Academic literature on the topic 'Reversing the lens'

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of followership dimensions in the transformational leadership process by reversing the lens from the traditional leader-centric perspective to emerging followership perspective and examine the role of trust as a mediating variable in the proposed relationship. Design/methodology/approach Using quantitative method data were collected through a questionnaire from 506 respondents of the telecom sector in Pakistan. The proposed hypotheses were tested using SPSS V.23 and PROCESS V.3.1. Findings The results indicate that followership dimensions (active engagement and independent critical thinking) positively affect all the four constructs of transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration). Furthermore, trust in leadership partially mediates the direct relationship between followership dimensions and transformational leadership constructs. Research limitations/implications This study is conducted in a developing country context which limits its generalizability in other cultural backgrounds. Hence, further investigation could test the role of followership using different samples and methods. Practical implications Organizations need to pay more attention to followers’ development to produce better followership outcomes that will ultimately help establish strong relationships with transformational leaders and sustained positive outcomes. Originality/value This study empirically tests Shamir’s (2007) “reversing the lens” perspective and extends a distinct theoretical contribution to the social exchange theory that neither followers are passive participants, nor always on the receiving end of the relationship but they actively participate to establish a strong relationship with their leaders.

Something that we don't normally see whether because of something we rarely find or indeed we often find, but we pay less attention in depth because it might be of a size that is too small so it doesn't 'steal' our attention. Large and clear details are common when we observe things, especially objects around us. Butwhat if we want something that is more and less exposed because of its small size. Many simple things are used such as by bringing our eyes closer to the object to use tools such as a magnifying glass or even a microscope if it is needed. Raising a small subject is actually not unusual in the world of photography. The term photography in photography is called macro photography, which is shooting with small objects or subjects with the help of lenses or special tools so that the small-looking subject will appear large and the details of the subject will be unclear. For some people photography equipment might be considered expensive compared to mobile phones that have been equipped with cameras, especially when discussing equipment related to macro photography. Basically, macro shooting is the same as ordinary shooting, but the lens andsupporting equipment are slightly different. Especially lenses that do require a macro lens that has a tight focal point and are relatively expensive in price. But now there are many different converters for macro photography that are mounted on a normal lens, although the quality will indeed be different when we use an actual macro lens. In this study the author will put more emphasis on macro photography using the Reverse Lens technique. Reverse Lens is a technique by reversing the normal lens position and attaching it to the camera body mounting. Because reversing the lens mount requires an adapter so that it can be installed in the camera body so the shooting process will be more comfortable. Hopefully this research can provide useful results and interesting photography.

As a study, documentary film is often used as a reference because of its historical, social, cultural and political representation which signifies the facts in society. It is no wonder that the production as well as the analysis of the film genre and its development around the world have created such debate, including in the academic realm. The film The Act of Killing is one of them. Directed by an American filmmaker, Joshua Oppenheimer, the film tries to reveal the other facts of Indonesian history which have been covered and never imagined before, especially, the implications of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) massacre in 1965. Taking the testimony of the actors, the film is quite controversial because it tells and descibes kind of sadism and human rights violations on PKI elements and other ethnicity. Thus it changes the world opinion about the Indonesian history in 1965. However, as a construction, film is a film. Sometimes, there is always a bias. What depicted in a film is a result of the cineast interpretation of historical events that may be different from other point of view. For instance, a contradictory between humanity and ideology has created a discourse among the viewers. While the director focus on a violation of human rights and set everything based on this perspectives, the actors or the perpetrators feel that what they did was a form of struggle to defense the country.

A framed knot with an integral coefficient determines a simply-connected 4-manifold by 2-handle attachment. Its boundary is a 3-manifold obtained by Dehn surgery along the framed knot. For a pair of such Dehn surgeries along distinct knots whose results are homeomorphic, it is a natural problem: Determine the closed 4-manifold obtained by pasting the 4-manifolds along their boundaries. We determine the complete list (set) of pairs of integral surgeries along distinct torus knots whose resulting manifolds are orientation preserving/reversing homeomorphic lens spaces, and study the closed 4-manifolds constructed as above. The list consists of five sequences. All framed links and Kirby calculus are indexed by integers. As a bi-product, some sequences of embeddings of lens spaces into the standard 4-manifolds are constructed.

Depuis une douzaine d'années, le secteur européen de l'énergie a été profondément bouleversé et notamment celui de son commerce. En effet, depuis l’adoption en décembre 1996 puis en juin 1998 de deux directives historiques, l’Union européenne a souhaité mettre en place un grand marché intérieur de l’électricité et du gaz. Comme conséquences de ces directives, sont apparus de nouveaux acteurs : les marchés spot organisés et les marchés à terme. Les marchés spot ont entre autre pour but de fixer le cours et organiser des contrats à court terme de livraison d’électricité offrant ainsi une protection contre le risque de volume liés aux contrats d’approvisionnement vendus sur les marchés de grés à grés. La naissance de ces entités à entraîné implicitement la création de prix pour l’électricité échangée en Europe qui revêtent une relative importante pour tous les acteurs du marché. L’étude et la modélisation de ces prix justifie beaucoup des travaux alimentant la recherche en finance quantitative associée aux marchés de l’électricité, les principales finalités sont :Anticiper, prédire les prix. Valoriser des produits dérivés. Gardant à l’esprit ces deux objectifs, le travail de recherche que nous concrétisons par cette thèse est découpé selon la structure suivante :Vers la modélisation des prix au comptant sur les marchés européens. Modélisation des prix au comptant : le cas du marché français Powernext. Backtesting et pouvoir anticipatif des modèles. Modélisation des prix à terme : le cas EEX
Since a dozen years, the structure of the energy trading in Europe was deeply restructured. In particular, since the adoption in December 1996 then in June 1998 of two historical directives, the European Union wished to set up a large domestic market of electricity and gas. Consequences of these directives, organized markets for long and short term are now a reality. Currently the modelling of the dynamic of spot and forward prices of electricity is a real challenge in the fields of quantitative finance. The research task which we concretize by this thesis is cut out according to the following structure:Towards the modeling of the price of electricity. Modelling spot price of electricity : the case of Powernext. Backtesting and empirical validation. Modeling of forward prices the case of EEX

La pression toxique induite par les perturbateurs endocriniens sur l’environnement ainsi que sur la santé de l’homme a augmenté de manière significative durant les dernières décennies. Il est devenu urgent de mettre en place des outils pour détecter et surveiller les perturbateurs endocriniens et pour déterminer la possibilité de cause de perturbations endocriniennes pour les produits chimiques nouvellement introduits. Le développement de nouveaux tests biologiques in vivo en utilisant les larves d'organismes aquatiques tels que medaka (Oryzias latipes) ou Xenopus laevis semble être une stratégie adéquate pour identifier les perturbateurs endocriniens. Durant cette thèse, trois nouveaux modèles transgéniques à base de l’embryon de medaka ont été développés. Le modèle transgénique de medaka ChgH -gfp permet la détection rapide des œstrogènes et des inhibiteurs de l'aromatase en seulement 24 heures avec une sensibilité de 15 ng / L d’éthinylestradiol. Le modèle transgénique de medaka 42sp50-gfp_CgH-gfp montre une fluorescence dans le foie en réponse aux œstrogènes, en plus de la fluorescence émise dans les œufs en développement. C’est donc un système approprié pour étudier le lien entre la signalisation de l'axe ostrogénique et des aberrations de la détermination du sexe chez les poissons. Un embryon transgénique de medaka spiggin - GFP a aussi été développé pour détecter les androgènes et anti-androgènes dans un test de 96 heures avec une sensibilité de 1,5 ug / L de 17α–méthyl testostérone et 276 ug / L de flutamide. Les nouveaux modèles de medaka transgéniques rapporteurs développés dans cette thèse permettent une détection rapide, simple et fiable des perturbateurs d'axe ostrogénique, androgénique et de l’aberration de détermination du sexe chez le medaka. Ils ont été appliqués pour détecter les perturbateurs endocriniens dans les eaux de surface de l'environnement et pour évaluer le rôle potentiel des produits chimiques dans les perturbations endocriniennes. Cela a permis de démontrer l’applicabilité de ces embryons fluorescents comme outils biologiques dans la procédure de détection et la caractérisation des perturbateurs endocriniens
The toxic pressure of endocrine disruptors on biodiversity and human health has increased significantly over recent decades. As a consequence tools are needed to detect and monitor endocrine disruptors in surface water and to determine the endocrine disrupting potential of newly introduced chemicals. Fish and amphibian larvae, notably the medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Xenopus laevis, offer multiple advantages in this context. In the research carried out in the context of this thesis, different novel medaka-based transgenic models were developed. First, transgenic ChgH-gfp medaka model was designed and optimized for the rapid detection of estrogens and aromatase inhibitors. The model shows significant response within 24 hours with a sensitivity of 15 ng/L ethinylestradiol. Second, a double transgenic 42sp50-gfp_ChgH-gfp medaka which exhibits fluorescence both in the liver in response to estrogens and in developing oocytes as a function of phenotypic sex. It is therefore a suitable model for studying the link between estrogen axis signalling and aberrations of sex determination in fish. Third, a novel spiggin-gfp medaka model was developed to detect androgens and anti-androgens. This model can be exploited in a 96-hour assay with a sensitivity of 1.5 μg/L 17α- methyltestosterone and 276 μg/L flutamide. The novel transgenic medaka models developed in this thesis allow rapid, simple and reliable detection of estrogen and androgen axis disruption and aberrations in medaka sex determination. They have been successfully applied to detect endocrine disruptors in environmental surface water and to assess chemicals with unknown endocrine disrupting potential. Taken together these results demonstrate the applicability of medaka reporter larvae as biological tools in the procedure of detection and characterization of endocrine disruptors

El dany cerebral traumàtic (traumatic brain injury, TBI) és un dany cerebral adquirit que constitueix una important causa d’incapacitat, a causa de l’elevada freqüència de seqüeles cròniques en múltiples àmbits. Donada l’alta prevalença que presenta, els costos personals, familiars, socials i laborals que comporta, i la limitada efectivitat dels tractaments disponibles, es considera un dels principals problemes de salut pública. En els darrers anys diversos estudis han posat de manifest que l’exercici físic podria constituir una teràpia eficaç per reduir algunes de les seqüeles cognitives del TBI, però es desconeix quines són les pautes temporals més apropiades (moment d’inici, durada, etc) per a la seva aplicació. En aquesta tesi doctoral s’han examinat els efectes de tres pautes temporals diferents d’exercici físic voluntari en una roda d’activitat en rates sobre els dèficits de memòria associats a fases cròniques del TBI, i s’han determinat alguns dels mecanismes neuroprotectors i neuroreparadors involucrats. El model de TBI utilitzat va ser el d’impacte cortical controlat, i la funció cognitiva es va avaluar mitjançant una tasca de memòria de reconeixement d’objectes (MRO), que presenta elements de memòria episòdica, tot sovint afectada en pacients amb TBI. Amb aquesta finalitat es van dissenyar dos experiments. El primer tenia per objectius: 1) determinar si els dèficits de MRO trobats en un treball previ 3 setmanes després del TBI es mantenien de manera crònica; i 2) examinar els efectes del nostre model de TBI sobre la reactivitat emocional, l’exploració i l’activitat locomotora. En el segon experiment es van comparar els efectes de tres pautes temporals diferents d’exercici sobre: 1) els dèficits de MRO produïts pel TBI; i 2) diversos mecanismes neuroprotectors i neuroreparadors, analitzats mitjançant mesures macroscòpiques de la lesió, el número de neurones madures (cèl·lules NeuN+) en l’hilus del gir dentat i l’escorça perirhinal, la neuroinflamació (cèl·lules Iba1+) en l’hipocamp dorsal, i la neurogènesi (cèl·lules DCX+) en la capa granular del gir dentat. Les pautes d’exercici examinades van ser: 1) exercici interromput (3 setmanes d’accés a la roda d’activitat seguides per 4 setmanes en condició sedentària); 2) exercici demorat (4 setmanes en condició sedentària des de la inducció de TBI més 3 setmanes d’exercici); i 3) exercici continuat (7 setmanes d’exercici mantingut fins al moment de les proves conductuals). Els resultats indicaren que el TBI induïa dèficits en la MRO quan era avaluada 3 setmanes després del TBI i aquest deteriorament es mantenia a llarg termini (fins a 7 setmanes post-TBI). En canvi, el TBI no induïa canvis significatius en la reactivitat emocional, l’exploració i l’activitat locomotora. Les tres pautes temporals d’exercici van mostrar efectivitat per reduir el dèficit de memòria, però cada pauta mostrà diferents efectes a nivell histològic. Així, els animals que iniciaven l’exercici durant la fase subaguda (pautes interrompuda i continuada) van beneficiar-se dels mecanismes neuroprotectors del tractament, mitjançant una disminució de la resposta neuroinflamatòria, que es va acompanyar, en el cas del grup amb exercici interromput, d’una reducció de la pèrdua de neurones en l’hilus. En canvi, els mecanismes neuroreparadors només eren presents en els animals que realitzaven exercici al final de l’experiment (pautes demorada i continuada). Addicionalment es va trobar que els nivells moderats d’exercici resultaven més beneficiosos que els nivells baixos i alts per reduir els dèficits de memòria i per incrementar la neurogènesi. Els resultats suggereixen que l’exercici físic incorporat de manera regular a la vida dels pacients amb TBI podria constituir una intervenció eficaç per reduir els dèficits mnèsics, fins i tot si s’inicia durant la fase crònica. També avalen la necessitat de continuar investigant en el nivell o “dosi” d’exercici més apropiat.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an acquired brain damage that constitutes an important cause of disability, as it often results in chronic sequelae in multiple domains. It is considered one of the main public health problems due to its high prevalence, the personal, familiar, social and occupational burden it causes, and the limited effectiveness of the current treatments that are available. In recent years, several studies have shown that physical exercise could be an effective therapy to reduce some of the cognitive sequelae of TBI, but little is known about the most appropriate temporal patterns of administration (starting time, duration, etc). In the present doctoral thesis, the effects of three temporal schedules of voluntary physical exercise (wheel running) on the memory deficits associated to TBI, were examined in rats, and the neuroprotective and neuroreparative mechanisms involved in these effects were analyzed. The experimental model used to induce TBI was controlled cortical impact model and memory function was assessed by means of an object recognition memory task (ORM) which presents components of episodic memory, often impaired in TBI patients. For this purpose, two experiments were designed. The aims of the first experiment were: 1) To determine whether the ORM impairment reported in a prior study 3 weeks post-TBI were maintained at longer post-TBI times; 2) To examine the effects of our TBI model on anxiety-like behavior, exploration and locomotor activity. The aim of the second experiment was to compare the effects of three temporal treatment schedules on 1) ORM deficits induced by TBI; and 2) the associated neuroprotective and neuroreparative mechanisms, which were analyzed by means of measures of macroscopic damage, number of mature neurons (NeuN+ cells) in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, neuroinflammation (Iba1+ cells) in the dorsal hippocampus and neurogenesis (DCX+ cells) in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus. The temporal schedules of exercise were: 1) discontinued exercise (3 weeks of voluntary wheel running followed by 4 weeks of sedentary condition); 2) delayed exercise (4 weeks of sedentary condition followed by 3 weeks of voluntary wheel running); 3) continued exercise (7 weeks of voluntary wheel running maintained until the behavioral tests). The results demonstrated that TBI induced ORM deficits when tested 3 weeks post-TBI and the memory impairment was maintained in the long-term (7 weeks post-TBI). In contrast, the TBI model did not induce any significant change in anxiety-like behavior, exploration and locomotor activity. The three temporal treatment schedules were effective in improving ORM impairment, but each schedule showed a different histological profile. The animals that started exercise during the subacute phase (discontinued and continued treatments) benefited from neuroprotective mechanisms consisting in reduced neuroinflammation and a decreased loss of the number of mature neurons in the hilus that was only present in the discontinued exercise group. However, the neuroreparative mechanism was only found in the animals that were exercising at the end of the experiment (delayed and continued treatments). Additionally, moderate levels of exercise were associated to a higher degree of improvement in ORM and to higher neurogenesis levels compared to either low or high exercise levels. The results suggest that physical exercise could be an effective intervention to reduce memory impairments in TBI patients, provided that it is incorporated into the patients’ lives in a regular basis, and even when initiated in the chronic phase. The results also support the need to further investigate about the most appropriate level or “dose” of exercise.

Le droit de retour légal est celui en vertu duquel une personne succède à des biens qui avaient été remis gratuitement au défunt décédé sans postérité. Il s’agit d’une institution ancienne dont le fondement premier était traditionnellement la conservation des biens dans la famille. Apparu en droit romain, appliqué dans l’ancien droit français, le retour légal fut inséré in extremis dans le Code Napoléon, à côté du droit de retour de nature conventionnelle qu’il est loisible aux parties de stipuler. Des trois cas de retour prévus en 1804, deux furent supprimés par la loi du 3 janvier 1972. Il fallut attendre la loi du 3 décembre 2001 pour qu’à l’article 757-3 un nouveau droit de retour légal soit instauré au bénéfice des frères et soeurs qui, du fait de la réforme, se trouvaient primés par le conjoint dans la dévolution ab intestat. Puis la loi du 23 juin 2006 instaura à son tour à l’article 738-2 un droit de retour légal au profit des père et mère qui venaient de perdre leur qualité d’héritier réservataire. Dans ces deux cas, on observe que l’instauration du droit de retour légal constitue une contrepartie, pour les uns de leur exclusion de la dévolution par le conjoint, pour les autres de la perte du bénéfice de la réserve : fonction originale pour un droit de retour légal. Si les fondements des textes nouveaux ne sont pas évidents à mettre en lumière, leurs régimes novateurs soulèvent également de nombreuses difficultés d’applications et d’interprétations. Naguère, le retour légal organisait la dévolution successorale d’un bien en fonction de son origine dont il résultait une dualité de succession. Aujourd’hui, le retour légal n’organise plus que la dévolution successorale d’une portion de bien en tenant compte de son origine et l’on doute qu’il constitue dans tous les cas une succession anomale impliquant une dualité de succession. Ces incertitudes engagent à se demander s’il est possible de déroger au retour légal et comment. Au-delà de la dérogation conventionnelle, la modification et même l’abrogation des textes doivent être envisagées
The statutory reversion right is the right under which a person inherits assets which were returned free of charge to the deceased who died leaving no descendants. It is an old institution which primary basis is, traditionally, the preservation of assets in the family. Established in Roman law, applied in old French law, statutory reversion was inserted in extremis in the Napoleonic code (the French civil code) next to the conventional reversion right which can be stipulated by the two parties within the framework of a transfer contract inter vivos. Out of the three cases provided in 1804, two were removed by the law of January 3, 1972. But it was not until December 3, 2001 that was established, in article 757-3 of the Civil Code, a new statutory reversion right in favour of the brothers and sisters, who, as a consequence of the reform, were superseded by the spouse in the transfer under intestate succession. Then the law of June 23, 2006 established, in turn, in article 738-2 of the Civil Code, a statutory reversion right in favour of the father and mother who had just lost their qualification of rightful heirs. In both cases, we can notice that the establishment of the statutory reversion right constitutes a counterpart, on one hand according to the exclusion for transfer by the spouse, on the other hand, the loss of the benefit of reservation: a particular role for the statutory reversion right. If the bases of the new texts are not easily highlighted, their innovative schemes also raise numerous difficulties of application and interpretation. Formerly, statutory reversion established transmission of property by inheritance according to its origin from which a duality in terms of inheritance resulted. Nowadays, statutory reversion only establishes transmission of property by inheritance of a portion of goods, taking into account its origin, and this raises some doubt as to whether it shall constitute, in all cases, an anomalous succession implying duality in terms of inheritance. This results in uncertainties which lead to wonder if it is possible to derogate from the statutory reversion and how this could be done. Beyond variation by agreement, the modification and even the repeal of texts must be considered

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le sillage des études récentes sur la mémoire culturelle et démontre comment la notion de mémoire joue un rôle clef dans le déroulement de l’Énéide. L’épopée virgilienne attire fréquemment l’attention du lecteur sur la fabrique poétique d’une atmosphère mémorielle identifiable à travers les lieux de mémoire, des objets signifiants (monimenta) et certains personnages divins et humains. Parmi ces personnages, Anchise représente la mémoire du passé et Ascagne-Iule symbolise le futur en tant qu’ancêtre de la gens Iulia, tandis qu’Énée s’affirme comme le parangon de la memoria romana. Ses choix, ses errances, son séjour carthaginois, sa catabase, sa visite de Pallantée et même le meurtre de Turnus sont imprégnés de la dialectique de la mémoire et de l’oubli. Ces observations permettent de poser un nouveau regard sur le sens général du poème et d’interroger la réception de l’Énéide comme racontant l’accomplissement des fata de Jupiter. Le poème épique renvoie aussi à la narrativisation de la conquête progressive de la mémoire par Énée, qui offre d’intéressants échos aux préoccupations augustéennes sur l’alternative embarrassante entre la vengeance (ultio) et la clémence (clementia). Le poète suscite ainsi une réflexion sur la mémoire comme un puissant moteur de l’action épique, également présentée comme un lien entre les hommes et les époques grâce à la construction d’une mémoire culturelle romaine, héritière des identités culturelles troyenne et latine. Virgile n’utilise pas seulement la mémoire comme la pierre de touche de son poème mais témoigne souvent d’une forme de « mémoire rétroverse », un concept forgé pour les besoins de ce travail. Dans plusieurs passages, Virgile regarde en effet les événements qui ont lieu à l’époque d’Énée avec la subjectivité embarquée d’un poète vivant à l’époque augustéenne. Ce point de vue rétrospectif et prospectif offre un aperçu intéressant de la construction de la mémoire dans l’épopée et de son télos augustéen
This work draws on recent studies of cultural memory and aims to demonstrate that the notion of memory has a key role to play in the unfolding plot of the Aeneid. The virgilian epic calls the reader’s attention, more often than not, to the poetic fabric of a memorial atmosphere which is identified through ‘places of memory’; meaningful and powerful objects (monimenta); and divine and human characters. From theses characters Aeneas’s family emerges: Anchises represents the past and Ascanius-Iulus embodies the future as the ancestor of the gens Iulia. Aeneas, meanwhile, is the parangon of Memoria Romana. His every choice, the wanderings, the Carthaginian temptation, the catabasis, the visit of Pallanteum and even the death of Turnus at the end of the Aeneid, are permeated throughout with the dialectic of Memory and Oblivion. These observations encourage us to reconsider the general meaning of the poem and to question the reception of the Aeneid as an accomplishment of Jupiter’s fata and the realization of divine will. For the epic poem also seems to be the narrativization of Aeneas’s progressive conquest of memory. This, in turn, suggests intriguing echoes of Augustan preoccupations with the embarrassing alternative visions of ultio and clementia.The poet also raises the suggestion of memory as a driving force behind epic action, which is equally presented as a link between individual and time, owing to the construction of a Roman cultural memory inherited from Trojan and Latin cultural identities. Not only does Vergil use memory as a cornerstone for his narrative, but he often exploits the position of « reversive memory », a concept introduced by this thesis. In many passages, Vergil looks at the events of Aeneas’s time from the embedded perspective of a poet living in Augustan times. This both retrospective and prospective point of view provides a fascinating insight into the continuous construction of epic memory and its historical télos under Augustus

After years of indiscriminate exploitation, the Anthropocene period is giving us back a nature whose reactions make the Earth less and less habitable: reversing the route has now become a urgent priority. The paradigm of ecosystem services is moving a step in the right direction in considering the multiplicity of benefits offered to mankind by the environment, but lends itself to quantitative drifts that risk extending commodification to the world of nature. This book investigates the consistency and usefulness for the sciences of the territory of the paradigm of ecosystem services from multiple disciplinary horizons, advancing the proposal to bring it back within a bioregional approach, with the introduction of the concept of eco-territorial services.

We examine the history of political representation in the United States using a multi-stage statistical analysis of the changing relationship between roll call votes in the US House of Representatives and the preferences of citizens (as measured by presidential votes). We show that members of Congress have become considerably more responsive to constituents’ preferences over the past 40 years, reversing a half-century drought in responsiveness stemming from the South’s one-party Jim Crow era. However, the House as a whole has become less representative, veering too far left when Democrats are in the majority and too far right when Republicans are.

This chapter analyses Articles 25, 26, 27, and 10, considering land rights and land use. In articulating indigenous peoples' rights to their lands, territories, and resources, the Declaration is the most comprehensive of international instruments in this area, both confirming and developing international law. As the cases discussed in this chapter illustrate, the Declaration is being used by indigenous peoples and tribunals — especially international tribunals — as a lever to support the recognition and protection of indigenous peoples' land, territories, and resources on the ground, even where domestic law is less accommodating of indigenous peoples' rights. Ultimately, the Declaration goes some way to reversing international law's historical role as a colonial tool for the dispossession of indigenous peoples' lands, territories, and resources.

Relatively little is known about Africa’s endangered languages. In an era when we are racing against time to study and preserve the world’s threatened languages before they go extinct, a disproportionately low amount of research and funding is devoted to the study of endangered African languages when compared to any other linguistically threatened region in the world. More regrettably, even less has been done to create a community of Africanists and concerned linguists who might work on rectifying this situation. This book puts some of Africa’s many endangered languages in the spotlight in the hope of reversing this trend. Both documentary and theoretical perspectives are taken with a view toward highlighting the symbiotic relationship between the two approaches and exploring its consequences for research on and preservation of endangered languages, both in the African context and more broadly. The articles that comprise this volume collectively advocate nurturing synergistic partnerships between documentary and theoretical linguists researching endangered African languages in order to stimulate and enhance the depth, visibility, and impact of endangered African language research in the service of altering the landscape of scholarship and activism in this field.

Physiotherapists are involved in the management of patients with critical illness. Physiotherapy assessment of critically ill patients is less driven by medical diagnosis; instead, there is a strong focus on deficiencies at a pathophysiological and functional level. An accurate and valid assessment of respiratory conditions (retained airway secretions, atelectasis, and respiratory muscle weakness), physical deconditioning, and related problems (muscle weakness, joint stiffness, impaired functional exercise capacity, physical inactivity, and emotional function) allows the identifying of targets for physiotherapy. Evidence-based targets for physiotherapy are deconditioning, impaired airway clearance, atelectasis, (re-)intubation avoidance, and weaning failure. Early physical activity and mobility are key in the prevention, attenuation, or reversion of physical deconditioning related to critical illness. A variety of modalities for exercise training and early mobility are evidence-based and are implemented, depending on the stage of critical illness, comorbid conditions, and cooperation of the patient. The physiotherapist should be responsible for implementing mobilization plans and exercise prescription and make recommendations for their progression, jointly with medical and nursing staff.

Physiotherapists are involved in the management of patients with critical illness. Physiotherapy assessment of critically ill patients is less driven by medical diagnosis; instead, there is a strong focus on deficiencies at a pathophysiological and functional level. An accurate and valid assessment of respiratory conditions (retained airway secretions, atelectasis, and respiratory muscle weakness), physical deconditioning, and related problems (muscle weakness, joint stiffness, impaired functional exercise capacity, physical inactivity, and emotional function) allows the identifying of targets for physiotherapy. Evidence-based targets for physiotherapy are deconditioning, impaired airway clearance, atelectasis, (re-)intubation avoidance, and weaning failure. Early physical activity and mobility are key in the prevention, attenuation, or reversion of physical deconditioning related to critical illness. A variety of modalities for exercise training and early mobility are evidence-based and are implemented, depending on the stage of critical illness, comorbid conditions, and cooperation of the patient. The physiotherapist should be responsible for implementing mobilization plans and exercise prescription and make recommendations for their progression, jointly with medical and nursing staff.

Whenever people talk to one another, there are at least two things going on at once. First, and most obviously, there is an exchange of speech. Second, and slightly less obviously, there is a negotiation about how that exchange is organized—about whose turn it is to talk at any given moment. Linguists call this second, organizational, level of communicative activity ‘turn-taking’, and since the late 1970s it has been central to the way in which spoken interaction is understood. In spite of its relevance to the study of drama, however, turn-taking has received little attention from critics and editors of Shakespeare. This book aims to put that right. It offers a fresh perspective on the dramatic text by reversing the priorities of traditional literary analysis. Rather than focusing on what characters say, it focuses on when they speak. Rather than focusing on how they talk, it focuses on how they gain access to the floor. Its central argument is that the turn-taking patterns of Shakespeare’s plays are a part of what Emrys Jones has called their ‘basic structural shaping’—as fundamental to dialogue as rhythm is to verse. It investigates what it means for a character to speak in or out of turn, to interrupt or overlap with a previous speaker, to pause before speaking, or to fail to speak at all. It explores how these moments are—and are not—signalled by the Shakespearean text, how best to describe and understand them, and the implications of such questions for contemporary debates about editing, rhetoric, prosody, and early modern performance practices.

Compressed-development influences increasingly flow from developing to developed countries. Reversing our lens to look at the United States and Japan, we observe that the technological and organizational changes that have spurred compressed development in recent developers are also responsible for changes in industry structure, rising inequality, and employment duality in developed economies. A ‘Red Queen’ effect sees developed countries running faster and undertaking parallel socioeconomic changes to stay in the same privileged place. In some ways ‘we are all compressed developers now’. Looking ahead, and returning to our dyadic pairs, the chapter further considers how the ‘digital economy’ may affect developing–developed country interrelations, and whether we are finally entering an age of ‘great convergence’ with the rise of China and a more multipolar economic and geopolitical structure.

Web 2.0 tools, while mobilising citizens to make informed choices, may also manipulated public opinion. This hypothesis forms the central theme of this research investigation through the historiography lens. Based on concurrent research from decade, the authors take a closer look at citizen-to-citizen engagement, so as to trace the role of web 2.0 tools, in perhaps manipulating public opinion or enabling democratic governance through reversal of some existing defects in the Indian context. Specifically, they raise these questions: Has ICT enabled civic engagement manipulated public opinion in this developing democracy? Has it succeeded in reversing apparent defects in the electoral system, which is regarded pivotal in democracies? Focusing on the elections, the authors present a synopsis of the use of web 2.0 tools which were seemingly efficiently and prolifically used during the elections albeit to reach out to the large population base in this country.

This chapter tries to identify the conditions under which a fourth party can tame competition in order to achieve cooperation. It relies on an in-depth case study of a multinational corporation acquired by a private equity firm through leveraged buy-out during the 2000s. It is shown that the private equity firm wanted to foster collaboration among competing operating units to increase firm performance but that it failed, despite the interest of many middle managers. The main reason was that top managers of these operating units, facing the great recession, strategically impeded cooperation because they thought that the private equity firm could break up the corporation in the near future, a belief inscribed in the ‘moral economy’ of managerialism. It is concluded that competition may be more easily reversed in firms with different types of owners or in other sectors where self-interested behaviour is less institutionalized.

‘Downfall, 1812–1815’ describes Napoleon’s catastrophic attempt to destroy Russia’s army in 1812. Despite failing to win the latest Russian war, Napoleon still controlled vast territories with unmatched human resources. The 1813 campaigns, which Napoleon fought in Germany against the Sixth Coalition came close to reversing his fortunes. But why did Napoleon and the allies not make peace? In 1814, the allies entered France forcing Napoleon to abdicate. He retired to Elba and was replaced by the Bourbon pretender, Louis XVIII. Less than a year later, Napoleon returned to seize power for a second time. Only after his defeat at Waterloo in June 1815 by Lord Wellington would his fall from power become permanent.

This essay describes the trajectory followed by judicial appointments in Sri Lanka, under its different constitutions, and how each Constitution has been successively less protective of judicial independence, with specific references to the constitutions of 1972 and 1978. The essay attributes much of the erosion of judicial independence to the President being the sole authority for appointment and removal of judges, particularly after the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka in 2010. The essay parts with the hope that the coming into power of a new government under President Maithripala Sirisena, and its avowed aim of reversing the excesses perpetrated by the previous government will assist in depoliticizing the judicial appointments process.

Chapter 16 provides an overview of semiotic forms of violence against women in politics. These dynamics involve mobilizing semiotic resources—words, images, and even body language—to injure, discipline, and subjugate women. Unlike other forms of violence against women, these acts are less about attacking particular women directly than about shaping public perceptions about the validity of women’s political participation more broadly. Analyzed inductively, women’s experiences in politics suggest two main modes of semiotic violence: rendering women invisible, attempting to “symbolically annihilate” women in the public sphere, and rendering women incompetent, emphasizing “role incongruity” between being a woman and being a leader. Emerging solutions seek to counteract these dynamics by revising or reversing prevailing semiotic frames, forging new semiotic tools to defend women’s right to participate and create a more inclusive public sphere.

Many modern anaerobic digesters in developed countries consist of a digestion process in which solids are reduced to biogas, followed by mechanical separation that removes the majority of the remaining solids from the effluent. Experience has shown that such systems are often plagued with plugging due to excessive solids in the digester influent. Moreover, the mechanical separation equipment is prematurely degraded due to the elevated temperatures and corrosive compounds in the digester effluent. Reversing the order of separation and digestion offers a proven method of eliminating these problems, but at the expense of lower biogas production. The work presented in this paper quantifies this difference in biogas production by comparing the biogas yields of dairy wastewater feedstocks with and without prior mechanical solids separation through a 0.75-mm screen. Laboratory-scale batch digesters were operated up to 40 days at 35–40 °C and monitored for mass of volatile solids consumed and biogas production. Although the initially separated influent contained only half as much volatile solids, the ultimate biogas yield was only 25% less than that obtained with non-separated influent, demonstrating some tradeoff between higher energy production and system reliability.

In the simplest and original case of study of the Taylor–Couette TC problems, the fluid is contained between a fixed outer cylinder and a concentric inner cylinder which rotates at constant angular velocity. Much of the works done has been concerned on steady rotating cylinder(s) i.e. rotating cylinders with constant velocity and the various transitions that take place as the cylinder(s) velocity (ies) is (are) steadily increased. On this work, we concentrated our attention in the case in which the inner cylinder velocity is not constant, but oscillates harmonically (in time) clockwise and counter-clockwise while the outer cylinder is maintained fixed. Our aim is to attempt to answer the question if the modulation makes the flow more or less stable with respect to the vortices apparition than in the steady case. If the modulation amplitude is large enough to destabilise the circular Couette flow, two classes of axisymmetric Taylor vortex flow are possible: reversing Taylor Vortex Flow (RTVF) and Non-Reversing Taylor Vortex Flow (NRTVF) (Youd et al., 2003; Lopez and Marques, 2002). Our work presents an experimental investigation of the effect of oscillatory Couette-Taylor flow, i.e. both the oscillation frequency and amplitude on the apparition of RTVF and NRTVF by analysing the instantaneous and local mass transfer and wall shear rates evolutions, i.e. the impact of vortices at wall. The vortices may manifest themselves by the presence of time-oscillations of mass transfer and wall shear rates, this generally corresponds to an instability apparition even for steady rotating cylinder. On laminar CT flow, the time-evolution of wall shear rate is linear. It may be presented as a linear function of the angular velocity, i.e. the evolution is steady even if the angular velocity is not steady. At a “critical” frequency and amplitude, the laminar CT flow is disturbed and Taylor vortices appear. Comparing to a steady velocity case, oscillatory flow accelerate the instability apparition, i.e. the critical Taylor number corresponds to the transition is smaller than that of the steady case. For high oscillation amplitudes of the inner cylinder rotation, the mass transfer time-evolution has a sinusoidal evolution with non equal oscillation amplitudes. If the oscillation amplitude is large enough, it can destabilize the laminar Couette flow, Taylor vortices appears. The vortices direction can be deduced from the sign of the instantaneous wall shear rate time evolution.

As gas prices rise and the green movement grows, more fluid power companies are working to develop hydraulic drive trains for large trucks to passenger cars and wind turbines. The hydraulic drive system is more effective and efficient than traditional hybrid systems because there is less energy lost between the engine and the wheels. Specially designed for stop-and-go vehicles, the system captures energy as the vehicle brakes. When the vehicle is restarted, the series hydraulic hybrid system puts the vehicle in motion. When the captured energy is depleted, then the engine kicks in. Here, the accumulator in the system is used to recover the kinetic energy without reversion of fluid flow. Variable displacement pump/motor unit is utilized for both driving and hydro-static regeneration mode. This paper gives an insight on dynamic simulation results obtained using LMS Amesim tool. The effect of various system parameters like pre-charge pressure and hydraulic pump/motor-pump maximum displacement on system output power is discussed. Varying pre-charge pressure of the accumulator shows significant improvement in the system output power. Maximizing the system output power indirectly leads to less fuel consumption and pollution reduction in hybrid vehicles.

Abstract The complete decommissioning of an offshore wind farm can be considered as a highly complex and hazardous approach. An unknown number of variables and unforeseen circumstances are involved in the decommissioning process. On the one hand the decommissioning of the top structure, such as blades, turbine and mast, can be handled relatively risk free by reversing the installation steps. More focus needs to be given to the recycling method and logistic. The foundation decommissioning on the other hand is a much more challenging procedure. Originally designed for high axial and lateral loads, the foundations are generally oversized concerning the loading capacity. With a diameter up to nine meter, an embedment of about 40 meter and a set up effect over 25 years, the necessary force to pull the pile out of the seabed can be assumed, if at all determinable, to be enormous. Different methods and techniques for a complete removal of offshore pile foundation are currently investigated within the project DeCoMP. Vibratory extraction and jet drilling aim for a reduction of the pile skin friction by creating a layer of less density between the pile shaft and pending soil. In a different approach the seabed is used as an abutment and a pressing force is applied by creating an overpressure inside the pile. The results of pilot test, presented in this paper, show the capability of overpressure pile decommissioning. On this basis scaled test with an extensive measurement concept will be carried out in 2020.

The efficient internal mixing of colliding non-Newtonian droplets upon coalescence is critical to various technological processes, specifically involving the initiation of the liquid-phase reaction of gelled hypergolic propellants, which are promising fuels for next-generation rocket engines. However, most previous studies on droplet collision used Newtonian fluids, and the non-Newtonian fluids that can be highly nonlinear and even trend reversing are much less understood to date. Motzigemba et al. [1] experimentally found that the deformation of colliding droplets of shear-thinning fluids is substantially larger than that of the Newtonian fluid. In a previous work [2], we numerically studied the initially stationary equal-sized droplet coalescence between a Newtonian and non-Newtonian droplet. Because of the reduced local viscosity and thereby smaller viscous dissipation for shear-thinning fluids, the flow in the non-Newtonian droplet is faster than that in the Newtonian droplet, resulting in unsymmetrical, albeit small, mixing induced by the shear-thinning effect. The above findings are encouraging since the droplet internal motion is driven solely by the surface tension of the initially stationary droplets regardless of the impact inertia. However, as the published references of Newtonian fluid characteristics, internal mixing of non-Newtonian fluid definitely can be substantially augmented because of the correspondingly substantial internal motion generated through the impact inertia. Thus, in terms of the equal-sized head-on colliding droplets, efficient mixing must require breaking the collision symmetry by varying the impact inertia and the rheological properties as well.

Abstract We study the influence of the substrate tilt angle on the microstructure and optoelectronic properties of gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin films deposited by the atmosphere pressure plasma jet (APPJ) method. The nozzle trajectories play a key role in oblique angle deposition. In the process of oblique angle deposition, if the nozzle scanned from the upstream side to the downstream side, the electrical properties such as resistivity, carrier concentration and mobility deteriorate considerably. The optical properties also worsen — specular transmittance goes down and diffuse transmittance increase to a significant amount. This degradation can be attributed to the “pre-deposition” of the GZO adsorbed particles (ad-particles) on the downstream side of the raw glass where the nozzle has not scanned. These GZO ad-particles serve as nuclei on which the incoming vapor particles deposit preferentially. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD confirmed that the film near the downstream is thicker, less smooth, and porous than that near the upstream. The undesirable situation can be mitigated or even completely removed via proper nozzle scanning trajectories — reversing the scanning trajectory of the nozzle. If the nozzle scans from the downstream side to the upstream side, no pre-deposition of the GZO ad-particles to deteriorate the film properties and therefore the obliquely deposited films perform as well as the films deposited without tilt, i.e. flat substrate. This work presents a solution to the challenge of depositing TCO on tilted and curved surfaces.

A 3,000 sq.ft., two-story monolithic thin-shell concrete dome custom home was constructed in 2005 in Mesa, AZ, by the author. This architectural construction style represents a small, but growing, commercial and residential market, one of whose selling points is energy efficiency. During the preliminary architectural design phase, the only anecdotal and case studies available to the author were mainly related to cold-weather climates. No technically adequate thermal performance studies were found for the opposite, high temperature extreme of climate conditions. To address this need, two models are developed and explored. First, a preliminary lumped-parameter model (initially created to lend technical credence to the exuberant claims of dome aficionados and provide rationalization for the custom home construction project), is compared with actual data collected at the dome during construction. Because the correlation is not very good, a second model based on thermal two-port transmission line theory, is developed. This model provides additional insight, and in particular, comparison with the actual data suggests that model verification will require a somewhat different approach to data collection itself (and to the manner in which the model is utilized). This is confirmed using a small set of subsequent trial data. Thermal models aside, actual utility consumption data for the dome is compared with two conventional block-construction homes in the same geographic locale, showing that the dome thermal performance, at least during the hot months of the year, provides a measurable advantage. Finally, it is shown how the transmission line model makes it very easy to explore the thermal effects of reversing the order of the primary material layers (insulation and concrete).

On October 30, 2009 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) promulgated the Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (ghg) across virtually every industry sector in the U.S., including Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants, emitting over 25,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emissions per year. In conformance with 40CFR part 98, subpart C stationary fuel combustion sources, WTE plants were required to report 2010 CO2 emissions by September 30, 2011, and annually thereafter by March 31st. A key element of this process involves the quarterly collection of flue gas samples for characterization of mean biogenic CO2 content. While this rule is in its infancy, it is clear that the Agency intends to regulate CO2 emissions, especially the anthropogenic fraction, across all industry sectors. Currently, ecomaine’s sample results for its municipal waste combustor (MWC) contain, on average, 60% biogenic carbon with the remaining 40% fraction characterized by anthropogenic carbon. As ecomaine begins to optimize the removal of organic material through stepped up recycling efforts and the phase-in of large-scale composting operations, it is plausible that the biogenic carbon fraction will diminish over time, leaving a growing fraction of the less desirable anthropogenic carbon. Based on USEPA’s 2010 Municipal Solid Waste in the U.S. – 2009 Facts and Figures report (EPA-530R-10-012), the organic fraction of municipal solid waste is approximately 62.5% by weight before recycling. The successful diversion of even 1/2 this material away from ecomaine’s MWC could result in a measurable reduction of biogenic carbon, possibly reversing the biogenic:anthropogenic fraction to 40%:60%. This paper will explore strategies, including Life Cycle Analyses of WTE, recycling, and composting operations that the WTE industry can employ to help frame anthropogenic carbon emissions in a better light and stave off future regulatory sanctions as the climate change debate advances to a new level in the years ahead.

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of aluminum alloys has recently become popular in the auto industry to increase fuel efficiency of a vehicle. In many situations, the weld is short (say, less than two inches) and the “end effects” become very critical in determining the strength of the weld. At the beginning stage of the welding, when the metal is still “cold”, which is frequently called cold weld, limited weld penetration occurs. On the other hand, at the ending stage of the welding, a “crater” is formed involving micro-cracks and micro-pores. Both the cold weld and the crater can significantly decrease the strength of the weld and are more severe for aluminum alloys as compared to steels. Hence, there are strong needs to improve the GMAW process in order to reduce or eliminate the aforementioned end effects. In this paper, both mathematical modeling and experiments have been conducted to study the beginning stage, ending stage, as well as the quasi-steady-state stage of GMA welding of aluminum alloys. In the modeling, a three-dimensional model using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method is employed to handle the free surfaces associated with the impingement of droplets into the weld pool and the weld pool dynamics. Transient weld pool shapes and the distributions of temperature and velocity in the weld pool are calculated. The predicted solidified weld bead shapes, including weld penetration and/or reinforcement, are in agreement with experimental results for welds in the aforementioned three stages. It was found that the thickness of the molten weld pool is smaller and there is no vortex developed, as compared to steel welding. The lack of penetration in cold weld is due to the lack of pre-heating by the welding arc. Three techniques are proposed and validated numerically to improve weld penetration by increasing the energy input at the beginning stage of the welding. The crater formation is caused by rapid solidification of the weld pool when the welding arc is terminated. By reducing welding current and reversing the welding direction before terminating the arc, the weld pool is maintained “hot” for a longer time allowing melt flow to fill-up the crater. This method is validated experimentally and numerically to be able to eliminate the formation of the crater and the associated micro-cracks.

This rapid literature review explores the interactions between climate change and air pollution, with a focus on human health impacts. In particular, the report explores potential synergies in tackling climate change and air pollution together. The impacts and implications of the transition from a carbon-intensive economy upon air quality and consequently human health are examined. Discussing climate change without air pollution can lead to risks. For example, strategies that focus on electrification and transition to renewable energy achieve maximum health and air quality benefits compared to strategies that focus mainly on combustible renewable fuels (biofuel and biomass) with some electrification. Addressing climate change necessitates a shift towards a new low carbon era. This involves stringent and innovative changes in behaviour, technology, and policy. There are distinct benefits of considering climate change and air pollution together. Many of the processes that cause climate change also cause air pollution, and hence reductions in these processes will generate cleaner air and less global warming. Politically, the consideration of the two issues in tandem can be beneficial because of the time-inconsistency problems of climate change. Air pollution improvements can offer politicians victories, on a useful timescale, to help in their aims of reversing climate change. By coupling air pollution and air pollution agendas together, it will increase the media and political attention both environmental causes receive. Policies should involve the integration of climate change, air quality, and health benefits to create win-win situations. The success of the strategies requires financial and technical capacity building, commitment, transparency, and multidisciplinary collaboration, including governance stakeholders at multiple levels, in both a top-down and bottom-up manner.

This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.