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1
Noman, Zakaria, Shadia Tasnim, Rony Masud, et al. "A systematic review on reverse-zoonosis: Global impact and changes in transmission patterns." Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 11, no. 3 (2024): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k810.
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Reverse zoonosis or zooanthroponosis is the transfer of pathogens from humans to animals. Although less studied than zoonotic diseases, this phenomenon poses significant risks to both animal and public health. The increasing human-animal interactions driven by urbanization, globalization, and environmental changes have exacerbated the occurrence of reverse zoonosis. This review evaluated the global impact and transmission patterns of reverse zoonosis, highlighting the anthropogenic and intrinsic factors contributing to its emergence. The study performed a systematic review and included 91 scientific articles published from 2000 to 2022, covering viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and protozoal reverse zoonoses. This study indicated that viral infections, particularly respiratory viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and influenza, have the highest incidence of reverse zoonosis, followed by bacterial infections like tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The United States, India, and Hong Kong are among the most reported regions for reverse zoonotic events. Major risk factors identified include environmental degradation, climate change, antimicrobial resistance, and global wildlife trade. The review underscores the need for enhanced surveillance systems, interdisciplinary collaboration, and stringent regulations on wildlife trade and animal husbandry practices to mitigate the risks associated with reverse zoonosis. Understanding the dynamics of human-animal pathogen transmission is crucial for developing not only effective but also sustainable strategies to protect animal populations as well as public health from emerging infectious diseases.
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Donnik, I. M., I. A. Chvala, L. K. Kish, and A. M. Ermakov. "Coronavirus Infections in Animals: Risks of Direct and Reverse Zoonoses." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, no. 4 (2022): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622040116.
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Prasad, Minakshi, Mayukh Ghosh, Rajesh Kumar, et al. "The Importance of Nanomedicine in Prophylactic and Theranostic Intervention of Bacterial Zoonoses and Reverse Zoonoses in the Era of Microbial Resistance." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 6 (2021): 3404–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18999.
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Emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), extensively drug resistance (XDR) and pandrug resistance (PDR) strains of bacteria in communicable diseases of zoonotic and reverse zoonotic importance is the major hurdle of one health concept. Increasing level of resistance against antibiotics among bacterial population throughout the world, slow pace of new antibacterial drug discovery and enhanced pace of resistance development by pathogenic bacteria possess major challenges for human and animal health as well as life in future. Alternative management strategy in terms of improved prophylactic vaccine; early, easy and effective diagnostics and therapeutic drugs against those resistant bacteria is the need of the hour. In this context nanomedicine can fit into the multifaceted demands as an effective prophylactic and theranostic alternative to control the communicable diseases in a cost effective manner in the era of microbial resistance. The current review is focused towards delineating the application of nanomaterials as vaccine or drug delivery system, diagnostics and directly acting antimicrobial therapeutic agents in combating the important zoonotic and reverse zoonotic bacterial diseases in recent scenario along with their potential benefits, limitations and future prospects to formulate successful eradication strategies.
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E., Tamileniyan1 M. Jeevitha1 P.Thrisha2 And M.Veeraselvam3. "Kyasanur Forest Disease – A Re-emerging Tick-borne Viral Zoonoses." Science World a monthly e magazine 2, no. 11 (2022): 1884–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7361597.
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Zoonoses is a disease transmission occur from animals to humans and vice versa. When human infects the animals, it is called reverse zoonosis or anthropozoonosis. One of the re-emerging vectors borne zoonotic disease is Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), which is caused by Flavivirus characterized by Fever followed by Neurological complications. KFD was first reported in Kyasanur forest area, Shimoga district of Karnataka. It affects monkeys especially langur and humans. Humans are the dead-end host to this virus. The vector for transmission of KFDV is mainly through ticks especially the nymphs of <em>Haemaphysalis spinigera </em>and<em> Haemaphysalis turturis </em>species. The incubation period is 3-8 days. First stage is haemorrhagic fever and the second stage is meningoencephalitis. Kysanur forest disease can be diagnosed by PCR, ELISA and other molecular techniques. No specific treatment is available for Kyasanur Forest Disease. The target areas are the endemic areas in Karnataka, which should be periodically vaccinated.
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Pattnaik, Bramhadev, Sharanagouda S Patil, Chandrashekar S, et al. "COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE CORONAVIRUSES OF ANIMALS AND SARS-CoV-2." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 2 (2021): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(2).117.130.
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Coronaviruses (CoVs), classified into four genera, viz., alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and Delta- CoV, represent an important group of diverse transboundary pathogens that can infect a variety of mammalian and avian species including humans, animals, poultry, and non-poultry birds. CoVs primarily infect lung and gut epithelial cells, besides monocytes and macrophages. CoVs have high mutation rates causing changes in host specificity, tissue tropism, and mode of virus excretion and transmissions. The recent CoV zoonoses are SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 that are caused by the transmission of beta-CoVs of bats to humans. Recently, reverse zoonoses of the COVID-19 virus have been detected in dogs, tigers, and minks. Beta-CoV strains also infect bovine (BCoV) and canine species (CRCoV); both these beta-CoVs might have originated from a common ancestor. Despite the high genetic similarity between BCoV, CRCoV, and HCoV-OC43, these differ in species specificity. Alpha-CoV strains infect canine (CCoV), feline (FIPV), swine (TGEV and PEDV), and humans (HCoV229E and NL63). Six coronavirus species are known to infect and cause disease in pigs, seven in human beings, and two in dogs. The high mutation rate in CoVs is attributed to error-prone 3′-5′ exoribonuclease (NSP 14), and genetic recombination to template shift by the polymerase. The present compilation describes the important features of the CoVs and diseases caused in humans, animals, and birds that are essential in surveillance of diverse pool of CoVs circulating in nature, and monitoring interspecies transmission, zoonoses, and reverse zoonoses.
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Koeppel, Katja Natalie, Adriano Mendes, Amy Strydom, Lia Rotherham, Misheck Mulumba, and Marietjie Venter. "SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Zoonoses to Pumas and Lions, South Africa." Viruses 14, no. 1 (2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14010120.
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Reverse-zoonotic infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from humans to wildlife species internationally raise concern over the emergence of new variants in animals. A better understanding of the transmission dynamics and pathogenesis in susceptible species will mitigate the risk to humans and wildlife occurring in Africa. Here we report infection of an exotic puma (July 2020) and three African lions (July 2021) in the same private zoo in Johannesburg, South Africa. One Health genomic surveillance identified transmission of a Delta variant from a zookeeper to the three lions, similar to those circulating in humans in South Africa. One lion developed pneumonia while the other cases had mild infection. Both the puma and lions remained positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for up to 7 weeks.
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Messenger, Ali M., Amber N. Barnes, and Gregory C. Gray. "Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals." PloS One 9, no. 2 (2014): e89055. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13505180.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) BACKGROUND: Research regarding zoonotic diseases often focuses on infectious diseases animals have given to humans. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that humans are transmitting pathogens to animals. Recent examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Ascaris lumbricoides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published literature regarding reverse zoonoses and highlight the need for future work in this area. METHODS: An initial broad literature review yielded 4763 titles, of which 4704 were excluded as not meeting inclusion criteria. After careful screening, 56 articles (from 56 countries over three decades) with documented human-to-animal disease transmission were included in this report. FINDINGS: In these publications, 21 (38%) pathogens studied were bacterial, 16 (29%) were viral, 12 (21%) were parasitic, and 7 (13%) were fungal, other, or involved multiple pathogens. Effected animals included wildlife (n = 28, 50%), livestock (n = 24, 43%), companion animals (n = 13, 23%), and various other animals or animals not explicitly mentioned (n = 2, 4%). Published reports of reverse zoonoses transmission occurred in every continent except Antarctica therefore indicating a worldwide disease threat. INTERPRETATION: As we see a global increase in industrial animal production, the rapid movement of humans and animals, and the habitats of humans and wild animals intertwining with great complexity, the future promises more opportunities for humans to cause reverse zoonoses. Scientific research must be conducted in this area to provide a richer understanding of emerging and reemerging disease threats. As a result, multidisciplinary approaches such as One Health will be needed to mitigate these problems.
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Messenger, Ali M., Amber N. Barnes, and Gregory C. Gray. "Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals." PloS One 9, no. 2 (2014): e89055. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13505180.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) BACKGROUND: Research regarding zoonotic diseases often focuses on infectious diseases animals have given to humans. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that humans are transmitting pathogens to animals. Recent examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Ascaris lumbricoides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published literature regarding reverse zoonoses and highlight the need for future work in this area. METHODS: An initial broad literature review yielded 4763 titles, of which 4704 were excluded as not meeting inclusion criteria. After careful screening, 56 articles (from 56 countries over three decades) with documented human-to-animal disease transmission were included in this report. FINDINGS: In these publications, 21 (38%) pathogens studied were bacterial, 16 (29%) were viral, 12 (21%) were parasitic, and 7 (13%) were fungal, other, or involved multiple pathogens. Effected animals included wildlife (n = 28, 50%), livestock (n = 24, 43%), companion animals (n = 13, 23%), and various other animals or animals not explicitly mentioned (n = 2, 4%). Published reports of reverse zoonoses transmission occurred in every continent except Antarctica therefore indicating a worldwide disease threat. INTERPRETATION: As we see a global increase in industrial animal production, the rapid movement of humans and animals, and the habitats of humans and wild animals intertwining with great complexity, the future promises more opportunities for humans to cause reverse zoonoses. Scientific research must be conducted in this area to provide a richer understanding of emerging and reemerging disease threats. As a result, multidisciplinary approaches such as One Health will be needed to mitigate these problems.
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Messenger, Ali M., Amber N. Barnes, and Gregory C. Gray. "Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals." PloS One 9, no. 2 (2014): e89055. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13505180.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) BACKGROUND: Research regarding zoonotic diseases often focuses on infectious diseases animals have given to humans. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that humans are transmitting pathogens to animals. Recent examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Ascaris lumbricoides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published literature regarding reverse zoonoses and highlight the need for future work in this area. METHODS: An initial broad literature review yielded 4763 titles, of which 4704 were excluded as not meeting inclusion criteria. After careful screening, 56 articles (from 56 countries over three decades) with documented human-to-animal disease transmission were included in this report. FINDINGS: In these publications, 21 (38%) pathogens studied were bacterial, 16 (29%) were viral, 12 (21%) were parasitic, and 7 (13%) were fungal, other, or involved multiple pathogens. Effected animals included wildlife (n = 28, 50%), livestock (n = 24, 43%), companion animals (n = 13, 23%), and various other animals or animals not explicitly mentioned (n = 2, 4%). Published reports of reverse zoonoses transmission occurred in every continent except Antarctica therefore indicating a worldwide disease threat. INTERPRETATION: As we see a global increase in industrial animal production, the rapid movement of humans and animals, and the habitats of humans and wild animals intertwining with great complexity, the future promises more opportunities for humans to cause reverse zoonoses. Scientific research must be conducted in this area to provide a richer understanding of emerging and reemerging disease threats. As a result, multidisciplinary approaches such as One Health will be needed to mitigate these problems.
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Messenger, Ali M., Amber N. Barnes, and Gregory C. Gray. "Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals." PloS One 9, no. 2 (2014): e89055. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13505180.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) BACKGROUND: Research regarding zoonotic diseases often focuses on infectious diseases animals have given to humans. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that humans are transmitting pathogens to animals. Recent examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Ascaris lumbricoides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published literature regarding reverse zoonoses and highlight the need for future work in this area. METHODS: An initial broad literature review yielded 4763 titles, of which 4704 were excluded as not meeting inclusion criteria. After careful screening, 56 articles (from 56 countries over three decades) with documented human-to-animal disease transmission were included in this report. FINDINGS: In these publications, 21 (38%) pathogens studied were bacterial, 16 (29%) were viral, 12 (21%) were parasitic, and 7 (13%) were fungal, other, or involved multiple pathogens. Effected animals included wildlife (n = 28, 50%), livestock (n = 24, 43%), companion animals (n = 13, 23%), and various other animals or animals not explicitly mentioned (n = 2, 4%). Published reports of reverse zoonoses transmission occurred in every continent except Antarctica therefore indicating a worldwide disease threat. INTERPRETATION: As we see a global increase in industrial animal production, the rapid movement of humans and animals, and the habitats of humans and wild animals intertwining with great complexity, the future promises more opportunities for humans to cause reverse zoonoses. Scientific research must be conducted in this area to provide a richer understanding of emerging and reemerging disease threats. As a result, multidisciplinary approaches such as One Health will be needed to mitigate these problems.
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Perin, Patricia Parreira, Talita Turmina, Carmen Andrea Arias-Pacheco, et al. "Rabies Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Free-Ranging Invasive Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Brazil." Pathogens 13, no. 4 (2024): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040303.
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Rabies, one of the most lethal global zoonoses, affects all mammals. It remains circulating worldwide in sylvatic cycles through terrestrial and airborne reservoirs, and in Brazil, bats are currently the main reservoirs and source of transmission. Wild boars, an important invasive alien species in Brazil, are a proven food source for hematophagous bats and may participate in the Brazilian sylvatic cycle of rabies. We evaluated the presence of this pathogen in hunted wild boars from the São Paulo state using histopathology, the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA), viral isolation in cell culture (VICC), the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results of histopathological, DFA, VICC, and RT-qPCR analysis were negative for all samples; seven serum samples tested positive in the RFFIT, and titers ranged from 0.13 IU/mL to 0.5 IU/mL. The presence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies in the studied wild boars suggests the circulation of the virus in these animals. Educative actions directed at hunters should include information on the prevention of this important zoonosis.
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صمدی, اسدالله. "زونوزهای معکوس: تغییر مسیر انتقال بیماریهای مشترک بین انسانها و". Journal of Natural Sciences – Kabul University 5, № 2 (2025): 11–22. https://doi.org/10.62810/jns.v5i2.270.
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تمرکز اکثر تحقیقات علمی بالای نقش حیوانات در بقا و انتقال عوامل بیماریهای زونوز به انسان بوده است، اما اخیراً گزارشات زیادی پیرامون نقش انسانها در بقا و انتشار عوامل بیماریزای زونوز به حیوانات به نشر رسیده اند. همچو بیماریهای زونوز بهحیث زونوزهای معکوس (reverse zoonoses) شناخته شده و بهنام zooanthroponoses (انتقال بیماری از انسان به حیوان) یاد میشوند. با وجودیکه انسانها عوامل مختلف زونوز را به حیوانات فارم، حیوانات همراه (companion animals) و جهان وحش انتقال میدهند، اما ویروسهای عامل COVID-19 و انفلوانزا، عوامل توبرکلوز و سترنهای مقاوم به میتیسیلین ستافیلوکوکوس اوریوس (methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus “MRSA”) بیشتر از همه با اهمیت بوده و تهدیدات باالقوه را برای جمعیتهای حیوانی و در نتیجه جمعیتهای حساس انسانی بهوجود آورده اند. زیرا، در اکثر حالات حیوانات مبتلاشده بهحیث منبع عفونت عمل نموده و عوامل بیماریزا را دوباره به انسانها و سایر حیوانات انتقال نموده اند.
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Wasserman, Michael D. "Primate exposure to anthropogenic pollutants: An overlooked conservation concern." Open Access Government 45, no. 1 (2025): 268–69. https://doi.org/10.56367/oag-045-11851.
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Primate exposure to anthropogenic pollutants: An overlooked conservation concern Michael Wasserman of Indiana University discusses research on wild primate exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as pesticides, flame retardants, and phytoestrogens. What are the current threats primates face globally? Tropical forests are home to the majority of terrestrial biodiversity, regulate climate, and purify air and water. (1) Despite their importance, deforestation continues to threaten these ecosystems, with both their loss and fragmentation leading to declines in primate populations that depend on them for habitat, food, and other resources. (2) As a result of tropical forest loss and fragmentation, along with hunting, infectious diseases (e.g., emerging pathogens and reverse zoonoses), and climate change, more than sixty percent of primate species are vulnerable to extinction. (3) Chemical pollution from increasing agricultural expansion, urbanization, and industrialization is also a threat to primates, but one that has been largely overlooked. (4)
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Markin, Alexey, Giovana Ciacci Zanella, Zebulun W. Arendsee, et al. "Reverse-zoonoses of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza A viruses and evolution in United States swine results in viruses with zoonotic potential." PLOS Pathogens 19, no. 7 (2023): e1011476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011476.
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The 2009 H1N1 pandemic (pdm09) lineage of influenza A virus (IAV) crosses interspecies barriers with frequent human-to-swine spillovers each year. These spillovers reassort and drift within swine populations, leading to genetically and antigenically novel IAV that represent a zoonotic threat. We quantified interspecies transmission of the pdm09 lineage, persistence in swine, and identified how evolution in swine impacted zoonotic risk. Human and swine pdm09 case counts between 2010 and 2020 were correlated and human pdm09 burden and circulation directly impacted the detection of pdm09 in pigs. However, there was a relative absence of pdm09 circulation in humans during the 2020–21 season that was not reflected in swine. During the 2020–21 season, most swine pdm09 detections originated from human-to-swine spillovers from the 2018–19 and 2019–20 seasons that persisted in swine. We identified contemporary swine pdm09 representatives of each persistent spillover and quantified cross-reactivity between human seasonal H1 vaccine strains and the swine strains using a panel of monovalent ferret antisera in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. The swine pdm09s had variable antigenic reactivity to vaccine antisera, but each swine pdm09 clade exhibited significant reduction in cross-reactivity to one or more of the human seasonal vaccine strains. Further supporting zoonotic risk, we showed phylogenetic evidence for 17 swine-to-human transmission events of pdm09 from 2010 to 2021, 11 of which were not previously classified as variants, with each of the zoonotic cases associated with persistent circulation of pdm09 in pigs. These data demonstrate that reverse-zoonoses and evolution of pdm09 in swine results in viruses that are capable of zoonotic transmission and represent a potential pandemic threat.
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Cook, Peter W., Thomas Stark, Joyce Jones, et al. "Detection and Characterization of Swine Origin Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic 2009 Viruses in Humans following Zoonotic Transmission." Journal of Virology 95, no. 2 (2020): e01066-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01066-20.
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ABSTRACTHuman-to-swine transmission of seasonal influenza viruses has led to sustained human-like influenza viruses circulating in the U.S. swine population. While some reverse zoonotic-origin viruses adapt and become enzootic in swine, nascent reverse zoonoses may result in virus detections that are difficult to classify as “swine-origin” or “human-origin” due to the genetic similarity of circulating viruses. This is the case for human-origin influenza A(H1N1) pandemic 2009 (pdm09) viruses detected in pigs following numerous reverse zoonosis events since the 2009 pandemic. We report the identification of two human infections with A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses originating from swine hosts and classify them as “swine-origin” variant influenza viruses based on phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparison methods. Phylogenetic analyses of viral genomes from two cases revealed these viruses were reassortants containing A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes with genetic combinations derived from the triple reassortant internal gene cassette. Follow-up investigations determined that one individual had direct exposure to swine in the week preceding illness onset, while another did not report swine exposure. The swine-origin A(H1N1) variant cases were resolved by full genome sequence comparison of the variant viruses to swine influenza genomes. However, if reassortment does not result in the acquisition of swine-associated genes and swine virus genomic sequences are not available from the exposure source, future cases may not be discernible. We have developed a pipeline that performs maximum likelihood analyses, a k-mer-based set difference algorithm, and random forest algorithms to identify swine-associated sequences in the hemagglutinin gene to differentiate between human-origin and swine-origin A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.IMPORTANCE Influenza virus infects a wide range of hosts, resulting in illnesses that vary from asymptomatic cases to severe pneumonia and death. Viral transfer can occur between human and nonhuman hosts, resulting in human and nonhuman origin viruses circulating in novel hosts. In this work, we have identified the first case of a swine-origin influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus resulting in a human infection. This shows that these viruses not only circulate in swine hosts, but are continuing to evolve and distinguish themselves from previously circulating human-origin influenza viruses. The development of techniques for distinguishing human-origin and swine-origin viruses are necessary for the continued surveillance of influenza viruses. We show that unique genetic signatures can differentiate circulating swine-associated strains from circulating human-associated strains of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and these signatures can be used to enhance surveillance of swine-origin influenza.
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Norberg, Antonio Neres, Paulo Roberto Blanco Moreira Norberg, Bianca Magnelli Mangiavacchi, et al. "Zoonose e zoonose reversa do SARS-CoV-2 sob a perspectiva da Saúde Única." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 11 (2022): e595111134145. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i11.34145.
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Zoonoses não se processam em um único sentido na dinâmica de infecção, de animais para humanos. Assim como outras doenças, já vem sendo demonstrada a capacidade de infecção de animais pelo SARS-CoV-2 a partir do contato com humanos. O objetivo desse trabalho é realizar uma revisão narrativa, através da análise da literatura científica atual, quanto à possibilidade de zoonose e zoonose reversa do SARS-CoV-2 sob a perspectiva de Saúde Única e possíveis implicações para o futuro da evolução do vírus. Pesquisas recentes apontam que o vírus mostrou potencial de zoonose reversa, infectando mamíferos em diversas partes do planeta. Mustelídeos, hamsters, felinos e primatas do velho mundo são os animais que apresentaram maior susceptibilidade ao SARS-CoV-2. A zoonose reversa do SARS-CoV-2 favoreceu o surgimento de variantes cujas mutações mostraram-se adaptadas às diversas características fisiológicas particulares das espécies animais afetadas, com capacidade de retorno ao ser humano. O SARS-CoV-2 provavelmente será persistente entre mamíferos após a onda pandêmica que afetou a humanidade. Processos de mitigação da zoonose e zoonose reversa do SARS-CoV-2 sob a perspectiva da Saúde Única requerem ações em três níveis: ambiente humano, relações entre humanos e animais domésticos ou cativos, e vigilância e controle do vírus circulante entre animais de vida livre.
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Vieira, Yasmine R., Moyra M. Portilho, Flávia F. Oliveira, et al. "Evaluation of HBV-Like Circulation in Wild and Farm Animals from Brazil and Uruguay." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (2019): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152679.
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The origin of the hepatitis B virus is a subject of wide deliberation among researchers. As a result, increasing academic interest has focused on the spread of the virus in different animal species. However, the sources of viral infection for many of these animals are unknown since transmission may occur from animal to animal, human to human, animal to human, and human to animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate hepadnavirus circulation in wild and farm animals (including animals raised under wild or free conditions) from different sites in Brazil and Uruguay using serological and molecular tools. A total of 487 domestic wild and farm animals were screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers and tested via quantitative and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect viral DNA. We report evidence of HBsAg (surface antigen of HBV) and total anti-HBc (HBV core antigen) markers as well as low-copy hepadnavirus DNA among domestic and wild animals. According to our results, which were confirmed by partial genome sequencing, as the proximity between humans and animals increases, the potential for pathogen dispersal also increases. A wider knowledge and understanding of reverse zoonoses should be sought for an effective One Health response.
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Bohou Kombila, Linda, Nadine N’dilimabaka, Déborah Garcia, et al. "Molecular Identification of Enteric Viruses in Domestic Animals in Northeastern Gabon, Central Africa." Animals 13, no. 15 (2023): 2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13152512.
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Astroviruses (AstVs), enteroviruses (EVs), and caliciviruses (CaVs) infect several vertebrate taxa. Transmitted through the fecal–oral route, these enteric viruses are highly resistant and can survive in the environment, thereby increasing their zoonotic potential. Here, we screened for AstVs, EVs, and CaVs to investigate the role of domestic animals in the emergence of zoonoses, because they are situated at the human/wildlife interface, particularly in rural forested areas in Central Africa. Rectal swabs were obtained from 123 goats, 41 sheep, and 76 dogs in 10 villages located in northeastern Gabon. Extracted RNA reverse-transcribed into cDNA was used to detect AstVs, EVs, and CaVs by amplification of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), or capsid protein (VP1) gene using PCR. A total of 23 samples tested positive, including 17 goats for AstVs, 2 goats, 2 sheep, 1 dog for EVs, and 1 dog for CaVs. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that AstV RdRp sequences clustered with sheep-, goat-, or bovine-related AstVs. In addition, one goat and two sheep VP1 sequences clustered with caprine/ovine-related Evs within the Enterovirus G species, and the CaV was a canine vesivirus. However, human-pathogenic Evs, EV-B80 and EV-C99, were detected in goats and dogs, raising questions on the maintenance of viruses able to infect humans.
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Cossaboom, Caitlin M., Natalie M. Wendling, Nathaniel M. Lewis, et al. "One Health Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in People and Animals on Multiple Mink Farms in Utah." Viruses 15, no. 1 (2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010096.
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From July–November 2020, mink (Neogale vison) on 12 Utah farms experienced an increase in mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted epidemiologic investigations on six farms to identify the source of virus introduction, track cross-species transmission, and assess viral evolution. Interviews were conducted and specimens were collected from persons living or working on participating farms and from multiple animal species. Swabs and sera were tested by SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and serological assays, respectively. Whole genome sequencing was attempted for specimens with cycle threshold values <30. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected by rRT-PCR or serology in ≥1 person, farmed mink, dog, and/or feral cat on each farm. Sequence analysis showed high similarity between mink and human sequences on corresponding farms. On farms sampled at multiple time points, mink tested rRT-PCR positive up to 16 weeks post-onset of increased mortality. Workers likely introduced SARS-CoV-2 to mink, and mink transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to other animal species; mink-to-human transmission was not identified. Our findings provide critical evidence to support interventions to prevent and manage SARS-CoV-2 in people and animals on mink farms and emphasizes the importance of a One Health approach to address emerging zoonoses.
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Gebremichael, Bashahun, Dese Kefyalew, Zerihun Mulatu, Mukerim Abdurahaman, and Wubit Tafese. "Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health and Production." International Journal of Climatic Studies 2, no. 1 (2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijcs.1769.
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Purpose: To examine the impact of climate change on animal health and production.
 Methodology: To review an existing literatures concerning impact of climate change on animal health and production.
 Findings: Climate change is seen as a major threat to the survival of many species of animal, ecosystems and the sustainability of livestock production systems globally. Livestock production and health are considerably vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Since several decades back, climate change has become the major issue affecting global and regional ecosystems and people are working on it. Although yet it is real and is happening with concomitant changes in precipitation, flooding, heavy winds, and the frequency of severe events, increased temperature, and changes in humidity. It is evidenced that it will become worse in the future life. Climate change has direct and indirect impacts on emerging and re-emerging animal diseases and zoonoses since it disrupts natural ecosystems and allows disease-causing pathogens to move into new areas where they may harm wild life, domestic species, and humans.
 The interaction between animal production and climate change is complex since animal production contributes to climate change. However to the reverse and worse condition, climate change highly affects animal production. Thus, the increased threat of climate change on the animal production and health sectors needs the hands of various stakeholders to work collaboratively.
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Yuan, Lihong, Min Li, Linmiao Li, et al. "Evidence for retrovirus and paramyxovirus infection of multiple bat species in china." Viruses 6, no. 5 (2014): 2138–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14822584.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bats are recognized reservoirs for many emerging zoonotic viruses of public health importance. Identifying and cataloguing the viruses of bats is a logical approach to evaluate the range of potential zoonoses of bat origin. We characterized the fecal pathogen microbiome of both insectivorous and frugivorous bats, incorporating 281 individual bats comprising 20 common species, which were sampled in three locations of Yunnan province, by combining reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and next-generation sequencing. Seven individual bats were paramyxovirus-positive by RT-PCR using degenerate primers, and these paramyxoviruses were mainly classified into three genera (Rubulavirus, Henipavirus and Jeilongvirus). Various additional novel pathogens were detected in the paramyxovirus-positive bats using Illumina sequencing. A total of 7066 assembled contigs (≥200 bp) were constructed, and 105 contigs matched eukaryotic viruses (of them 103 belong to 2 vertebrate virus families, 1 insect virus, and 1 mycovirus), 17 were parasites, and 4913 were homologous to prokaryotic microorganisms. Among the 103 vertebrate viral contigs, 79 displayed low identity (<70%) to known viruses including human viruses at the amino acid level, suggesting that these belong to novel and genetically divergent viruses. Overall, the most frequently identified viruses, particularly in bats from the family Hipposideridae, were retroviruses. The present study expands our understanding of the bat virome in species commonly found in Yunnan, China, and provides insight into the overall diversity of viruses that may be capable of directly or indirectly crossing over into humans.
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Ga, Eulhae, Yongkwan Won, Jaehyun Hwang, et al. "A COVID-19 Vaccine for Dogs Prevents Reverse Zoonosis." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (2022): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050676.
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COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can infect both humans and animals. SARS-CoV-2 originated from bats and can affect various species capable of crossing the species barrier due to active mutation. Although reports on reverse zoonosis (human-to-animal transmission) of SARS-CoV-2 remain limited, reverse zoonosis has been reported in many species such as cats, tigers, minks, etc. Therefore, transmission to more animals cannot be ruled out. Moreover, the wide distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population could result in an increased risk of reverse zoonosis. To counteract reverse zoonosis, we developed the first COVID-19 subunit vaccines for dogs, which are representative companion animals, and the vaccine includes the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein of whole S1 protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD). A subunit vaccine is a vaccine developed by purifying only the protein region that induces an immune response instead of the whole pathogen. This type of vaccine is safer than the whole virus vaccine because there is no risk of infection and proliferation through back-mutation of the virus. Vaccines were administered to beagles twice at an interval of 3 weeks subcutaneously and antibody formation rates were assessed in serum. We identified a titer, comparable to that of vaccinated people, shown to be sufficient to protect against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the vaccination of companion animals, such as dogs, may prevent reverse zoonosis by protecting animals from SARS-CoV-2; thus, reverse zoonosis of COVID-19 is preventable.
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Ga, Eulhae, Yongkwan Won, Jaehyun Hwang, et al. "A COVID-19 Vaccine for Dogs Prevents Reverse Zoonosis." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (2022): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050676.
Full textAbstract:
COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can infect both humans and animals. SARS-CoV-2 originated from bats and can affect various species capable of crossing the species barrier due to active mutation. Although reports on reverse zoonosis (human-to-animal transmission) of SARS-CoV-2 remain limited, reverse zoonosis has been reported in many species such as cats, tigers, minks, etc. Therefore, transmission to more animals cannot be ruled out. Moreover, the wide distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population could result in an increased risk of reverse zoonosis. To counteract reverse zoonosis, we developed the first COVID-19 subunit vaccines for dogs, which are representative companion animals, and the vaccine includes the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein of whole S1 protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD). A subunit vaccine is a vaccine developed by purifying only the protein region that induces an immune response instead of the whole pathogen. This type of vaccine is safer than the whole virus vaccine because there is no risk of infection and proliferation through back-mutation of the virus. Vaccines were administered to beagles twice at an interval of 3 weeks subcutaneously and antibody formation rates were assessed in serum. We identified a titer, comparable to that of vaccinated people, shown to be sufficient to protect against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the vaccination of companion animals, such as dogs, may prevent reverse zoonosis by protecting animals from SARS-CoV-2; thus, reverse zoonosis of COVID-19 is preventable.
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Escorcia, Magdalena, and Guillermo Tellez-Isaias. "Mexico's experience when vaccinating against Avian Influenza: Advantages, disadvantages, and needs. Proceeding of The First International Avian Influenza Summit, University of Arkansas- October 16-17, 2023”." First International Avian Influenza Summit. The University of Arkansas. October 16-17, 2023 3, no. 1 (2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gtop.2023.1.0032.
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The experience. The silent entry of the Avian Influenza (AI) virus into Mexican territory, for the experience. In March 1994, a Low Pathogenicity (LP) subtype H5N2 virus entered Mexico stealthily and spread fast in poultry districts. The virus was common in flocks when discovered. It became an HP virus in December, jeopardizing food security. A biological was developed using biosafety. December 1995 saw HPAI-free nation. From January to December 1995, 383 million vaccinations were given. The biological was an intravenous emulsion-inactivated vaccine. Due to excessive mortality in two Altos de Jalisco districts, the National Emergency Device in Animal Health (DINESA) was established in June 2012, and the HPAI H7N3 subtype was determined as the cause. About 20 towns in Los Altos de Jalisco generate 80% of the region's eggs, with 70,000,000 birds and 40% of per capita consumption. This endangered national food security. A 2006 migratory duck virus was used to develop a vaccination, then a reverse genetics vaccine. Both vaccinations were inactivated and emulsified for parenteral administration. A recombinant vaccine was made from the Newcastle virus vector and HA protein insert. Final data: 22.4 million birds infected, 140 million vaccinated. Wild, backyard, and production birds had HPAI virus subtype H5N1 in October 2022. The outbreaks occurred in strategic poultry regions: the Yucatan Peninsula, where parent and reproductive farms are; Jalisco, which produces 54.84% of the nation's eggs and 15.60% of chickens; Sonora, which produces 7.88% of eggs, and Nuevo León which produces 2.8% of eggs and 1.82% of Control was achieved with two emulsified parenteral subunit and reverse genetics vaccinations. Following the outbreak, 201,652,000 doses were delivered. In April, authorities halted immunization against this subtype because there were no isolates, hoping to weaken antibodies and declare the country free. Advantages and disadvantages of vaccinating. Emulsified vaccines are the most common in Mexico to combat the infection. These vaccines provide robust systemic protection, protect against mortality and productivity drops, do not promote local IgA production or memory cell development, require continual revaccination, and do not prevent infection. Since local immunity is poor and delayed, emulsified vaccinations should be used with recombinant vaccines. Vaccinating in Mexico protects food safety and indirectly reduces zoonoses because vaccinated birds remove less virus. Main drawback: Vaccination can make the virus endemic. Needs. Mexico produces a lot of chicken and eggs; therefore, HPAI has been a major issue for the sector. If we keep vaccinating, our most urgent needs will be (1) new vaccines from seed viruses, which must be refreshed cyclically to match the challenge virus, (2) a biological that stimulates local neutralizing immunity (IgA), (3) bivalent or trivalent biologicals that facilitate flock management to protect productive parameters, and (4) diffusion of the information about viral behavior and vaccine use. Insufficient information is a dangerous weapon.
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Lorusso, Vincenzo, Michiel Wijnveld, Ayodele O. Majekodunmi, et al. "Tick-borne pathogens of zoonotic and veterinary importance in Nigerian cattle." Parasites & Vectors 9, no. 1 (2016): 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1504-7.
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<strong>Background: </strong>Ticks and tick-borne diseases undermine cattle fitness and productivity in the whole of sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. In this West African country, cattle are challenged by numerous tick species, especially during the wet season. Consequently, several TBDs are known to be endemic in Nigerian cattle, including anaplasmosis, babesiosis, cowdriosis and theilerioris (by <i>Theileria mutans</i> and <i>Theileria velifera</i>). To date, all investigations on cattle TBDs in Nigeria have been based on cytological examinations and/or on serological methods. This study aimed to ascertain the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens of veterinary and zoonotic importance in cattle in Nigeria using molecular approaches.<strong>Methods: </strong>In October 2008, 704 whole blood samples were collected from indigenous cattle in the Plateau State, Nigeria. Analysis for tick-borne pathogens was conducted by means of PCR-based reverse line blotting (RLB) and sequencing targeting a panel of five genera of microorganisms (i.e. <i>Babesia</i>, <i>Theileria</i>, <i>Anaplasma</i>, <i>Ehrlichia</i> and <i>Rickettsia</i> spp.).<strong>Results: </strong>In total, 561/704 (82.6 %) animals were found infected, with 465 (69.6 %) of them being infected by two or more microorganisms, with up to 77 possible combinations of pathogens detected. <i>Theileria mutans</i> was the most prevalent microorganism (66.3 %), followed by <i>Theileria velifera</i> (52.4 %), <i>Theileria taurotragi</i> (39.5 %), <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> (39.1 %), <i>Anaplasma</i> sp. (Omatjenne) (34.7 %), <i>Babesia bigemina</i> (7.9 %), <i>Anaplasma centrale</i> (6.3 %), <i>Anaplasma platys</i> (3.9 %), <i>Rickettsia massiliae</i> (3.5 %), <i>Babesia bovis</i> (2.0 %) and <i>Ehrlichia ruminantium</i> (1.1 %). Calves were found significantly less infected than juvenile and adult cattle.<strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides updated, molecular-based information on cattle TBDs in Nigeria. The molecular approach employed allowed the diagnosis of numerous positive cases including carrier statuses, multiple infections and novel pathogen detections within the indigenous cattle population. Moreover, the RLB method here described enabled the detection of veterinary agents not only pertaining to bovine health, including also those of zoonotic importance.The high prevalence recorded for <i>T. mutans</i>, <i>T. velifera</i>, <i>A. marginale</i>, <i>T. taurotragi</i> and <i>Anaplasma</i> sp. (Omatjenne), suggests they may be endemically established in Nigeria, whereas the lower prevalence recorded for other microorganisms (i.e. <i>A. centrale</i> and <i>B. bovis</i>) highlights a less stable epidemiological scenario, requiring further investigations.
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Jia, Peng, Shaoqing Dai, Tong Wu, and Shujuan Yang. "New Approaches to Anticipate the Risk of Reverse Zoonosis." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 36, no. 7 (2021): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.012.
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Nelson, Martha I., and Amy L. Vincent. "Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human–animal interface." Trends in Microbiology 23, no. 3 (2015): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2014.12.002.
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Goldspink, Lauren K., Daniel W. Edson, Miranda E. Vidgen, John Bingham, Hume E. Field, and Craig S. Smith. "Natural Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes - Tissue Tropism and Risk Factors." PloS One 10, no. 6 (2015): e0128835. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13534472.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Hendra virus (HeV) is a lethal zoonotic agent that emerged in 1994 in Australia. Pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural reservoir. To date, HeV has spilled over from flying-foxes to horses on 51 known occasions, and from infected horses to close-contact humans on seven occasions. We undertook screening of archived bat tissues for HeV by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Tissues were tested from 310 bats including 295 Pteropodiformes and 15 Vespertilioniformes. HeV was detected in 20 individual flying-foxes (6.4%) from various tissues including spleen, kidney, liver, lung, placenta and blood components. Detection was significantly higher in Pteropus Alecto and P. conspicillatus, identifying species as a risk factor for infection. Further, our findings indicate that HeV has a predilection for the spleen, suggesting this organ plays an important role in HeV infection. The lack of detections in the foetal tissues of HeV-positive females suggests that vertical transmission is not a regular mode of transmission in naturally infected flying-foxes, and that placental and foetal tissues are not a major source of infection for horses. A better understanding of HeV tissue tropism will strengthen management of the risk of spillover from flying-foxes to horses and ultimately humans.
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Goldspink, Lauren K., Daniel W. Edson, Miranda E. Vidgen, John Bingham, Hume E. Field, and Craig S. Smith. "Natural Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes - Tissue Tropism and Risk Factors." PloS One 10, no. 6 (2015): e0128835. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13534472.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Hendra virus (HeV) is a lethal zoonotic agent that emerged in 1994 in Australia. Pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural reservoir. To date, HeV has spilled over from flying-foxes to horses on 51 known occasions, and from infected horses to close-contact humans on seven occasions. We undertook screening of archived bat tissues for HeV by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Tissues were tested from 310 bats including 295 Pteropodiformes and 15 Vespertilioniformes. HeV was detected in 20 individual flying-foxes (6.4%) from various tissues including spleen, kidney, liver, lung, placenta and blood components. Detection was significantly higher in Pteropus Alecto and P. conspicillatus, identifying species as a risk factor for infection. Further, our findings indicate that HeV has a predilection for the spleen, suggesting this organ plays an important role in HeV infection. The lack of detections in the foetal tissues of HeV-positive females suggests that vertical transmission is not a regular mode of transmission in naturally infected flying-foxes, and that placental and foetal tissues are not a major source of infection for horses. A better understanding of HeV tissue tropism will strengthen management of the risk of spillover from flying-foxes to horses and ultimately humans.
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Prince, Tessa, Shirley L. Smith, Alan D. Radford, Tom Solomon, Grant L. Hughes, and Edward I. Patterson. "SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Animals: Reservoirs for Reverse Zoonosis and Models for Study." Viruses 13, no. 3 (2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030494.
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The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought many questions over the origin of the virus, the threat it poses to animals both in the wild and captivity, and the risks of a permanent viral reservoir developing in animals. Animal experiments have shown that a variety of animals can become infected with the virus. While coronaviruses have been known to infect animals for decades, the true intermediate host of the virus has not been identified, with no cases of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals. The screening of wild, farmed, and domesticated animals is necessary to help us understand the virus and its origins and prevent future outbreaks of both COVID-19 and other diseases. There is intriguing evidence that farmed mink infections (acquired from humans) have led to infection of other farm workers in turn, with a recent outbreak of a mink variant in humans in Denmark. A thorough examination of the current knowledge and evidence of the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect different animal species is therefore vital to evaluate the threat of animal to human transmission and reverse zoonosis.
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Prince, Tessa, Shirley L. Smith, Alan D. Radford, Tom Solomon, Grant L. Hughes, and Edward I. Patterson. "SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Animals: Reservoirs for Reverse Zoonosis and Models for Study." Viruses 13, no. 3 (2021): 494. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13531762.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought many questions over the origin of the virus, the threat it poses to animals both in the wild and captivity, and the risks of a permanent viral reservoir developing in animals. Animal experiments have shown that a variety of animals can become infected with the virus. While coronaviruses have been known to infect animals for decades, the true intermediate host of the virus has not been identified, with no cases of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals. The screening of wild, farmed, and domesticated animals is necessary to help us understand the virus and its origins and prevent future outbreaks of both COVID-19 and other diseases. There is intriguing evidence that farmed mink infections (acquired from humans) have led to infection of other farm workers in turn, with a recent outbreak of a mink variant in humans in Denmark. A thorough examination of the current knowledge and evidence of the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect different animal species is therefore vital to evaluate the threat of animal to human transmission and reverse zoonosis.
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Prince, Tessa, Shirley L. Smith, Alan D. Radford, Tom Solomon, Grant L. Hughes, and Edward I. Patterson. "SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Animals: Reservoirs for Reverse Zoonosis and Models for Study." Viruses 13, no. 3 (2021): 494. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13531762.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought many questions over the origin of the virus, the threat it poses to animals both in the wild and captivity, and the risks of a permanent viral reservoir developing in animals. Animal experiments have shown that a variety of animals can become infected with the virus. While coronaviruses have been known to infect animals for decades, the true intermediate host of the virus has not been identified, with no cases of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals. The screening of wild, farmed, and domesticated animals is necessary to help us understand the virus and its origins and prevent future outbreaks of both COVID-19 and other diseases. There is intriguing evidence that farmed mink infections (acquired from humans) have led to infection of other farm workers in turn, with a recent outbreak of a mink variant in humans in Denmark. A thorough examination of the current knowledge and evidence of the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect different animal species is therefore vital to evaluate the threat of animal to human transmission and reverse zoonosis.
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Schrer, Anderson, Diego Armene Romero, Igor Silva Silito, Julia Rosenberg Pearson, and Raphaella de Marchi. "COVID-19: zoonose transmitida por animais domésticos?" Pubvet 15, no. 4 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v15n04a787.1-7.
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Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico a respeito do atual questionamento sobre possíveis intercorrências pelo novo coronavírus (COVID-19) em espécies animais e a possibilidade da transmissão direta entre animais infectados e seres humanos. Uma revisão bibliográfica em livros, periódicos, artigos científicos, revistas eletrônicas e páginas oficiais de organizações internacionais e órgãos públicos que foram julgados pertinentes ao tema. Foi realizado com base em dados publicados Pubmed, Scielo e Google acadêmico. O estudo foi direcionado entre os casos relatados em canídeos e felinos até o dia 17 de abril de 2020. As pesquisas em andamento e as já finalizadas demonstram que o COVID-19 nas espécies domésticas manifesta-se como uma zoonose reversa, sendo gatos e furões as espécies mais propensas de contrair o vírus em relação a cães. Por meio dessa revisão bibliográfica concluiu-se que gatos e furões caso desenvolvam a doença, é de considerável menor gravidade e mortalidade ao se comparar com os casos clínicos em humanos. Já os cães parecem ter baixíssimos índices de contratilidade do vírus e não aparentam correr risco de saúde diante da atual pandemia. Palavras-chave: zoonose, animais domésticos, COVID-19
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Britton, Ann P., Melissa Trapp, Suzana Sabaiduc, William Hsiao, Tomy Joseph, and Helen Schwantje. "Probable reverse zoonosis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm 09 in a striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis )." Zoonoses and Public Health 66, no. 4 (2018): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zph.12553.
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Happi, Anise N., Akeemat O. Ayinla, Olusola A. Ogunsanya, et al. "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Terrestrial Animals in Southern Nigeria: Potential Cases of Reverse Zoonosis." Viruses 15, no. 5 (2023): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15051187.
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Since SARS-CoV-2 caused the COVID-19 pandemic, records have suggested the occurrence of reverse zoonosis of pets and farm animals in contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive humans in the Occident. However, there is little information on the spread of the virus among animals in contact with humans in Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in various animals in Nigeria. Overall, 791 animals from Ebonyi, Ogun, Ondo, and Oyo States, Nigeria were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-qPCR (n = 364) and IgG ELISA (n = 654). SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates were 45.9% (RT-qPCR) and 1.4% (ELISA). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in almost all animal taxa and sampling locations except Oyo State. SARS-CoV-2 IgGs were detected only in goats from Ebonyi and pigs from Ogun States. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 infectivity rates were higher in 2021 than in 2022. Our study highlights the ability of the virus to infect various animals. It presents the first report of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in poultry, pigs, domestic ruminants, and lizards. The close human–animal interactions in these settings suggest ongoing reverse zoonosis, highlighting the role of behavioral factors of transmission and the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to spread among animals. These underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to detect and intervene in any eventual upsurge.
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Mittal, M., S. Chakravarti, V. Sharma, B. S. Sanjeeth, C. P. Churamani, and N. S. Kanwar. "Evidence of Presence ofMycobacterium tuberculosisin Bovine Tissue Samples by Multiplex PCR: Possible Relevance to Reverse Zoonosis." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 61, no. 2 (2014): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12203.
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Trujillo, J., B. Sponseller, C. Lohr, and P. Nara. "Reverse zoonosis of influenza A virus in companion animals; What it means to veterinary and human medicine." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16 (June 2012): e274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.931.
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Bernardo, Maria Ester, Maria Antonietta Avanzini, Cesare Perotti, et al. "Phenotypical and Functional Characterization of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Expanded in the Presence of Platelet Lysate and Comparison with Their Bone Marrow-Derived Counterpart." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 3484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3484.3484.
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Abstract The presence of mesenchymal progenitors in full-term umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been object of discussion in recent years, as attempts to obtain these cells have either failed or yielded low frequency of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs have been so far mainly expanded in vitro in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS), which potentially carries the risk of both transmitting zoonoses and causing immune reactions against animal proteins. For these reasons, alternative culture supplements, devoid of animal components, such as platelet lysate (PL), have been tested, allowing efficient MSC isolation and expansion from bone marrow (BM). In this study, we tested the ability of PL-additioned medium to isolate and expand ex vivo MSCs from full-term UCB (UCB-MSCs) and we characterized these cells in terms of clonogenic efficiency, proliferative capacity, morphology, immunophenotype, differentiation potential and biosafety profile, comparing these characteristics with those of PL-expanded BM-MSCs. Moreover, we focused our attention on immunoregulatory properties of UCB-MSCs on alloantigen-specific immune responses and on the mechanisms by which these cells exert their effect. Ten UCB units (median volume 45 ml, range 40–60), from full-term deliveries, were selected according to the following criteria: total nucleated cell (TNC) count ranging from 500 to 750 ×106; isolation performed within 24 hours after delivery; overall cell viability > 75%, investigated by 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) and Aldeflour (ALDH). Two of the 10 UCB units (20%, UCB3 and UCB6) gave rise to MSC-like clones, which were expanded ex vivo and characterized. UCB-MSCs displayed the typical morphology, immunephenotype and differentiation capacity into osteoblasts and adypocytes reported in the literature. Although displaying a rather low clonogenic efficiency, UCB-MSCs showed to have a higher proliferative potential compared to BM-MSCs, as demonstrated by the calculated cumulative cell counts from P0 to P5. Thereafter, UCB3- and UCB6-MSCs displayed a progressive decrease in proliferative capacity, until they reached senescence after 83 (P10) and 90 (P11) days of culture. The cells progressively died during the senescence period, without showing any alteration in morphology or proliferative rate. The lack of spontaneous transformation into tumor cells was demonstrated by both the absence of telomerase activity and hTERT transcripts and by molecular karyotyping through array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization (array-CGH) assay. The immune-regulatory effect of UCB-MSCs on alloantigen-specific immune response in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was investigated, together with some of the mechanisms potentially responsible for this effect, including PGE2 production and IDO activity. We found that, similarly to BM-MSCs, UCB-MSCs expanded in PL are able to: strongly inhibit alloantigen-induced lymphocyte subset (CD3+, CD4+, CD8, CD3negCD56+ NK lymphocytes) proliferation; decrease alloantigen-induced cytotoxic activity; increase secretion of IL-6 and IL-10 in MLC supernatant. While the addition of BM-MSCs to MLC increased the percentage of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T cells, the addition of UCB-MSCs did not result in any increase of this cell subset. Moreover, we found that the immune modulation of UCB-MSCs is apparently due to PGE2 production, while the addition of IDO-specific inhibitor was not able to reverse the suppressive effect exerted by MSCs. Altogether, these data indicate that relevant differences exist between UCB- and BM-MSCs, ex vivo cultured in the presence of PL, in terms of clonogenic efficiency, proliferative capacity and immunomodulatory properties. These aspects may be relevant for the clinical application of UCB-MSCs.
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Khan, Ali S., Thomas G. Ksiazek, Sherif R. Zaki, et al. "Fatal Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in an Adolescent." Pediatrics 95, no. 2 (1995): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.95.2.276.
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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a recently recognized viral zoonosis characterized by a febrile prodrome progressing to severe noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.1-4 This syndrome is caused by at least three newly described hantaviruses: the first, Sin Nombre virus, is the Southwestern hantavirus that caused an outbreak of respiratory failure during the summer of 1993; the second, Black Creek Canal virus, caused a case of HPS in Florida; and the third hantavirus was identified in lung tissue from a patient in Louisiana. Diagnosis is by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serology with elevated immunoglobulin M (IgM) titers against heterologous and homologous hantaviral antigens, positive immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed tissue, or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of hantaviral nucleotide sequence from frozen tissue.
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Drexler, J. F., A. Geipel, A. Konig, et al. "Bats carry pathogenic hepadnaviruses antigenically related to hepatitis B virus and capable of infecting human hepatocytes." PNAS 110, no. 40 (2013): 16151–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13526113.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The hepatitis B virus (HBV), family Hepadnaviridae, is one of most relevant human pathogens. HBV origins are enigmatic, and no zoonotic reservoirs are known. Here, we screened 3,080 specimens from 54 bat species representing 11 bat families for hepadnaviral DNA. Ten specimens (0.3%) from Panama and Gabon yielded unique hepadnaviruses in coancestral relation to HBV. Full genome sequencing allowed classification as three putative orthohepadnavirus species based on genome lengths (3,149-3,377 nt), presence of middle HBV surface and X-protein genes, and sequence distance criteria. Hepatic tropism in bats was shown by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Infected livers showed histopathologic changes compatible with hepatitis. Human hepatocytes transfected with all three bat viruses cross-reacted with sera against the HBV core protein, concordant with the phylogenetic relatedness of these hepadnaviruses and HBV. One virus from Uroderma bilobatum, the tent-making bat, cross-reacted with monoclonal antibodies against the HBV antigenicity determining S domain. Up to 18.4% of bat sera contained antibodies against bat hepadnaviruses. Infectious clones were generated to study all three viruses in detail. Hepatitis D virus particles pseudotyped with surface proteins of U. bilobatum HBV, but neither of the other two viruses could infect primary human and Tupaia belangeri hepatocytes. Hepatocyte infection occurred through the human HBV receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide but could not be neutralized by sera from vaccinated humans. Antihepadnaviral treatment using an approved reverse transcriptase inhibitor blocked replication of all bat hepadnaviruses. Our data suggest that bats may have been ancestral sources of primate hepadnaviruses. The observed zoonotic potential might affect concepts aimed at eradicating HBV.
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Drexler, J. F., A. Geipel, A. Konig, et al. "Bats carry pathogenic hepadnaviruses antigenically related to hepatitis B virus and capable of infecting human hepatocytes." PNAS 110, no. 40 (2013): 16151–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13526113.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The hepatitis B virus (HBV), family Hepadnaviridae, is one of most relevant human pathogens. HBV origins are enigmatic, and no zoonotic reservoirs are known. Here, we screened 3,080 specimens from 54 bat species representing 11 bat families for hepadnaviral DNA. Ten specimens (0.3%) from Panama and Gabon yielded unique hepadnaviruses in coancestral relation to HBV. Full genome sequencing allowed classification as three putative orthohepadnavirus species based on genome lengths (3,149-3,377 nt), presence of middle HBV surface and X-protein genes, and sequence distance criteria. Hepatic tropism in bats was shown by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Infected livers showed histopathologic changes compatible with hepatitis. Human hepatocytes transfected with all three bat viruses cross-reacted with sera against the HBV core protein, concordant with the phylogenetic relatedness of these hepadnaviruses and HBV. One virus from Uroderma bilobatum, the tent-making bat, cross-reacted with monoclonal antibodies against the HBV antigenicity determining S domain. Up to 18.4% of bat sera contained antibodies against bat hepadnaviruses. Infectious clones were generated to study all three viruses in detail. Hepatitis D virus particles pseudotyped with surface proteins of U. bilobatum HBV, but neither of the other two viruses could infect primary human and Tupaia belangeri hepatocytes. Hepatocyte infection occurred through the human HBV receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide but could not be neutralized by sera from vaccinated humans. Antihepadnaviral treatment using an approved reverse transcriptase inhibitor blocked replication of all bat hepadnaviruses. Our data suggest that bats may have been ancestral sources of primate hepadnaviruses. The observed zoonotic potential might affect concepts aimed at eradicating HBV.
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Drexler, J. F., A. Geipel, A. Konig, et al. "Bats carry pathogenic hepadnaviruses antigenically related to hepatitis B virus and capable of infecting human hepatocytes." PNAS 110, no. 40 (2013): 16151–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13526113.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The hepatitis B virus (HBV), family Hepadnaviridae, is one of most relevant human pathogens. HBV origins are enigmatic, and no zoonotic reservoirs are known. Here, we screened 3,080 specimens from 54 bat species representing 11 bat families for hepadnaviral DNA. Ten specimens (0.3%) from Panama and Gabon yielded unique hepadnaviruses in coancestral relation to HBV. Full genome sequencing allowed classification as three putative orthohepadnavirus species based on genome lengths (3,149-3,377 nt), presence of middle HBV surface and X-protein genes, and sequence distance criteria. Hepatic tropism in bats was shown by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Infected livers showed histopathologic changes compatible with hepatitis. Human hepatocytes transfected with all three bat viruses cross-reacted with sera against the HBV core protein, concordant with the phylogenetic relatedness of these hepadnaviruses and HBV. One virus from Uroderma bilobatum, the tent-making bat, cross-reacted with monoclonal antibodies against the HBV antigenicity determining S domain. Up to 18.4% of bat sera contained antibodies against bat hepadnaviruses. Infectious clones were generated to study all three viruses in detail. Hepatitis D virus particles pseudotyped with surface proteins of U. bilobatum HBV, but neither of the other two viruses could infect primary human and Tupaia belangeri hepatocytes. Hepatocyte infection occurred through the human HBV receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide but could not be neutralized by sera from vaccinated humans. Antihepadnaviral treatment using an approved reverse transcriptase inhibitor blocked replication of all bat hepadnaviruses. Our data suggest that bats may have been ancestral sources of primate hepadnaviruses. The observed zoonotic potential might affect concepts aimed at eradicating HBV.
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Drexler, J. F., A. Geipel, A. Konig, et al. "Bats carry pathogenic hepadnaviruses antigenically related to hepatitis B virus and capable of infecting human hepatocytes." PNAS 110, no. 40 (2013): 16151–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13526113.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The hepatitis B virus (HBV), family Hepadnaviridae, is one of most relevant human pathogens. HBV origins are enigmatic, and no zoonotic reservoirs are known. Here, we screened 3,080 specimens from 54 bat species representing 11 bat families for hepadnaviral DNA. Ten specimens (0.3%) from Panama and Gabon yielded unique hepadnaviruses in coancestral relation to HBV. Full genome sequencing allowed classification as three putative orthohepadnavirus species based on genome lengths (3,149-3,377 nt), presence of middle HBV surface and X-protein genes, and sequence distance criteria. Hepatic tropism in bats was shown by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Infected livers showed histopathologic changes compatible with hepatitis. Human hepatocytes transfected with all three bat viruses cross-reacted with sera against the HBV core protein, concordant with the phylogenetic relatedness of these hepadnaviruses and HBV. One virus from Uroderma bilobatum, the tent-making bat, cross-reacted with monoclonal antibodies against the HBV antigenicity determining S domain. Up to 18.4% of bat sera contained antibodies against bat hepadnaviruses. Infectious clones were generated to study all three viruses in detail. Hepatitis D virus particles pseudotyped with surface proteins of U. bilobatum HBV, but neither of the other two viruses could infect primary human and Tupaia belangeri hepatocytes. Hepatocyte infection occurred through the human HBV receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide but could not be neutralized by sera from vaccinated humans. Antihepadnaviral treatment using an approved reverse transcriptase inhibitor blocked replication of all bat hepadnaviruses. Our data suggest that bats may have been ancestral sources of primate hepadnaviruses. The observed zoonotic potential might affect concepts aimed at eradicating HBV.
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Wang, Ruijie, Jie Hao, Chengyue Cao, Jing Li, and Xi Zhang. "Molecular Characteristics of the Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH) Gene Family in Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16 (2024): 8802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168802.
Full textAbstract:
The plerocercoid larva of Spirometra mansoni can cause a parasitic zoonosis—sparganosis. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) plays a very important role in the life activities of parasites. However, little is known about the MDH family in S. mansoni. We identified eight new MDH members in S. mansoni in this study. Clustering analysis divided SmMDHs into two groups and revealed patterns similar to the conserved motif organization. RT–qPCR suggested that five MDHs were highly expressed in the mature proglottid and that three MDHs were highly expressed in the gravid proglottid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SmMDHs contain both conserved family members and members in the process of further diversification. rSmMDH has an NAD binding domain, a dimer interface and a substrate binding domain. Natural SmMDH was immunolocalized in the tissues and follicles around the uterus in the mature or gravid proglottid and eggshells. The maximum forward and reverse reaction activities of rSmMDH were observed at pH 8.5 and 9.0, respectively. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 37 °C in the forward reaction and 40 °C in the reverse reaction. These results lay the foundation for studying the molecular functions and mechanisms of MDHs in S. mansoni and related taxa.
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Lawal, N., and A. B. Onoja. "The veterinary perspective of COVID-19." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18, no. 2 (2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v18i2.1.
Full textAbstract:
Coronaviridae is a family of RNA viruses responsible for two previous epidemics of viral pneumonia and related illnesses: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2012. The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a new member of the family Coronaviridae, named SARS-CoV-2 which emerged in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. Infected persons present with severe respiratory illness including pneumonia. There have been reports of confirmed cases in different animal species that became infected with SARS-CoV-2, suggesting possible reverse zoonosis. In this review, we discussed the origin, biology, genome organization, replication and virus entry into host cells, immune mechanisms, epidemiological trends, prevention and control strategies employed in combating the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Keywords: COVID-19, Epidemiological trend, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2
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Huynh, Jeremy, Shimena Li, Boyd Yount, et al. "Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63." Journal of Virology 86, no. 23 (2012): 12816–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13535945.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The relationship between bats and coronaviruses (CoVs) has received considerable attention since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like CoV was identified in the Chinese horseshoe bat (Rhinolophidae) in 2005. Since then, several bats throughout the world have been shown to shed CoV sequences, and presumably CoVs, in the feces; however, no bat CoVs have been isolated from nature. Moreover, there are very few bat cell lines or reagents available for investigating CoV replication in bat cells or for isolating bat CoVs adapted to specific bat species. Here, we show by molecular clock analysis that alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) sequences derived from the North American tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) are predicted to share common ancestry with human CoV (HCoV)-NL63, with the most recent common ancestor between these viruses occurring approximately 563 to 822 years ago. Further, we developed immortalized bat cell lines from the lungs of this bat species to determine if these cells were capable of supporting infection with HCoVs. While SARS-CoV, mouse-adapted SARS-CoV (MA15), and chimeric SARS-CoVs bearing the spike genes of early human strains replicated inefficiently, HCoV-NL63 replicated for multiple passages in the immortalized lung cells from this bat species. These observations support the hypothesis that human CoVs are capable of establishing zoonotic-reverse zoonotic transmission cycles that may allow some CoVs to readily circulate and exchange genetic material between strains found in bats and other mammals, including humans.
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Huynh, Jeremy, Shimena Li, Boyd Yount, et al. "Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63." Journal of Virology 86, no. 23 (2012): 12816–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13535945.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The relationship between bats and coronaviruses (CoVs) has received considerable attention since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like CoV was identified in the Chinese horseshoe bat (Rhinolophidae) in 2005. Since then, several bats throughout the world have been shown to shed CoV sequences, and presumably CoVs, in the feces; however, no bat CoVs have been isolated from nature. Moreover, there are very few bat cell lines or reagents available for investigating CoV replication in bat cells or for isolating bat CoVs adapted to specific bat species. Here, we show by molecular clock analysis that alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) sequences derived from the North American tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) are predicted to share common ancestry with human CoV (HCoV)-NL63, with the most recent common ancestor between these viruses occurring approximately 563 to 822 years ago. Further, we developed immortalized bat cell lines from the lungs of this bat species to determine if these cells were capable of supporting infection with HCoVs. While SARS-CoV, mouse-adapted SARS-CoV (MA15), and chimeric SARS-CoVs bearing the spike genes of early human strains replicated inefficiently, HCoV-NL63 replicated for multiple passages in the immortalized lung cells from this bat species. These observations support the hypothesis that human CoVs are capable of establishing zoonotic-reverse zoonotic transmission cycles that may allow some CoVs to readily circulate and exchange genetic material between strains found in bats and other mammals, including humans.
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Negrey, Jacob D., Rachna B. Reddy, Erik J. Scully, et al. "Simultaneous outbreaks of respiratory disease in wild chimpanzees caused by distinct viruses of human origin." Emerging Microbes & Infections 8, no. 1 (2019): 139–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13533279.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Respiratory viruses of human origin infect wild apes across Africa, sometimes lethally. Here we report simultaneous outbreaks of two distinct human respiratory viruses, human metapneumovirus (MPV; Pneumoviridae: Metapneumovirus) and human respirovirus 3 (HRV3; Paramyxoviridae; Respirovirus, formerly known as parainfluenza virus 3), in two chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) communities in the same forest in Uganda in December 2016 and January 2017. The viruses were absent before the outbreaks, but each was present in ill chimpanzees from one community during the outbreak period. Clinical signs and gross pathologic changes in affected chimpanzees closely mirrored symptoms and pathology commonly observed in humans for each virus. Epidemiologic modelling showed that MPV and HRV3 were similarly transmissible (R0 of 1.27 and 1.48, respectively), but MPV caused 12.2% mortality mainly in infants and older chimpanzees, whereas HRV3 caused no direct mortality. These results are consistent with the higher virulence of MPV than HRV3 in humans, although both MPV and HRV3 cause a significant global disease burden. Both viruses clustered phylogenetically within groups of known human variants, with MPV closely related to a lethal 2009 variant from mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), suggesting two independent and simultaneous reverse zoonotic origins, either directly from humans or via intermediary hosts. These findings expand our knowledge of human origin viruses threatening wild chimpanzees and suggest that such viruses might be differentiated by their comparative epidemiological dynamics and pathogenicity in wild apes. Our results also caution against assuming common causation in coincident outbreaks.
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Negrey, Jacob D., Rachna B. Reddy, Erik J. Scully, et al. "Simultaneous outbreaks of respiratory disease in wild chimpanzees caused by distinct viruses of human origin." Emerging Microbes & Infections 8, no. 1 (2019): 139–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13533279.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Respiratory viruses of human origin infect wild apes across Africa, sometimes lethally. Here we report simultaneous outbreaks of two distinct human respiratory viruses, human metapneumovirus (MPV; Pneumoviridae: Metapneumovirus) and human respirovirus 3 (HRV3; Paramyxoviridae; Respirovirus, formerly known as parainfluenza virus 3), in two chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) communities in the same forest in Uganda in December 2016 and January 2017. The viruses were absent before the outbreaks, but each was present in ill chimpanzees from one community during the outbreak period. Clinical signs and gross pathologic changes in affected chimpanzees closely mirrored symptoms and pathology commonly observed in humans for each virus. Epidemiologic modelling showed that MPV and HRV3 were similarly transmissible (R0 of 1.27 and 1.48, respectively), but MPV caused 12.2% mortality mainly in infants and older chimpanzees, whereas HRV3 caused no direct mortality. These results are consistent with the higher virulence of MPV than HRV3 in humans, although both MPV and HRV3 cause a significant global disease burden. Both viruses clustered phylogenetically within groups of known human variants, with MPV closely related to a lethal 2009 variant from mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), suggesting two independent and simultaneous reverse zoonotic origins, either directly from humans or via intermediary hosts. These findings expand our knowledge of human origin viruses threatening wild chimpanzees and suggest that such viruses might be differentiated by their comparative epidemiological dynamics and pathogenicity in wild apes. Our results also caution against assuming common causation in coincident outbreaks.
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González-Aravena, Marcelo, Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón, Eduardo Castro-Nallar, et al. "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Associated with Scientific Stations in Antarctica and Possible Risk for Wildlife." Microorganisms 12, no. 4 (2024): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040743.
Full textAbstract:
Before December 2020, Antarctica had remained free of COVID-19 cases. The main concern during the pandemic was the limited health facilities available at Antarctic stations to deal with the disease as well as the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Antarctic wildlife through reverse zoonosis. In December 2020, 60 cases emerged in Chilean Antarctic stations, disrupting the summer campaign with ongoing isolation needs. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the wastewater of several scientific stations. In Antarctica, treated wastewater is discharged directly into the seawater. No studies currently address the recovery of infectious virus particles from treated wastewater, but their presence raises the risk of infecting wildlife and initiating new replication cycles. This study highlights the initial virus detection in wastewater from Antarctic stations, identifying viral RNA via RT-qPCR targeting various genomic regions. The virus’s RNA was found in effluent from two wastewater plants at Maxwell Bay and O’Higgins Station on King George Island and the Antarctic Peninsula, respectively. This study explores the potential for the reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to Antarctic wildlife due to the direct release of viral particles into seawater. The implications of such transmission underscore the need for continued vigilance and research.