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Journal articles on the topic 'Reverse osmosis process'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Salahudeen, Nurudeen. "Process simulation of modelled reverse osmosis for desalination of seawater." Water Practice and Technology 17, no. 1 (2021): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.127.

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Abstract Model equations for prediction of process parameters of reverse osmosis for desalination of seawater were developed via mathematical derivation from basic equations for the reverse osmosis process. A model equation relating the interfacial solute concentration () with the process pressure difference () was developed. Taking the of reverse osmosis as the basic independent variable, further model equations relating other process parameters such as the solute concentration polarity , water flux , osmotic pressure , water output rate (q), power density (Pd) and specific energy consumption

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2

Mann, J. "Reverse osmosis/ultrafiltration process principles." Chemical Engineering Journal 36, no. 3 (1987): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(87)80029-1.

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3

Ohya, H., K. Yajima, and R. Miyashita. "Design of reverse osmosis process." Desalination 63 (January 1987): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(87)90045-2.

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4

Fill, Marc, Flavio Muff, and Mirko Kleingries. "Evaluation of a new air water generator based on absorption and reverse osmosis." Heliyon 6, no. 9 (2020): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5769412.

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The evaluation of a new air water generator (AWG) based on absorption and reverse osmosis is described. For the evaluation, an aqueous lithium bromide solution has been selected from a wide range of liquids as the absorbent. At high salt mass fractions, the aqueous lithium bromide solution has a low vapour pressure and a high osmotic pressure. The low vapour pressure ensures that the water vapour can be absorbed from the air, but the high osmotic pressure leads to high pressures over the membrane. Due to the high osmotic pressures, several reverse osmosis membrane modules are necessary and sal

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5

Tanaka, Yuji, Yohito Ito, Shigehisa Hanada, and Tamotsu Kitade. "Environmental Friendly Seawater Reverse Osmosis Process." membrane 40, no. 2 (2015): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.40.86.

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6

Kimura, Shoji. "Transport Phenomena in Reverse Osmosis Process." membrane 21, no. 1 (1996): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.21.2.

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7

Chong, Tzyy Haur, Siew-Leng Loo, and William B. Krantz. "Energy-efficient reverse osmosis desalination process." Journal of Membrane Science 473 (January 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.005.

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8

Meares, P. "Reverse osmosis/ultra filtration process principles." Chemical Engineering Science 41, no. 9 (1986): 2453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(86)85104-1.

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9

Abdella, Dana L. "Reverse Osmosis Desalination." Marine Technology and SNAME News 31, no. 03 (1994): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1994.31.3.195.

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Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is a method of producing fresh water from seawater by a process similar to filtration, rather than by traditional evaporative distillation. A semipermeable membrane allows water molecules to pass through while blocking the passage of most other ions. The qualities of RO which make it attractive for naval and marine applications are its ability to operate on electric power alone, requiring no heat source; its comparatively low system weight to other methods of freshwater production at sea; and its ability to operate automatically, requiring minimal operator att

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10

Mohammed, Hiba A., Dawood E. Sachit, and Mustafa Al-Furaiji. "APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES OF THE REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE PROCESS: A REVIEW." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 27, no. 5 (2023): 630–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.5.6.

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Reverse osmosis is one of the most prevalent methods of generating potable water owing to its low power usage, excellent rates of contaminant removal, simple design, large output capacity, and much cheaper initial and maintenance costs than comparable alternatives. In this review, the most important published research related to the reverse osmosis process was reviewed. It was found that the majority of reported studies were related to using the reverse osmosis process for water desalination and wastewater treatment. Research has proven that the reverse osmosis process is a very effective meth

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11

Saavedra, A., G. Bertoni, D. Fajner, and G. C. Sarti. "Reverse osmosis treatment of process water streams." Desalination 82, no. 1-3 (1991): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(91)85192-w.

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12

Maqbool, Nida. "A Short Review on Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Fouling and Control." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 2, no. 2 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000122.

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Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the process of separating dissolved salts from water with the help of semipermeable membranes. Membrane based solution are now widely accepted technology to combat safe drinking water shortage. Reverse osmosis has increasing market shares due to reduced cost and improvements in the process. This paper reviews the major issue of fouling that is faced during operation of RO and ways to regulate them. Fouling is categorized into many classes and the control is discussed respectively. It also discusses basics of RO, modular arrangements for RO membranes as well as multiple

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13

Al-Alalawy, Ahmed Faiq, Talib Rashid Abbas, and Hadeer Kadhim Mohammed. "Comparative Study for Organic and Inorganic Draw Solutions in Forward Osmosis." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 13, no. 1 (2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2017.08.007.

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The present work aims to study forward osmosis process using different kinds of draw solutions and membranes. Three types of draw solutions (sodium chloride, sodium formate, and sodium acetate) were used in forward osmosis process to evaluate their effectiveness with respect to water flux and reverse salt flux. Experiments conducted in a laboratory-scale forward osmosis (FO) unit in cross flow flat sheet membrane cell. Three types of membranes (Thin film composite (TFC), Cellulose acetate (CA), and Cellulose triacetate (CTA)) were used to determine the water flux under osmotic pressure as a dr

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14

Vyas, Prabhanshu, and Smriti G. Solomon. "Knowledge regarding reverse osmosis (R.O) waste water utilization among general public in urban areas." Southeast Asian Journal of Case Report and Review 10, no. 1 (2023): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.sajcrr.2023.003.

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Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a partial permeable membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules and larger particles from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property that is driven by chemical potential differences of the solvent, a thermodynamic parameter. In the process of reverse osmosis the amount of water that is drained is a concern area for the people using the R.O. filtration device in their household because it wasted about 70% of the water to purify just one liter of water. This R.

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15

Khramtsov, A. G. "Technological breakthrough of the agrarian-and-food innovations in dairy case for example of universal agricultural raw materials. Reverse osmosis." Agrarian-And-Food Innovations 14 (June 29, 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31208/2618-7353-2021-14-7-20.

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Aim. Consideration of the membrane technology process – reverse osmosis – by directed and controlled processing of whey and its filtrates through special semipermeable partitions (filter membranes) with a pore size from 0.1 to 1.0 nm, carried out at a pressure of 3.0 - 10.0 MPa with the release of particles (cutting off) with a molecular weight of 100 Daltons. Reverse osmosis allows you to concentrate all the compounds of whey and filtrates, separating almost distilled water (condensate). Discussion. In the molecular sieve separation system, reverse osmosis logically continues the membrane tre

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16

Kurihara, Masaru. "Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination." Membranes 11, no. 4 (2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040243.

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17

Madaeni, S. S., and H. Daneshvar. "The concentrating of alizarin using a reverse osmosis process." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 1 (2005): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0501107m.

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Membrane technologies in general and reverse osmosis in particular have been employed for the concentrating of solutions. In this study, the concentrating of a heat sensitive alizarin extracted from madder root was realized using an FT30 reverse osmosis membrane. The effects of cross flow velocity, transmembrane pressure and pH on the flux and rejection were studied. Increasing the transmembrane pressure increased the flux while the rejection was constant. At pH 7-8, the highest flux was achieved. This study showed that reverse osmosis is the process of choice for the concentrating of alizarin

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18

Kumargaurao, D. Punase. "A review of reverse osmosis process for seawater desalination." i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology 18, no. 1 (2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jfet.18.1.19024.

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The freshwater availability in many regions of the world has been a rising concern for the last few decades due to disturbing increase in population, urbanization, and industrial advancement. As water consumption is increasing year by year, the obvious solution to the freshwater shortage is to increase its supply. Desalination has been a prominent process to produce fresh water in numerous water-stressed regions to counteract the water shortage issues. Amongst the various desalination methods, the reverse osmosis method is used for generating fresh water from saline or brackish water by removi

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19

Hulienko, S., and S. Virych. "RESISTANCE TO CONCENTRATION POLARISATION AT THE MEMBRANE: INFLUENCE OF OPERATING PARAMETERS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELLING." Znanstvena misel journal, no. 78 (May 29, 2023): 16–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7980576.

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This Research and Analysis paper presents a review of research related to reverse osmosis and concentration polarisation. In the introductory section, the general context and relevance of the problem are discussed, and the main aspects of reverse osmosis, its principle of operation and use are reviewed. Recent research aimed at studying the phenomenon of concentration polarisation in the context of reverse osmosis is described. Experimental and theoretical approaches are presented that allow for a more detailed understanding and quantification of this phenomenon. An overview of the results obt

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20

Huliienko, S. V., Y. M. Korniyenko, S. M. Muzyka, and K. Holubka. "Simulation of Reverse Osmosis Process: Novel Approaches and Development Trends." Journal of Engineering Sciences 9, no. 2 (2022): F6—F36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2022.9(2).f2.

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Reverse osmosis is an essential technological separation process that has a large number of practical applications. The mathematical simulation is significant for designing and determining the most effective modes of membrane equipment operation and for a deep understanding of the processes in membrane units. This paper is an attempt at systematization and generalizing the results of the investigations dedicated to reverse osmosis simulation, which was published from 2011 to 2020. The main approaches to simulation were analyzed, and the scope of use of each of them was delineated. It was defin

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21

Panda, Rames C., and S. Sobana. "Parameter Estimation of Reverse Osmosis Process Model for Desalination." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 6 (2013): 2668–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v11i6.3042.

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The present work pertains to modelling and identification of seawater desalination system using reverse osmosis. Initially the manipulated variable (feed pressure and recycle ratio) and the measured variables (flowrate, concentration and pH of permeate) are identified from reverse osmosis desalination system. The model of reverse osmosis was developed from the first principle approach using the mass balance equation (taking into consideration effect of concentration polarisation) from which the transfer function model was developed. The parameters of multi-input multi-output model are identifi

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22

Binger, Zachary M., and Andrea Achilli. "Forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis process modeling for integration with seawater reverse osmosis desalination." Desalination 491 (October 2020): 114583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114583.

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23

dos Santos Gomes, Flávia, Priscila Albuquerque da Costa, Maria Beatriz Domingues de Campos, Sônia Couri, and Lourdes Maria Corrêa Cabral. "Concentration of watermelon juice by reverse osmosis process." Desalination and Water Treatment 27, no. 1-3 (2011): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2073.

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24

Emad, Ali, A. Ajbar, and I. Almutaz. "Periodic control of a reverse osmosis desalination process." Journal of Process Control 22, no. 1 (2012): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2011.09.001.

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25

Ning, Robert Y. "Reverse osmosis process chemistry relevant to the Gulf." Desalination 123, no. 2-3 (1999): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(99)00069-7.

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26

Song, Lianfa, Seungkwan Hong, J. Y. Hu, S. L. Ong, and W. J. Ng. "Simulations of Full-Scale Reverse Osmosis Membrane Process." Journal of Environmental Engineering 128, no. 10 (2002): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2002)128:10(960).

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27

Mccray, S. B., and Roderick J. Ray. "Concentration of Synfuel Process Condensates by Reverse Osmosis." Separation Science and Technology 22, no. 2-3 (1987): 745–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496398708068979.

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28

Ning, Robert Y., and Thomas L. Troyer. "Tandom reverse osmosis process for zero-liquid discharge." Desalination 237, no. 1-3 (2009): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.060.

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29

Qin, Yihe, Run Yuan, Shaozhou Wang, Xuewei Zhang, Shaojun Luo, and Xuwen He. "Catalytic Ozonation Treatment of Coal Chemical Reverse Osmosis Concentrate: Water Quality Analysis, Parameter Optimization, and Catalyst Deactivation Investigation." Toxics 12, no. 9 (2024): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090681.

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Catalytic ozone oxidation, which is characterized by strong oxidizing properties and environmental friendliness, has been widely used in organic wastewater treatments. However, problems such as a low organic pollutant removal efficiency and unstable operation during the catalytic ozone treatment process for wastewater remain. To address these disadvantages, in this study, the treatment efficacy of catalytic ozone oxidation on a coal chemical reverse osmosis concentrate was investigated. The basic water quality indicators of the chemical reverse osmosis concentrate were analyzed. The effects of

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30

Tu, Qingsong, Tiange Li, Ao Deng, Kevin Zhu, Yifei Liu, and Shaofan Li. "A scale-up nanoporous membrane centrifuge for reverse osmosis desalination without fouling." TECHNOLOGY 06, no. 01 (2018): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547818500024.

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A scale-up nanoporous membrane centrifuge is designed and modeled. It can be used for nanoscale scale separation including reverse osmosis desalination. There are micron-size pores on the wall of the centrifuge and nanoscale pores on local graphene membrane patches that cover the micron-size pores. In this work, we derived the critical angular velocity required to counter-balance osmosis force, so that the reverse-osmosis (RO) desalination process can proceed. To validate this result, we conducted a large scale (four million atoms) full atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to examine the cr

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31

Kovrigina, Tatyana V., Kamilla K. Khakimbolatova, and Tulegen K. Chalov. "Steam condensate purification by the electromagnetic treatment method." Kazakhstan journal for oil & gas industry 6, no. 2 (2024): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54859/kjogi108717.

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Background: This study is aimed at reducing liquid waste in the process of reverse osmotic demineralization of water using an electromagnetic treatment. A side effect of this is the deposition of salts on the reverse osmotic membranes used, which reduces their service life. This leads to a decrease in the performance of the equipment, and, respectively, the membranes used are subjected to further flushing or replacement. The article presents data on long-term tests conducted by Pavlodar Petrochemical Plant LLP on the effectiveness of electromagnetic treatment technology in the process of rever

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32

M., Skala, Kůs P., Kotowski J., and Kořenková H. "Application of reverse osmosis at NPP and verification of the process for primary coolant treatment in temelín nuclear power." Nuclear Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v7i2.105.

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Drained primary coolant from nuclear power plants containing boric acid is currently treated in the system of evaporators and by ion exchangers. Reverse osmosis as an alternative process to evaporator was investigated. Using reverse osmosis, the feed primary coolant is separated into two output streams: retentate and permeate. Retentate stream consists of concentrated boric acid solution together with other components, while permeate stream consists of purified water. In the first phase ofthe project the reverse osmosis modules from several manufactures were tested on a batch laboratory appara

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33

Cao, Da-Qi, Kai Tang, Wen-Yu Zhang, et al. "Calcium Alginate Production through Forward Osmosis with Reverse Solute Diffusion and Mechanism Analysis." Membranes 13, no. 2 (2023): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020207.

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Calcium alginate (Ca-Alg) is a novel target product for recovering alginate from aerobic granular sludge. A novel Ca-Alg production method was proposed herein where Ca-Alg was formed in a sodium alginate (SA) feed solution (FS) and concentrated via forward osmosis (FO) with Ca2+ reverse osmosis using a draw solution of CaCl2. An abnormal reverse solute diffusion was observed, with the average reverse solute flux (RSF) decreasing with increasing CaCl2 concentrations, while the average RSF increased with increasing alginate concentrations. The RSF of Ca2+ in FS decreased continuously as the FO p

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34

Mavlanova, Yulduz, Dildora Sabirova, and Shodiyor Djamankulov. "TECHNOLOGY METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF ARTESIAN WATERS ULTRAFILTRATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS." Innovative Development in Educational Activities 2, no. 9 (2023): 37–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7937876.

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<em>Reverse osmotic water purification and ultrafiltration are methods of removing foreign impurities, heavy metal salts and organic inclusions from the liquid. The technology is based on the process of membrane separation by means of a semi–permeable membrane through which water passes under high pressure. Ultrafiltration, osmosis – methods of purification of artesian waters and waters from surface sources, which are based on the passage of liquid through a semi-permeable membrane under pressure.</em>

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35

Rassoul, G. A. R., Ahmed Faiq Al – Alawy, and Woodyian Nahedth Khudair. "Reduction of Concentrating Poisonous Metallic Radicals from Industrial Wastewater by Forward and Reverse Osmosis." Journal of Engineering 18, no. 07 (2023): 784–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2012.07.02.

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The research aims to use a new technology for industrial water concentrating that contains poisonous metals and recovery quantities from pure water. Therefore, the technology investigated is the forward osmosis process (FO). It is a new process that use membranes available commercial and this process distinguishes by its low cost compared to other process. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was used as draw solution to extract water from poisonous metals solution. The driving force in the FO process is provided by a different in osmotic pressure (concentration) across the membrane between the draw and poi

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36

Choi, Yong-Jun, Tae-Mun Hwang, Hyunje Oh, et al. "Development of a simulation program for the forward osmosis and reverse osmosis process." Desalination and Water Treatment 33, no. 1-3 (2011): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2652.

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37

Choi, Yongjun, Yonghyun Shin, Hyeongrak Cho, Yongsun Jang, Tae-Mun Hwang, and Sangho Lee. "Economic evaluation of the reverse osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis hybrid desalination process." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 55 (2016): 26680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1190114.

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38

Bitaw, Tewodros Nigatu, Kiho Park, and Dae Ryook Yang. "Optimization on a new hybrid Forward osmosis-Electrodialysis-Reverse osmosis seawater desalination process." Desalination 398 (November 2016): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.07.032.

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39

Ma, Ziyang, Litao Luo, and Yunyun Wei. "Reverse Osmosis Concentrated Water Treatment Technology Research." Frontiers in Science and Engineering 4, no. 9 (2024): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/k8jwrx30.

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With the national “double carbon” goal, energy saving and consumption reduction strategic plan to promote, more and more enterprises will be “zero discharge” of wastewater as the ultimate goal of industrial wastewater. Reverse osmosis (RO) process is the most common way of water treatment process, in the treatment of water treatment and pure water preparation at the same time, will be accompanied by a variety of inorganic and organic pollutants contained in the by-products of concentrated water, these difficult to deal with high salt, complex composition of the reverse osmosis concentration of

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40

Kim, Jihye, Jijung Lee, and Joon Ha Kim. "Overview of pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process and hybrid application to sea water reverse osmosis process." Desalination and Water Treatment 43, no. 1-3 (2012): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.672170.

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41

Cheng, Jian Gao, Jing Huan Ma, Zhi Wen Lin, et al. "The Effect of Different Pretreatment Methods on the Membrane Fouling in the Process of Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1102.

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One new pretreatment method was developed for solving the formed fouling on the equipments in the process of reverse osmosis seawater desalination, and the effect of different pretreatment methods on the membrane fouling was investigated. The experiment results showed that the flux attenuation rate of reverse osmosis membrane used in hardness-removed seawater was slower than the one of direct ultrafiltration seawater, and the salt reject rate and conductivity of output water from reverse osmosis membrane were not obviously affected by these two different pretreatment methods respectively. By a

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42

Gurung, Khum, Morten Lykkegaard Christensen, Mika Sillanpää, Mohamed Chaker Ncibi, and Mads Koustrup Jørgensen. "Nutrients Enrichment and Process Repercussions in Hybrid Microfiltration Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor: A Guideline for Forward Osmosis Development Based on Lab-Scale Experience." Water 12, no. 4 (2020): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041098.

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The effects of reverse salt diffusion through a forward osmosis membrane were studied in a microfiltration osmotic membrane bioreactor. The reactor was used to treat and simultaneously concentrate nutrients from wastewater. The system was operated at different draw solution concentrations, leading to varying salinity conditions. A relatively low, yet stable forward osmosis flux was observed regardless of increasing draw solution conductivities from 10 to 50 mS cm−1. A substantial increase in sludge conductivity from 5.7 to 19.8 mS cm−1 was observed during the operation. Batch transmembrane pre

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43

Ruiz-García, A., and I. Nuez. "Performance Assessment of SWRO Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules with Different Feed Spacer Dimensions." Processes 8, no. 6 (2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060692.

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Reverse osmosis is the leading process in seawater desalination. However, it is still an energy intensive technology. Feed spacer geometry design is a key factor in reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane module performance. Correlations obtained from experimental work and computational fluid dynamics modeling were used in a computational tool to simulate the impact of different feed spacer geometries in seawater reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane modules with different permeability coefficients in pressure vessels with 6, 7 and 8 elements. The aim of this work was to carry out a comparative

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44

Leon, Federico, and Alejandro Ramos. "An Assessment of Renewable Energies in a Seawater Desalination Plant with Reverse Osmosis Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 11 (2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110883.

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The purpose of our study was to reduce the carbon footprint of seawater desalination plants that use reverse osmosis membranes by introducing on-site renewable energy sources. By using new-generation membranes with a low energy consumption and considering wind and photovoltaic energy sources, it is possible to greatly reduce the carbon footprint of reverse osmosis plants. The objective of this study was to add a renewable energy supply to a desalination plant that uses reverse osmosis technology. During the development of this research study, photovoltaic energy was discarded as a possible sou

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45

Shabalin, V. V. "Evaluation of the selectivity of reverse osmotic membranes in separation of binary sodium chloride solutions." Вестник гражданских инженеров 19, no. 3 (2022): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2022-19-3-110-119.

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Manufacturers of reverse osmosis filter membranes provide their products with computer programs that allow for technological evaluation calculations for solutions with different concentrations of impurities. The description of the programs does not include the computer methods and algorithms which are necessary for calculating traffic flows. Consequently, it is not possible to evaluate the selectivity of the reversely osmotic stages of membranes. The development of computer algorithms and techniques that would evaluate the operation of reverse osmosis plants taking into account external and in

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46

Wild, P. M., G. W. Vickers, and N. Djilali. "The fundamental principles and design considerations for the implementation of centrifugal reverse osmosis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 211, no. 2 (1997): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954408971529566.

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The paper describes the fundamental principles of a new desalination technology, centrifugal reverse osmosis (CRO), which offers significant benefits relative to the leading existing desalination technology, conventional reverse osmosis. Relations are developed that quantify the primary benefit of the process, reduced energy consumption, and it is shown that the energy efficiency of the process increases with system capacity. Other benefits are discussed, including lower membrane costs and enhanced reliability. The key technical obstacles to the practical implementation of centrifugal reverse

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47

Elalfy, Loay A., Walid M. I. Hassan, and Wael N. Akl. "Ab InitioDensity Functional Theory Investigation of the Interaction between Carbon Nanotubes and Water Molecules during Water Desalination Process." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/813592.

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Density functional theory calculations using B3LYP/3-21G level of theory have been implemented on 6 carbon nanotubes (CNTs) structures (3 zigzag and 3 armchair CNTs) to study the energetics of the reverse osmosis during water desalination process. Calculations of the band gap, interaction energy, highest occupied molecular orbital, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, electronegativity, hardness, and pressure of the system are discussed. The calculations showed that the water molecule that exists inside the CNT is about 2-3 Å away from its wall. The calculations have proven that the zigzag CNT

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48

Cheng, Jian Gao, Jing Huan Ma, Zhi Wen Lin, and Ying Liu. "Study on the Desalination Process of Hardness-Removed Seawater with Reverse Osmosis." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2870.

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The influences of the pressure, temperature and pH on the property of reverse osmosis membrane Dow SW30 were investigated in self-designed equipment unit with hardness-removed seawater as raw material. The optimal process parameters were pre-compression pressure 3.5 MPa, operation pressure 3 MPa, the temperature of feed seawater 25-30°C, pH value 7-8 and feed flow rate 60 L/h. Under these conditions, the flux of reverse osmosis membrane SW30 kept stable for long-term operation, and its salt rejection rate was above 99.4%.

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49

Tavares, Tomás, Jorge Tavares, Federico A. León-Zerpa, Baltasar Peñate-Suárez, and Alejandro Ramos-Martín. "Assessment of Processes to Increase the Useful Life and the Reuse of Reverse Osmosis Elements in Cape Verde and Macaronesia." Membranes 12, no. 6 (2022): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060613.

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Reverse osmosis membranes could be reused in the same or another desalination plant by replacing the membranes in the dirtiest first positions with those in the least damaged last positions, also changing the best first stage membranes to the second and vice versa. The useful life of these membranes could be extended by chemical cleaning and giving them a second life in tertiary treatment plants, as well as reusing them in industrial processes where special reverse osmosis membranes are used and degrade rapidly, in processes with leachates from landfill waste, and also an interesting option is

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50

Hadadian, Zeinab, Sina Zahmatkesh, Mostafa Ansari, Ali Haghighi, and Eskandar Moghimipour. "Mathematical and experimental modeling of reverse osmosis (RO) process." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 38, no. 2 (2021): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-020-0697-9.

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