Journal articles: 'Reverse engineering activities'

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Akerdad, Mohammed, Ahmed Aboutajeddine, and Mohammed Elmajdoubi. "Reverse engineering canvas (REC): a visual tool for supporting reverse engineering activities." International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) 15, no. 2-3 (August 9, 2021): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12008-021-00763-3.

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TILLEY, SCOTT R., KENNY WONG, MARGARET-ANNE D. STOREY, and HAUSI A. MÜLLER. "PROGRAMMABLE REVERSE ENGINEERING." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 04, no. 04 (December 1994): 501–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194094000246.

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Program understanding can be enhanced using reverse engineering technologies. The understanding process is heavily dependent on both individuals and their specific cognitive abilities, and on the set of facilities provided by the program understanding environment. Unfortunately, most reverse engineering tools provide a fixed palette of extraction, selection, and organization techniques. This paper describes a programmable approach to reverse engineering. The approach uses a scripting language that enables users to write their own routines for common reverse engineering activities, such as graph layout, metrics, and subsystem decomposition, thereby extending the capabilities of the reverse engineering toolset to better suit their needs. A programmable environment supported by this approach subsumes existing reverse engineering systems by being able to simulate facets of each one.

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Durupt, Alexandre, Matthieu Bricogne, Sébastien Remy, Nadège Troussier, Harvey Rowson, and Farouk Belkadi. "An extended framework for knowledge modelling and reuse in reverse engineering projects." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 5 (August 9, 2018): 1377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418789973.

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Reverse engineering is when a real part is analysed in detail in order to create a numerical or virtual model. Reverse engineering allows for multiple redesign possibilities, including changes in the material, the shape and the parameters of the part. Reverse engineering is mostly a manual activity for companies and is thus time consuming. Indeed, measurements must be done in scanned files in order to fit sketches on a mesh and to finally rebuild the computer-aided design/bill of material. This manual process is acceptable when reverse engineering is exceptional. But it is considered as a non-value task when reverse engineering is routine. This non-value task could be automated, at least partially. To make it possible, a capitalization of the company’s part catalogue is a necessary step to proceed. The use of this capitalization can then drive the reverse engineering tasks to enable faster redesign possibilities. The aim of this contribution is thus to propose a knowledge model to support reverse engineering activities in order to integrate the reversed parts quickly into the new product’s detailed design. An extended knowledge framework based on the core product model is proposed, and a use case is shown to validate the feasibility of the proposal of the reverse engineering methodology called PHENIX.

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Kim, Eunkyoung, Tanya Gordonov, Yi Liu, William E. Bentley, and Gregory F. Payne. "Reverse Engineering To Suggest Biologically Relevant Redox Activities of Phenolic Materials." ACS Chemical Biology 8, no. 4 (January 24, 2013): 716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb300605s.

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Hajjej, Fahima, Yousra Bendaly Hlaoui, and Leila Jemni Ben Ayed. "Generic E-Assessment Process Development based on Reverse Engineering." International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education 13, no. 2 (April 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicte.2017040101.

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The e-assessment, as an important part of any e-learning system, faces the same challenges and problems such as problems related to portability, reusability, adaptability, integration and interoperability. Therefore, we need an approach aiming to generate a general process of the e-assessment. The present study consists of the development of a generic e-assessment process which should be adapted to any learner profile. This e-assessment process is implemented as a composite cloud service which could be invoked by any existing LMS regardless of its environment. The authors are brought the abstraction defined by a workflow about proposing a development approach based on the Reverse Engineering and the cloud environment. To attempt these goals, they have studied the e-assessment politics of different existing LMSs to generate their e-assessment activities. These activities composing the generic e-assessment process using the Reverse Engineering and based on a set of mapping rules. Then, the authors have proposed a pedagogical scenario linking the generated, e-activities in an abstract manner using the concept of workflow. To specify this e-assessment workflow process, they use UML activity diagram language. Finally, to implement their approach, the authors have used the technology of cloud computing services

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Kim, Eunkyoung, Mijeong Kang, Tanya Tschirhart, Mackenzie Malo, Ekaterina Dadachova, Gaojuan Cao, Jun-Jie Yin, William E. Bentley, Zheng Wang, and Gregory F. Payne. "Spectroelectrochemical Reverse Engineering DemonstratesThat Melanin’s Redox and Radical Scavenging Activities Are Linked." Biomacromolecules 18, no. 12 (November 2017): 4084–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01166.

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Callaghan, Joseph H., Thomas W. Lauer, and Eileen Peacock. "A Method For Reverse Engineering Legacy Accounting Systems." Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 2, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v2i3.5471.

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The growing emphasis on information for the development of products, services, and managing activities has increased the need for the integration of data which has been collected and used for various IS applications. Problems arise from the integration of information from such a variety of sources. One approach to this problem is reverse engineer these systems. Reverse engineering derives a data model from existing sys-tems with the aim of redesigning it. The paper describes a data modeling approach that takes data from general journal and an archetypal specialized journal and translates it into an entity-relationship diagram. The article also discusses areas for future research.

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L Edahwati, S Sutiyono, W D Lestari, R D Issafira, W Saputro, A K Faizin, N Adyono, and T P Sari. "Mini Factory Laboratory From Technology Reverse Engineering Ballet Reactors in Struvite Formation." Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Journal (BIOMEJ) 1, no. 2 (October 19, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/biomej.v1i2.36.

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Reverse Engineering (RE) can be interpreted as procedures and processes in dismantling an object to find out the materials, working methods, or technology used so that the object can function properly. Design activities using the reverse engineering concept make it easier for students to understand product specifications, product advantages and disadvantages, product production processes and production cost estimates before designing new products. The laboratory is one place that can be used to carry out the reverse engineering process. The bulkhead reactor is an alternative to the stirred tank reactor with the aim that the resulting product is maximized both in terms of quantity and morphology or shape of the material. The benefit of disassembling this product is as a first step in understanding the concept of reverse engineering in the task of designing machines or tools. From the results of the study, it was found that the formation of struvite occurred at pH 9 using an air flow rate of 1 l/minute.

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Arcelli Fontana, Francesca, Claudia Raibulet, and Marco Zanoni. "Alternatives to the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel: An Investigation." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 27, no. 07 (September 2017): 1097–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194017500413.

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To better understand and exploit the knowledge necessary to comprehend and evolve an existing system, different models can be extracted from it. Models represent the extracted information at various abstraction levels, and are useful to document, maintain, and reengineer the system. The Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) has been defined by the object management group as a meta-model supporting a large share of reverse engineering activities. Its specification has also been adopted by the ISO in 2012. This paper explores and describes alternative meta-models proposed in the literature to support reverse engineering, program comprehension, and software evolution activities. We focus on the similarity and differences of the alternative meta-models with KDM, trying to understand the potentials of reciprocal information interchange. We describe KDM and other five meta-models, plus their extensions available in the literature and their diffusion in the reverse engineering community. We also investigate the approaches using KDM and the five meta-models. In the paper, we underline the limited reuse of models for reverse engineering, and identify potential directions for future related research, to enhance the existing models and ease the exchange of information among them.

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Popişter, Florin, Daniela Popescu, Andrei Șteopan, and Monica Steopan. "Approach for Obtaining Broken Plastic Parts Using Reverse Engineering Tools." Applied Mechanics and Materials 808 (November 2015): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.808.226.

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Reverse engineering process has been demonstrated to be reliable solution in solving problems regarding missing information and/or details referred to the functional areas of parts. Based on the specific activities of the chain of processes that defines the reverse engineering concept it can be collected essential information in order to reconstitute important zones of broken parts. The present paper describes an approach that was used to recover a plastic gear part. The case study provided a moulded injected plastic part that was broken during the normal function. The entire process supposed scanning the toothed area that remained and rebuild the contour that was used in CAM software as input data and especially the machining strategy used to perform both sides of the part. The machining process was employed on a CNC graving machine tool.

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Song, Hahzoong. "Reverse Brain Drain: Korean Policies to Utilize Talent Educated Abroad." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 6 (December 31, 1991): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps06009.

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Now at an important juncture of its development, Korea has pursued technological sophistication as a means of maintaining the momentum of the nation's progress. A corps of scientists and engineers is needed to enhance the national capacity to design, market, and manufacture products as well as to teach students and to carry out research and development activities. A major potential source of high-quality manpower in science and engineering is the pool of talent previously drained to advanced countries. A successful policy to repatriate personnel from advanced countries might turn the brain-drain curse into a blessing. Yet, little attention has been paid to the sensitive subject of how to manage this flow of human (rather than material) resources. During the brain-drain controversy of the 1960s, some analysts believed that social and economic incentives would drive talented people from developing countries to migrate to advanced countries. Given the resources then available to developing countries. this problem seemed unlikely to be solved soon.

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CANFORA, GERARDO, ANDREA DE LUCIA, and GIUSEPPE A. DI LUCCA. "AN INCREMENTAL OBJECT-ORIENTED MIGRATION STRATEGY FOR RPG LEGACY SYSTEMS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 09, no. 01 (February 1999): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194099000036.

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We present a strategy for incrementally migrating legacy systems to object-oriented platforms. The migration process consists of six sequential phases and encompasses reverse engineering and reengineering activities. The aim of reverse engineering is to decompose programs into components implementing the user interface and components implementing application domain objects. The identification of objects is centred around persistent data stores and exploits object-oriented design metrics. Wrapping is the core of the reengineering activities. It makes new systems able to exploit existing resources, thus allowing an incremental and selective replacement of the identified objects. The migration strategy has been defined and experimented within the project ERCOLE (Encapsulation, Reengineering and Coexistence of Object with Legacy) on legacy systems developed in RPG for the IBM AS/400 environment.

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Hernandez, C. T., F. A. S. Marins, and J. A. R. Duran. "Selection of Reverse Logistics activities using an ANP-BOCR model." IEEE Latin America Transactions 14, no. 8 (August 2016): 3886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2016.7786376.

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Coelho, Ellen Kenia Fraga, and Geraldo Robson Mateus. "A capacitated plant location model for Reverse Logistics Activities." Journal of Cleaner Production 167 (November 2017): 1165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.238.

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Kim, Eunkyoung, Lucia Panzella, Alessandra Napolitano, and Gregory F. Payne. "Redox Activities of Melanins Investigated by Electrochemical Reverse Engineering: Implications for their Roles in Oxidative Stress." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 140, no. 3 (March 2020): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.010.

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Pena-Montoya, Claudia Cecilia, Juan Carlos Osorio-Gomez, Carlos Julio Vidal-Holguin, Patricia Torres-Lozada, and Luis Fernando Marmolejo-Rebellon. "Reverse logistics in plastics subsector: main facilitators and barriers." Ingeniería e Investigación 35, no. 3 (December 14, 2015): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v35n3.49834.

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<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent">Industrial solid waste (ISW) is increasing in both quantity and complexity and it is a priority to establish strategies to manage it. Reverse Logistics (RL) is a strategy that enables material recovery and reuse avoiding the damage that ISW may cause; also RL organizes solid waste management activities and supports other activities such as ISW trading. Most of the research linking ISW and RL in developed countries is related to the electronics subsector because of the negative effects on the environment; however, research oriented towards plastics subsector waste is lower. This is the case in Colombia where the plastics subsector is composed mainly by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) facing diverse constraints for their operation. Main facilitators and barriers that face SMEs in the Colombian plastics subsector to undertake RL programs were identified. An exploratory study was carried out in which business managers assessed the facilitators and barriers identified in the literature. The results showed that the availability of skilled people to perform RL activities is one of the most important internal facilitators and the lack of secondary markets for recovered materials is among the external barriers. The findings contribute to the body of knowledge in the field that is still maturing in Colombia.</p>

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Sellitto, Miguel Afonso. "Reverse logistics activities in three companies of the process industry." Journal of Cleaner Production 187 (June 2018): 923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.262.

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Elnashar, ElSayed A., Liliana Indrie, Dorina Camelia Ilieş, Zlatin Zlatev, Grigore Vasile Herman, Cristina Secan, and Jan A. Wendt. "Rare Romanian Ethnographic Textiles—Reverse Engineering of Fabrics for Fashion Trends." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 6859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116859.

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(1) Investigating, collecting data with specific character, as well as registering and investigating data concerning ornaments and colors, patterns as expressive possibilities of designs of Romanian folk textile are important activities to do. The first goal of the research undertaken was to collect, preserve, and protect knowledge about old patterns and weaving techniques in selected regions of Romania, and the second to use old patterns for the modern needs of folk handicraft weaving and the clothing industry. (2) In the undertaken research, material was obtained from antique textiles, clothes, and paintings on canvas, from selected objects in the Maramureș region and Bihor region. The selection was made by the ReliefF method. The specimens of specification throw weight by the geometry method was used to characterize the types of weaving techniques. Principal component analysis methods were used to reduce the amount of data of the vector of textural features. (3) The research on selected Romanian textiles allowed for the construction of a model of texture features that describes them. The results include the specimens’ measurements, analysis of fabric structures, yarn specification, and the reconstruction of the fabrics. Based on the obtained results, a simulation of fashion trends was performed. (4) The analysis of individual components increased the knowledge of weaving techniques in the studied regions and may be an inspiration for contemporary design in local and regional handicrafts as well as in the clothing industry.

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Mattiussi, Claudio, Daniel Marbach, Peter Dürr, and Dario Floreano. "The Age of Analog Networks." AI Magazine 29, no. 3 (September 6, 2008): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v29i3.2156.

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A large class of systems of biological and technological relevance can be described as analog networks, that is, collections of dynamical devices interconnected by links of varying strength. Some examples of analog networks are genetic regulatory networks, metabolic networks, neural networks, analog electronic circuits, and control systems. Analog networks are typically complex systems which include nonlinear feedback loops and possess temporal dynamics at different time scales. Both the synthesis and reverse engineering of analog networks are recognized as knowledge-intensive activities, for which few systematic techniques exist. In this paper we will discuss the general relevance of the analog network concept and describe an evolutionary approach to the automatic synthesis and the reverse engineering of analog networks. The proposed approach is called analog genetic encoding (AGE) and realizes an implicit genetic encoding of analog networks. AGE permits the evolution of human-competitive solutions to real-world analog network design and identification problems. This is illustrated by some examples of application to the design of electronic circuits, control systems, learning neural architectures, and the reverse engineering of biological networks.

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Kontaxis, A., S. Banerjee, A. MJ Bull, and G. R. Johnson. "KINEMATICS PERFORMANCE ON ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING AFTER REVERSE SHOULDER JOINT REPLACEMENT." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70105-7.

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Chang, Wen Jen, Kong Xiang Chen, and Chun Li Lin. "Optimal Pricing Problem of a Closed-Loop Supply Chain with Remanufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 709 (June 2013): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.709.770.

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Reverse logistics is an important research area of particular interest to the academic community in recent years due to the impact of economics and environmental statutes. Reverse logistics deals with the processes associated with the reverse stream from owner to re-users. It encompasses all of the logistical activities from products no longer required by users to render those products usable in a market. Remanufacturing is one of the reverse logistical processes that could save substantial production costs. This study investigated a hybrid system involving manufacturing and remanufacturing processes. A constant demand can be satisfied by differentiated brand-new and remanufactured products. The used products are returned and remanufactured. We developed a mathematic model to analyze the economic decisions in pricing brand-new and remanufactured products.

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Baronio, Gabriele, Sami Harran, and Alberto Signoroni. "A Critical Analysis of a Hand Orthosis Reverse Engineering and 3D Printing Process." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8347478.

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The possibility to realize highly customized orthoses is receiving boost thanks to the widespread diffusion of low-cost 3D printing technologies. However, rapid prototyping (RP) with 3D printers is only the final stage of patient personalized orthotics processes. A reverse engineering (RE) process is in fact essential before RP, to digitize the 3D anatomy of interest and to process the obtained surface with suitable modeling software, in order to produce the virtual solid model of the orthosis to be printed. In this paper, we focus on the specific and demanding case of the customized production of hand orthosis. We design and test the essential steps of the entire production process with particular emphasis on the accurate acquisition of the forearm geometry and on the subsequent production of a printable model of the orthosis. The choice of the various hardware and software tools (3D scanner, modeling software, and FDM printer) is aimed at the mitigation of the design and production costs while guaranteeing suitable levels of data accuracy, process efficiency, and design versatility. Eventually, the proposed method is critically analyzed so that the residual issues and critical aspects are highlighted in order to discuss possible alternative approaches and to derive insightful observations that could guide future research activities.

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Miedzińska, Danuta. "Przegląd zastosowań metod inżynierii odwrotnej do katalogowania i rekonstrukcji dóbr kultury." Ochrona ludności i dziedzictwa kulturowego, no. 1/2022 (November 10, 2022): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/29563763.oldk.22.002.16531.

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Dobra kultury stanowią bezcenny majątek każdej społeczności, narodu, a nawet ludzkości, który pozwala zrozumieć tożsamość i korzenie człowieka. Ochrana tych dóbr jest niezwykle istotna, szczególnie ze względu na zmieniający się gwałtownie klimat czy działania ludzkie, takie jak konflikty zbrojne. W artykule przedstawiono przykłady zastosowania bezinwazyjnych metod inżynierii odwrotnej do katalogowania, konserwacji, renowacji dzieł architektury i sztuki oraz tworzenia wirtualnych muzeów. Overview of applications of reverse engineering methods for cataloging and restoration of cultural property Heritage is invaluable assets of any community, nation or even humanity, which allows us to understand human identity and roots. Protection of these assets is extremely important, especially due to the rapidly changing climate or human activities such as armed conflicts. The article presents examples of the application of non-invasive reverse engineering methods for cataloging, conservation, restoration of architectural and art works and creation of virtual museums.

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Shi, Zunya, Nengmin Wang, Tao Jia, and Haoxun Chen. "Reverse Revenue Sharing Contract versus Two-Part Tariff Contract under a Closed-Loop Supply Chain System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5464570.

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The importance of remanufacturing has been recognized in research and practice. The integrated system, combining the forward and reverse activities of supply chains, is called closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) system. By coordination in the CLSC system, players will get economic improvement. This paper studies different coordination performances of two types of contracts, two-part tariff (TTC) and reverse revenue sharing contract (RRSC), in a closed-loop system. Through mathematical analysis based on Stackelberg Game Theory, we find that it is easy for manufacturer to improve more profits and retailer’s collection effects by adjusting the ratio of transfer collection price through RRSC, and we also give the function to calculate the best ratio of transfer collection price, which may be a valuable reference for the decision maker in practice. Besides, our results also suggest that although the profits of the coordinated CLSC system are always higher than the contradictory scenario, the RRSC is more favorable to the manufacturer than to the retailer, as results show that the manufacturer will share more profits from the system through RRSC. Therefore, RRSC has attracted the manufacturers more to closing the supply chain for economic consideration.

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Summers, Joshua D., Claudia Eckert, and Ashok K. Goel. "Function in engineering: Benchmarking representations and models." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 31, no. 4 (September 14, 2017): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000476.

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AbstractThis paper presents the requirements and needs for establishing a benchmarking protocol that considers representation characteristics, supported cognitive criteria, and enabled reasoning activities for the systematic comparison of function modeling representations. Problem types are defined as reverse engineering, familiar products, novel products, and single-component systems. As different modeling approaches share elements, a comparison of modeling approaches on multiple levels was also undertaken. It is recommended that researchers and developers of function modeling representations collaborate to define a canonically acceptable set of benchmark tests and evaluations so that clear benefits and weaknesses for the disparate collection of approaches can be compared. This paper is written as a call to action for the research community to begin establishing a benchmarking standard protocol for function modeling comparison purposes. This protocol should be refined with input from developers of the competing approaches in an academically open environment. At the same time, the benchmarking criteria identified should also serve as a guide for validating a modeling approach or analyzing its failure.

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Langerudi, Mehran Fasihozaman, Ramin Shabanpour Anbarani, Mahmoud Javanmardi, and Abolfazl (Kouros) Mohammadian. "Resolution of Activity Scheduling Conflicts: Reverse Pairwise Comparison of In-Home and Out-of-Home Activities." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2566, no. 1 (January 2016): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2566-05.

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Ge, Lei, Xian Hua Zhang, and Jing Liu. "Synthesis and Photocatalytic Performance of Novel Visible-Light-Driven Bi₂WO₆ Photocatalyst via a Reverse Microemulsion Process." Advanced Materials Research 105-106 (April 2010): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.837.

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The novel visible-light-driven Bi2WO6 photocatalyst with orthorhombic structures was synthesized via a reverse microemulsion method. The as-prepared Bi2WO6 samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity of the Bi2WO6 powders was determined by degradation of methyl orange molecules in water under visible light irradiation (λ>400nm). The results revealed that the particle and crystallite sizes of the Bi2WO6 powders significantly depended on the synthesis temperature of the reverse microemulsion solutions. The photocatalytic tests indicated that the synthesis temperature also can significantly affect the visible light driven photocatalytic activities.

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Abd Rahman, Nurul Huda, and Zulfakar Aspar. "Reverse Engineer 5 Degrees of Freedom Robot Arm using Programmable Logic Controller." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 21, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n1.348.

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Many types of robot arms have been developed in the market. Whenever a robot arm broke down, it is a challenge to do reverse engineer and repair the robot arm. This project has successfully reused the existing 5 degrees of freedom robot arm structure and electronic components while replacing the controller with a new Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and LLD model. The project uses the existing DC servo motor, encoder, sensors, power supply, and interface board. Since the structure and most electronic components are already available, they are important to be analyzed and understood before they can be reused. Hence the reverse engineering activities are needed. In addition, a low-cost PLC is used to save cost. Thus, it is not possible to move all axes at the same time. Instead, the robot arm can only move one axis at a time. Additionally, the robot arm has been improved to be able to be programmed manually or automatically and repeat previously predetermined position sequences. In total, 90 rungs, 96 built-in commands, and custom functions have been used. The refurbished system is very stable and reliable.

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Abd Rahman, Nurul Huda, and Zulfakar Aspar. "Reverse Engineer 5 Degrees of Freedom Robot Arm using Programmable Logic Controller." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 21, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n1.348.

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Many types of robot arms have been developed in the market. Whenever a robot arm broke down, it is a challenge to do reverse engineer and repair the robot arm. This project has successfully reused the existing 5 degrees of freedom robot arm structure and electronic components while replacing the controller with a new Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and LLD model. The project uses the existing DC servo motor, encoder, sensors, power supply, and interface board. Since the structure and most electronic components are already available, they are important to be analyzed and understood before they can be reused. Hence the reverse engineering activities are needed. In addition, a low-cost PLC is used to save cost. Thus, it is not possible to move all axes at the same time. Instead, the robot arm can only move one axis at a time. Additionally, the robot arm has been improved to be able to be programmed manually or automatically and repeat previously predetermined position sequences. In total, 90 rungs, 96 built-in commands, and custom functions have been used. The refurbished system is very stable and reliable.

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Yamada, Yasushi, Ryoichi Kuboi, and Isao Komasawa. "Extraction of enzymes and their activities in AOT reverse micellar systems modified with nonionic surfactants." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 27, no. 3 (1994): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.404.

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Anggoro, P. W., M. Tauviqirrahman, J. Jamari, A. P. Bayuseno, J. Wibowo, and Y. D. Saputro. "Optimal Design and Fabrication of Shoe Lasts for Ankle Foot Orthotics for Patients With Diabetes." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 2 (April 2019): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2019040104.

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Patients with diabetes often desperately need ankle foot orthotics (AFO) to perform daily activities. In Indonesia, experienced shoemakers employ manual procedures and follow the prescriptions given by a doctor or orthopaedic technician. This process remains traditional in that each pair of AFO is handmade, not precise, and is time consuming. This article describes the development of the design process and fabrication of a new AFO product for patients with diabetes based on a computer aided reverse engineering system (CARESystem). The reverse innovative design approach method discussed in this paper sought to achieve the best shoe last. The results also shows a functional test with highly satisfactory results. The shape of the shoe fit the standard AFO and the first patient experienced comfort for the 4-week long testing period. This article proves that the CARESystem technology successfully reduced the time for both the design and fabrication of the AFOs by 64%.

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da Cruz, Marcelo Miguel, Rodrigo Goyannes Gusmão Caiado, and Renan Silva Santos. "Industrial Packaging Performance Indicator Using a Group Multicriteria Approach: An Automaker Reverse Operations Case." Logistics 6, no. 3 (August 12, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics6030058.

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Background: Due to the growing integration between the various logistics entities and other internal operations, packaging management in the automotive industry is becoming increasingly important from the strategic point of view of the logistics operations of automakers. Performance evaluation of reverse operations is also necessary for managers to know their efficiency, avoid unnecessary resource use and promote circular thinking, enabling more sustainable supply chains. Methods: This research proposes a group decision-making (GDM) approach to evaluate packaging performance in automakers to assist return activities in developing countries. The reverse flow in an automaker was mapped, and by combining literature and empirical views of a packaging engineering team of a Brazilian company, a multicriteria indicator for performance evaluation of packaging was elaborated. It was prioritized through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-GDM method, combining judgments to establish a structured technical consensus. Results: It was possible to integrate multiple views of packaging engineering specialists within the same company to know which packaging deserves greater attention from managers when implementing reverse operations from a circular perspective. Conclusions: To demonstrate applicability, this composite indicator also aims to be a quick application approach, considering the restricted time and availability of the specialists in their daily routines.

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Ristic, Sonja, Slavica Aleksic, Milan Celikovic, and Ivan Lukovic. "Generic and standard database constraint meta-models." Computer Science and Information Systems 11, no. 2 (2014): 679–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis140216037r.

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Many software engineering activities entail dealing with legacy information systems. When these systems become too costly to maintain, or when new technologies need to be incorporated, they need to be replaced or somehow reengineered. This can be done with significantly reduced amount of effort and cost if the conceptual models of these systems are available. Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing a subject system to create representations of the system at a higher level of abstraction. Relational databases are a common source of reverse engineering. Starting from a physical database schema, that is recorded into relational database schema data repository, the conceptual database schema or logical database schema could be extracted. The extraction process may be seen as a chain of model-to-model transformations that trace model elements from a model at the lower level of abstraction to a model at the higher level of abstraction, achieved through meta-modeling. In the paper we present generic and standard database constraint meta-models, focusing on multi-relational database constraints captured in a legacy database. These meta-models are aimed at support of model transformations to create conceptual models, as a useful source for the system reengineering process.

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Zhong, Baichang, Xiaofan Liu, Liying Xia, and Wang Sun. "A Proposed Taxonomy of Teaching Models in STEM Education: Robotics as an Example." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402210995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221099525.

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Many countries and regions have reached a consensus to promote science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education in the past decade. A body of studies have demonstrated that the design and organization of interdisciplinary teaching activities are important for the effective implementation of STEM education. So far, however, little attention has been paid to the taxonomy of teaching models in STEM education. This paper aims to propose a taxonomy based on the dimensions of learning outcomes (i.e., product-oriented and knowledge-oriented) and teaching process (i.e., forward teaching model and reverse teaching model) in STEM education. Through the intersection of the above two dimensions, four teaching models in STEM education have emerged, including project-based learning (PBL), reverse engineering (RE), scientific inquiry (SI), and troubleshooting/debugging (T/D). In addition, four cases are introduced to explain how these four teaching models operate in STEM education. The implications of this work for future research are also discussed. It is promising that the study will be valuable to enrich the current research, and shed light on the theory and practice of STEM education.

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Wang, Zhuo, Yanjie Zhang, Tao Wang, Bo Zhang, and Hongwen Ma. "Design and Energy Consumption Analysis of Small Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination Equipment." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082275.

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The reverse osmosis method has developed extremely rapidly in recent years and has become the most competitive seawater desalination technology in the world, and it has been widely used in all aspects. Large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plants cannot provide fresh water resources in areas with insufficient water resources and limited space. Therefore, this paper proposes a research plan for a small seawater desalination device based on reverse osmosis, which is mainly suitable for handling emergencies, disaster relief, desert areas and outdoor activities and other needs for timely freshwater resources. It mainly includes pretreatment modules, a reaction infiltration module, a post-processing module and an energy supply module. Detailed design calculations are carried out for the small-scale reverse osmosis membrane system, including the selection and quantity and arrangement of membranes. Subsequently, the one-stage two-stage small-scale reverse osmosis membrane system was modeled, and its energy consumption was analyzed theoretically from the perspectives of specific energy consumption and energy utilization efficiency; the main influencing factors were clarified, and the optimal recovery rate for system operation was determined to be 20%–30%. Finally, an experimental prototype was built to conduct relevant experiments to determine the influence trend of pressure, temperature, concentration, and flow rate on the operating performance of the reverse osmosis system.

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Zimba, Aaron, Luckson Simukonda, and Mumbi Chishimba. "Demystifying Ransomware Attacks: Reverse Engineering and Dynamic Malware Analysis of WannaCry for Network and Information Security." Zambia ICT Journal 1, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33260/zictjournal.v1i1.19.

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Encryption has protected the Internet for some time now and it has come to raise user trust on the otherwise unsecure Internet. However, recent years have seen the use of robust encryption as stepping stone for cyber-criminal activities. Ransomware has not escaped the headlines even as it has attacked almost every sector of the society using a myriad of infection vectors. Mission critical data has been held to ransom and victims have had to part away with millions of dollars. The advent of the anonymous Bitcoin network has made matters worse where it’s been virtually infeasible to trace the perpetrators. In this paper, we endeavor to perform dynamic analysis of WannaCry ransomware samples based on malwarefree infection vectors. Further, we perform reverse-engineering to dissect the ransomware code for further analysis. Results show that despite the use of resilient encryption, the ransomware like other families in the wild uses the same attack structure and cryptographic primitives. Our analysis leads us to the conclusion that this ransomware strain isn't as complex as previously reported. This detailed practical analysis tries to raise awareness to the business community on the realities and importance of IT security whilst hinting on prevention, recovery and the limitations thereof.

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Abdul-Aziz, A., M. S Razali, W. M S Wan Azmi, Z. A Rahman, and M. F F Abdullah. "Antibiofilm Activities in Skin Secretions of Malaysian Frogs." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27463.

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Biofilms are extracellular structures formed by many species of bacteria that attached on various surfaces. The formation of biofilms is responsible for many health problems as they are very difficult to treat effectively due to enhanced resistant to antibiotics. Frog skin secretions contain bioactive compounds that may exhibit antibiofilms properties against biofilms infection. This study aims to screen the presence of antibiofilm activities from lyophilized skin secretions collected from Malaysian frogs. In this study, lyophilized skin secretions from four species of Malaysian frogs were tested for biofilm inhibition activities against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, ATCC 35984. Antibiofilm activity was tested at three different stages of biofilm formation which were biofilm maturation, biofilm attachment and biofilm dispersion. Biofilm treated with skin secretion from Fejervarya multistriata showed the presence of antibiofilm activities of 45 % which was able to reduce biofilm formation to 55 % at the attachment stage. Similarly, the biofilm formation at the maturation stage was reduced to 65.8 % only. No antibiofilm activities of Fejervarya multistriata was detected at the dispersion stage. The sample showing positive results was fractionated using column chromatography and further purified by C18 reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography column (HPLC). Mass spectroscopy revealed the presence of a single peptide. In conclusion, frog skin secretion of F. multistriata contains peptide that inhibits biofilm at both attachment and maturation stages.

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Gabriel, Raphael, Nils Thieme, Qian Liu, Fangya Li, Lisa T. Kohler, Simon Harth, Marina Jecmenica, et al. "The F-box protein gene exo-1 is a target for reverse engineering enzyme hypersecretion in filamentous fungi." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 26 (June 24, 2021): e2025689118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025689118.

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Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) are vital for the lignocellulose-based biorefinery. The development of hypersecreting fungal protein production hosts is therefore a major aim for both academia and industry. However, despite advances in our understanding of their regulation, the number of promising candidate genes for targeted strain engineering remains limited. Here, we resequenced the genome of the classical hypersecreting Neurospora crassa mutant exo-1 and identified the causative point of mutation to reside in the F-box protein–encoding gene, NCU09899. The corresponding deletion strain displayed amylase and invertase activities exceeding those of the carbon catabolite derepressed strain Δcre-1, while glucose repression was still mostly functional in Δexo-1. Surprisingly, RNA sequencing revealed that while plant cell wall degradation genes are broadly misexpressed in Δexo-1, only a small fraction of CAZyme genes and sugar transporters are up-regulated, indicating that EXO-1 affects specific regulatory factors. Aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanism of enzyme hypersecretion, we found the high secretion of amylases and invertase in Δexo-1 to be completely dependent on the transcriptional regulator COL-26. Furthermore, misregulation of COL-26, CRE-1, and cellular carbon and nitrogen metabolism was confirmed by proteomics. Finally, we successfully transferred the hypersecretion trait of the exo-1 disruption by reverse engineering into the industrially deployed fungus Myceliophthora thermophila using CRISPR-Cas9. Our identification of an important F-box protein demonstrates the strength of classical mutants combined with next-generation sequencing to uncover unanticipated candidates for engineering. These data contribute to a more complete understanding of CAZyme regulation and will facilitate targeted engineering of hypersecretion in further organisms of interest.

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Melo, André Cristiano Silva, Denilson Ricardo de Lucena Nunes, Antônio Erlindo Braga, Rayra Brandão, Verônica de Menezes Nascimento Nagata, and Vitor William Batista Martins. "Analysis of activities that make up reverse logistics processes: proposition of a conceptual framework." Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management 19, no. 2 (2022): e20221376. http://dx.doi.org/10.14488/bjopm.2022.001.

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Uckun, Fatih M., Francis Rajamohan, Sharon Pendergrass, Zahide Ozer, Barbara Waurzyniak, and Chen Mao. "Structure-Based Design and Engineering of a Nontoxic Recombinant Pokeweed Antiviral Protein with Potent Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 3 (March 2003): 1052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.3.1052-1061.2003.

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ABSTRACT A molecular model of pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP)-RNA interactions was used to rationally engineer FLP-102(151AA152) and FLP-105(191AA192) as nontoxic PAPs with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) activities. FLP-102 and FLP-105 have been produced in Escherichia coli and tested both in vitro and in vivo. These proteins depurinate HIV type 1 (HIV-1) RNA much better than rRNA and are more potent anti-HIV agents than native PAP or recombinant wild-type PAP. They are substantially less toxic than native PAP in BALB/c mice and exhibit potent in vivo activities against genotypically and phenotypically nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 in a surrogate human peripheral blood lymphocyte (Hu-PBL) SCID mouse model of human AIDS. Rationally engineered nontoxic recombinant PAPs such as FLP-102 and FLP-105 may provide the basis for effective salvage therapies for patients harboring highly drug-resistant strains of HIV-1. The documented in vitro potencies of FLP-102 and FLP-105, their in vivo antiretroviral activities in the HIV-infected Hu-PBL SCID mouse model, and their favorable toxicity profiles in BALB/c mice warrant the further development of these promising new biotherapeutic agents.

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Wang, Guangyuan, Yuhui Du, Xingyun Ma, Fangkai Ye, Yanjia Qin, Yangming Wang, Yuming Xiang, Rui Tao, and Tingjian Chen. "Thermophilic Nucleic Acid Polymerases and Their Application in Xenobiology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 14969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314969.

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Thermophilic nucleic acid polymerases, isolated from organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments, possess great DNA/RNA synthesis activities under high temperatures. These enzymes play indispensable roles in central life activities involved in DNA replication and repair, as well as RNA transcription, and have already been widely used in bioengineering, biotechnology, and biomedicine. Xeno nucleic acids (XNAs), which are analogs of DNA/RNA with unnatural moieties, have been developed as new carriers of genetic information in the past decades, which contributed to the fast development of a field called xenobiology. The broad application of these XNA molecules in the production of novel drugs, materials, and catalysts greatly relies on the capability of enzymatic synthesis, reverse transcription, and amplification of them, which have been partially achieved with natural or artificially tailored thermophilic nucleic acid polymerases. In this review, we first systematically summarize representative thermophilic and hyperthermophilic polymerases that have been extensively studied and utilized, followed by the introduction of methods and approaches in the engineering of these polymerases for the efficient synthesis, reverse transcription, and amplification of XNAs. The application of XNAs facilitated by these polymerases and their mutants is then discussed. In the end, a perspective for the future direction of further development and application of unnatural nucleic acid polymerases is provided.

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Benaissa, Mounir, Ilhem Slama, and Mohamed Mahjoub Dhiaf. "Reverse Logistics Network Problem using simulated annealing with and without Priority-algorithm." Archives of Transport 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6503.

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In recent years, Reverse Logistics (RL) has become a field of importance for all organizations due to growing environmental concerns, legislation, corporate social responsibility and sustainable competitiveness. In Reverse logistics, the used or returned products are collected after their acquisition and inspected for sorting into the different categories. The next step is to disposition them for repair, remanufacturing, recycling, reuse or final disposal. Manufacturers may adopt reverse logistics by choice or by force, but they have to decide whether performing the activities themselves or outsourcing to a third party (Martin et al., 2010). Lourenço et al., (2003) described three main areas of improvement within the RL process. Firstly, companies can reduce the level of returns through the analysis of their causes. Secondly, they can work on the improvement of the return’s process and, thirdly, they can create value from the returns. This paper considers the multistage reverse Logistics Network Problem (mrLNP) proposed by Lee et al., (2008). With minimizing the total of costs to reverse logistics shipping cost. We will demonstrate the mrLNP model will be formulated as a three-stage logistics network model. Since such network design problems belong to the class of NP-hard problems we propose a Simulated Annealing (SA) and simulated annealing with priority (priSA) with special neighborhood search mechanisms to find the near optimal solution consisting of two stages. Computer simulations show the several numerical examples by using, SA, priSA and priGA(Genetic algorithm with priority-based encoding method) and effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Xu, Li Wei, Fu Cai Wan, and Yu E. Fan. "Research on the Double Source Stock Control for a Manufacturer Based on EPR." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 3071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.3071.

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With the widely acception of extended producer responsibility system, reverse logistics has attracted more and more attention. For manufacturers, reverse logistics activities is not inseparable to the general forward logistics, and they constitute the closed-loop supply chain. Decision makers of enterprises need to control the new products inventory and the recovered materials inventory to make the enterprises get the maximum profit.In this paper,the inventory characteristics under the closed-loop supply chain be analyzed and a inventory model for a single repair period, many production period is proposed .On condition that the number of recovery is controlled by the recycling price and is equal in different cycles,the recovered products can be sold as new.A economic production quantity and recycling price can be solved to make the total cost of a single cycle lowest ,which provides a basis for business decisions.

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Yu, Jimmy C., Hung Yuk Tang, Jiaguo Yu, H. C. Chan, Lizhi Zhang, Yinde Xie, H. Wang, and S. P. Wong. "Bactericidal and photocatalytic activities of TiO2 thin films prepared by sol–gel and reverse micelle methods." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 153, no. 1-3 (November 2002): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00275-7.

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Fergiawan, P. K., P. W. Anggoro, Rifky Ismail, J. Jamari, and A. P. Bayuseno. "Application of Computer-Aided Reverse Engineering System in the Design of Orthotic Boots for Clubfoot Patients." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.3.34.

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Clubfoot is an abnormal foot as a congenital disability in which one or both feet appear rotated inward and downward. In some cases, the foot and leg sizes may be smaller compared to each other. Accordingly, there is a need for customized shoes designed for clubfoot patients who has difficulty in wearing regular shoes to carry out their daily activities. This study examines using computer-aided reverse engineering system technology to design and manufacture customized boots with specific sizes and shapes. Reverse engineering with a handy scan 3D scanning tool with a tolerance of 0.001 mm was implemented to obtain 3D mesh data of the patient’s clubfoot (male with 65 years). The Curve Base Surface Modeling method provided 3D-CAD drawings of the insole and shoe, the last models, precisely and following the size and shape of the patient’s foot. This CAD data could be appropriately transferred to CNC machines and PowerMill CAM software to obtain patterns of insole and shoe-last from EVA foam rubber and wood. Both ways were well fitted with leather by a shoemaker into a pair of customized clubfoot boots. The field boot-wearing test used feedback from the clubfoot patient wear-testers to assess the functionality and acceptability of the boot products. In this way, the club foot patient can able to perceive wearing comfortably and perfectly. In the field boot-wearing test, the patient could walk at a speed of 83.1% -91.7% faster (2 - 5 minutes/foot) than that when the patient wears the old boot design model. Significantly, the present approach may add knowledge theoretically and practically to use CARE system-based technology in treating clubfoot patients with the need for custom shoes.

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PAGANELLI, L., and F. PATERNÓ. "A TOOL FOR CREATING DESIGN MODELS FROM WEB SITE CODE." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 13, no. 02 (April 2003): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194003001275.

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In this paper we present a method and the related tool for analysing Web site code in order to automatically reconstruct the underlying logical interaction design. Such design is represented through task models that describe how activities should be performed to reach users' goals. The models also include a specification of the objects that should be manipulated to accomplish such tasks. We also discuss how the result of this reverse engineering process can be provided as input to a number of tools for various purposes (model analysis, usability evaluation, user interface redesign for different interactive platforms).

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Oliveira, Daniela Pereira de, Jéssica Kalene Palheta Moraes, André Cristiano Silva Melo, Denilson Ricardo de Lucena Nunes, Ítalo Flexa Di Paolo, and Adriano Cesar Calandrini Braga. "Characteristics and Analyses of Strategic Factors in Reverse Channels of Açaí Pulp Production Waste in the Municipality of Castanhal/PA/ Caracterização e análise de fatores estratégicos nos canais reversos do resíduo da produção de polpa de açaí no município de Castanhal-PA." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): 66894–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n7-117.

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When disposed of inappropriately, waste from the production of açaí pulp, originating from the açaí production chain, is the cause of many environmental, economic, and social problems. In an attempt to minimize impact, Reverse Logistics is an instrument of economic, environmental, and social development characterized by actions aimed at the treatment and reuse of waste, which is managed and moved through Reverse Channels. Consulted bibliography defines Strategic Factors capable of promoting the structuring and organization of waste for environmentally appropriate destination by different production sectors. This research analyzed economic, environmental/ecological, technological, logistical, and legislative strategic factors of the reverse channels for açaí production waste in the city of Castanhal/PA, as this municipality’s açaí pulp production is nationally relevant. For this purpose, it was necessary first to characterize local reverse channels, since bibliographic and documentary research did not yield relevant information on the subject. Field research—consisting of in loco observation, structured interviews, and application of online questionnaires to agents directly and indirectly involved—was fundamental to characterize the object of this study. As a result, we achieved the characterization of reverse channels, as well as their logistical resources and the stakeholders involved, starting from the generation of waste through to transportation and final destination, ending our analysis with the main forms of waste revaluation. Our research also allowed the identification and analysis of strategic factors capable of influencing the structuring and maintenance of activities in this reverse chain.

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Hao, Hao. "Research on Time-Efficiency Oriented Mechanism of After-Sale Service Logistics Operation - China's Automobile Maintenance Industry as Example." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 1037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.1037.

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In recent years, with the quick development of domestic automobile industry, the after market’s demand is demonstrating strong progress. However, due to lack of customer quick responsive system of after-sale service logistics, quite a few enterprises suffer from gradual loss of profit and customer resource. The article summarize the as-is status for time-efficiency management of after sale logistics, explaining the driving factor of current issues, i.e., task oriented current system, capacity constraint of logistics activities, lack of customer time efficiency evaluation and blank of after sale logistics operation staff. Based on these, together with investigation of companies, bring forward the mechanism of time-efficiency oriented after-sale logistics operation. This mechanism consists of eight sub-systems: organization structure, network planning and layout, reverse logistics operation procedure, time window evaluation mechanism, automatic replenishment system, reverse forecasting system, Kan-ban message system as well as disposal & reuse system. Furthermore, the article makes analysis of the internal operations and external relevance of these eight sub-systems.

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CAMUFFO, ARNALDO, ANDREA FURLAN, PIETRO ROMANO, and ANDREA VINELLI. "BREATHING SHOES AND COMPLEMENTARITIES: STRATEGIC INNOVATION IN A MATURE INDUSTRY." International Journal of Innovation Management 12, no. 02 (June 2008): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919608001947.

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This paper tells the story of Geox, an Italian footwear manufacturer that, in less than a decade, has become one of the world's largest shoe manufacturers. Applying the related notions of complementarity and performance landscape to study strategic positioning in the footwear industry, we show that, though grounded on product innovation (the original Geox breathes® patented system which allows ventilation in waterproof rubber sole), Geox's competitive advantage has not grown out of operational excellence in single activities in the business, but, rather, derives from a unique and consistent configuration of complementary activities. Such configuration represents an innovative strategic position and corresponds to a peak in the footwear industry performance landscape. The case study offers anecdotal evidence in support of complementarity based economic theory. It confirms that, in the presence of complementarities, rivals find strategy imitation and reverse engineering difficult due to the unique nature of the relationships among complementary variables.

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Konstantaras, I. "Optimal Control of Production and Remanufacturing in a Reverse Logistics Model with Backlogging." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/320913.

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Reverse logistics activities have received increasing attention within logistics and operations management during the last years, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. The field of reverse logistics includes all logistics processes starting with the take-back of used products from customers up to the stage of making them reusable products or disposing them. In this paper, a single-product recovery system is studied. In such system, used products are collected from customers and are kept at the recoverable inventory warehouse in view to be recovered. The constant demand rate can be satisfied either by newly produced products or by recovered ones (serviceable inventory), which are regarded as perfectly as the new ones. Excess demand is completely backlogged. Following an exact analytical approach, the optimal set-up numbers and the optimal lot sizes for the production of new products and for the recovery of returned products are obtained. A numerical cost comparison of this model with the corresponding one without backordering is also performed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reverse engineering activities'

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