Journal articles: 'Reverse translation'

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Gratz, Daniel, Thomas J. Hund, Michael J. Falvo, and Loren E. Wold. "Reverse Translation." Circulation Research 122, no. 11 (May 25, 2018): 1496–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.118.313003.

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Lauring, Adam S. "Lessons from Reverse Translation." PLOS Pathogens 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2016): e1005516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005516.

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Wagner, John A. "Patient-Centered Reverse Translation." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 103, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.902.

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Nakashima, Tadayoshi, and Sidney W. Fox. "Experiments on reverse translation." Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 16, no. 3-4 (September 1986): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02422144.

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Sen, Nandini, Feng Cao, and John E. Tavis. "Translation of Duck Hepatitis B Virus Reverse Transcriptase by Ribosomal Shunting." Journal of Virology 78, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 11751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.21.11751-11757.2004.

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ABSTRACT The duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) polymerase (P) is translated by de novo initiation from a downstream open reading frame (ORF) that partially overlaps the core (C) ORF on the bicistronic pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). The DHBV P AUG is in a poor context for translational initiation and is preceded by 14 AUGs that could intercept scanning ribosomes, yet P translation is unanticipatedly rapid. Therefore, we assessed C and P translation in the context of the pgRNA. Mutating the upstream C ORF revealed that P translation was inversely related to C translation, primarily due to occlusion of P translation by ribosomes translating C. Translation of the pgRNA was found to be cap dependent, because inserting a stem-loop (BamHI-SL) that blocked >90% of scanning ribosomes at the 5′ end of the pgRNA greatly inhibited C and P synthesis. Neither mutating AUGs between the C and P start sites in contexts similar to that of the P AUG nor blocking ribosomal scanning by inserting the BamHI-SL between the C and P start codons greatly altered P translation, indicating that most ribosomes that translate P do not scan through these sequences. Finally, optimizing the P AUG context did not increase P translation. Therefore, the majority of the ribosomes that translate P are shunted from a donor region near the 5′ end of the pgRNA to an acceptor site at or near the P AUG, and the shunt acceptor sequences may augment initiation at the P AUG.

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Albin, R. L., and K. A. Frey. "Reverse Translation in Parkinson Disease." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 57, no. 10 (May 5, 2016): 1497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.175257.

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Edelman, Elazer R., and Kelly LaMarco. "William Heberden and reverse translation." Science Translational Medicine 7, no. 287 (May 13, 2015): 287fs20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa2250.

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Rees, J., and L. Naysmith. "In this Issue: Reverse Translation." Acta Dermato Venereologica 90, no. 5 (2010): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0942.

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Vitas, Marko, and Andrej Dobovišek. "On a quest of reverse translation." Foundations of Chemistry 19, no. 2 (September 16, 2016): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10698-016-9260-5.

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Shakhnovich, Valentina. "It's Time to Reverse our Thinking: The Reverse Translation Research Paradigm." Clinical and Translational Science 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2018): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cts.12538.

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Kasichayanula, Sreeneeranj, and Karthik Venkatakrishnan. "Reverse Translation: The Art of Cyclical Learning." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 103, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.952.

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Yu, Lei, Laurent Sartran, Wojciech Stokowiec, Wang Ling, Lingpeng Kong, Phil Blunsom, and Chris Dyer. "Better Document-Level Machine Translation with Bayes’ Rule." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (July 2020): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00319.

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We show that Bayes’ rule provides an effective mechanism for creating document translation models that can be learned from only parallel sentences and monolingual documents a compelling benefit because parallel documents are not always available. In our formulation, the posterior probability of a candidate translation is the product of the unconditional (prior) probability of the candidate output document and the “reverse translation probability” of translating the candidate output back into the source language. Our proposed model uses a powerful autoregressive language model as the prior on target language documents, but it assumes that each sentence is translated independently from the target to the source language. Crucially, at test time, when a source document is observed, the document language model prior induces dependencies between the translations of the source sentences in the posterior. The model’s independence assumption not only enables efficient use of available data, but it additionally admits a practical left-to-right beam-search algorithm for carrying out inference. Experiments show that our model benefits from using cross-sentence context in the language model, and it outperforms existing document translation approaches.

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Venniro, Marco, Matthew L. Banks, Markus Heilig, David H. Epstein, and Yavin Shaham. "Improving translation of animal models of addiction and relapse by reverse translation." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 21, no. 11 (October 6, 2020): 625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0378-z.

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Hoan, Nguyen Thi, and Galina G. Yermilova. "“EVANGELICAL TEXT” OF THE NOVEL “CRIME AND PUNISHMENT” IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 3 (2020): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-3-148-152.

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The article for the first time explores the translation of the ‟evangelical text” of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel ‟Crime and Punishment” into Vietnamese. The ‟evangelical text” refers to the New Testament quotations, for the first time both in the writer’s work and in the Russian literature of the 19th century as a whole, widely used by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Threeauthoritative translations by Trương Định Cư (1972), Lý Quốc Sinh (1973), Cao Xuân Hạo (1982-1983) are involved. The translation of the Bible into Vietnamese used by translators and involved in the liturgical practice of the Vietnamese Orthodox Church, has been revealed. On the basis of a continuous text sample of the «evangelical text» three translations were compared with the original and reverse translations, followed by an analytical commentary. The subject of the article is a monologue of «drunken» Semyon Marmeladov in the tavern (p. 1, ch. 2), saturated with New Testament quotations, and an evangelical scene about raised Lazarus (p. 4, ch. 4). It is concluded that when translating the «evangelical text» of the novel, the Vietnamese translators experienced serious difficulties due to ignorance of Russian Orthodoxy, which is still perceived in Vietnam to this day as a kind of exotic. Some specific refinements to existing translations are proposed.

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Cases Berbel, Elke, and Paola Nieto García. "Ejercicios de activación en clases de traducción inversa." mAGAzin Revista intercultural e interdisciplinar, no. 28 (2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/magazin.2020.i28.03.

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En muchas ocasiones no se presta suficiente atención a la realidad de la traducción inversa en el mercado profesional de la traducción. A la luz de esta situación, nuestra investigación recoge datos sobre el mercado de la traducción inversa en general y de la traducción hacia el alemán en España en particular. Tras la recopilación de estos datos queda patente la necesidad de la asignatura de traducción inversa en los planes de estudio españoles. Además, como docentes universitarios, debemos ofrecer a nuestros discentes herramientas para poder enfrentarse a esta combinación sin temor ni ansiedad. Para ello proponemos una serie de ejercicios de activación que, en principio, se usan únicamente en clases de alemán para extranjeros, pero que, adaptados a las necesidades de los estudiantes de traducción, les permiten ser conscientes de sus debilidades y, de esta manera, corregir las lagunas gramaticales y estructurales que pudieran presentar. Nuestro objetivo es abrir una puerta a la didactización de la asignatura de traducción inversa, a la vez que dar seguridad y motivación a los discentes. Tras la puesta en práctica de estos ejercicios en dos asignaturas de traducción inversa en centros distintos, vemos resultados positivos que demuestran que estos ejercicios se vuelven básicos para la activación del alemán y de las estrategias de traducción en nuestros aprendientes

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Gaidukova, I. Z., A. I. Akulova, A. P. Rebrov, A. G. Bochkova, S. Ya Startsev, Sh Erdes, E. K. Gaidukova, and D. A. Poddubny. "Adaptation of the Russian version of the ASAS health index." Rheumatology Science and Practice 57, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2019-56-61.

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ASAS health index (ASAS HI) is a comprehensive tool developed on the basis of the international system of ICF (the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) to quantify the health of patients with spondyloarthritis (SPA), including ankylosing spondylitis (AS). ASAS HI is a questionnaire containing 17 questions, each related to a specific ICF pool (pain, emotions, sleep, sexual function, mobility, self-care and communication). ASAS HI additionally includes 9 questions (ASAS EF Item Set) to assess the impact of environmental factors on the health of the patient with SPA. The aim is a Russian translation and adaptation of the ASAS HI (including ASAS EF Item Set). Material and methods. Translation of ASAS HI and ASAS EF Item Set from English into Russian and its adaptation were carried out in five stages: the stage of direct translation; the stage of synthesis of translations and formation of the Russian version; the stage of reverse translation from Russian into English; the stage of comparison of the original English-language questionnaire with the result of reverse translation and the formation of the final Russian-language version; field test. Results and discussion. Three researchers performed an independent translation of ASAS HI (including ASAS EF Item Set), after which the fourth researcher created and agreed on a single Russian version of the questionnaire. Then two volunteers, for whom English is the main language, performed a reverse translation of ASAS HI from Russian into English (reverse translation). An independent researcher has compared the original and the resulting reverse translated English version of the ASAS HI, and then the three translators performed the joint correction of the text of the three questions, differing in English-language versions. The obtained second Russian-language version of ASAS HI (including ASAS EF Item Set) was tested by 10 patients with SPA: AS – 60%; non-radiological axial spondylitis (NR axSPA) – 40%, men – 60%; mean age – 32±12 years; duration of symptoms – 7.5±2.2 years; BASDAI index – 3.39±3.04; ASAS HI – 6,96±3,35.The average time to fill the questionnaire – 2,2±1,18 min. Patients rated the Russian version of the questionnaire as clear, easy to fill in and comprehensively characterizing health problems related to SPA. The results of testing Russian-speaking patients are comparable with the results obtained in testing 206 patients with SPA from 19 non-English-speaking and 4 English-speaking countries (AS – 65%; men – 59.7%; mean age – 42.4±13.9 years; duration of symptoms – 11.2±11.0 years; BASDAI – 3.8±2.3; ASAS HI – 7.1±4.4; filling time – 2.6±1.6 min). Conclusion. During the study translation and adaptation of the Russian version of ASAS HI, which is a tool for comprehensive assessment of health and function of patients with SPA, including AS were performed.

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Leslie, Mitch. "Why a protein switches sides during translation." Journal of Cell Biology 195, no. 1 (September 26, 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1951if.

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Blais, Chris, and Derek Besner. "A reverse Stroop effect without translation or reading difficulty." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14, no. 3 (June 2007): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03194090.

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Moore, David R. "Reverse translation: clearing a path from bedside to bench." Nature 454, no. 7202 (July 2008): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/454274a.

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Nguyen, Thien, Lam Nguyen, Phuoc Tran, and Huu Nguyen. "Improving Transformer-Based Neural Machine Translation with Prior Alignments." Complexity 2021 (May 7, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5515407.

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Transformer is a neural machine translation model which revolutionizes machine translation. Compared with traditional statistical machine translation models and other neural machine translation models, the recently proposed transformer model radically and fundamentally changes machine translation with its self-attention and cross-attention mechanisms. These mechanisms effectively model token alignments between source and target sentences. It has been reported that the transformer model provides accurate posterior alignments. In this work, we empirically prove the reverse effect, showing that prior alignments help transformer models produce better translations. Experiment results on Vietnamese-English news translation task show not only the positive effect of manually annotated alignments on transformer models but also the surprising outperformance of statistically constructed alignments reinforced with the flexibility of token-type selection over manual alignments in improving transformer models. Statistically constructed word-to-lemma alignments are used to train a word-to-word transformer model. The novel hybrid transformer model improves the baseline transformer model and transformer model trained with manual alignments by 2.53 and 0.79 BLEU, respectively. In addition to BLEU score, we make limited human judgment on translation results. Strong correlation between human and machine judgment confirms our findings.

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Yook, Juhye, Sejin Park, and Soon-Bum Lim. "A Study on Improvements of Braille and Reverse Translation Programs." Korean Society for Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.16884/jrr.2019.23.4.47.

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Cruz, Angela Gracia B., and Margo Buchanan-Oliver. "Bridging practices as enablers of intercultural translation." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 18, no. 4 (September 14, 2015): 442–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-08-2014-0072.

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Purpose – This paper aims to understand the elements of bridging practices enacted by Asian immigrant consumers and exploring how these practices constitute reverse acculturation within immigrant-receiving Western cultures. Design/methodology/approach – A practice theoretical perspective was deployed in concert with a hermeneutic analysis of two-part depth interviews with 26 Southeast Asian immigrants in New Zealand. Multi-modal methods and open narrative reflexivity were deployed to improve depth and trustworthiness. Findings – Participant narratives revealed three intertwined elements of bridging practices: articulations (involving sayings and meanings), performances (involving embodied social activities and material artefacts) and contestations (involving tensions and anxieties). Bridging practices create shared social spaces and facilitate the intensification of intercultural translation. Research limitations/implications – Bridging practices provide a partial view of wider “circuits of practice” (Magaudda, 2011) which cumulatively constitute reverse acculturation. Future research is needed to show how bridging practices serve as resources for transforming the consumption practices of local consumers in Western cultures. Originality/value – This study advances consumer acculturation theory in three ways. First, this study identifies a key practice of intercultural translation between Asian and Western consumer cultures. In particular, this study shows that intercultural translation occurs not only through ethnic economies but also in a diverse range of private and public sites. Second, in addition to local consumers’ practices (Sobh et al., 2012), this study highlights the role of immigrant consumers’ practices in reverse acculturation, thereby providing empirical evidence for Luedicke’s (2011) conceptual model of intercultural adaptation. Third, in addition to the influence of acculturating agents on immigrant consumers (Askegaard et al., 2005; Peñaloza, 1994), this study demonstrates how immigrant consumers themselves can act as acculturating agents.

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Washbourne, Kelly. "Load-managed problem formats." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.24.2.06was.

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Does the “expert blind spot”, our “unconscious competence”, lead us to undermine the effectiveness of our translation assignments? This study characterizes the translation task as schema-based, and thus prone to cognitive overload for the learner. Accordingly, schema acquisition tasks featuring reduced-goal specificity and goal-free problems for training the novice are reviewed. The argument is put forward that we need 1) to use more scaffolding to reduce cognitive load, 2) to vary task architecture for learning (including the use of planning pre-tasks), and 3) to provide diagnostic help for the student translator to attain context-independence for ‘high road transfer’. Formats for expertise modeling are considered—reverse tasks, completion examples, and other whole-task models—as instructional designs for load-managed translation tasks that improve problemsolving, schema acquisition, process-orientation, and metacognitive monitoring.

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Durgin, Frank H. "Translation and competition among internal representations in a reverse Stroop effect." Perception & Psychophysics 65, no. 3 (April 2003): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03194568.

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Enami, Masayoshi, and Kazue Enami. "Characterization of Influenza Virus NS1 Protein by Using a Novel Helper-Virus-Free Reverse Genetic System." Journal of Virology 74, no. 12 (June 15, 2000): 5556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.12.5556-5561.2000.

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ABSTRACT We have developed a novel helper-virus-free reverse genetic system to genetically manipulate influenza A viruses. The RNPs, which were purified from the influenza A/WSN/33 (WSN) virus, were treated with RNase H in the presence of NS (nonstructural) cDNA fragments. This specifically digested the NS RNP. The NS-digested RNPs thus obtained were transfected into cells together with the in vitro-reconstituted NS RNP. The NS-digested RNPs alone did not rescue viruses; however, cotransfection with the NS RNP did. This protocol was also used to rescue the NP transfectant. We obtained two NS1 mutants,dl12 and N110, using this protocol. The dl12 NS gene contains a deletion of 12 amino acids at positions 66 to 77 near the N terminus. This virus was temperature sensitive in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells as well as in Vero cells. The translation of all viral proteins as well as cellular proteins was significantly disrupted during a later time of infection at the nonpermissive temperature of 39°C. The N110 mutant consists of 110 amino acids which are the N-terminal 48% of the WSN virus NS1 protein. Growth of this virus was significantly reduced at any temperature. In the virus-infected cells, translation of the M1 protein was reduced to 10 to 20% of that of the wild-type virus; however, the translation of neither the nucleoprotein nor NS1 was significantly interfered with, indicating the important role of NS1 in translational stimulation of the M1 protein.

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Rak, Malgorzata, Chen Hsien Su, Jonathan Tong Xu, Ricardo Azpiroz, Angela Mohan Singh, and Alexander Tzagoloff. "Regulation of mitochondrial translation of the ATP8/ATP6 mRNA by Smt1p." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 6 (March 15, 2016): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0642.

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Expression of the mitochondrially encoded ATP6 and ATP8 genes is translationally regulated by F1 ATPase. We report a translational repressor (Smt1p) of the ATP6/8 mRNA that, when mutated, restores translation of the encoded Atp6p and Atp8p subunits of the ATP synthase. Heterozygous smt1 mutants fail to rescue the translation defect, indicating that the mutations are recessive. Smt1p is an intrinsic inner membrane protein, which, based on its sedimentation, has a native size twice that of the monomer. Affinity purification of tagged Smt1p followed by reverse transcription of the associated RNA and PCR amplification of the resultant cDNA with gene-specific primers demonstrated the presence in mitochondria of Smt1p- ATP8/ATP6 and Smt1p- COB mRNA complexes. These results indicate that Smt1p is likely to be involved in translational regulation of both mRNAs. Applying Occam’s principle, we favor a mechanistic model in which translation of the ATP8/ATP6 bicistronic mRNA is coupled to the availability of F1 for subsequent assembly of the Atp6p and Atp8p products into the ATP synthase. The mechanism of this regulatory pathway is proposed to entail a displacement of the repressor from the translationally mute Smt1- ATP8/ATP6 complex by F1, thereby permitting the Atp22p activator to interact with and promote translation of the mRNA.

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Nguyen, Thi Hoan. "RODION RASKOLNIKOV’S IDEA IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 2 (2020): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-2-139-144.

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The article discusses the translation into Vietnamese of excerpts about the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov’s idea in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel «Crime and Punishment». We used all available Vietnamese translations of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel, adapted of the original language. We have done a comparative analysis of translations of the verbal conceptualisation of Rodion Raskolnikov’s ideas and their reverse translations accompanied by their analysis. What is worth drawing attention to, are the depressing poverty of Raskolnikov, his social protest as the main motives which made the hero to pass to the terrible crime. There is weakened interest in the hero’s idea, in its hidden godless character of Raskolnikov’s ideas – the protagonist challenges not only the outrageous social injustice, but also the foundations of Orthodoxy, according to which the Law of moral goodness comes from God rather than from humans. It has been shown that Vietnamese translators, working on the translations of «Crime and Punishment», have experienced several diffi culties. The main one is their lack of understanding and knowledge of the realia from Russian people’s daily religious and cultural life in the mid-19th century. The realities of everyday life and spiritual Orthodoxy are often replaced by the realities of the Buddhist cult, which brings to the novel an unusual «oriental» religious fl avour. Some specifi c clarifi cations are suggested for unclear content in the available translations.

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Talaván, Noa, Ana Ibáñez, and Elena Bárcena. "Exploring collaborative reverse subtitling for the enhancement of written production activities in English as a second language." ReCALL 29, no. 1 (October 19, 2016): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344016000197.

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AbstractThis article explores the effects of collaborative reverse subtitling as an activity for the promotion of writing skills in English as a second language. An initial analysis is undertaken of the pros and cons of the role of translation in second language learning historically and the role of information and communication technology in this process, with special attention being paid to recent initiatives on the didactic use of audiovisual translation in the form of subtitling, and the evidence of their efficacy obtained so far. Subsequently, a completed research project is described, which was aimed at promoting second language learning among distance learning university students through collaborative reverse subtitling. Specifically, the project aimed to explore both the potential of a guided subtitling activity for the development of written production skills, and also the dynamics of undertaking such an activity collaboratively, in order to gain insights on the social, cognitive, metacognitive and transfer mechanisms that can be activated in collective study. Finally, we reflect on the need to accumulate evidence on multimodal translating scenarios combining individual and collective work for the development of communicative language competences, through further research and classroom use, in order to consolidate and refine these findings.

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Amitai, Shahar, Yussuf Yassin, and Hanna Engelberg-Kulka. "MazF-Mediated Cell Death in Escherichia coli: a Point of No Return." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 24 (December 15, 2004): 8295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.24.8295-8300.2004.

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ABSTRACT mazEF is a stress-induced toxin-antitoxin module, located on the chromosome of Escherichia coli, that we have previously described to be responsible for programmed cell death in E. coli. mazF specifies a stable toxin, and mazE specifies a labile antitoxin. Recently, it was reported that inhibition of translation and cell growth by ectopic overexpression of the toxin MazF can be reversed by the action of the antitoxin MazE ectopically overexpressed at a later time. Based on these results, it was suggested that rather than inducing cell death, mazF induces a state of reversible bacteriostasis (K. Pederson, S. K. Christensen, and K. Gerdes, Mol. Microbiol. 45:501-510, 2002). Using a similar ectopic overexpression system, we show here that overexpression of MazE could reverse MazF lethality only over a short window of time. The size of that window depended on the nature of the medium in which MazF was overexpressed. Thus, we found “a point of no return,” which occurred sooner in minimal M9 medium than it did in the rich Luria-Bertani medium. We also describe a state in which the effect of MazF on translation could be separated from its effect on cell death: MazE overproduction could completely reverse the inhibitory effect of MazF on translation, while not affecting the bacteriocidic effect of MazF at all. Our results reported here support our view that the mazEF module mediates cell death and is part of a programmed cell death network.

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Froeliger, Nicolas. "DE LA TRADUCTOLOGIE DES ÉTATS D’ÂME ET «VICE VERSA»: VERS UNE ÉTUDE DES ASPECTS PSYCHOLOGIQUES EN TRADUCTION." Vertimo studijos 7, no. 7 (April 5, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2014.7.10531.

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Written in French, this paper is a reflection on how to set up a sociological study of translator behavior and decision-making based on the study of actually translated texts. A few hurdles have to be overcome in that perspective: (1) that of insignificance: this research (in the author’s humble opinion) has to be insightful not only for translation studies specialists, but first and foremost to translators themselves; (2) that of striking a balance between outliers (i.e. genuine but isolated cases) and generic (i.e. generalizable, but not meaningful) cases in the context of growing use of computer assisted tools; (3) that of using psychology and sociology in order to build a translation theory rather than the reverse. Eventually, it points toward three instances of acceptability: that of individual and collective behavior, that of the results achieved, and that of the translation professions in the eyes of society at large. The methodological issues raised by such research will be dealt with in a further paper.

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BERZTISS, ALFS T. "REVERSE ENGINEERING, REENGINEERING, AND CONCURRENT ENGINEERING OF SOFTWARE." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 05, no. 02 (June 1995): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194095000150.

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This survey reviews four classes of reengineering of software systems: code restructuring and translation of code into a new language, design recovery for corrective maintenance, design recovery for software enhancement, and software reengineering as part of radical business process reengineering. Special attention is given to the reengineering of data bases and user interfaces. We also consider concurrent software engineering, its place in the software reengineering process, and groupware in support of this process.

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Schwartz, Elena I., Robert V. Intine, and Richard J. Maraia. "CK2 Is Responsible for Phosphorylation of Human La Protein Serine-366 and Can Modulate rpL37 5′-Terminal Oligopyrimidine mRNA Metabolism." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 9580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.21.9580-9591.2004.

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ABSTRACT La protein binds precursors to 5S rRNA, tRNAs, and other transcripts that contain 3′ UUU-OH and also promotes their maturation in the nucleus. Separate from this function, human La has been shown to positively modulate the translation of mRNAs that contain complex 5′ regulatory motifs that direct internal initiation of translation. Nonphosphorylated La (npLa) inhibits pre-tRNA processing, while phosphorylation of human La serine-366 (S366) promotes pre-tRNA processing. npLa was found specifically associated with a class of mRNAs that have unusually short 5′ untranslated regions comprised of terminal oligopyrimidine (5′TOP) tracts and that encode ribosomal proteins and translation elongation factors. Although La S366 represents a CK2 phosphorylation site, there was no evidence that CK2 phosphorylates it in vivo. We used the CK2-specific inhibitor, 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole (TBB), and antisense-mediated knockdown to demonstrate that CK2 is responsible for La S366 phosphorylation in vivo. Hypophosphorylation was not associated with significant change in total La levels or proteolytic cleavage. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed increased association of the 5′TOP-mRNA encoding ribosomal protein L37 (rpL37) with La after TBB treatment. Transfection revealed more rpL37 mRNA associated with nonphosphorylatable La A366 than with La S366, concomitant with La A366-specific shift of a fraction of L37 mRNA off polysomes. The data indicate that CK2 phosphorylates La S366 in vivo, that this limits 5′TOP mRNA binding, and that increasing npLa leads to greater association with potentially negative effects on TOP mRNA translation. Consistent with data that indicate that phosphorylation reverses negative effects of npLa on tRNA production, the present data suggest that CK2 phosphorylation of La can affect production of the translational machinery.

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Isoyama, Takeshi, Nobuhiko Kamoshita, Kotaro Yasui, Atsushi Iwai, Kazuko Shiroki, Haruka Toyoda, Akio Yamada, Yoshinari Takasaki, and Akio Nomoto. "Lower concentration of La protein required for internal ribosome entry on hepatitis C virus RNA than on poliovirus RNA." Journal of General Virology 80, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 2319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-80-9-2319.

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Translation initiation of poliovirus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA occurs by entry of ribosomes to the internal RNA sequence, called the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Both IRES bind to the La protein and are thought to require the protein for their translation initiation activity, although they are greatly different in both the primary and predicted secondary structures. To compare the La protein requirement for these IRES, we took advantage of I-RNA from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been reported to bind to La protein and block poliovirus IRES-mediated translation initiation. In a cell-free translation system prepared from HeLa cells, yeast I-RNA inhibited translation initiation on poliovirus RNA as expected, but did not significantly inhibit translation initiation on HCV RNA. However, the translation initiation directed by either IRES was apparently inhibited by I-RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, in which La protein is limiting. I-RNA-mediated inhibition of HCV IRES-dependent translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates was reversed by exogenous addition of purified recombinant La protein of smaller amounts than necessary to reverse poliovirus IRES-dependent translation. These results suggest that HCV IRES requires lower concentrations of La protein for its function than does poliovirus IRES. Immunofluorescence studies showed that HCV infection appeared not to affect the subcellular localization of La protein, which exists mainly in the nucleus, although La protein redistributed to the cytoplasm after poliovirus infection. The data are compatible with the low requirement of La protein for HCV IRES activity.

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BRUNEY, PAUL. "A PRACTICAL QUANTUM MEANS FOR TESTING THE TIME-TRANSLATION THEORY?" Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 12 (May 20, 2009): 1489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909019648.

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The time-dilations that arise during quantum tunneling appear applicable to the time-translation thought experiment by Aharonov et al. It may be feasible to actually perform a test for communicating in reverse-time as described by Cramer.

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35

Mazumder, Barsanjit, Vasudevan Seshadri, Hiroaki Imataka, Nahum Sonenberg, and Paul L. Fox. "Translational Silencing of Ceruloplasmin Requires the Essential Elements of mRNA Circularization: Poly(A) Tail, Poly(A)-Binding Protein, and Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 19 (October 1, 2001): 6440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.19.6440-6449.2001.

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ABSTRACT Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a glycoprotein secreted by the liver and monocytic cells and probably plays roles in inflammation and iron metabolism. We showed previously that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) induced Cp synthesis by human U937 monocytic cells but that the synthesis was subsequently halted by a transcript-specific translational silencing mechanism involving the binding of a cytosolic factor(s) to the Cp mRNA 3′ untranslated region (UTR). To investigate how protein interactions at the Cp 3′-UTR inhibit translation initiation at the distant 5′ end, we considered the “closed-loop” model of mRNA translation. In this model, the transcript termini are brought together by interactions of poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) with both the poly(A) tail and initiation factor eIF4G. The effect of these elements on Cp translational control was tested using chimeric reporter transcripts in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The requirement for poly(A) was shown since the cytosolic inhibitor from IFN-γ-treated cells minimally inhibited the translation of a luciferase reporter upstream of the Cp 3′-UTR but almost completely blocked the translation of a transcript containing a poly(A) tail. Likewise, a requirement for poly(A) was shown for silencing of endogenous Cp mRNA. We considered the possibility that the cytosolic inhibitor blocked the interaction of PABP with the poly(A) tail or with eIF4G. We found that neither of these interactions were inhibited, as shown by immunoprecipitation of PABP followed by quantitation of the poly(A) tail by reverse transcription-PCR and of eIF4G by immunoblot analysis. We considered the alternate possibility that these interactions were required for translational silencing. When PABP was depleted from the reticulocyte lysate with anti-human PABP antibody, the cytosolic factor did not inhibit translation of the chimeric reporter, thus showing the requirement for PABP. Similarly, in lysates treated with anti-human eIF4G antibody, the cytosolic extract did not inhibit the translation of the chimeric reporter, thereby showing a requirement for eIF4G. These data show that translational silencing of Cp requires interactions of three essential elements of mRNA circularization, poly(A), PABP, and eIF4G. We suggest that Cp mRNA circularization brings the cytosolic Cp 3′-UTR-binding factor into the proximity of the translation initiation site, where it silences translation by an undetermined mechanism. These results suggest that in addition to its important function in increasing the efficiency of translation, transcript circularization may serve as an essential structural determinant for transcript-specific translational control.

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Taylor, William R. "Transcription and translation in an RNA world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1474 (September 7, 2006): 1751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1910.

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The RNA world hypothesis requires a ribozyme that was an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (ribopolymerase). If such a replicase makes a reverse complementary copy of any sequence (including itself), in a simple RNA world, there is no mechanism to prevent self-hybridization. It is proposed that this can be avoided through the synthesis of a parallel complementary copy. The logical consequences of this are pursued and developed in a computer simulation, where the behaviour of the parallel copy is compared to the conventional reverse complementary copy. It is found that the parallel copy is more efficient at higher temperatures (up to 90°C). A model for the ribopolymerase, based on the core of the large subunit (LSU) of the ribosome, is described. The geometry of a potential active site for this ribopolymerase suggests that it contained a cavity (now occupied by the aminoacyl-tRNA) and that an amino acid binding in this might have ‘poisoned’ the ribopolymerase by cross-reacting with the nucleoside-triphosphate before polymerization could occur. Based on a similarity to the active site components of the class-I tRNA synthetase enzymes, it is proposed that the amino acid could become attached to the nascent RNA transcript producing a variety of aminoacylated tRNA-like products. Using base-pairing interactions, some of these molecules might cross-link two ribopolymerases, giving rise to a precursor of the modern ribosome. A hybrid dimer, half polymerase and half proto-ribosome, could account for mRNA translocation before the advent of protein elongation factors.

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Vieira, René Aloisio da Costa, Fabíola Cristina Brandini da Silva, Maria Elis Sylvestre Silva, Jonathas José da Silva, Almir José Sarri, and Carlos Eduardo Paiva. "Translation and cultural adaptation of the Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome Scale (BCTOS) into Brazilian Portuguese." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 64, no. 7 (July 2018): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.64.07.627.

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SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Breast conservative treatment (BCT) is safe when it is performed in association with radiotherapy. The number of referral for BCT has increased, and it has become an important treatment modality. Patients who undergo BCT present some characteristics that are associated with better quality of life compared with patients who undergo mastectomy without reconstruction. Instruments that measure the quality of life specifically used in cases of BCT are limited. One of these instruments is the Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome Scale (BCTOS), which has not yet been translated into Brazilian Portuguese. It contains 22 questions and four domains (functional, aesthetic, breast sensitivity and oedema). METHODS: We performed the translation and cultural adaptation process using Beaton's and EORTC translations process. In summary, the translation process is based on Portuguese translation, translation summary, reverse translation into English, expert committee, pre-test (10 patients), questionnaire review and test of the final version (6 patients). RESULTS: All 16 patients were submitted to quadrantectomy and mammary radiotherapy. Lymphedema was present in 4, altered strength in 5, and altered shoulder mobility in 6 patients. Considering the questionnaire, the reconciled version determined change in 2 items. Pre-test evaluation showed difficulties in 3 patients, but the questionnaire did not change. Test evaluation showed no problems. CONCLUSION: The translation of BCTOS into Portuguese will help us to evaluate the quality of life in BCT patients evaluating treatment-related sequelae and may be useful for oncoplastic surgery evaluation.

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Chesterman, Andrew. "Models of what processes?" Describing Cognitive Processes in Translation: Acts and events 8, no. 2 (November 29, 2013): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.8.2.02che.

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Toury (1995, 2012) distinguishes between cognitive translation acts on the one hand, and sociological translation events on the other; a translation act is embedded in a translation event, and both acts and events are seen as processes. He also explains three senses of ‘translation problem,’ which relate to different notions of the processes involved in the translation act. The present paper analyzes and develops these ideas. It distinguishes between what are here labeled virtual, reverse-engineered, and actual processes of translation acts or events, which correlate with Toury’s three senses of ‘translation problem.’ A few examples are given of models of each kind of process, both classical and more recent ones. Also discussed is the extent to which the various models are predictive and hence testable. To designate the translation process at the historical and cultural level, alongside the mental act and the situational event, the term ‘translation practice’ is suggested.

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Edginton, Andrea N. "Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Mechanistic Insight: Cases of Reverse Translation." Clinical and Translational Science 11, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cts.12517.

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Boiziau, Claudine, Béatrice Larrouy, Serge Moreau, Christian Cazenave, David Shire, and Jean-Jacques Toulmé. "Ribonuclease H-mediated inhibition of translation and reverse transcription by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides." Biochemical Society Transactions 20, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 764–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0200764.

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Mettetal, Jerome T. "Model-Informed Reverse and Forward Translation of Safety Risks in Drug Development." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 103, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.925.

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Sullivan, William E., Valdeep Saini, and Henry S. Roane. "A nonsequential approach to the study of operant renewal: a reverse translation." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 110, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeab.456.

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Michałowski, Roman. "The Christianisation of the Saxons." Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association 16, no. 1 (2020): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2020.1.4.

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Taking Christianisation as the process by which an entire society can be said to have become Christian, this article examines that phenomenon in ninth-century Saxony. The conversion of Saxony was unwelcome and imposed often by force, especially during the time of Charlemagne. This process of Christianisation is considered through two texts: 'Translato sancti Alexandrii and Translatio sancti Liborii'. The isolationism of the Saxons and the divine triumph over that position through Charlemagne are emphasised in these later accounts of the translation of the remains of saints Alexander and Liborius, whose bodies and the miracles associated with them helped reverse the reintroduction of paganism. At the same time, political necessity had seen the Saxons being granted the right to return to their old way of life in support of the Carolingian rulers. In the end, being Christian was portrayed as the best way to be Saxon and the process of Christianisation hastened.

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Dul, Ed, Michael E. Mahoney, and Daniel L. Wulff. "Mutations that Affect the Efficiency of Translation of mRNA for the cII Gene of Coliphage Lambda." Genetics 115, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/115.4.585.

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ABSTRACT Starting with the λ p RE -strain λctr1 cy3008, which forms clear plaques, we have isolated two mutant strains, λdya2 ctr1 cy3008 and λdya3 ctr1 cy3008, that form plaques with very slightly turbid centers. The dya2 and dya3 mutations lie in the region of overlap between the PRE promoter and the ribosome recognition region of the cII gene, and have nucleotide alterations at positions -1 and +5 of pRE, and alterations of cII mRNA at -16 and -21 nucleotides before the initial AUG codon of the gene. Both mutations destabilize a stem structure that may be formed by cII mRNA, and dya2 also changes the sequence on cII mRNA that is complementary to the 3′-end of 16 S rRNA from 5′-UAAGGA-3′ to 5′-UGAGGA-3′.—The dya2 and dya3 mutations, along with the ctr1 mutation, which destabilizes either of two alternate stem structures which may be formed by cII mRNA (these being more stable stem structures than the one affected by dya2 and dya3), were tested for their ability to reverse two cII - mutations that are characterized by inefficient translation of cII mRNA. These are cII3088, an A → G mutation four bases before the initial AUG codon, and cII3059, a GUU → GAU (Val2 → Asp) second codon mutation. It was found that ctr1 completely reverses the translation defects of these two mutations, while dya2 partially reverses these translation defects. The dya3 mutation has no effect on translation efficiency under any condition tested. However neither the ctr1 mutation nor the dya2 mutation has much effect on translation efficiency in an otherwise cII + background, indicating that other factors must limit the rate of translation of cII mRNA under these conditions.

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Dudek, Kate M., Laura Suter, Veerle M. Darras, Emma L. Marczylo, and Timothy W. Gant. "Decreased translation of Dio3 mRNA is associated with drug-induced hepatotoxicity." Biochemical Journal 453, no. 1 (June 13, 2013): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20130049.

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Recent work has demonstrated the importance of post-transcriptional gene regulation in toxic responses. In the present study, we used two rat models to investigate mRNA translation in the liver following xenobiotic-induced toxicity. By combining polysome profiling with genomic methodologies, we were able to assess global changes in hepatic mRNA translation. Dio3 (iodothyronine deiodinase type III) was identified as a gene that exhibited specific translational repression and had a functional role in a number of relevant canonical pathways. Western blot analysis indicated that this repression led to reduced D3 (the protein expressed by Dio3) levels, enhanced over time and with increased dose. Using Northern blotting techniques and qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription–PCR), we confirmed further that there was no reduction in Dio3 mRNA, suggesting that translational repression of Dio3 is an important determinant of the reduced D3 protein expression following liver damage. Finally, we show that drug-induced hepatotoxicity appears to cause localized disruptions in thyroid hormone levels in the liver and plasma. We suggest that this leads to reduced translation of Dio3 mRNA, which results in decreased D3 production. It may therefore be possible that this is an important mechanism by which the liver can, upon early signs of damage, act rapidly to maintain its own energy equilibrium, thereby avoiding global disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis.

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Garcia De Toro, Cristina. "Describing Catalan–Spanish translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.54.4.05gar.

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When tackling the issue of translation between Spanish and Catalan, Branchadell and West state that translation into a minority language like Catalan is truly an ill-studied and poorly understood phenomenon (2004:16). This paper aims to start a debate on a language pair that has scarcely been studied and is still poorly known even in the Spanish context: two languages that live together, two close languages, two languages always determined by the socio-political and historical circumstances around them, and, as a result, two languages well understood by all speakers in the crowded Catalan region. We will focus on the contextual factors that take part and determine this translation practice: the linguistic profile of their speakers, the bi-directionality of professional translation, self-translation and the specificity of fields in the professional marketplace. We will also examine the implications that derive from them, especially the implications for teaching. This paper will reopen some interesting theoretical debates, like directionality, self-translation, market relations and power balances between a major and a minor language. For example, the closeness of these two languages does not guarantee success in translation, the concepts of direct and reverse translation are not very useful and precise in this language combination, and the reasons for commissioning a translation are not just to facilitate understanding among the readers of the target language.

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Jia, Hongwei. "Indirect Translation: A Semiotic Perspective." Chinese Semiotic Studies 16, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 373–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2020-0021.

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AbstractGrounded on the historical development of indirect translation mainly in China, a critical analysis of the definitions previously given for indirect translation has been made in terms of its nature, features, referential range, and classification, as well as the sign typology involved hereby. This results in a new definition of indirect translation as a process and as an end product respectively, highlighting its referential range, including relay translation, (tech- or human-based) mediated translation, adaptation, and free translation. The definition further divides it into seven types of operational mechanism (conventional single-sourced indirect translation, conventional double-sourced indirect translation, single-sourced relay translation, multi-sourced relay translation, interpreter-based relay translation, indirect translation in reverse translation, single-sourced multi-layered relay translation) and seven types of indirect sign transformation, namely: (1) T→T indirect translation; (2) T→I indirect translation; (3) I→T indirect translation; (4) T+I→T indirect translation; (5) T+I→I indirect translation; (6) T→T+I indirect translation; and (7) I→T+I indirect translation. Finally, the operational mechanism of indirect translation is explored on the macro level of Peirce’s Firstness–Secondness–Thirdness, on the meso level of Peirce’s First–Second–Third, and on the micro level of Peirce’s Sign–Object– Interpretant.

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Chu, E., D. M. Voeller, K. L. Jones, T. Takechi, G. F. Maley, F. Maley, S. Segal, and C. J. Allegra. "Identification of a thymidylate synthase ribonucleoprotein complex in human colon cancer cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.1.207.

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Translation of thymidylate synthase (TS) mRNA is controlled by its own protein product, TS, in an autoregulatory manner. Direct binding of TS protein to two different cis-acting elements on the TS mRNA is associated with this translational regulation. In this study, an immunoprecipitation-reverse transcription-PCR technique was used to identify a TS ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in cultured human colon cancer cells. Using antibodies specific for TS protein, we show that TS is complexed in vivo with its own TS RNA. Furthermore, evidence demonstrating a direct interaction between the mRNA of the nuclear oncogene c-myc and TS protein is presented.

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Chu, E., D. M. Voeller, K. L. Jones, T. Takechi, G. F. Maley, F. Maley, S. Segal, and C. J. Allegra. "Identification of a thymidylate synthase ribonucleoprotein complex in human colon cancer cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.1.207-213.1994.

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Translation of thymidylate synthase (TS) mRNA is controlled by its own protein product, TS, in an autoregulatory manner. Direct binding of TS protein to two different cis-acting elements on the TS mRNA is associated with this translational regulation. In this study, an immunoprecipitation-reverse transcription-PCR technique was used to identify a TS ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in cultured human colon cancer cells. Using antibodies specific for TS protein, we show that TS is complexed in vivo with its own TS RNA. Furthermore, evidence demonstrating a direct interaction between the mRNA of the nuclear oncogene c-myc and TS protein is presented.

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Dorman, Nijsje, and Andrew Lever. "Comparison of Viral Genomic RNA Sorting Mechanisms in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus." Journal of Virology 74, no. 23 (December 1, 2000): 11413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.23.11413-11417.2000.

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ABSTRACT Genomic RNA sorting between translation and packaging was examined for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 using actinomycin D and leptomycin B treatment. Both viruses behaved differently from a simple retrovirus under actinomycin D treatment. With leptomycin B, the lack of apparent functional separation between translation and packaging functions in lentiviruses was confirmed. HIV-2 RNA levels were more stable, but reverse transcriptase production declined similarly to HIV-1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reverse translation'

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