility of formulating a general criterion of its distribution, fulfilling all hypotheses of Law practice when one is before uncertainty, doubt as for the phatic situation or the judges final word, in a moment when one is to decide on an uncertain fact. As it is indicated by its own meaning, it depicts the capacity of being flexible, being its greatest feature the adaptability to concrete cases in order to guarantee the material right of those who really deserve it, thus being in perfect harmony with the principle of the effectiveness of legal protection. The burden of proof dynamism theory does not aim at granting the magistrate a broad power and not even permit arbitrarinesses. However, it is conferred to them, differently from the rigid, pre-established and abstract distribution, a considerable degree of interpretative power, because in order to apply it, it is necessary, before the lack of decision making which comes from the irrespective idleness of proof production or from its insufficiency, adopt the judgment rule in focus, after specific circumstances of the concrete case have been previously analyzed. For that, it is paramount the checking of which part has a greater phatic and jurisdictional ease in proof production, if one of the parts is in a social-economic and/or technical unequal level in comparison to each other, if the proof is complex, as well as if the proof to be produced turns out to be a diabolic test to the responsible part. In short, in the light of the constitutional precepts, of the right to the proof, of the due legal process of law, it can be said that to identify in which situation pre-established criteria by law concerning the burden of proof are not suitable enough to meet its end. The theoretical part of this paper is based on a publicist view of the legal process, highlighting the legal process of the partscontextualized in a cooperative conception of the legal process. A remarkable point of this research is the argument that identifies and attributes the magistrate essentially when solving a legal process the obligation to inform one that in a concrete case, it would be possible to make the burden of proof dynamic, in case it is necessary to adopt the rule of the burden of proof judgment, warning about the tentative consequences of an eventual inertia and about the duty to collaborate when seeking the truth. This obligation goes hand in hand with a theoretical environment and with the procedural practice, which permits the magistrate to warn one that making the burden of proof dynamic may be applied in an appropriate moment as a judgment rule, and at the same time, make them aware of how to behave in a situation of proof production, letting one widely exercise the constitutional right to proof production, and furthermore, avoiding that the constitutional right to a better defense be violated. This duty of providing specific information goes in harmony with the fundamental principle of the legal process expressed in the possibility of raising certainty versus the possibility of decreasing inequality in the absence of phatic sureness. The rule of judgment becomes even more relevant in a legal process model where the truth is not one of its scopes, as our model and structure of legal process format. This research is divided into four main parts. The first one, the proof theme is introduced under the conception of right, duty and burden. In the second part, the burden dogma is analyzed in the light of modernity. In the third segment, structural and conceptual elements are defined, as well as the foundations of applicability, the lege lata concept, the theory and practice of making the burden of proof dynamic. In the last part, the application perspectives of the burden of proof dynamics in the positive Brazilian Law are introduced, in a legal process milieu.
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Hong, Jiemin. "A survey on the knowledge, attitude and behavior of doctors to "inversion of burden of proof" in Guangzhou." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38479850.
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Salazar, Juan Carlos. "The burden of proof of the air cargo claimant under international law /." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30323.
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The air cargo industry is evolving rapidly, as is its international law regime. The recent entry into force of the Montreal Protocol No. 4 and adoption of the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air signed at Montreal on 28 May 1999 constitutes a new legal framework for air cargo claims.Rather than offering definite answers, this thesis identifies some current and emerging issues in the law of air cargo claims, particularly those aspects that the claimant must prove. The work traces the development of the Warsaw System by writers and courts, and attempts to identify trends in the application and interpretation of the new legal framework. The evolution towards independence of the law of carriage of goods by air from other similar regimes, and the existing connections among them, are examined. When appropriate, common law and civil law solutions to some legal issues will be introduced.
Finally, the thesis concludes that conflicting decisions in this field could be avoided by adopting uniform rules to solve conflicts of laws and to interpret international carriage conventions.
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Salazar, Juan Carlos. "The burden of proof of the air cargo claimant under international law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64299.pdf.
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Pires, Líbia da Graça. "Teoria da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova no processo do trabalho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-04052012-101854/.
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Esta tese aborda a distribuição do ônus da prova no processo trabalhista pretendendo a aplicação da teoria da distribuição dinâmica do onus probandi neste ramo processual especial. Na primeira parte do trabalho são examinadas questões relativas aos direitos fundamentais, bem assim aos princípios constitucionais processuais, com relevo especial ao direito constitucional à prova. Na sequência serão estudadas as matérias relativas ao ônus da prova na teoria geral do processo, suas dimensões, os poderes instrutórios do juiz, a teoria clássica da distribuição do ônus da prova, bem assim as especificidades da inversão da prova no processo do trabalho. Segue-se a abordagem com a apresentação de teoria dinâmica do ônus da prova e sua recepção pelo direito brasileiro, apontando ainda alguns projetos legislativos que já positivam sua adoção no Brasil. Por fim, e considerando a necessidade de superação das regras estáticas do ônus da prova no direito processual do trabalho propõe-se a adoção das regras dinâmicas, partindo da necessidade de efetividade da tutela jurisdicional e concretização dos princípios da igualdade substancial, tudo em observância ao direito fundamental a um processo do trabalho justo e igualitário. Serão, ainda, abordadas algumas decisões jurisprudenciais da Justiça do Trabalho que aplicam o ônus dinâmico da prova.The present thesis addresses the distribution of the burden of proof in labor procedural law aiming to apply the theory of dynamic distribution of the onus probandi in this branch of special procedural law. In the first part of this paper, issues related to the fundamental rights, as well as procedural constitutional principles, will be assessed, with special emphasis to the constitutional right to poof. Subsequently, matters related to the burden of proof in general procedural theory, its dimensions, the instruction powers of the judge, the classic theory of distribution of the burden of proof, as well as the specificities of the inversion of the proof burden in labor procedural law will be analyzed. Then, an approach to the dynamic theory of the burden of proof and its reception in Brazilian law is presented, highlighting some legislative projects that already indicate the positive adoption in Brazil. Finally, and considering the urge to overcome the static rules of the proof burden in labor procedural law, we propose the adoption of the dynamic rules, from the standpoint of the need for effectiveness in jurisdictional custody and materialization of the principles of substantial equality, in observance of the fundamental right to a fair and equalitarian labor proceeding. And yet, some case law rulings of the Labor Justice applying the principle of dynamic burden of proof will be addressed.
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Palmitesta, Mariana Aravechia. "Análise crítica da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-11042016-130422/.
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Nos últimos anos, a partir do surgimento da ideia de Estado Democrático de Direito, a moderna doutrina processualista passou a entender o processo não só como meio destinado à pacificação social, passando a encará-lo como mecanismo destinado a fazer valer garantias e direitos constitucionais e a alcançar a pacificação justa dos litígios. A partir deste novo contexto, verificou-se a limitação de alguns institutos processuais vigentes, que embora pudessem auxiliar na obtenção do escopo de pacificação, deixavam de resguardar ou de implementar, em alguns momentos, determinadas garantias constitucionais, o que prejudicava o fim último de acesso à ordem jurídica justa. Uma das limitações verificadas a partir da perspectiva publicista de processo corresponde à regra estática de distribuição dos encargos probatórios conforme a natureza dos fatos alegados, uma vez que esta deixava de observar eventual impossibilidade da parte em cumprir com seu encargo. Ante tal limitação, foi desenvolvida uma teoria destinada a reequilibrar a relação processual, assegurando a implementação das garantias constitucionais, quando a regra estática de distribuição dos encargos probatórios não se mostrava suficiente a assegurar o acesso à ordem jurídica justa. Denominada de distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova (ou teoria das cargas probatórias dinâmicas) a teoria foi pensada a fim de, em tais situações e conforme as peculiaridades do caso concreto, determinar a redistribuição do encargo probatório a fim de que este recaia sobre as partes em melhores condições. Contudo, há grande divergência doutrinária sobre a viabilidade prática da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova, sendo apontados diversos problemas que podem decorrer de sua aplicação. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir com a análise do tema, a partir de um estudo sobre as razões que impuseram a criação do instituto, bem como as contribuições que sua implementação traz ao processo civil, encarado sobre a ótica de processo constitucional, e os riscos que podem decorrer de sua aplicação, de forma a verificar se existe viabilidade em sua aplicação e eventuais formas de se afastar os problemas apontados pelos críticos à teoria.Over the past few years, with the raising of the idea of Democratic State of Law, the modern procedural doctrine has started to understand civil lawsuit not only as a mean to achieve social peace, starting to face it as a mechanism with an aim to reinforce constitutional rights and warranties and to achieve the pacification with Justice for disputes. From this new context, it was observed the limitation of certain current procedural institutes, that even though could help to achieve the pacification, wouldnt protect or carry into effect, at some circumstances, certain constitutional warranties, which would interfere with the definitive goal of providing access to a just legal order. One of the limitation verified after the public conception of civil procedure concerned the static rule for the distribution of the burden of proof, therefore the rule wouldnt take into account eventual impossibility of the party to fulfill the assignment. Regarding this limitation, it was developed a theory aiming to rebalance the procedural relation, carrying the constitutional warranties into effect, when the static rule for the distribution of the burden of proof wouldnt reveal to be sufficient to ensure the access to the just legal order. Therefore called the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof (or theory of the dynamic burden of proof) this theory has been developed to, at those said circumstances and according to the peculiarities of each case, determinate the replacement of the burden of proof attributing it to the party whith better means to fulfill the assignment. However, there is no theoretical agreement over the practical viability of the dynamic burden of proof, being pointed several problems that could result from its employment. The present research aims to contribute with this analysis, after the study over the reasons that impose the creation of this institute, as well as the contribution its implementation brings to civil procedure, looked from the constitutional procedure point of view, and the risks that could raise from its employment, as a way to verify if there is practical viability on its utilization and eventual forms to prevent the problems pointed by those who criticize the theory
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Hong, Jiemin, and 洪介民. "A survey on the knowledge, attitude and behavior of doctors to "inversion of burden of proof" in Guangzhou." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724426.
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Rowback, Jillian. "The role of individual differences in explaining the acceptability of prosecutorial misconduct." View thesis online, 2009. http://docs.rwu.edu/psych_thesis/3/.
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Kabwe, Joshua. "Criminalising possession of unexplained wealth by public officials: legal perspectives from Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4409.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis paper attempts a comprehensive analysis of the offence of illicit enrichment in Zambia. It focuses on how the offence fits into the broader legislative framework in Zambia. More importantly, the paper addresses aspects of the offence related to the presumption ofinnocence, the protection against self-incrimination and the presumption of legality in the light of the Zambian Constitution to determine whether the concerns raised are legitimate. Also, considering the potential effectiveness of criminalising illicit enrichment by public officials, this study investigates whether the law in Zambia can be implemented to balance the constitutional rights of the accused and the right of society to recover illicitly obtained wealth. Finally, the research seeks to determine the possible challenges of implementing and prosecuting the offence, and its efficacy in the fight against corruption in Zambia.
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Howard, Ryan Michael. "A clarification of the use of multiple regression analysis in meeting the burden of proof in compensation discrimination litigation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50238.
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Thesis (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The new set of employment equity laws call for South African organisations to justify their compensations systems. During compensation discrimination litigation, evidence is required to support arguments put before the court in order to meet the burden of proof. The similarity between foreign and domestic legal systems, suggests that the operational implications of foreign legislation will also be relevant to South Africa. This raises the debate as to the nature of fairness in the compensation context, the debate of comparable worth and the use of multiple regression analysis. The organisation must present to the court evidence to show that the choice of compensable constructs, their measurement and application does not discrimination directly or indirectly based on group membership. Multiple regression analysis, a statistical method to model the compensation system, is fraught with difficulties and misunderstanding. It is nevertheless the most appropriate method to investigate compensation fairness. Comparable worth and multiple regression analysis require assessment in the South African context. The issues, which hindered the successful use of multiple regression analysis abroad, are reviewed in order to smooth its entry into South African litigation. A framework is presented based on literature and case law whereby all parties concerned can produce and evaluate such evidence
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nuwe Anti-Diskrimineringswetgewing verlang van Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies om salarisstelsels te regverdig. Gedurende salarisdiskriminasielitigasie word bewys verlang om die bewyslas oor te dra. Die gelyksoortigheid van buitelandse en binnelandse regstelsels gee te kenne dat die operatiewe implikasies van buitelandse wetgewing relevant tot Suid-Afrika sal wees. Dit bevraagteken die aard van billikheid in die kompensasie konteks, die debat van vergelykbare waarde en die gebruik van veelvoudige regressieontleding. Die betrokke party moet bewys aan die hof toon om te bevestig dat die keuse van vergoedingskonstruksie, sowel as die meting en toepassing daarvan, nie onregverdig diskrimineer, ten opsigte van demografiese groepe me. Veelvoudige regressieontleding 'n statistiese metode wat gebriuk kan word om die salarissisteem voor te stel. Alhoewel dit vele onduidelikhede bevat, is dit steeds die mees toepaslike metode om salarisbillikheid te ondersoek. Vergelykbare waarde en meervoudige regressieontleding is in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks geëvalueer. Die aspekte wat die sukses van die gebruik van meervoudige regressieontleding in ander lande verhinder het, is ondersoek en geëvalueer om die toekomstige toepassing daarvan in Suid-Afrika te vergemaklik. 'n Raamwerk gebaseer op literatuur en gevalle studies word voorgestel, waar al die betrokke partye sodanige bewys kan produseer en evalueer.
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Rulevičiūtė, Indrė. "Įrodinejimo pareiga ir dalykas civiliniame pocese." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070101_135640-66588.
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SUMMARY
Subsantial questions of legal regulation of burden of proof and the matter of proof in civil procedure are being discussed in this master‘s writing. The work deals both with disclosing the legal regulation of burden of proof and the matter of proof in actual civil procedure, and analyzing the main theoretical and practical aspects of these questions in more details. The structure of this work enables to reveal the essence of this theme. The work consists of two parts. Whereas from the begining of the civil procedure, first of all, it is important to define which facts are disputed in the particular civil case, therefore the first part of this work deals with revealing the legal regulation of matter of proof. The legitimate and right court judgement can be taken only if all factual circumstances of a case are established. In every civil case the court must be „on the balance of probabilities“ that the alleged facts exist. The first part of this work deals with the conceptions of matter of proof in civil procedure. Also analyze the theoretical and practical significance of establishing the factual circumstances in particular civil case. The further chapters of the first part reveals the essence of each group of the facts, which can be asserting in civil cases. As we already know the facts in dispute on an issue raised between the parties, the second important practical step - to allocate the burden of proof. The second part of this work reveals the conceptions of... [to full text]
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Azário, Márcia Pereira. "Dinamicização da distribuição do ônus da prova no processo civil brasileiro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7478.
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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar o cabimento, no direito processual brasileiro, de uma distribuição dinâmica das regras do ônus da prova. Na primeira parte, são analisados o conceito, o objeto e a finalidade da prova, com apontamento da distinção entre fontes e meios. Após, são estudados o conceito de ônus da prova e sua distinção da obrigação, dando ênfase aos seus aspectos objetivo e subjetivo e às principais teorias, antigas e modernas, que tratam dos critérios para a distribuição do ônus da prova. Estudou-se, em seguida, os principais fenômenos relacionados ao ônus da prova, quais sejam a distribuição, cuja regra geral está no art. 333 do CPC, e a redistribuição como gênero, tendo com espécies a redistribuição strictu sensu, cabível em casos de probatio diabolica e em excepcionais casos em que a prova se apresenta difícil por fatores externos ao processo, e a inversão, cujo exemplo, no direito pátrio, é o art. 6o, inc. VIII, do CDC. Na segunda parte do trabalho, são apresentadas duas novas teorias sobre a distribuição do ônus da prova: a visão solidarista do ônus da prova e a teoria dinâmica dos ônus probatórios. Por fim, ante a necessidade de flexibilização das atuais regras gerais de distribuição do ônus da prova e, ao mesmo tempo, controle do excessivo subjetivismo judicial, analisa-se o cabimento da aplicação da teoria dinâmica no direito brasileiro, apontando-se os parâmetros para a decisão judicial que a aplique. Do estudo, concluiu-se que o direito processual brasileiro admite a aplicação da teoria dinâmica dos ônus probatórios em face da incidência do princípio da igualdade, dos poderes instrutórios do juiz e do dever de lealdade, boa-fé e colaboração das partes. Concluiuse, ainda, que embora possa acontecer em momento diverso, o momento mais oportuno para a ocorrência da redistribuição do ônus da prova é a audiência preliminar, não podendo se verificar, em nenhuma hipótese, surpresa às partes, sob pena de ferimento ao princípio do contraditório. Quanto à decisão judicial que aplica a teoria dinâmica, deve esta levar em conta que tal aplicação é de caráter excepcionalíssimo, devendo ser bem fundamentada.This study has the purpose of analyzing a dynamic employment of the burden of proof in the Brazilian Procedural Law. In the first part of this study, the concept and object and the evidence are analyzed through distinguishing sources and ways. Afterwards, the concept of burden of proof and its difference from obligation are studied based on subjective and objective aspects of dominant old and modern theories. We also examined the main phenomena relating to the burden of proof in general presented on the art. 333 Brazilian Procedural Code, the presentation of the burden of proof strict sensu in case of probatio diabolica and the shifting of burden of proof based on the art. 6, inc.VII, Brazilian Consumption Code. In the second part of the study, two theories related to the shifting of the burden of proof are presented. Based on those two theories, we came to the conclusion that a more dynamic way of applying the general rules for shifting the burden of proof and excessive control of judicial subjectivism is necessary to reach fairness. Finally, we concluded that the Brazilian Procedural Law allows the application of the dynamic theory of burden of proof based on the principle of equity, discretion, loyalty, good faith and the collaboration of the parties. Besides, the best moment to submit some evidence for the shifting of the burden of proof is over the course of a hearing. The decision shall be based on legal matters, facts and principles due to the fact that the dynamic theory to analyze evidence in case of shifting the burden of proof is used in special cases.
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Österlund, Johanna. "Revealing the Man behind the Curtain : Proving Corruption in International Commercial Arbitration." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-241752.
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There is unanimity within the arbitration community that corruption is disrupting international trade and that arbitrators must not let arbitration be a safe forum for enforcement of contracts tainted by such illicit acts. Due to the hidden nature of corruption, often hiding behind an agency agreement, the most challenging question facing arbitrators has shown to be how to handle the rules of evidence. Awards show that there is an inconsistency in the treatment of the burden and standard of proof as well as the significance given to circumstantial evidence. Two trends can be spotted where the first approach is to argue that the seriousness of the accusations calls for a heightened standard of proof. The second trend is to argue that the seriousness to the contrary calls for a pragmatic approach to the rules of evidence, allowing a less rigid view on the standard of proof and use of circumstantial evidence or even a shift in the burden of proof. The focus of the thesis is on evidentiary aspects of corruption cases and how arbitrators have dealt with these challenges. The overall question is how arbitrators should handle the rules of evidence in corruption cases from a lege ferenda perspective. It is argued that the inconsistency in the handling of proof is sometimes misguided and that there are reasons to agree on a common starting point for applying the rules of evidence to corruption cases. Arbitrators should realise the frightening fact that it is their weighing of the evidence which is usually decisive for the outcome and accordingly there is a responsibility to conduct this operation carefully. The tools and procedural flexibility to reveal corruption exist even if there is no perfect solution on how to do it.
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Keilmann, Annette. "Dem Gefälligen zur Last : Untersuchungen zur Beweislastverteilung in 280 I BGB /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/506298795.pdf.
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Scalon, Eduardo. "Ônus da prova no código de defesa do consumidor." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6603.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-19The promulgation of the Code of Consumer Protection in Brazil represented a real change in how legal relationships were assessed and protected. Previously, the concepts of obligation and civil liability were oriented by private law, under the Civil Code, with classic and entrenched concepts as the autonomy of the mutual agreement in legal relations. The CDC greatly alter these concepts to determine that a particular legal relationship, consumer transaction, will be tutored directly by special rules and oriented to the protection and preservation of the rights and interests of one part of the relationship. This guidance, at first, could be configured as a violation of the principle of equal protection. However, the focus of the new rules is precisely the recognition of the need for greater consumer protection, in order to balance their relation with suppliers. This new concept challenged from law schools whose legal education has always been oriented by a dichotomy between public and private laws, as well as jurists and lawyers and judges. The acknowledgement of the new guidance that rules the relations of consumers demands a serious reflection of how apply this new protective law. Careless application of the new rules would transform this important improvement into just a way to jeopardize suppliers. These changes of the consumer protective law require a careful interpretation of several laws and the extent of his apparent collision so that conclusions they reach the scope of the balance between the parties is obtained
A promulgação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor no Brasil representou uma verdadeira quebra de paradgima na forma como as relações jurídicas eram avaliadas e tuteladas. Anteriormente, os conceitos de obrigação e responsabilidade eram orientados pelo Direito Privado, nos termos do Código Civil, com conceitos clássicos e arraigados como a autonomia das partes nas relações jurídicas. O CDC altera sobremaneira tais conceitos ao determinar que uma relação jurídica específica, relação de consumo, será tutelada diretamente por regras especiais e orientadas para a proteção e preservação dos direitos e interesses de uma das partes da relação. Essa orientação, em primeira análise, poderia se configurar como violação ao princípio da isonomia. Todavia, o foco das novas regras é justamente o reconhecimento da necessidade de maior proteção ao consumidor, justamente para equilibrar sua relação com os fornecedores. Esse novo conceito desafiou desde as faculdades cujo ensino jurídico sempre foi pautado pela dicotomia entre direito público e privado, como também os operadores do direito como advogados e juízes. A constatação da nova orientação que governa as relações de consumo demanda uma séria e cuidadosa reflexão de como se operacionaliza essa nova norma protetiva. O manejo descuidado das novas regras levaria esse importante avanço conceitual a uma maneira de prejudicar fornecedores. As alterações determinadas na tutela judicial dos direitos do consumidor obrigam a cuidadosa interpretação conjunta de várias legislações, na medida de sua aparente colisão, para que sejam obtidas conclusões que atinjam o escopo do equilíbrio entre as partes
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Pettersson, Oskar. "Internprissättning : Bevisbörda, dokumentationskrav och rättssäkerhet." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-84.
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As the globalization of companies increases day by day, the need for a clear and comprehensible legislation to overcome the problems with transfer pricing transactions increases as well. Incorrect pricing in transfer pricing situations between companies with close economic ties to each other makes countries risk parts of their taxation income.
Swedish legislation uses the internationally accepted arm’s length principle to regulate the transfer pricing transactions. Through the correction rule, the rule is upheld that the pricing between two companies with close economic ties to each other must apply to the same conditions as it would have been if it was between two companies without close economic ties to each other.
To ensure that enough material is provided to base the assumption whether or not the correction rule has been followed or not, Swedish legislation provides a number of paragraphs to regulate the matter. The legislation is spread all over and is hard to interpret. The question rises whether this is against the rule of legal certainty or not.
The taxation authority has provided a proposition on new legislation with tougher documentation requirements where it also wants to give itself part of the power by through directions exactly define what the documentation shall include. Yet again the question is raised whether or not this is against the rule of legal certainty or not.
I takt med att globaliseringen av företag ökar, ökar också behovet av en klar och tydlig lagstiftning för att överkomma problemen med internprissättningstransaktioner. Vid oriktig prissättning vid transaktioner mellan företag i ekonomisk intressegemen-skap riskerar länder att gå miste om delar av sin skattebas.
Svensk lagstiftning använder sig av den internationellt accepterade armlängdsprincipen för att reglera internprissättningstransaktioner. Genom korrigeringsregeln regleras att prissättningen mellan två företag i ekonomisk intressegemenskap måste ske under samma förutsättningar som skulle ha gällt mellan två företag utan ekonomisk intressegemenskap.
För att få underlag till huruvida korrigeringsregeln har följts eller inte finns ett antal lagrum i svensk rätt som reglerar dokumentationskrav. Denna lagstiftning är spridd och anses vara svårtolkad. Frågan uppstår om detta strider mot rättsäkerheten.
Skatteverket har kommit med ett förslag på ny lagstiftning med skärpta dokumentationskrav där man dessutom vill ge sig själv delar av makten att genom föreskrifter exakt bestämma vad dokumentationen skall innehålla. Återigen väcks frågan om det-ta är förenligt med rättssäkerheten.
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Hoffschir, Nicolas. "La charge de la preuve en droit civil." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100173.
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La charge de la preuve constitue un concept original, qui porte le sceau des évolutions du temps et des fondements du Droit. Historiquement, la notion de charge de la preuve désigne une tâche individuelle, celle du plaideur qui doit, par son seul effort, convaincre le juge du bien-fondé de sa cause. Aujourd’hui, en raison de l’essor de l’idée de vérité et de la volonté de renforcer les liens de solidarité unissant les individus, elle est appréhendée comme une exigence générale de comportement imposant à tout justiciable de contribuer à la manifestation de la vérité. Or, il est inopportun d’assimiler l’ensemble des devoirs probatoires à des charges. De fait, seuls ceux dont un plaideur doit spontanément s’accomplir afin de faire triompher sa cause doivent être qualifiés ainsi. Cela permet alors de concevoir que la charge de la preuve n’impose pas uniquement des devoirs durant le procès mais, également, avant toute saisine du juge. Tenu de réunir des preuves et de les produire en justice, le titulaire de la charge de la preuve n’est pas toujours en mesure d’assumer la tâche qui lui incombe. Le législateur ou le juge peuvent alors fournir des remèdes en facilitant ou en dispensant le titulaire de la charge de la preuve d’accomplir ses devoirs. Rétablie dans sa cohérence, la charge de la preuve permet ainsi de comprendre l’utilité de certains mécanismes techniques et d’opérer une lecture nouvelle du droit positifThe burden of proof constitutes an original concept which epitomizes the evolution of time and of the founding principles of law. Historically, the notion of burden of proof referred to the individual role of the litigant who, through his own effort, had to convince the judge of the soundness of his cause. Nowadays, considering the importance of truth in our society as well as the willingness to tighten solidarity between individuals, it is considered as a basic requirement for a litigant to contribute to the emergence of truth. Yet, it is inappropriate to make confusion between probationary duties and charges. As a matter of fact, only the duties that the litigant has to carry out in order to win over his cause can be qualified as burden of proof. This implies that the burden of proof not only imposes duties during the trial but also before the referral of the case to court. Bound to gather proofs and produce them in court, the incumbent is not always in a situation to assume the burden of the proof. Legal precedents (law, jurisprudence) can then be used to either facilitate or to exempt the former of his obligations. In light of this new coherence, the burden of proof facilitates the understanding of certain technical mechanisms and allows for a new reading of the applicable law
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Thellman, Sam. "True Belief at the End of the Tether : the Quest for Universal Epistemic Justification." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112585.
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In this thesis I scavenge the history of philosophy for answers to the question ‘How are claims to knowledge justified?’. I argue that Plato’s psychological doctrine of knowledge marks the starting point of a philosophical inquiry motivated by the possibility to discover foundations of knowledge through investigating the nature of mind. At the core of this inquiry lies the hypothesis that if the psychological mechanisms that govern the capacity for knowledge acquisition is fully understood, then answers will follow about why judgements are true or false. The prospective result of the inquiry is a theory of universal epistemic justification which demarcates epistemically warranted beliefs from unwarranted beliefs. I suggest that there is a historically persistent case of cognitive dissonance within the epistemological enterprise — a tension between two of its central theses — which is caused by the persistence of the of the hitherto unsuccessful but ongoing quest for universal epistemic justification, and its inciting promises. The contradicting theses are those of certain justification (that one is justified in believing that p only if p is entailed by evidence) and proportional justification (that one is proportionally justified in believing that p to the extent that evidence makes p credible). I discuss the consequences of giving up one of the respective theses. I conclude that the thesis of certain justification cannot be given up unless an adequate theory of proportional justification is proposed, and that the legacy of searching for universal epistemic justification will continue unless epistemologists are able to construct one.
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Silveira, Daniel Coutinho da. "Prova, argumento e decisão: critérios de suficiência para orientação dos juízos de fato no direito processual brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-24042012-113857/.
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A noção de livre convencimento estipula ao julgamento de processos judiciais uma investigação sobre fatos amparada em avaliação epistemológica. Essa estratégia, entretanto, apresenta dificuldades insuperáveis nas diversas formulações desse tipo de raciocínio por não oferecer respostas definitivas para solucionar problemas práticos, como aqueles envolvidos na concretização do direito, levando a graus diferentes de dúvida. Diante desse quadro surge a pergunta sobre qual nível de confirmação será aceito para respaldar uma decisão. Esse trabalho propõe como solução a tal aporia uma aproximação dos argumentos utilizados para a decisão em matéria de fato à estrutura dos argumentos práticos. Assim, além das reflexões epistemológicas, incorporam-se elementos morais e políticos em seu esquema central. Por meio dessa conclusão são introduzidos obrigatoriamente ao raciocínio judicial o que se denomina critérios de suficiência, orientações sobre o grau de comprovação das versões levantadas num caso concreto. Esse instituto, além de imprescindível para viabilizar a racionalidade dos juízos de fato, assume ainda a função de distribuir o risco de decisões equivocadas entre os litigantes. Trata-se de elemento de legitimação das decisões em matéria de fato, mediante a argumentação dos riscos que o processo envolve. Esse raciocínio não é de forma alguma ignorado pela dogmática jurídica brasileira, embora não seja adequadamente sistematizado. Daí a importância de sua abordagem teórica, a demonstrar que é requisito imprescindível de legitimação das decisões sobre fatos tomadas nos processos judiciais, e verificação prática de diversos institutos, integralmente compatíveis com essa proposição. A partir de experiências jurídicas que tratam do assunto de modo sistematizado a mais tempo, propõe-se uma discussão sobre os termos que devem ser observados no ordenamento brasileiro em acordo com suas características.The idea of free proof stipulates to judicial process decision an investigation over facts supported only by epistemological evaluation. This strategy, however, presents unbearable difficulties in the various manifestations of this kind of reasoning, as it does not offers definitive answers to solve practical problems, like those involved in applying the law, which leads to different degrees of doubt. Considering this picture, emerges the question about what level of confirmation will be accepted to sustain a decision. This dissertation proposes as a solution to the presented aporia an approximation of the arguments utilized to decide about facts to the structure of practical argumentation. Thus, beyond epistemological reasons, moral and political elements are incorporate to its central sketch. Through this conclusion are necessarily introduced to judicial reasoning what is called standards of proof, guidance about the degree of confirmation which versions must sustained to be successful on specific situations. This institute, additionally to its importance to validate the rationality of factual decisions, it assumes the purpose of distributing the risk of wrong perceptions among litigants. Its an element of legitimating decisions about facts, by reasoning the risks that the process handles. This reasoning is not at all ignored by Brazilian law, in despite of its lack of systematization. Hence the importance of its theoretical approach, which demonstrates that is an indispensible requirement of legitimacy to the decisions about facts taken in judicial processes, and of its practical approach, verifying the compatibility of several law mechanisms to this proposition. Build on juridical experiences that study the subject in an systematized fashion and longer than our occupation of the subject, it is proposed a discussion about the terms in which these should be observed in Brazilian law, in accordance to its characteristics.
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Finley, Janene R. "An empirical study of the effect of the change in the burden of proof in the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 on the United States Tax Court /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1362513441&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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黃泳儀. "論中國大陸夫妻共同債務的舉證責任分配 =Discussion about the burden of proof distribution of spousal community debts in mainland China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3950652.
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Costa, Marlene Sofia Rodrigues da. "Assédio moral no local de trabalho : um problema de prova." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26436.
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O assédio moral no local de trabalho é uma realidade preocupante de que muitos trabalhadores são vítimas, causando-lhes vários problemas quer a nível físico quer a nível psicológico.
Para além de todo o sofrimento a que uma vítima de assédio moral é submetida, vê-se ainda confrontada com outro problema: a dificuldade da prova.
É precisamente sobre a dificuldade de prova nos casos de assédio moral no local de trabalho que esta dissertação se debruça.
O objetivo deste trabalho é tentar perceber se o que existe neste momento na legislação laboral portuguesa é suficiente para que as vítimas consigam provar as situações de assédio moral alegadas ou se, pelo contrário, o que existe é insuficiente e é necessário ir mais longe, nomeadamente alterando o regime de prova.
Finalmente, apresentaremos os motivos que nos levam a defender uma alteração ao regime de prova nos casos de assédio moral no local de trabalho, apreciando em particular o mecanismo da inversão do ónus da prova com importante medida de prevenção e combate a este fenómeno.Mobbing is a worrisome reality that many workers are victims of, causing them several physical and psychological problems. In addition to all the suffering that a victim of mobbing is subjected to, they are still confronted with another problem: the difficulty of proof. It is precisely about difficulty of proof in cases of mobbing in the workplace that this dissertation will debate about. The purpose of this work is to try to understand if what is currently in Portuguese labor law is sufficient for the victims to prove the alleged mobbing or if, what currently exists is insufficient and it is necessary to go further, in particular by changing the system of proof. Finally, we will present the reasons that lead us to defend an alteration to the system of proof in cases of mobbing in the workplace, particularly appreciating the mechanism of reversing the burden of proof with an important measure of prevention and combat this phenomenon.
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Lin, Chien-Hsing, and 林建興. "A Study for Review of Drug Registration and Patent Infringement Litigation of Drug-Focus on the Reverse of the Burden of Proof." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27570049255776430246.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
100
Drug can help people to maintain healthy and plays an important role in the public health. Every country has specific law and regulations to manage the application, permission, sell, manufacture and change of the drug to ensure its safety and efficacy. Pharmaceuticals invest more in research and test for new medicine in order to acquire the permission of new drug. With this phenomenon, it is said that new drug business is an industry with high investment, high technology and high risk. Therefore, they always pay much more attentions on intellectual property. In contrast, generic drug has the same active ingredient, dosage form, dose and indication as the new drug or brand name drug. Generic drug costs lower than brand name drug to cause the use of generic drug in the society more popular than that of brand name drug. Therefore, brand name drug and generic drug is conflicted in their role for profit so that litigation between these two parties is inevitable. However, if the company of new drug on purpose delays the commercialization of the generic drug by any mean to extend its profit, it is harmful to the people and society for high cost in paying for new drug. Domestic litigation in the drug industry was initiated due to package insert of drug from these ten years ago. It was followed by an issue between two parts about exemption from patent infringement for experimental use. Recently, it shows a trend to have more patent infringement litigation in pharmaceuticals and the subject of the litigation is much diverse. Government has responsibility to grant drug permit based on its safety and efficacy. The applicant will submit all of the technology documents in a dossier for the permission of drug. Basically, the dossier which includes research relevant and manufacturing relevant is a trade secret of the applicant. The review for the dossier in the government or any organization authorized by government covers a broad of fields from preclinical study to clinical study. They have responsibility to assure the drug is safe and has efficacy in therapy in normal use. In addition, they also consider the use of drug for special population and the quality of the drug from manufacturing point to ensure its quality. Technique invention can be granted as a patent once it can meet the requirement of the patent. The owner of the patent has the monopolistic right in its scope of the claim to prevent the infringement from others. The patent owner can initiate a patent litigation against the infringer with evidence to prove this infringement. However, process patent is different to substance patent. The owner of the former can reverse the burden of the proof to assume other people infringe his patent, if some conditions are met, so that the patent right is able to enforce under this situation. However, dug business has specific law and regulations to manage the application, permission, sell, manufacture and change of the drug. The assumption for process patent to reverse the burden of the proof will have different influence in pharmaceutical industry. To look over the domestic patent infringement litigation relevant to drug, it shows that the brand name company somehow maintain its profit by applying the assumption of reversing the burden of the poof to cause the generic drug company an inconvenience of litigation proceeding. This study further explores the original intention of the provision about the assumption for reversing the burden of the proof and how protection is applied to brand name company in this country. The exploration shows that to apply the assumption for reversing the burden of the proof in pharmaceutical industry needs more consideration about the details of the case in order not to prejudice the judgment in any way. It is also found that a motion for pre-action perpetuation of evidence for pharmaceutical industry maybe is meaningless. In contrast, to reasonably and legally apply the information in the dossier for drug permit application can help to effectively resolve the litigation.
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Rebelo, Bernardo Morais da Cunha. "Inversão do Contencioso: uma análise do seu contributo para a eficiência da justiça." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94766.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoA presente dissertação terá como tema a inversão do contencioso nos procedimentos cautelares, introduzido pela Lei n.º 41/2013, de 26 de junho, surgindo no âmbito da reforma levada a cabo por este diploma, no domínio da tutela cautelar. O principal objetivo deste estudo será analisar as especificidades e efeitos deste mecanismo e de que forma terá alterado o panorama que vigorava até então, no ordenamento jurídico português. Ao fazê-lo, iremos realizar uma breve análise de outras figuras e de que forma estas se aproximam, ou não, da inversão do contencioso.Assim sendo, iremos desenvolver brevemente os detalhes de cada um dos modelos mencionados, assim como da solução adotada, para que possamos perceber a intenção do legislador ao optar pela implementação desta inovação no nosso sistema jurídico e o porquê de não se ter decidido por outro tipo de regime.Uma vez que se trata de um tópico que levanta variadas questões a nível doutrinal e que leva a opiniões divergentes, nomeadamente quanto ao ónus da prova, iremos expor algumas das críticas aos elementos caracterizadores deste tipo de tutela, bem como os benefícios que trouxe em termos de celeridade processual, permitindo-nos analisar o contributo deste instituto.Exploraremos os pontos principais que romperam com alguns dogmas que persistiam na estrutura dos procedimentos cautelares e quais as alterações que possam ter introduzido no desenrolar do litígio, desde o requerimento da providência cautelar até ao momento em que seja decretada uma decisão definitiva.Por fim, procuraremos perceber se terá sido a melhor solução a adotar para evitar a duplicação de procedimentos a que assistimos constantemente, em que, muitas das vezes, a controvérsia discutida em sede cautelar voltaria a ser alvo de discussão no âmbito de uma ação principal. Esta desnecessária repetição gera um prolongamento do litígio que poderia e deveria ser evitado, sendo este o objetivo principal do legislador com a introdução da técnica da inversão do contencioso.
The following dissertation will have as its theme the reversal of the litigation in the pre-trial procedures, introduced by Law Nr. 41/2013, of June 26th, appearing in the scope of the reform introduced by this law in the field of the cautionary custody.The main objective of this study will be to analyze the specificities and effects of this mechanism and how it has changed the global image that existed until then in the Portuguese legal system. In doing so, we will perform a brief analysis of other figures and how they approach, or not, the reversal of litigation.Therefore, we will briefly develop the details of each of the models we’ve mentioned, as well as the solution adopted, so that we can understand the intention of the legislator when choosing to implement this innovation in our legal system and why no other type of regime has been decided.Since this is a topic that raises various doctrinal questions and leads to divergent opinions, particularly regarding the burden of proof, we will expose some of the criticisms of the elements that characterize this type of guardianship, as well as the benefits it has brought in terms of procedural promptness, allowing us to analyze the contribution of this institute.We will explore the main points that broke with some dogmas that persisted in the structure of the cautionary proceedings and what changes they may have introduced in the course of the litigation, from the application for the proctetive order until the moment a definitive decision is decreed.Finally, we will try to understand if it was the best solution to avoid the duplication of procedures that we constantly witness, in which often the controversy discussed in the cautionary procedure would be the subject of discussion again in the respective main action. This unnecessary repetition generates an extension of the litigation that could and should be avoided, this being the main objective of the legislator with the introduction of the technique of reversal of the litigation.
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Jason, Huang Shih-Chou, and 黃士洲. "Burden of Proof in Tax Cases-Emphasis on Shift and Reduction of Burden of Proof." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98696998203845140143.
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Hsing, Hung Ke, and 洪可馨. "Consumer Litigation-Focus On Take Burden of Proof." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58v6v6.
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Wang, Chia-Cheng, and 王嘉正. "Manufacturers Liabilities and Allocation of Burden of Proof." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75021323754816548677.
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Wu, Chen Chi, and 吳振吉. "Burden of proof in medical litigations:establishment of an algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by classifying the medical malpractice disputes." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77496588824254517439.
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碩士國立政治大學
法學院碩士在職專班
99
The number of malpractice claims filed in Taiwan against physicians has increased significantly in the recent decades. Medical malpractice litigations are characterized by a huge gap in medical knowledge between physicians and patients, leading to an unequal status between both parties in the trials. To ensure that the principle of equality of arms is upheld in civil procedures, the courts applied the strict liability embodied in Article 7 of the Consumer Protection Law and Article 191-3 of the Civil Code to malpractice cases. However, since the amendment and promulgation of Article 82 of the Medical Care Act, there has been a consensus that strict liability is no longer applicable in medical litigations, and negligence becomes an essential element for establishing the liability of medical practitioners. In addition to modifying liability rules, an alternative for achieving equality of arms is to relieve the plaintiffs from the burden of proof. However, the burden of proof should be adjusted with precaution, because an excessive shift might contribute to defensive medicine. Accordingly, this study aims to standardize the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by classifying medical malpractice disputes. The thesis is composed of the following seven chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction: This chapter outlines the background of the present study, with a special emphasis on the pivotal role of the burden of proof in medical litigations. Also delineated in this chapter are the objectives and methodology of the present study. Chapter 2 The occurrence and resolution of medical malpractice disputes: In this chapter, the incidence of medical injury and medical malpractice is discussed first, followed by an analysis of the civil, criminal, and administrative liabilities of medical professionals. The plethora of resolutions for settling medical malpractice disputes are summarized at the end of the chapter. Chapter 3 Civil liabilities of medical malpractice and characteristics of medical litigations: This chapter focuses on the civil liabilities of medical malpractice, which arise from failure to undertake contractual duties or tort liabilities. The characteristics of medical litigations, such as the unequal status in arms between plaintiffs and defendants and the difficulties in concluding negligence or deciphering causation, are discussed in the second half of the chapter. Chapter 4 Theories and rules in allocating the burden of proof: The allocation of the burden of proof is determined according to Article 277 of the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure: A party bears the burden of proof with regard to the facts which he/she alleges in his/her favor, except either where the law provides otherwise or where the circumstances render it manifestly unfair. Consequently, in principle, the burden of proof is allocated according to the “Normentheorie,” with specific rules applied to ease the plaintiff’s burden of proof under exceptional and unfair circumstances. Chapter 5 Rules for allocating the burden of proof in medical litigations: German, American, and Japanese rules for allocating or relieving plaintiffs from the burden of proof in medical litigations are introduced. The current problems in applying these rules to medical litigations in Taiwan are inspected. The solution to these problems relies on a precise classification of medical malpractice disputes. Chapter 6 Establishing the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by classifying medical malpractice disputes: Three models for allocating the burden of proof are created on the basis of three classification systems: classification from a legal perspective, classification from a medical perspective, and classification from a combined medical-and-legal perspective. A comparison of these three models reveals that the last might be the best algorithm. Specific tips for an accurate application of this algorithm are also provided. Chapter 7 Conclusions: This chapter highlights the importance of an appropriate allocation of the burden of proof in medical litigations, as well as the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof established in the present study. Also included are suggestions on how to ameliorate Taiwan’s medical litigation system in the future.
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Lai, Kuo-Lung, and 賴國隆. "Allocating the Burden of Proof in Medical Civil Litigation." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fc33tx.
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碩士國立中興大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
104
When medical treatment appears unintended harmful consequences, often arousing discontent from patients and their families, and medical disputes. Patients or family members litigate to claim damages from physicians and hospitals, courts must examine evidence, facts, applicable law and pass judgement. But medicine is a highly professional field, the authenticity of element facts such as causal relationship and accountability are often difficult to be proven. The courts usually apply Article 277 of the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure, which determines the general principle of burden of proof, to allocate the disadvantage of losing a lawsuit to one who bears the burden of proof. In fact, patients or family members are more likely to be losers in a lawsuit, confirms the proverbs "proof of where, losing of where". If we stick to the general provisions of burden of proof, sometimes it would result in procedural unfairness, leaving plaintiffs unable to realize their rights, and justice cannot be done. Thus the proviso of Article 277 of the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure was legislated in year 2000. According to the proviso, it is not bound by the restrictions of Article 277 if either where the law provides otherwise or where the circumstances render it manifestly unfair. Furthermore, its ratio legis pointed out that pollution, traffic accidents, manufacturer duties and medical disputes are cases of application of the proviso. The aim of this study is to investigate the theory and practice on the distribution of burden of proof in medical civil litigation for damages, and the optimization of the distribution of burden of proof. Research methods begin on rights of claim for damages from medical malpractice, then discuss the theories on the burden of proof, and analyze the decisions of the court practice in nearly three years, and finally propose a recommendation for improving the distribution of burden of proof. Outline of the framework are as follows: Chapter 1 Introduction: To define the issues and to demonstrate the study design. Chapter 2 The legal characters of doctor-patient relationship: To clarify the laws of doctor-patient relationship and to discuss the bases of rights of claim for damages. Chapter 3 Allocation of burden of proof: Discussion on general principles and exceptions of the burden of proof, various theories in Germany and the United States, the legal basis of both reducing and reversing the burden of proof, as well as the result of China''s universal application of reversed burden of proof in medical lawsuit. Chapter 4 Opinions of the courts in our country: Analysis of civil judgements made by the Taipei District Court and the Taiwan High Court in past three years, and the judgments of the Supreme Court in past six years, in order to understand the practical application of the burden of proof rules and the proviso of Article 277 of the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure. Chapter 5 Optimization of the distribution of burden of proof: In response to the unique medical environment in our country, we propose a feasible method and flow chart to improve the distribution of burden of proof, including the use of "obstruction in proof", strengthening patient’s ability of proving, proper use of reducing the burden of proof, and limiting the use of reversing the burden of proof, so that both doctors and patients have access to a fair procedure, and to maintain legal stability. Chapter 6 Conclusions: Via former open discussion concludes the summary of the chapters, and hope that the results of this study will contribute to academic and practice.
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Wu, Yi-Ting, and 吳易庭. "Allocation of Burden of Proof in Marine Cargo Claims." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10467244799421545097.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
103
This article primarily analyzes the allocations of burden of proof from the International Convention for the Hague Rules, Hague - Visby Rules, Hamburg Rules, and the Rotterdam Rules, there is no clear and consistent norms of various international conventions of the burden of proof for cargo claim, applying different international convention from country to country, trends and norms on the level of today's maritime practice and future direction of amending the law in more collate and discussion of research. Before discuss the allocation of burden of proof, discuss the definition of burden of proof at the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure, and discuss the general principles of allocation of the burden of proof. Germany and Japan there were not rules for the burden of proof in civil procedure law in the country, but for the burden of civil litigation has been standardized in the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure 277, also decentralized allocation of responsibility for the burden of proof under special circumstances in each method, by the substantive law also has provisions to alleviate the burden of proof, and the Civil Code of Practice event many and complicated dispute between the parties there not be applied "Die normentheorie" of the case, so the burden of proof seems that is unable to gauge theory cover all, or must return insights interpretation of the law. Liability on the basis of the carrier, The Hague Rules, The Hague - Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules are adopted a "statutory presumption fault." This principle will be the responsibility of the shipper had the burden of proof to convert to the carrier, but by the carrier to the burden of proof was not at fault in transit or proof of other exemptions. The Hamburg Rules in addition to the provisions of the carrier on the basis of the liability exemption regulations adds delay and transporting live animals, etc., removed earlier, The Hague - the exemptions listed in the Visby Rules, has been nearly complete fault liability system. However, the rule does not specify the obligations of carrier in Hamburg, this is a grey area. Rotterdam Rules is the first law expressly stipulated to the basis of liability of the carrier and allocation of the burden of proof. and increase the burden of the claimant, that can balance the distribution of responsibilities of both parties to reach legal certainty. We can see the probative value and the burden of proof is still on the difference between the standard, although the reference to the legislation of our country and the countries of the set of laws, then part of the statute quite dispute place, as well as the allocation of responsibilities among the various exemptions proof they have a different standards, but does not specify its allocation. Another maritime cargo claim burden of responsibility range assignment, occurs when the goods damaged or lost and other accidents, the claimant contented to request compensation for the carrier, and then request the amount and scope of compensation shall be based on the claimant's claim, in a different case on or applicable civil law or maritime law may be. Furthermore, in terms of allocation of the burden of proof at the time when the Rotterdam Rules expressly provided by the plaintiff the burden of proof to the accused suffered not enjoy the benefit of the limitation of liability, there is the general law of the Civil Code section 216, 638 apply. About the burden of proof of marine cargo claim in our country's rules, is from the Hague Rules, Hague - Visby Rules , however, under the changing times, our Maritime Act has gradually unable to keep up the speed of the new era, and the time of the original legislation on the statute the application and interpretation, more controversial, in order to allocate the burden of proof between the parties clearer, Maritime indeed necessary amendments, the proposed provision of reference of the Rotterdam rules.
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Wu, Cheng-Hsien, and 吳政憲. "The Burden of Proof for the Admissibility of Criminal Evidence." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39814943586632967746.
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Chen, Tsai-Fang, and 陳在方. "Issues of Burden of Proof under WTO Dispute Settlement System." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60561889517643419028.
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LI, SU MAN, and 蘇滿麗. "A Study of the Burden of Proof by the Prosecutor." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94091749106331326408.
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Jui-Chen, Chan, and 詹瑞禎. "Burden of Proof in Tax Lawsuit-Emphasis on Business Tax." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ecd83c.
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碩士輔仁大學
會計學系碩士班
100
Pursuant to Article 35 of the Tax Collection Act(“Act”), a taxpayer disagreeing with the decision made in a tax assessment notice is required to first file an application with the tax collection authorities making such decision for re-examination, and if further disagreeing with the result of the re-examination, he/she may then file an administrative appeal and initiate an administrative litigation in accordance with Article 38 of the Act. The taxable disposition was illegal when the existence of taxable facts identified errors. Therefore, tax administrative remedy is a balancing measure between the fundamental rights and obligations of taxpayers. This study uses the rulings of the Taipei high administrative court from 2009 to 2011 as a sample. First of all a collection and summary of the legislative laws’ content, the number of quotes and the ruling situations themselves, summing up the three major disputed business tax violations, namely ‘violation of given or retrieved receipt punishment’, ‘shortage or loss of business revenue’ and ‘false declaration of tax’. And then, in accordance to the individual dispute items, select the more representative rulings or those of discussion value, in lawsuit revoked and lawsuit denied, respectively. Using these as samples, conduct an analysis study in accordance to factual summaries, disputed issue, claims of plaintiff, claims of respondent, ruling reason and its evaluation. The purpose of this study is hoping to bring improvement suggestions towards the current tax system, relevant laws, burden of proof, obligation of cooperation and regulations as well as its execution. As well as serve as a reference towards the taxation authority’s ruling in taxation administrative cases.
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Fang, Wu Su, and 吳夙芳. "Studying Of Burden Of Proof About Administration- Cancel-Action In Japan." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79494896775714017021.
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Lee, Chen-chi, and 李澄奇. "A Study on the Burden of Proof in Medical Malpractice Disputes." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95571370534491410598.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
100
This thesis is trying to probe the allocation of burden of proof on the plaintiff and defendant in the controversial medical lawsuit cases from the civil perspective of medical malpractice. While reviewing the distribution burdened of proof in medical malpractice cases, the purpose is to clarify about the factors that were concerned while allocating of burden of proof and the method of lessening of burden of proof on medical lawsuit cases of Taiwan’s practical operation. The study firstly illuminates the civil code requirement basis of the medical lawsuits, and then treats the reversal issue of legislative burden of proof. It further discusses about the theory of burden of proof as well as the explanation and application of the article 277 of Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure. Afterwards, it establishes the general guideline of the allocation of burden of proof. The medical lawsuits are very unique compared with lawsuits of other kinds. If the responsibility attribution of burden of proof, which comes out from the general guideline of the allocation of burden of proof, is not anticipated by one party, the court must make an adjustment. It is in the distribution of the burden of proof of the civil action, regulation that the civil procedure tell article 277 of the law exists in Taiwan. However, it still exists doubt about the distribution rule of this civil burden of proof, whether can balance the doctor and patient to assign in the burden of proof of the medical lawsuit. The thesis claims that the adjustment of allocation of burden of proof should be regarded as lessening the burden of proof more than as transferring the burden of proof. The transfer of the burden of proof should not be applied unless there are any facts as significant medical defects, violation of duty of disclosure, destroying or hiding a piece of evidence. Transfer of the burden of proof will make a great impact and easily causes a doctor to take the duty of result for the medical action. It will make tense relation between the doctors and patients while practically changing the allocation of burden of proof of civil code. It is indicated in the thesis that when considering lessening the burden of proof, the cases should apply to the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, doctrine of appearance proof, destroying or hiding a piece of evidence or doctrine of informed consent by referring to legislative cases and court practice of other countries. It will make balance between the parties of medical lawsuits and resolve the conflict between doctors and patients.
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Roger, Chung C. L., and 張哲倫. "The Burden of Proof of the Prosecutior in the Criminal Trial." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21180803276939838648.
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Ou-Yang, Yo-Guang, and 歐陽玉光. "A Study of Criminal Procedure of Public Prosecutor Burden of Proof." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01273734553067008939.
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Lin, Guan-Ru, and 林冠儒. "The analysis about the burden of proof in Patent Infringement Litigation." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15995104257001165916.
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碩士中國文化大學
法律學研究所
96
In Taiwan, the burden of proof plays an important role in civil litigation. Then, with our traditional burden of proof, can we improve it? And the burden of proof in process patents, can we reform it furthermore? This thesis tries to balance litigant’s burden of proof, and hoping to keep litigant’s balance. In Chapter II, the article introduces the character of patent. In Chapter III, the article introduces the burden of proof in civil law. Then in Chapter IV , the article introduces the character of infringement litigation in patent、 patentee’s burden of proof、alleviating his burden of proof, and defendant’s burden of proof、the burden of proof in patent infringement litigation, and offering personal opinions basing on TRIPS Article 34 in the end.
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SONG, YING-SYUAN, and 宋盈萱. "A Study on Burden of Proof for Medical Litigation of Malpractice." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79270460016806641774.
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碩士輔仁大學
法律學系
105
In Taiwan, the plaintiff asserting existence of rights has the obligation to bear burden of proof in civil medical dispute litigation. Caused by the particularity and professionalism of medical litigation, patients often are not able to correctly dispute or fully defend their claims. Resulting in a low winning rate of around 10% for the patients. In order to eliminate this unfair condition and to reduce burden of proof for the patients, article 277 of Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure regulates, “except either where the law provides otherwise or where the circumstances render it manifestly unfair.” General ways to reduce burden of proof include transfer of the burden of proof and less of the burden of proof. However, further discussions and research are needed before reducing burden of proof in medical litigation events and to resolve future problems that may occur. To build a complete architecture for burden of proof on medical litigation and to smoothen the relationship between patients and doctors, the focus should be creating types of relevant regulations on reducing burden of proof in medical litigations.
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Tsung, Chih-Chiang, and 宗志強. "A Study on the Burden of Proof in Medical Malpractice Disputes." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/723xry.
Full textAbstract:
碩士銘傳大學
法律學系碩士班
95
Because of medical treatment to lead to the fact unfortunately that the patient dies, wounded, have it from ancient times, every country will happen, not just the existing problem now. The medical malpracticecase that reveals of the news media in recent years is observed in our country, the origin cause of formation of the dispute takes place in medical treatment, do not mostly look forward to as the patient or the relative on the result of treatment. Make too, in information explosion era, the electronic medium, to the concern report of the medical malpractice incident; the medical malpractice often becomes all social focuses attracted attention. As to the thing that patriarchy authority cure thought traditionally, is it popularize to educate governed by law thought, make medical human rights rise of concept, cause doctor and change of relation among the patient. Cause, when people run into the medical malpractice, will dare to propose relieving the doctor but bear quietly. The medical lawsuit has a lot of congenital and unequal factors to accumulate, make the doctor occupy the relative advantage relatively superior to the patient and exist on the lawsuit, form the tense and medical relation suspected at present. The relevant problem to the medical malpractice of educational circles is discussed fortunately, through introducing the foreign theory or relevant legislative norm constantly, make great efforts to try to relax the status and relation not for long time reciprocity among the doctor and patient. To sum up, on the basis of the rise of medical human rights and break-through of the medical patriarchy concept, how to implement the medical human rights concept in the course of lawsuit of the medical malpractice, prevent the patient from causing the replying and sprouting of medical patriarchy because of the inequality on the medical relation in the lawsuit, in order to study the key of this proposition. Our country is in the distribution of the burden of proof of the civil action, regulation that the civil procedure tell article 277 of the law exists. However, the distribution rule of this civil burden of proof, whether can balance the doctor and patient to assign in the burden of proof of the medical lawsuit, doubt exists; In accordance with new civil procedure tell law increase 277 regulation of proviso, is it get burden of proof assign apparent to lose the fair situation to case to consider already after revising. Only, regulation this want how operate it, could proper to become burden of proof of medical lawsuit distribute the standard rationally, it is the key that is worth observing in the medical lawsuit. So observe patients to advocate with the civil medical malpractice lawsuit incident, debt defaulting or medical tort of the for instance medical agreement ,etc., and then analyze because burdens to the civil burden of proof of all kinds of request foundations are different on the lawsuit, there are any differences and influence, and how to adjust the equalization point in order to seek to ensure patient''s right in the medical lawsuit and prevent from between two extremes produced in defensive medical treatment.
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Huang, Tian-Ying, and 黃天映. "The Defendant's Burden of Proof in Criminal Case- A Comparative Perspective." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70638512585278416802.
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碩士國立臺北大學
法學系
95
Item 1 of Article 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure definitely provides that the burden of proof concerning the definition of the offense lies on the prosecutor since Taiwanese Code of Criminal Procedure moves towards the “improved adversarial system” in 2002. However, the term “showing the instrument of proof” brings heaps of difficulties when explaining and applying it. More surprisingly, the legislature refers to Anglo-American Law, but never contemplates the defendant’s burden of proof in criminal case. This thesis, therefore, adopts the criminal defendant’s perspective and concentrates on the rationales of allocating the burden of proof in US and UK. This thesis copes with three propositions: 1. meanings and functions of the burden of proof; 2. rationales of allotting the burden of proof to the criminal defendant; 3. whether the reverse onus violates the presumption of innocence. There are two basic meanings as to the burden of proof: (1) the burden of producing evidence; (2) the burden of persuasion. The former is used to make the litigant’s allegation a live issue. As a result, the court does not have any duty to rule on the defendant’s allegation if he fails to render sufficient evidence to make his issue out. It is so called “the burden of producing evidence” when a defense fails to become a triable issue, the defendant will be in such an unfavorable situation that the judge will not give the jury any instruction about the defendant’s allegation or that the court itself will not make any holding on it. As for the latter, the defendant who fails to convince the court of his allegation must take on the adverse judgment if he bears the burden of persuasion. There are two essential apparatus to burden the defendant in criminal case: one presumption and the other (affirmative) defense. A presumption means that while the basic fact is proved the presumed fact will be deemed true if not disproved. In other words, the defendant bears the burden of disproving the presumed fact while the basic fact of the offense has been proved. Defenses are almost similar to justifications, excuses or alleviations in Continental criminal law; nonetheless, the defendant is usually allotted the burden of proof to show defenses in US and UK. The US Supreme Court has held that it violates the defendant’s Due Process right to shift the burden of persuasion to the defendant in criminal case. The US Supreme Court still adheres to the tradition, holding that it does not run counter to the presumption of innocence even if the criminal defendant must bear the burden of proof to support his (affirmative) defense. In 2002, the British House of Lords has held in R v Lambert that the presumption of innocence is not an absolute principle, but the statutory exception (i.e. the reverse onus of proof) should be legitimate and proportionate. Because Taiwanese criminal law has been influenced by the German tri-tiered structure of offenses for a long time, this thesis concludes that the defendant in criminal case must at least shoulder the burden of adducing evidence to make out his justifications, excuses or alleviations. That is to say, the criminal defendant must render sufficient evidence if he offers any defense before the prosecution rebuts. This approach would not only protect the defendant’s right to the presumption of innocence but also promote a fair and just criminal litigation.
49
Lee, Ren-Chieh, and 李人傑. "A Study on Burden of Proof for Medical Litigation of Malpractice." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82184314375964420134.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
94
This thesis is trying to probe the allocation of burden of proof on the plaintiff and defendant in the controversial medical lawsuit cases from the civil perspective of medical malpractice. The purpose is to clarify the appropriate responsibility attribution. The study firstly illuminates the civil code requirement basis of the medical lawsuits, and then treats the reversal issue of legislative burden of proof. It further discusses about the theory of burden of proof as well as the explanation and application of the article 277 of Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure. Afterwards, it establishes the general guideline of the allocation of burden of proof. The medical lawsuits are very unique compared with lawsuits of other kinds. If the responsibility attribution of burden of proof, which comes out from the general guideline of the allocation of burden of proof, is not anticipated by one party, the court must make an adjustment. The thesis discusses in detail based on the comparative about the lessening of burden of proof on medical lawsuit cases of several countries and Taiwan's practical operation. The thesis claims that the adjustment of allocation of burden of proof should be regarded as lessening the burden of proof more than as transferring the burden of proof. Unless there occur any facts like significant medical defects, violation of duty of disclosure, destroying or hiding a piece of evidence, the transfer of the burden of proof cannot be applied. This is because that the transfer of the burden of proof has a great impact and easily causes a doctor to take the duty of result for the medical action. It is unfair for the doctor and practically changes the allocation of burden of proof of civil code. It is indicated in the thesis that when considering lessening the burden of proof, the cases should apply to the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, doctrine of appearance proof, destroying or hiding a piece of evidence or doctrine of informed consent by referring to legislative cases and court practice of other countries. In doing this, the theory basis of Taiwan's medical lawsuits' lessening burden of proof is thus enhanced.
50
LEE, CHIA-KUAN, and 李佳冠. "ADMINISTRATIVE RULES IN TAX LITIGATION──THE IMPACTS ON BURDEN OF PROOF." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64683146000397827791.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法學系
91
The burden of proof always has influence on procedural rights of the parties and the rights brought by people in procedure. The decisions on burden of proof by justice court usually control the chances of people’s obtaining the real procedure. It seems that the administrative court could have difficulties to solve kinds of administrative cases, however, when examining the administrative court’s judgments. In order to give administrative court a sound theory on burden of proof, I try to introduce the national theories on burden of proof and discuss the opportunity of administrative court’s exercising the theories. Furthermore, administrative rules are usually used by administrative court in tax litigation now. But administrative rules are made by administrative authorities so that it leads that administrative authorities can control administrative court’s judgments and decide whether people’s rights could get remedy. In tax litigation, the professional knowledge of administrative court couldn’t compete with administrative authorities so that administrative court’s judgments are always influenced by administrative authorities’s administrative rules. Moreover, administrative authorities now are still making lots of administrative rules in informal rulemaking procedure. These behaviors avoiding the principle of rule of law will have great damage on people’s rights so that the principle of constitution will also be careless. In order to avoid this event occurring later, I try to arrange the administrative rules and discuss the effect of these administrative rules, so that maintain the principle of constitution and give a shelter of people’s rights. To sum up, administrative rules in tax litigation usually have great impacts on burden of proof now. Arranging these administrative rules becomes a great matter so that it gives people a safe and free-injury environment and changes the attitude of administrative authorities to make related rules in basis of the principle of constitution.