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Journal articles on the topic 'Reverse γ-turn'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Belvisi, Laura, Cesare Gennari, Antonia Mielgo, Donatella Potenza та Carlo Scolastico. "Conformational Preferences of Peptides Containing Reverse-Turn Mimetic Bicyclic Lactams: Inverse γ-Turns versus Type-II′ β-Turns – Insights into β-Hairpin Stability". European Journal of Organic Chemistry 1999, № 2 (1999): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199902)1999:2<389::aid-ejoc389>3.0.co;2-7.

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Belvisi, Laura, Cesare Gennari, Antonia Mielgo, Donatella Potenza та Carlo Scolastico. "ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Preferences of Peptides Containing Reverse-Turn Mimetic Bicyclic Lactams: Inverse γ-Turns versus Type-II′ β-Turns - Insights into β-Hairpin Stability." ChemInform 30, № 23 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199923219.

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Legrand, Baptiste, Loïc Mathieu, Aurélien Lebrun та ін. "Thiazole-Based γ-Building Blocks as Reverse-Turn Mimetic to Design a Gramicidin S Analogue: Conformational and Biological Evaluation". Chemistry - A European Journal 20, № 22 (2014): 6713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201402190.

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Hanessian, Stephen, Xuehong Luo та Robert Schaum. "Synthesis and folding preferences of γ-amino acid oligopeptides: stereochemical control in the formation of a reverse turn and a helix". Tetrahedron Letters 40, № 27 (1999): 4925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00860-6.

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Jones, Christopher R, M. Khurram N Qureshi, Fiona R Truscott, Shang-Te Danny Hsu, Angus J Morrison та Martin D Smith. "A Nonpeptidic Reverse Turn that Promotes Parallel Sheet Structure Stabilized by CH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bonds in a Cyclopropane γ-Peptide". Angewandte Chemie 120, № 37 (2008): 7207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200802648.

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Jones, Christopher R, M. Khurram N Qureshi, Fiona R Truscott, Shang-Te Danny Hsu, Angus J Morrison та Martin D Smith. "A Nonpeptidic Reverse Turn that Promotes Parallel Sheet Structure Stabilized by CH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bonds in a Cyclopropane γ-Peptide". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47, № 37 (2008): 7099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200802648.

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Hanessian, Stephen, Xuehong Luo та Robert Schaum. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Folding Preferences of γ-Amino Acid Oligopeptides: Stereochemical Control in the Formation of a Reverse Turn and a Helix." ChemInform 30, № 35 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199935231.

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Rama Iñiguez, S., M. A. Dea-Ayuela, J. A. Sanchez-Brunete, J. J. Torrado, J. M. Alunda, and F. Bolas-Fernández. "Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Quantification of Cytokine mRNA Expression in Golden Syrian Hamster Infected with Leishmania infantum and Treated with a New Amphotericin B Formulation." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 4 (2006): 1195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.4.1195-1201.2006.

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ABSTRACT A real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay was developed for the quantification of cytokine mRNA expression in the golden Syrian hamster Mesocricetus auratus infected with Leishmania infantum and treated with amphotericin B (AMB) formulated in microspheres made of human serum albumin (HSA). Treatment was administered intravenously on days 69, 71, and 73 postinfection (p.i.) with 107 metacyclic promastigotes, at doses of 2 and 40 mg/kg of AMB. High infection levels were recorded for untreated animals by day 76 p.i., with parasite loads always about 2 log10 per gram higher

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Shen, Zheng, Xiaomei Liang, Christopher Q. Rogers, Drew Rideout, and Min You. "Involvement of adiponectin-SIRT1-AMPK signaling in the protective action of rosiglitazone against alcoholic fatty liver in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 298, no. 3 (2010): G364—G374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00456.2009.

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The development of alcoholic fatty liver is associated with reduced adipocyte-derived adiponectin levels, decreased hepatic adiponectin receptors, and deranged hepatic adiponectin signaling in animals. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) plays a key role in the regulation of adiponectin in adipose tissue. The aim of the present study was to test the ability of rosiglitazone, a known PPAR-γ agonist, to reverse the inhibitory effects of ethanol on adiponectin expression and its hepatic signaling, and to attenuate alcoholic liver steatosis in mice. Mice were fed modified Lieber

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Torday, J. S., and V. K. Rehan. "The evolutionary continuum from lung development to homeostasis and repair." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 292, no. 3 (2007): L608—L611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00379.2006.

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A functional, developmental, and comparative biological approach is probably the most effective way for arranging gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in their biological contexts. Evolutionary developmental biology allows comparison of GRNs during development across phyla. For lung evolution, the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) GRN exemplifies a continuum from ontogeny to phylogeny, homeostasis, and repair. PTHrP signaling between the lung endoderm and mesoderm stimulates lipofibroblast differentiation by downregulating the myofibroblast Wnt signaling pathway and upregulating the prote

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Xiong, Jingbo, Kefei Kang, Liming Liu, Yuichi Yoshida, Kevin D. Cooper, and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum. "Candida albicans and Candida krusei Differentially Induce Human Blood Mononuclear Cell Interleukin-12 and Gamma Interferon Production." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 5 (2000): 2464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.5.2464-2469.2000.

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ABSTRACT Protection against Candida infection involves both innate and acquired immune responses, and cytokines produced by monocytes during the innate response may modify the acquired immune response by T cells. We hypothesized that Candida species which differ in pathogenicity can differentially induce production of immunoregulatory cytokines by human monocytes, which in turn modify T cells for immune responses to Candida. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of Candida albicans andCandida krusei on immunoregulatory cytokine production by human monocytes and gamma interferon (IFN

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Barreau, Frédérick, Chrystèle Madre, Ulrich Meinzer, et al. "Nod2 regulates the host response towards microflora by modulating T cell function and epithelial permeability in mouse Peyer's patches." Gut 59, no. 2 (2009): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.171546.

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Nucleotide oligomerisation domain 2 (NOD2) mutations are associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease and graft-versus-host disease, two human disorders related with dysfunctions of Peyer's patches (PPs). In Nod2−/− mice transcellular permeability and bacterial translocation are increased in PPs. In this study, we show that both anti-CD4+ and anti-interferon γ (anti-IFNγ) monoclonal antibodies abrogate this phenotype and reduce the expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 and the long isoform of myosin light chain kinase, thus demonstrating that immune T cells influence the e

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Lu, Zhengmao, Tianhang Luo, Tao Pang, et al. "MALAT1 promotes gastric adenocarcinoma through the MALAT1/miR-181a-5p/AKT3 axis." Open Biology 9, no. 9 (2019): 190095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.190095.

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Gastric adenocarcinoma, which originates from the gastric mucosal epithelium, has the highest incidence among various malignant tumours in China. As a crucial long non-coding RNA, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) has been suggested to play an important role in many tumours. Here, we aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of MALAT1 in gastric adenocarcinoma. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was applied to determine the expression levels of MALAT1 in serum and cell lines. A CCK-8 assay and a clonogenic survival assay were

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Lin, Yao-Xin, Yi Wang, Jianxun Ding, et al. "Reactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by mRNA nanoparticles enhances antitumor immunity in preclinical models." Science Translational Medicine 13, no. 599 (2021): eaba9772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aba9772.

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Increasing clinical evidence has demonstrated that the deletion or mutation of tumor suppressor genes such as the gene-encoding phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in cancer cells may correlate with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and poor response or resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. It is largely unknown whether the restoration of functional PTEN may modulate the TME and improve the tumor’s sensitivity to ICB therapy. Here, we demonstrate that mRNA delivery by polymeric nanoparticles can effectively induce expression of PTEN

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Wahyuningtyas, Rika, Yin-Siew Lai, Mei-Li Wu, et al. "Recombinant Antigen of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2) Promotes M1 Repolarization of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages and Th1 Type Response." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091009.

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The polarization status of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) determines the infectivity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV infection skews macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, followed by T-cells inactivation. CD163, one of the scavenger receptors of M2 macrophages, has been described as a putative receptor for PRRSV. In this study, we examined two types of PRRSV-2-derived recombinant antigens, A1 (g6Ld10T) and A2 (lipo-M5Nt), for their ability to mediate PAM polarization and T helper (Th1) response. A1 and A2 were composed of different combinati

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Lopes, Ana Beatriz Pascoal, Eliana C. Miranda, Valquíria Mariane Oliveira Póvoa та ін. "Pioglitazone Did Not Affect PPAR-Γ, STAT5, HIF2α and CITED2 Gene Expression in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients with Deep Molecular Response". Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-128265.

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Preliminary reports demonstrated that pioglitazone, an antidiabetic drug that is agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) was able to reduce expression of STAT5 and its downstream targets HIF2α and CITED2, which are key guardians of the quiescence and stemness of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Leaving quiescence would turn the LSCs more sensitive to imatinib (IM) and cause an erosion of the LSCs. This was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in CML patients that achieved complete molecular response after pioglitazone use. This was the ration

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Stys, Peter K. "Anoxic and Ischemic Injury of Myelinated Axons in CNS White Matter: From Mechanistic Concepts to Therapeutics." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 18, no. 1 (1998): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199801000-00002.

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White matter of the brain and spinal cord is susceptible to anoxia and ischemia. Irreversible injury to this tissue can have serious consequences for the overall function of the CNS through disruption of signal transmission. Myelinated axons of the CNS are critically dependent on a continuous supply of energy largely generated through oxidative phosphorylation. Anoxia and ischemia cause rapid energy depletion, failure of the Na+−K+-ATPase, and accumulation of axoplasmic Na+ through noninactivating Na+ channels, with concentrations approaching 100 mmol/L after 60 minutes of anoxia. Coupled with

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18

Ishida, Hidetoshi, Teppei Shibata, Yuka Nakamura, et al. "Identification of Differential Gene Expression Pattern in Lens Epithelial Cells Derived from Cataractous and Noncataractous Lenses of Shumiya Cataract Rat." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 2, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7319590.

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The Shumiya cataract rat (SCR) is a model for hereditary cataract. Two-thirds of these rats develop lens opacity within 10-11 weeks. Onset of cataract is attributed to the synergetic effect of lanosterol synthase (Lss) and farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (Fdft1) mutant alleles that lead to cholesterol deficiency in the lenses, which in turn adversely affects lens biology including the growth and differentiation of lens epithelial cells (LECs). Nevertheless, the molecular events and changes in gene expression associated with the onset of lens opacity in SCR are poorly understood. In

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19

Aluigi, Michela, Antonio Curti, Emanuela Ottaviani, et al. "Quantitative Molecular Expression of the Immunoregulatory Enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells as a Possible Marker for Minimal Residual Disease Detection." Blood 110, no. 11 (2007): 4229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4229.4229.

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Abstract The expression of the catalytic enzyme of tryptophan, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) has been identified as a T-cell inhibitor effector pathway in different normal and neoplastic cells. We have recently shown that normal bone marrow (BM) cells, including hematopoietic CD34+ cells, express IDO mRNA only upon IFN-γ stimulation, whereas in a subset of human acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML) IDO is constitutively expressed both at molecular and protein level and induces immunological escape by promoting the generation of T-reg cells. To investigate whether the IDO transcript can be us

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Bao, Yi-Ni, Wen-Ling Dai, Ji-Fa Fan, et al. "The dopamine D1–D2DR complex in the rat spinal cord promotes neuropathic pain by increasing neuronal excitability after chronic constriction injury." Experimental & Molecular Medicine 53, no. 2 (2021): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00563-5.

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AbstractDopamine D1 receptor (D1DR) and D2 receptor (D2DR) are closely associated with pain modulation, but their exact effects on neuropathic pain and the underlying mechanisms remain to be identified. Our research revealed that intrathecal administration of D1DR and D2DR antagonists inhibited D1–D2DR complex formation and ameliorated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats. The D1–D2DR complex was formed in the rat spinal cord, and the antinociceptive effects of D1DR and D2DR antagonists could be reversed by D1DR, D2DR, and D1–D2DR agonists. Gαq, PLC

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Amorín, Manuel, Luis Castedo та Juan R Granja. "Folding Control in Cyclic Peptides through N-Methylation Pattern Selection: Formation of Antiparallel β-Sheet Dimers, Double Reverse Turns and Supramolecular Helices by 3α,γ Cyclic Peptides". Chemistry - A European Journal 14, № 7 (2008): 2100–2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200701059.

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22

SCHMIDLI, Robert S., Beverly E. FAULKNER-JONES, Leonard C. HARRISON, Roger F. L. JAMES, and Henry J. DeAIZPURUA. "Cytokine regulation of glutamate decarboxylase biosynthesis in isolated rat islets of Langerhans." Biochemical Journal 317, no. 3 (1996): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3170713.

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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease in which cytokines are thought to play an important role in β-cell destruction and immune regulation. A major target of β-cell autoimmunity in IDDM is the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). We hypothesized that cytokines in the insulitis lesion modulate the synthesis of GAD. This may, in turn, modify the rate of β-cell destruction. Accordingly we cultured rat islets in the presence and absence of cytokines, and measured synthesis of both isoforms of GAD, GAD65 and GAD67, by [35S]methionine incorporation and immunoprecipitat

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Cheng, Songtao, Gang Wang, Yejinpeng Wang та ін. "Fatty acid oxidation inhibitor etomoxir suppresses tumor progression and induces cell cycle arrest via PPARγ-mediated pathway in bladder cancer". Clinical Science 133, № 15 (2019): 1745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20190587.

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Abstract Tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis as their main energy resource (Warburg effect). Recent research has highlighted the importance of lipid metabolism in tumor progression, and certain cancers even turn to fatty acids as the main fuel. Related studies have identified alterations of fatty acid metabolism in human bladder cancer (BCa). Our microarray analysis showed that fatty acid metabolism was activated in BCa compared with normal bladder. The free fatty acid (FFA) level was also increased in BCa compared with paracancerous tissues. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) with et

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Kenderian, Saad S., Marco Ruella, Olga Shestova, et al. "Ruxolitinib Prevents Cytokine Release Syndrome after CART Cell Therapy without Impairing the Anti-Tumor Effect in a Xenograft Model." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.652.652.

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Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy results in impressively high remission rates in B cell neoplasms but is limited by the development of cytokine release syndrome (CRS). CRS is characterized by the development of high-grade fevers, hypotension, fluid overload and respiratory compromise, coincides with T cell expansion and is associated with marked elevation of interleukin-6, interferon-ɣ and other inflammatory cytokines. Severe CRS is seen in 25-80% of patients treated with CD19 directed CART cell therapy and mortality has been reported. While the use of the anti-IL6 rece

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Tjen-A-Looi, Stephanie C., Peng Li, and John C. Longhurst. "Processing cardiovascular information in the vlPAG during electroacupuncture in rats: roles of endocannabinoids and GABA." Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 6 (2009): 1793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00142.2009.

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A long-loop pathway, involving the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM), is essential in electroacupuncture (EA) attenuation of sympathoexcitatory cardiovascular reflex responses. The ARC provides excitatory input to the vlPAG, which, in turn, inhibits neuronal activity in the rVLM. Although previous studies have shown that endocannabinoid CB1receptor activation modulates γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the dorsolateral PAG in stress-induced analgesia, an important rol

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Pirinen, Eija, Teemu Kuulasmaa, Marko Pietilä, et al. "Enhanced Polyamine Catabolism Alters Homeostatic Control of White Adipose Tissue Mass, Energy Expenditure, and Glucose Metabolism." Molecular and Cellular Biology 27, no. 13 (2007): 4953–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.02034-06.

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ABSTRACT Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is an attractive candidate gene for type 2 diabetes, as genes of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway are coordinatively downregulated by reduced expression of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes. Here we demonstrate that transgenic mice with activated polyamine catabolism due to overexpression of spermidine/spermine N 1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) had reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, high basal metabolic rate, improved glucose tolerance, high insulin sensitivi

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Balakrishnan, Kumudha, Marisa Peluso, Min Fu та ін. "Inhibition Of PI3K-δ and -γ Isoforms By IPI-145 In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Overcomes Signals From PI3K/AKT/S6 Pathway and Promotes Apoptosis". Blood 122, № 21 (2013): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.4167.4167.

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Abstract The functional relevance of the B cell Receptor (BCR) pathway and identification of protein kinases as therapeutic targets have recently shifted the paradigm for treatment of B cell malignancies. Inhibition of protein and lipid kinases (Bruton Tyrosine Kinase [BTK] and phosphoinositide 3-kinase [PI3K]) with ibrutinib and GS-1101 has been shown to be active in treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Importantly, differential expression and function of PI3K isoforms support isoform-selective inhibition of this kinase in CLL. Whilst PI3K-α and PI3K-β are ubiquitously expressed,

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MARGALIT, EYAL, NORBERT BABAI, JIANMIN LUO, and WALLACE B. THORESON. "Inner and outer retinal mechanisms engaged by epiretinal stimulation in normal and rd mice." Visual Neuroscience 28, no. 2 (2011): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523810000489.

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AbstractRetinal prosthetic devices are being developed to bypass degenerated retinal photoreceptors by directly activating retinal neurons with electrical stimulation. However, the retinal circuitry that is activated by epiretinal stimulation is not well characterized. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained from ganglion cells in normal and rd mice using flat-mount and retinal slice preparations. A stimulating electrode was positioned along the ganglion cell side of the preparation at different distances from the stimulated tissue. Pulses of cathodic current evoked action potentials i

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29

Eaton, Amity F., Qiang Yue, Douglas C. Eaton та Hui-Fang Bao. "ENaC activity and expression is decreased in the lungs of protein kinase C-α knockout mice". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 307, № 5 (2014): L374—L385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00040.2014.

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We used a PKC-α knockout model to investigate the regulation of alveolar epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) by PKC. Primary alveolar type II (ATII) cells were subjected to cell-attached patch clamp. In the absence of PKC-α, the open probability (Po) of ENaC was decreased by half compared with wild-type mice. The channel density ( N) was also reduced in the knockout mice. Using in vivo biotinylation, membrane localization of all three ENaC subunits (α, β, and γ) was decreased in the PKC-α knockout lung, compared with the wild-type. Confocal microscopy of lung slices showed elevated levels of reacti

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Sakemura, Reona, Michelle J. Cox, Elizabeth L. Siegler, et al. "Axl-RTK Inhibition Modulates Monocyte Immune Response to Enhance the Anti-Tumor Effects of CD19 Redirected Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Preclinical Models." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (2020): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142159.

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Recent successes and FDA approvals of CD19 redirected chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CART19) therapy have been achieved in pivotal clinical trials in patients with B cell malignancies. However, durable response rates in non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma (B-NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are low. Tumor-associated macrophages have emerged as key mediators of tumor-induced CART cell immunosuppression. Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (Axl-RTK) is overexpressed in various human cancers including B-NHL or CLL and correlates with poor overall survival. Thus, several Axl-RTK inhibitors are curr

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Gobert, Alain P., Yvonne L. Latour, Mohammad Asim, et al. "Bacterial Pathogens Hijack the Innate Immune Response by Activation of the Reverse Transsulfuration Pathway." mBio 10, no. 5 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02174-19.

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ABSTRACT The reverse transsulfuration pathway is the major route for the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. The role of this metabolic pathway in macrophage response and function is unknown. We show that the enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) is induced in macrophages infected with pathogenic bacteria through signaling involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/MTOR and the transcription factor SP1. This results in the synthesis of cystathionine, which facilitates the survival of pathogens within myeloid cells. Our data demonstrate that the expression of CTH leads to defective ma

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Caudal, Laura C., Davide Gobbo, Anja Scheller, and Frank Kirchhoff. "The Paradox of Astroglial Ca2 + Signals at the Interface of Excitation and Inhibition." Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 14 (November 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.609947.

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Astroglial networks constitute a non-neuronal communication system in the brain and are acknowledged modulators of synaptic plasticity. A sophisticated set of transmitter receptors in combination with distinct secretion mechanisms enables astrocytes to sense and modulate synaptic transmission. This integrative function evolved around intracellular Ca2+ signals, by and large considered as the main indicator of astrocyte activity. Regular brain physiology meticulously relies on the constant reciprocity of excitation and inhibition (E/I). Astrocytes are metabolically, physically, and functionally

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Lakshmanan, Viswanathan, Matthew E. Fishbaugher, Bob Morrison, et al. "Cyclic GMP Balance Is Critical for Malaria Parasite Transmission from the Mosquito to the Mammalian Host." mBio 6, no. 2 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02330-14.

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ABSTRACT Transmission of malaria occurs during Anopheles mosquito vector blood meals, when Plasmodium sporozoites that have invaded the mosquito salivary glands are delivered to the mammalian host. Sporozoites display a unique form of motility that is essential for their movement across cellular host barriers and invasion of hepatocytes. While the molecular machinery powering motility and invasion is increasingly well defined, the signaling events that control these essential parasite activities have not been clearly delineated. Here, we identify a phosphodiesterase (PDEγ) in Plasmodium, a reg

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"Mechanism of synaptic inhibition by noradrenaline acting at α 2 -adrenoceptors". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 234, № 1274 (1988): 85–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1988.0039.

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The actions of agonists at α 2 -adrenoceptors were investigated on single cells of the submucous plexus of the guinea pig small intestine. Intracellular recordings were made from neurons in vitro , and noradrenaline and other agonists were applied by adding them to the superfusion solution. The actions of noradrenaline released from terminals of sympathetic nerves was also studied by stimulating the nerves and recording the inhibitory postsynaptic current; this current can be mimicked by brief applications of noradrenaline from a pipette tip positioned within 50 μm of the neuron. The α 2 -adre

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Liang, Xing, Marcela Kokes, Richard D. Fetter, et al. "Growth cone-localized microtubule organizing center establishes microtubule orientation in dendrites." eLife 9 (July 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.56547.

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A polarized arrangement of neuronal microtubule arrays is the foundation of membrane trafficking and subcellular compartmentalization. Conserved among both invertebrates and vertebrates, axons contain exclusively ‘plus-end-out’ microtubules while dendrites contain a high percentage of ‘minus-end-out’ microtubules, the origins of which have been a mystery. Here we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans the dendritic growth cone contains a non-centrosomal microtubule organizing center (MTOC), which generates minus-end-out microtubules along outgrowing dendrites and plus-end-out microtubules in the

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