Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Revised laws'

The main purpose of the current study is to evaluate the deterrent effects of the two juvenile law revisions in Japan. The time series data of delinquency rates in Japan (1965-2014) are investigated through auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling. Results demonstrates that there are insignificant deterrent effects of the revisions on the whole juvenile delinquencies, repeat offenses, or murder cases, after controlling for serial dependency and other factors. In terms of practical implications, these results suggest that the public and politicians should acknowledge that harsher policies are less likely to deter juvenile delinquency. While the current macro-level analysis is informative in that it provides a big picture of delinquency in a society, further research efforts are needed to explain why the law revisions failed to deter juvenile delinquency.

Les PROMs (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures) son mesures basades en autoinformes que avaluen diferents aspectes de salut des de la perspectiva del pacient. La seva aplicació fa possible la identificació de problemes que no es podrien avaluar amb altres mesures, com la simptomatologia relacionada amb els efectes adversos d’un tractament. Tanmateix, el seu ús també facilita la presa de decisions clíniques relacionades amb la planificació del tractament, la comparabilitat de resultats i l’avaluació dels costos econòmics derivats de les intervencions sanitàries. Degut als beneficis relacionats amb l’ús de les PROMs, diferents organitzacions promouen la seva implementació en les institucions sanitàries, com l’Organització per a la Cooperació i el Desenvolupament Econòmic (OCDE), i el Servei Nacional de Salut de Gran Bretanya (NHS). Foster et al. (2018) identifiquen factors que facilitarien la seva implementació, com la selecció de la mesura més adequada, vàlida, fiable i factible. En aquest context, l’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi és proporcionar un marc metodològic per avaluar i seleccionar les PROMs de salut més adequades, amb dos objectius específics: a) avaluar les propietats de mesura de les PROM relacionades amb el confort del pacient, com la validesa, fiabilitat, sensibilitat, i factibilitat (costos, càrrega, mode d’administració); b) analitzar com avaluen els investigadors i els professionals de la salut les propietats de les PROMs, en concret en l’àmbit de la qualitat de la vida. Respecte al primer objectiu es dissenya una revisió psicomètrica per avaluar la qualitat de les propietats de mesura mitjançant eines estandarditzades. Respecte al segon objectiu, es dissenya una meta-revisió per descriure els diferents procediments que utilitzen els revisors per valorar les propietats de mesura de les PROMs i la qualitat metodològica dels estudis primaris inclosos en les revisions psicomètriques, així com de les pròpies revisions. Els resultats de la nostra revisió psicomètrica destaquen la falta de consens en l’avaluació de la qualitat de la mesura i la falta de valoració de la seva factibilitat en un context determinat. Els resultats de la nostra meta-revisió destaquen, entre altres aspectes, la falta d’adherència dels revisors a les guies de reporte i de qualitat metodològica de les revisions sistemàtiques (RS), i l’escassa freqüència d’ús d’eines estandarditzades per a l’avaluació de les propietats de mesura, malgrat l’existència de nombroses propostes desenvolupades des de diferents marcs teòrics, com The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of Health Instruments (COSMIN, 2018). En general, assenyelem algunes carències metodològiques respecte a la qualitat del procés d’avaluació de les propietats de la mesura, i establim diferents línies d’investigació. Una primera línia estaria orientada a millorar la qualitat del reportatge de les RS de propietats de mesura, proposant la elaboració d’unes noves guies Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) adaptades a aquest tipus de revisions, ja que les actuals guies PRISMA estan dissenyades per a les RS d’intervencions. Una segona línia estaria orientada a millorar la qualitat metodològica de les RS de propietats de mesura, proposant la incorporació de l’avaluació del risc de biaix (RdB) dels estudis psicomètrics. Una tercera línia seria la incorporació de l’aproximació qualitativa en els PROMs per afavorir l’obtenció d’informació rellevant. Finalment, assenyalem la importància d’avaluar la qualitat de les PROM tradicionals adaptades a les noves tecnologies, ePROMs, especialment en relació amb la seva validesa de contingut i l’equivalència entre formats d’administració. En conclusió, aquesta tesi aporta resultats rellevants sobre l’avaluació de la qualitat de les PROMs i obre noves línies d’investigació.
Las PROMs (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures) son medidas basadas en auto-informes que evalúan diferentes aspectos de salud desde la perspectiva del paciente. Su aplicación hace posible la identificación de problemas que no podrían evaluarse con otras medidas, como la sintomatología relacionada con los efectos adversos de un tratamiento. Asimismo, su aplicación también facilita la toma decisiones clínicas relacionadas con la planificación del tratamiento, la comparabilidad de resultados y la evaluación de los costes económicos derivados de las intervenciones sanitarias. Debido a los beneficios relacionados con el uso de las PROMs, diferentes organizaciones promueven su implementación en las instituciones sanitarias, como la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OECD), y el Servicio Nacional de Salud de Gran Bretaña (NHS). Foster et al. (2018) identifican factores que facilitarían su implementación, como la selección de la medida más adecuada, válida, fiable y factible. En este contexto, el objetivo general de esta tesis es proporcionar un marco metodológico para evaluar y seleccionar las PROMs de salud más adecuadas, con dos objetivos específicos: a) evaluar las propiedades de medida de las PROMs relacionadas con el confort del paciente, como son la validez, la fiabilidad, sensibilidad, y factibilidad (costes, carga, modo de administración); b) analizar cómo evalúan los investigadores y los profesionales de la salud las propiedades de las PROMs, en concreto en el ámbito de la calidad de vida. Respecto al primer objetivo se diseña una revisión psicométrica para evaluar la calidad de las propiedades de medida mediante herramientas estandarizadas. Respecto al segundo objetivo, se diseña una meta-revisión para describir los diferentes procedimientos que utilizan los revisores para valorar las propiedades de medida de las PROMs y la calidad metodológica de los estudios primarios incluidos en las revisiones psicométricas, así como de las propias revisiones. Los resultados de nuestra revisión psicométrica destacan tanto la falta de consenso en la evaluación de la calidad de la medida como la falta de valoración de su factibilidad en un contexto determinado. Los resultados de nuestra meta revisión destacan, entre otros aspectos, la falta de adherencia de los revisores a las guías de reporte y de calidad metodológica de las revisiones sistemáticas (RS), y la escasa frecuencia de uso de herramientas estandarizadas para la evaluación de las propiedades de medida, a pesar de la existencia de numerosas propuestas desarrolladas desde diferentes marcos teóricos, como The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of Health Instruments (COSMIN, 2018). En general, señalamos algunas carencias metodológicas respecto a la calidad del proceso de evaluación de las propiedades de medida, y establecemos diferentes líneas de investigación. Una primera línea estaría orientada a mejorar la calidad del reporte de las RS de propiedades de medida, proponiendo la elaboración de unas nuevas guías Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) adaptadas a este tipo de revisiones, pues las actuales guías PRISMA están diseñadas para las RS de intervenciones. Una segunda línea estaría orientada a mejorar la calidad metodológica de las RS de propiedades de medida, proponiendo la incorporación de la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo (RdS) de los estudios psicométricos. Una tercera línea sería la incorporación de la aproximación cualitativa en las PROMs para favorecer la obtención de información relevante. Finalmente, señalamos la importancia de evaluar la calidad de las PROMs tradicionales adaptadas a las nuevas tecnologías, ePROMs, especialmente en relación con su validez de contenido y la equivalencia entre formatos de administración. En conclusión, esta tesis aporta resultados relevantes sobre la evaluación de la calidad de las PROMs y abre nuevas líneas de investigación.
PROMs (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures) are self-reported instruments measuring different health outcomes reported by the patient. Their use allows identifying problems that could not be evaluated with other measures, such as symptoms related to the adverse effects of treatment. Their implementation also facilitates the clinical decision-making, allows comparison across various medical conditions, and enables the cost-effectiveness assessment of health interventions. Because the use of PROMs in the clinical practice provides numerous benefits, different organizations promote strategies to implement them in health institutions, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the National Health Service of Great Britain (NHS). Likewise, Foster et al. (2018) identify factors that would facilitate their implementation, as the selection of the most appropriate, valid, reliable and feasible measure. In this context, the general objective of this thesis is to provide a methodological framework to evaluate and select the most suitable PROMs, with two specific objectives: a) to evaluate the measurement properties of PROMs assessing patient comfort, such as the validity, reliability, sensitivity, and feasibility (costs, burden, mode of administration); b) to analyze how researchers and health professionals usually appraise the measurement properties of PROMs, specifically in the field of health-related quality of life. To accomplish the first objective, a psychometric review was designed to assess the quality of the measurement properties using standardized tools. Concerning the second objective, a meta-review was performed to describe the different procedures that the reviewers use to assess the measurement properties of PROMs and the methodological quality of the primary studies included in the psychometric reviews, as well as of the reviews themselves. The findings of the psychometric review highlighted the lack of consensus for evaluating the quality of the instrument as well as its feasibility in a given context. The results of the meta-review mainly indicated the lack of adherence of the reviewers to the reporting and methodological quality guidelines to conduct systematic reviews (SR), as well as the scarce use of standardized tools to evaluate the measurement properties, although numerous proposals have been developed within different theoretical frameworks, such as The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of Health Instruments (COSMIN, 2018). In general, we highlight methodological shortcomings regarding the quality of the measurement properties evaluation process, and we establish different lines of research. A first line would be aimed at improving the quality of the reporting of SR of measurement properties, proposing the development of new Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines adapted to this type of reviews, as the current PRISMA guidelines are focused on SRs of interventions. A second line would be aimed at improving the methodological quality of the SR of measurement properties, proposing the assessment of the risk of bias (RoB) of psychometric studies. A third line would be the incorporation of the qualitative approach in the PROMs to obtain relevant information. Finally, we pointed out the importance of assessing the quality of traditional PROMs adapted to new technologies, namely ePROMs, especially concerning their content validity and the equivalence between administration forms. In conclusion, this thesis provides relevant results concerning the evaluation of PROMs and proposes future research lines.

European competition law originated after the end of the Second World War as a part of treaties instrumental to the European integration process and it evolved through secondary law and jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice from an international trade provision into its modern and truly general form. European Commission in it its endeavor to modernize competition law presents a review of the application of Article 82. The goal of the review is to base the policy on a sound economic framework, to aim on effects of abusive conduct rather than on its form and finally to focus mainly on the most important competition problems. This thesis advocates the necessity of an economic analysis while assessing the possible abuse of dominant position in concrete cases and therefore welcomes proclaimed goals of the review. Conversely it criticizes the insufficient fulfillment of these goals, which is in our view, mainly due to misunderstanding of the operation of market mechanism. Economics is in its most generalized form a complex science of purposeful human action. It is therefore not a toolbox, from which one could ad hoc take models or theories in order to assess the abuse of dominant position in real-world cases. This naive approach often leads authorities to make unsound or paradox rulings. We demonstrate the indispensability of correctly understanding the market mechanism in referencing the famous Microsoft case. Industries of the New Economy are characterized by strong network effects and a high portion of fixed costs, which makes the firms often compete "for the market" instead of "on the market". The corollary high market share is not in our view a manifestation of a monopoly position, which could be exploited using monopoly price. Modern economy explains how potential competition forces these highly efficient firms to continuously invest into new technologies and how it pushes down the price of final products. On the other hand, recourse to ad hoc doctrines or non adequate economic models may lead to erroneous assessment of abuse of dominant position.

In the globalized world of today, ironically, companies find competitive advantages in locating in proximity of each other. These highly present industrial groupings are called clusters. A popular model to describe the benefits of a cluster environment is the Porter’s Diamond, also called the Diamond Model.

Since the Diamond Model was published in 1990, there is a need of complements, in order for it to fit the dynamic business world of today. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the benefits of a cluster environment with theories from four different designated perspectives other than Porter’s Diamond. This, to see if these theories can complement the Diamond Model to show a more contemporary, and comprehensive picture of the benefits in a cluster environment.

The research is intended to examine if the theoretically stated benefits can be recognized by the companies situated in a cluster environment. A compilation is created by the theoretical framework and tested with the Diamond Model to see if it presents a better picture of cluster benefits. The thesis conclusions fortified the saying “age before beauty”, at least if age is complemented with a social attitude.

The changes to the British Columbia Municipal Act repealing land use contracts in 1978 by Bill 42, and the subsequent amendments leading up to Bill 62 in 1985 and Bill 30 in 1987 have been both dramatic and comprehensive in their effect on land development and the approval process. Since the repealing of land use contracts and in spite of the new amendments, B.C. planning legislation has been increasingly criticized among developers, planners, and local governments for the lack of development agreement provisions and adequate flexibility in the municipal approval process. This thesis investigates the possibility of reintroducing land use contracts as a development agreement control in the context of current planning practices. A literature review of the evolution of municipal planning control in B.C. is conducted to provide background information for a theoretical and practical evaluation of the current system of controls in comparison to the former system of land use contracts. The theoretical evaluation is based on measuring both systems against normative criteria, whereas the practical evaluation is comprised of a local government/development industry survey and several case studies. The following conclusions are made in this research: - Land use contracts were introduced in response to a growing need among local governments for some legitimate legislative means of entering into development agreements with developers to require developers to assist in providing the municipal services associated with their development. - Local government support for the land use contract was based on the ability to regulate design, ensure regulation performance, and to enter into off-site servicing and amenity agreements. - The development industry was initially supportive of land use contracts because they offered unlimited flexibility during negotiations and the certainty of a legal contract immune to future zoning changes. Developers eventually withdrew their support for land use contracts complaining of large scale downzoning, lengthy approval delays and excessive impost fees. Many of these allegations are dispelled in this research, but the real weakness of the land use contract was that it was difficult to amend and could be used extensively to replace zoning, effectively "fettering" future council's planning powers. - In the absence of the land use contract, many municipal governments are continuing with a land use contract practice, but without a legislative or in some instances legal basis. - The theoretical analysis, survey and case studies determine that the current planning legislation is adequate for the most part. There is a need however, for a land use contract mechanism to accommodate mixed use, comprehensive or complicated developments. This type of control was determined to be superior in accommodating these types of projects to the current approach of using a variety of planning mechanisms. Generally there is support among local governments and the development industry in B.C. for new land use contract legislation as long as it is more clearly defined to avoid the mistakes of its use in the 1970's. On the basis of this analysis, the study recommends that land use contract reintroduced but in a much more controlled and limited way.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

Magister Legum - LLM
Good faith is an open ended concept which refers to fair and honest dealings. The function of this concept is to give expression to the community’s sense of what is fair, just and reasonable. The concept of good faith has and continues to acquire a meaning wider than mere honesty or the absence of subjective bad faith. It is an objective concept that includes other abstract values such as justice, reasonableness, fairness and equity. There is competition between the two underlying values or cornerstones of the law of contract, namely that of sanctity of contract (pacta sunt servanda) and fairness.

This thesis reviews many of the historical, constitutional and legal factors behind today's gun control policy and how they relate to the laws governing the carrying of concealed firearms within the state of Oregon. Many legal cases are explored for their impact on the carriage of concealed weapons. A thorough examination was made of the Oregon legislative history behind HB 3470, sponsored by then-House Speaker Vera Katz, which was enacted in July 1989, was effective January 1, 1990, and became the kernel of the snowball passage of CCW (carry concealed weapon) laws within the United States. Statistical tests were conducted and revealed that the passage of the Oregon law did not result in an increased murder rate. The paper concludes by exploring the arguments raised against the concealed handgun licensing law in Oregon. These arguments are found to be both historically inaccurate and statistically inadequate.

Syftet med den här undersökningen var att förklara vad som styr redovisningsekonomer i deras val av karriär. Redovisningsekonomer kan välja ett flertal olika karriärer efter examen. För de personer som har läst ekonomi med inriktning mot revision, redovisning och controller kan valet vara att arbeta som revisor. Forskning inom området karriärval visar att det är olika faktorer som påverkar individen. Dessa faktorer kan vara ålder, kön, familjeliv, social klass och sociala kontakter. Vi kan konstatera att det program personen har läst på gymnasiet har betydelse för om personen blir revisor, vidare har vi funnit att även den skola personen har studerat vid och föräldrarnas påverkan är betydelsefulla vid karriärvalet. Däremot har vi inte kunnat fastställa att extraarbete vid sidan av studierna, partners yrke, om personen har flyttat för att studera på högskola/universitet, föräldrarnas eventuella akademiska utbildning, etnisk bakgrund och arbetsmarknad har någon inverkan på valet av karriär.

Vi har med en deduktiv ansats använt oss av fragment av existerande teorier och skapat hypoteser utifrån dessa. Studien har genomförts med en kombination av dokumentstudie och telefonsurvey där vi har intervjuat personer som har studerat vid Högskolan Kristianstad och Växjö Universitet. Vi har genomfört en totalundersökning av de studenter som har skrivit sin kandidatuppsats inom området revision, redovisning och controller under åren 2000/2001 och 2004/2005 på dessa skolor.

Judicial review of risk regulation rule making in the United States has been a highly controversial area of administrative law. How a court should substantively review expert decision makers acting under scientific uncertainty is by no means clear. While there has been much criticism, few answers have been forthcoming, and the present approach taken by the courts has led to ossification of the rule making process. While risk regulation may seem the product of late twentieth century America, courts in carrying out judicial review have been tackling the problems created by expertise and scientific uncertainty since at least the turn of the century. The courts' approach in applying such scope of review standards as the substantial evidence and arbitrary and capricious tests has been largely determined by their understanding of what is an expert administrative agency. Two models of administrative expertise can be identified - the deliberative and the rationalist. The rationalist expert agency is defined as an analytical fact finder which does not stray outside precise legislative boundaries. In contrast the deliberative expert agency is a complex problem solver in the public interest. It engages in deliberation informed by analysis to solve problems identified by Congress. Through an examination of the impact of these models on scope of review doctrine an appreciation can be gained of why judicial review is presently carried out the way it is and how it can be reformed. In the early half of this century, scope of review doctrine was underpinned by the deliberative model. With the creation of the risk regulatory agencies in the early 1970s there was much confusion over both the role of these new agencies and how the courts should review their decisions. Due to a number of circumstances, both internal and external to risk regulation, judicial review was by 1980 underpinned by the rationalist paradigm. Influential factors included: growing distrust of public administration, hard look review, debates about administrative procedure, and legislative ambiguity. It is argued that the rationalist model is at odds with the task of risk regulators and what is expected of them. It is the rationalist paradigm rather than judicial review per se which has led to the problems of ossification. The deliberative paradigm can and should be the basis for effective judicial review and this is illustrated with a mock judgement.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Até os anos 1980, tratar de controle de constitucionalidade no âmbito do direito comparado significava ignorar a prática constitucional desenvolvida em boa parte dos países da família da common law. Isso porque o Reino Unido, juntamente com algumas de suas ex-colônias (como Canadá, Nova Zelândia e Austrália, além de Israel, cujo território fora um protetorado inglês antes de se tornar um Estado independente), apegados ao dogma da soberania do Parlamento, resistiam em reconhecer a juízes não eleitos competência para invalidar atos emanados dos legítimos representantes do povo. O cenário começa a mudar com a aprovação da Carta de Direitos e Liberdades canadense, em 1982. Nesta ocasião, os direitos fundamentais foram recolhidos em um documento jurídico dotado de supremacia e rigidez, tendo sido facultado a juízes e tribunais invalidar normas que não os respeitassem. Mas, para conciliar a nova prática com a tradição constitucional habituada à supremacia do Parlamento, alguns arranjos foram feitos, de forma a permitir que a última palavra em matéria de interpretação de direitos constitucionalmente protegidos permanecesse com o legislador. Surgiu, assim, um novo modelo de controle de constitucionalidade, no qual o judiciário possui um papel importante, mas não determinante, na proteção a direitos fundamentais. Este modelo, aqui chamado de controle fraco de constitucionalidade, serviu de inspiração para que o próprio Reino Unido e outras de suas ex-colônias adotassem alguma forma de judicial review entre os anos que marcaram a virada do século XX para o XXI. Nesta tese, pretende-se apresentar as características desse novo modelo, contrapondo-o ao modelo tradicional (forte) de controle de constitucionalidade e, ao final, fazer reflexões sobre a possível recepção do novo sistema em países integrantes da família romano-germânica.
By the 1980s, to approach judicial review in the context of comparative law meant to ignore the constitutional practice developed in a number of members within the common-law family of nations. This happened because the United Kingdom, along with some of her former colonies (such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia, besides Israel, whose territory had been an English protectorate before becoming an independent state), attached to the principle of Parliament s sovereignty, resisted the endowment of unelected judges with the power to invalidate acts performed by the people s legitimate representatives. The scenario began to change with the adoption of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. On that occasion, fundamental rights were put into a legal document tagged with supremacy and rigidity; judges and courts having been authorized to invalidate norms that clearly did not respect such rights. However, to accommodate the new practice without sacrificing the constitutional tradition more accustomed to the sovereignty of Parliament, some arrangements were made in order to allow that the last word on the interpretation of constitutionallyprotected rights would remain with the legislator. Thus a new pattern of judicial review appeared in which the Judiciary plays a significant, but not decisive role in protecting fundamental rights. This pattern, herein called weak-form judicial review, inspired the UK herself and other former colonies to adopt some form of judicial review, in the years that marked the turn of the 20th century to the 21st. The present paper intends to present the characteristics of this new pattern, comparing it to the traditional (strong) judicial review pattern, and it eventually elaborates on the possible receptivity to the new system by member countries of the civil law family of nations.

The thesis examines the constitutional position of the Court of Session's supervisory jurisdiction. It begins by emphasising the methodological and substantive importance of the historicality and traditionality of law. It then provides a detailed historical account of the emergence of the Court's supervisory jurisdiction, from its inheritance of supervisory functions from emanations of the King's Council to the present-day law of judicial review. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the Court's strong sense of self-orientation in the wider legal and constitutional order, and the extent to which it defined its own supervisory jurisdiction. The court was a powerful constitutional actor and played a strong role in the increasing centralisation and systematisation of the legal order, expanding its supervisory purview through a powerful triumvirate of remedies (advocation, suspension and reduction) and a comprehensive approach to the supervision of a wide range of bodies. The thesis then frames tensions between Parliament and the Court in the context of judicial review of ouster clauses, chosen as a point of heightened inter-institutional tension. This is demonstrated to be an area in which divergent visions of the constitution are evident – Parliament regarding itself as entitled to oust the jurisdiction of the Court to judicially review, and the Court regarding itself as entitled to examine and pronounce on the extent of ouster, including its limitation or exclusion. In attempting to conciliate these divergent constitutional worldviews, the thesis rejects a “last word” approach which prevails in the English judicial review literature. It considers (and rejects), as alternatives, dialogue theories and functional departmentalism. The thesis then advances constitutional narratology as its preferred analytical framework for the accommodation of those inter-institutional tensions, and conciliation of their divergent worldviews. The Court's performance of a constitutional-narratological function facilitates the integration, conciliation and synthesis of legal norms with an existing law and legal system; weaves and coagulates multifarious legal norms into a unified and univocal body of norms; and executes a chronicling, expository and explanatory storytelling function which sets a legally-authoritative narrative to the law. In doing so, the Court performs a distinctive and indispensable constitutional function incapable of fulfilment by Parliament. It is argued that traditionality and functional necessity provide the legal-systemic legitimation for the Court's performance of the constitutional-narratological function. Finally, the thesis considers the institutional specificity of the function, concluding that it is the function, rather than the institution, that is indispensable. However, neither the advent of the Upper Tribunal nor the U.K. Supreme Court suggest at this stage that the Court's performance of that function is waning.

Why should courts defer to administrative decision-makers? What means should courts employ to ensure that they accord the right degree of deference to administrative decision-makers? When should courts defer to administrative decision-makers? In chapters 1 and 2, I explain my reliance on legislative intent and I argue that properly considered it suggests courts should be deferential to administrative decision-makers and accord them a variable degree of curial deference. I the first instance, legislatures have delegated variable extents of power to administrators, which counsels not only judicial restraint, but variable amounts of judicial restraint. In the second instance, a proper consideration of the relevant statutory provisions may reveal reasons for the delegation of power, what I call practical justifications for curial deference: expertise, complexity, democratic legitimacy, and procedural legitimacy. These practical justifications are variable in nature and should, if contained in statutes, be taken into account by reviewing courts. The arguments based on the delegation of power and on practical justification both suggest that reviewing courts should implement a variable standard of review to give effect to legislative intent. In chapter 3, I develop such a variable standard of review, I analyse the concept of reasonableness in the context of judicial review and elaborate on its internal reason and structure, thereby establishing its legitimacy. In chapters 4 and 5, I argue that the doctrine of curial deference developed in the previous chapters should have a wide scope. I suggest that the employment of complex concepts such as ‘jurisdiction’, ‘error of law’ and ‘justiciability’ as organising principles in judicial review may frustrate legislative intent. I urge instead that reviewing courts should undertaken a general inquiry into reasonableness whenever an exercise of delegated powers is impugned, except where fundamental rights have allegedly been infringed.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80).
Organizing article data and information as well as streamlining communications are the most important goals of any submission system. The submission process used by law professors and law review journals severely fails to meet those goals. The Automated Law Review Submission System (ALRSS) has been developed in order to meet those goals. Many potential ALRSS users were interviewed and a rigorous set of requirements was developed. ALRSS successfully provides an easily accessible, central document and information repository, and also would nearly eliminate the use of phone, fax, mail or personal email. Furthermore, the system enables editors of law reviews l;o control the workflow of the review process. With further development, ALRSS will compete commercially with ExpressOTM in the law article community and strive to operate as effectively as MonsterTrakTM and LSDASTM do in their respective communities. The long term goal of ALRSS is to function as a general submission system that can be customized for a specific submission processes.
by David Bendix Gottlieb.
M.Eng.

In this article, the author presents the theme of the historical evolution of Labour Law, analyzing the most important milestones in which it develops. Firstly, he addresses the regulation of work in the preindustrial era; then, the emergence of Labour Law as a result of historical and social factors; and finally, its evolution throughout the twentieth and twenty-first century, concluding that this development has come to be circular.
En el presente artículo, el autor abarca el tema de la evolución histórica del Derecho del Trabajo, analizando los hitos más importantes en los que se desarrolla. En primer lugar, aborda la regulación del trabajo en la época preindustrial; a continuación, el surgimiento del Derecho del Trabajo a consecuencia de factores histórico-sociales; y, finalmente, su evolución a lo largo del siglo XX y XXI, concluyendo que esta evolución ha terminado por ser circular.

This treatise will focus on the review of labour arbitration awards provided for under the oversight of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA), bargaining councils, statutory councils, accredited private agencies and approved private arbitration tribunals. The general grounds of review applicable to the arbitration awards of the different bodies are set out. Thereafter the case of Carephone (Pty) Limited v Marcus NO & others (1998) 19 ILJ 1452 (LAC) is analysed and the core principles pertaining to the justifiability test are clarified for the first time in the forum of the Labour Appeal Court. The judicial rationale for the relevance and applicability of the test to CCMA arbitration proceedings and criticisms of the test are examined. The justifiability tests are only applicable to review proceedings in CCMA matters and not available to private arbitration review matters. There are however three approaches which are being suggested for the application of the justifiability tests to private arbitration review. Firstly, it is suggested that the Arbitration Act could be interpreted to include the justifiability test under the statutory review grounds. Secondly, the arbitration agreements could be interpreted to include an implied term that the arbitrator is under a duty to give justifiable awards. Finally, it can be submitted that the law should be developed by reading into all arbitration agreements the ability to arbitrators to give justifiable awards. Since the judgment of Sidumo v Rustenburg Platinum Mines [2007] 12 BLLR 1097 (CC) various critical questions arose in relation to the interpretation and application for the purpose of dealing with subsequent review applications. Firstly, this research paper will seek to establish whether the courts in subsequent matters to the Sidumo judgment have interpreted reasonableness as a test or ground for review. Secondly the research paper will scrutinise case law whether the reviewing court is entitled to rely on and consider reasons other than those provided for by the commissioner in his award to determine inter alia, the reasonableness of his decision arrived at. The Constitutional Court in the Sidumo case rejected the so-called employer’s test, stating that ultimately the commissioner’s sense of fairness is what must prevail and not the employer’s view. Consequently an impartial determination whether or not a dismissal was fair is likely to promote labour peace amongst the labour force. The test arrived at by the Constitutional Court in the Sidumo case for determining whether a decision or arbitration award of a CCMA commissioner is reasonable, is a stringent test that will ensure that such awards are not easily interfered with. The question to be asked in determining whether there has been compliance with the standard is whether the decision of the commissioner is one which a reasonable decision maker could have reached. This approach will underpin the primary objectives of the Labour Relations Act which is the effective resolution of disputes. This finding will be apparent from important cases decided and discussed after the Sidumo landmark ruling.

This study explored the process of constitutional interpretation and constitutional review in Ethiopia and determined the role of the courts. It examined the different suggestions made by different authors and officials regarding the respective role and function of the courts and the House of Federation in interpreting the constitution and exercising the power of constitutional review. It also seeked to inquire the counter-majoritarian problem which focused on the relationship between judicial review and democracy. The thesis also inquired into the legitimacy of the Ethiopian approach to constitutional review. In this regard it seeked to determine whether the approach represents and adequate response to the counter-majoritarian problem. It also seeked to determine whether Ethiopia has adopted an institution that is well suited, competent and impartial to discharge the task of constitutional interpretation and constitutional review.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkade hur lång tid det tog att bli auktoriserad revisor. Eftersom det fanns tidigare forskning på individers karriärframgångar inom andra yrken ansåg vi att det borde finnas liknande faktorer som påverkade revisorsassistenternas karriärframgång mot auktorisationen. I andra yrkeskarriärer är det vanligt att en person blir befordrad eftersom han eller hon har en social likhet med den personen som befordrar honom eller henne. Men i vår undersökning av revisorskarriären blir personen befordrad automatiskt genom att bli godkänd på revisorsproven och därför är personen i vår undersökning inte i lika stor grad beroende av ett socialt nätverk.

Vår utgångspunkt är att det tar fem år eftersom Revisorsnämnden har satt upp grundkrav som måste bli uppfyllda för att bli auktoriserad. Utifrån tidigare teorier, framförallt karriärteorier och forskning skapade vi en egen teori om auktorisationstiden, som består av olika faktorer som vi anser påverkar auktorisationstiden.

Vi har utgått ifrån att vägen till att bli auktoriserad revisor börjar när individen har tagit sin gymnasieexamen. Individen börjar kanske arbeta och får arbetslivserfarenhet inom redovisning. Arbetet kan pågå under den akademiska utbildningen och fram till dess att individen blir anställd som revisorsassistent. Tiden mellan revisorsassistent och tills individen blir auktoriserad revisor kallar vi för total auktorisationstid. Den totala auktorisationstiden består av effektiv auktorisationstid och arbetsavbrott. Effektiv auktorisationstid är den tiden som revisorsassistenten har arbetat heltid med sin anställning. I vår undersökning har vi utgått ifrån den effektiva auktorisationstiden. Alla individen gör inte arbetsavbrott, därför blir det mer jämförbart mellan individerna om man bortser ifrån arbetsavbrottet.

Vi anser att individuella karakteristiska drag påverkar den effektiva auktorisationstiden. Vi hävdar att könet påverkar den effektiva auktorisationstiden och att det tar längre tid för en kvinna. När en kvinna får barn ändras ofta hennes värderingar, från att tidigare prioritera arbetet till att istället prioritera familjen. Vi anser att ålder påverkar den effektiva auktorisationstiden eftersom en yngre revisorsassistent har sin studieteknik färsk, vilket gör att de vet hur de ska studera för att minnas mer till provet. Vi anser att den effektiva auktorisationstiden påverkas av en stark motivation, en god hälsa baserad på konditionsträning och en stresstålighet. En person som har en starkare motivation tar till sig kunskapen från uppdragen mycket snabbare än en person som inte har lika stark motivation. Fysisk träning gör att en person orkar mer, tänker klarare och blir mindre sjuk. En person som har medelhög stressnivå upplever att hanteringsförmågan och förmågan till anpassning är större än den press personen utsätts för.

I de sociala egenskaperna kommer en persons effektiva auktorisationstid att påverkas av personens arbetslivserfarenhet av redovisningsarbete och sociala miljö. Både den sociala miljön som personen befann sig i under sin ungdom, d v s klassursprung och den som personen befann sig i under sin utbildning, framför allt under sin akademiska utbildning. En person som föds i en högre social klass vet mer om vilka normer och värderingar som väntar dem eftersom personen har anammat föräldrarnas egenskaper och livsstil. En uppdragsgivare som har examen från en prestigefull skola väljer att ge de mer betydande uppdragen till en person som har examen från samma prestigefull skola eller från liknande prestigefull skola. Arbetslivserfarenhet av redovisning innan en person börjar arbeta på en revisionsbyrå gör att den får lättare att komma in i arbetsuppgifterna och förstå organisationskulturen.

Den organisation som revisorassistenten blir anställd i kan påverka den effektiva auktorisationstiden genom att erbjuda varierande arbetsuppgifter på grund av sin storlek, att ge stöd med en eller flera mentorer samt möjliggör för den nyanställde att byta position under sin anställningstid. Den medelstora revisionsbyrån har tillräckligt många små och stora klienter för att revisorsassistenten ska få rätt förutsättningar inför revisorsproven. Mentorn kan dela med sig av sin kunskap och ge råd till personen om vad som är viktigt att kunna. En person som har bytt position oftare har fått arbeta med mer varierade uppdrag, får mer bred erfarenhet.

Utifrån vår teori har vi skapat hypoteser som vi har valt att testa genom en telefonsurvey. Vi har intervjuat revisorer som har skrivit det nya EU anpassade revisorsprovet och fått sin auktorisation under åren 1999-2004. Vi valde det nya revisorsprovet eftersom det är mest aktuellt idag och i framtiden. Vår svarsfrekvent blev 81 % av 74 auktoriserade revisorer.

Vår teori har visat sig förklara två tredjedelar av den effektiva auktorisationstiden. De faktorer som vi fann ha ett samband med den effektiva auktorisationstiden var motivationen och åldern. Faktorer med ett svagt samband med den effektiva auktorisationstiden är stress och examensplats. Teorin har även visat en antydan till att antal positionsbyten har ett samband med den effektiva auktorisationstiden. Våra övriga faktorer som var; kön, hälsa, arbetslivserfarenhet, social klass, mentor och revisionskontorets storlek visade sig inte ha något samband med den effektiva auktorisationstiden.

En person som vill göra en snabb karriär inom revisorsyrket bör börja som revisorsassistent direkt efter avklarade studier, eftersom åldern ger en längre effektiv auktorisationstid. En stark motivation ger mer intresse för arbetet och ökar individens målmedvetenhet som i sin tur leder till att individen söker sig till nya utmaningar. En person som vill korta ner sin effektiva auktorisationstid bör lära sig att hantera stress, eftersom vår empiriska undersökning har visat att de personer som har medelhög stressnivå har kortare effektiv auktorisationstid.

This article addresses diverse perspectives concerning relationship between reviewing (laws) for compliance and the process of putting international law of human rights on a constitutional footing. Therefore, a parallel is established between reviewing (laws) for compliance and constitutional review (laws) in order to outline features and application impact of this research. The design of a multi-level protection system for fundamental rights in Latin America is also discussed in this article.
El presente artículo aborda aspectos relativos a la relación entre el control de convencionalidad y el proceso de constitucionalización del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Así, se establece un paralelo entre el control de convencionalidad y el control de constitucionalidad, a fin de determinar las características y el impacto de la aplicación del examen mencionado. El documento da cuenta de la configuración de un sistema de protección multinivel de los derechos fundamentales en Latinoamérica.

As the airline industry is in the midst of an economic crisis, air carrier ownership and control rules that have governed international air transport relations for the last fifty years have become subject to increased revision. Those rules impede the free flow of capital and airline consolidation across borders. Airlines have limited opportunities to structure their operations to serve global markets. Most importantly, the rules restrict the strategic choices available to ailing airlines and impede the restructuring of the industry. Particularly in the European Union, where liberalization is limited by restrictive ownership requirements included in bilateral agreements with third countries, airline consolidation and rationalisation through mergers and acquisitions is badly needed.
Impetus for liberalization emanates from the recent judgments of the European Court of Justice in the "Open Skies", which created the opportunity to revisit the entire ownership and control framework on a global scale. The Fifth ICAO Worldwide Air Transport Conference (ATConf/5) provided States with a forum to discuss and bring about change. Finally, the industry itself is pushing towards the liberalization of ownership restrictions that prevent it from operating like any other industry sector.
This thesis provides a review of the recent developments in the field of air carrier ownership and control. The focus is on a critical analysis of the outcome of ATConf/5. In particular, it will examine the significance of ATConf/5 for the development of ownership and control issues in air transport relations between the EU and third States and ultimately for the restructuring of the EU airline industry.

Os prejuízos causados pelo aumento do tempo de permanência hospitalar de um paciente devido ao retardo na cicatrização de feridas têm sido foco de preocupação em diferentes contextos das práticas de saúde. Nesse sentido, o grupo de Prevenção e Tratamento de Feridas (PTTF) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) vem desenvolvendo estudos sobre esta temática, a fim de contribuir à assistência de pacientes portadores de feridas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o curativo prevalente que constitui tratamento para as FOs abdominais com complicações, visando à busca de evidências que possam subsidiar o desenvolvimento de um protocolo institucional para o tratamento das mesmas. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma revisão sistemática que teve como pergunta norteadora Qual é o curativo prevalente no tratamento dos pacientes com complicações de feridas operatórias abdominais? Sendo P = paciente cirúrgico com idade igual ou maior que 18 anos, I = tipo de curativo utilizado para o tratamento de FOs abdominais e O = número de dias para a cicatrização. Foram utilizados MeSH controlados e não controlados e operador booleano AND. Foram utilizadas sete base de dados eletrônicas:PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs e Scielo, resultando em 6.107 artigos. Nessa etapa, realizou-se o Teste de Relevância Preliminar, o excluindo as produções através do título e do resumo breve apresentado nos resultados das buscas em cada base, sendo excluídos 5.578 artigos. Os 426 artigos selecionados foram submetidos ao Teste de Relevância I, o qual consistiu na avaliação dos resumos dos estudos. Nessa fase, foram excluídos 372 artigos, pois não estavam em consonância com a questão norteadora. Ao final desse teste, 54 artigos estavam adequados para prosseguir no estudo. Seguiu-se, então, para a avaliação dos estudos na íntegra através do Teste de Relevância II, em que se avaliou a qualidade metodológica, a relevância e a adequação dos resultados em atenção à questão norteadora. Nessa etapa, foram excluídos 19 artigos que possuíam nível de evidência e qualidade metodológica ruim, restando 35 artigos considerados adequados para prosseguir, sendo submetidos ao Teste de Relevância III, o qual avalia a qualidade metodológica dos estudos. Ao final desse teste, decidiu-se excluir os estudos que tivessem nível de evidência maior que 4, escore de qualidade abaixo de 14 e escala de Jadad menor que 3. Assim, foram excluídos nove estudos, compondo a amostra final 26 estudos. Em resposta a questão norteadora, 16 trabalhos apontaram o uso do curativo a VAC como o mais indicado para tratar FOs abdominais que tiveram complicações. Para tanto, recomenda-se pressão negativa de 75 a 125mmHg, com trocas a cada 72 horas, mostrando uma média de cicatrização que variou entre 13,2 e 18 dias. Sugere-se novas pesquisas, como ensaio clínico randomizado, ou estudo de caso controle, para que se possa avaliar a efetividade e a viabilidade da terapia VAC na nossa realidade.
The damages caused by the increased length of a patient's hospital stay due to a delay in wound healing have been a focus of concern in different health practice contexts. The Wound Prevention and Treatment Group (WPTG) of Porto Alegre's Hospital de Clínicas (HCPA) has been conducting studies on this subject in order to contribute to the care of wounded patients. In this sense, the aim of this study was to identify the dressings used to treat abdominal surgical wounds with complications, in order to look for evidence that supports the development of an institutional protocol for handling these wounds. For this purpose, a Systematic Review was developed, which had as a guiding question: What is the prevalent dressing in the treatment of patients with dehiscence in abdominal surgical wounds? Where P = surgical patients over 18 years old, I = type of dressing used to treat abdominal surgical wounds and O = the number of days for healing the wound. MeSH were used to search for the largest possible number of studies, being used both the controlled and the uncontrolled studies and their connections via the Boolean operator AND. Seven electronic databases were used: PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, and Scielo. The search for articles in databases resulted in 6,107 articles. At this stage, the Preliminary Test of Relevance was undertaken, analizing articles by the title and the brief summary presented in the search results on each base, resulting in the exclusion of 5,578 articles. The 426 remaining articles were submitted to the Relevance Test I, which consisted in the evaluation of their abstracts. At this stage, 372 articles were excluded because they did not match the research question. At the end of this test, 54 articles were considered appropriate to continue the study. The remaining studies were evaluated in their entirety through the Test Score II, which assessed the methodological quality, relevance and adequacy of the results in their relevance to the research question. At this stage, we excluded 19 articles that had a poor evidence level and methodological quality. The remaining 35 articles that were considered appropriate to proceed were submitted to the Relevance Test III, which assesses the methodological quality of studies. At the end of this test, studies that had an evidence level of more than 4, a quality score below 14 and a Jadad scale of less than 3 were excluded. Thus, 9 studies were excluded, defining a final sample of 25 studies. In response to the guiding question, 16 studies have shown the use of the VAC dressing as the best suited to treat abdominal surgical wounds with complications. To this end, a negative pressure of 75 to 125mmHg is recommended, with changes every 72 hours, showing an average healing ranging from 13.2 to 18 days. Further research is suggestes, such as a randomized clinical trial or a case-control study, so that the effectiveness and feasibility of VAC therapy in our reality can be assessed.
Los perjuicios causados por el aumento del tiempo de permanencia hospitalaria de un paciente debido al retardo en la cicatrización de heridas ha sido foco de preocupación en diferentes contextos de las prácticas de salud. En este sentido, el grupo de Prevención y Tratamiento de Heridas (PTTF) del Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) viene desarrollando estudios sobre esta temática, a fin de contribuir con la asistencia de pacientes portadores de heridas. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los curativos que constituyen tratamiento para las FOs abdominales con complicaciones, visando la búsqueda de evidencias que puedan subsidiar el desarrollo de un protocolo institucional para el tratamiento de las mismas. Por tanto, se desarrolló una Revisión Sistemática que tuvo como pregunta orientadora ¿Cuál es el curativo prevalente en el tratamiento de los pacientes con dehiscencia de heridas operatorias abdominales? P= paciente quirúrgico con edad igual o mayor a 18 años, I= tipo de curativo utilizado para el tratamiento de FOs abdominales y O= número de días para la cicatrización. Fueron utilizadas siete bases de datos electrónicas: PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs y Scielo. Fueron utilizados MeSH controlados y no controlados y operador booleano AND, resultante en 6107 artículos. En esta etapa, se realizó el Test de Relevancia Preliminar, el cual constituye en la exclusión de los artículos a través del título y del resumen breve presentado en los resultados de las búsquedas en cada base, siendo excluidos 5578 artículos. Los 426 artículos seleccionados fueron sometidos al Test de Relevancia I, el cual constituyó en la evaluación de los resúmenes de los estudios. En esta etapa, fueron excluidos 372 artículos, pues no estaban en consonancia con la cuestión orientadora. Al final de este test, 54 artículos fueron considerados adecuados para proseguir en el estudio. Se siguió para la evaluación de los estudios en la íntegra a través del Test de Relevancia II, en el que se evaluó la calidad metodológica, la relevancia y la adecuación de los resultados en atención a la cuestión orientadora. En esta etapa, fueron excluidos 19 artículos que poseían un mal nivel de evidencia y calidad metodológica, restando 35 artículos que fueron considerados adecuados para proseguir, siendo sometidos al Test de Relevancia III, el cual evalúa la calidad metodológica de los estudios. Al final de este test, se decidieron excluir los estudios que tuviesen nivel de evidencia maior a 4, score de calidad por debajo de 14 y escala de Jadad menor a 3. Así, fueron excluidos 9 estudios, componiendo la muestra final 26 estudios. En respuesta a la pregunta orientadora, 16 estudios apuntaron el uso del curativo VAC como el más indicado para tratar FOs abdominales que tuvieron complicaciones. Por tanto, se recomienda presión negativa de 75 a 125mmHg, con cambios cada 72 horas, mostrando un promedio de cicatrización que varió de 13,2 a 18 días. Se sugieren nuevas investigaciones, como un ensayo clínico aleatorio, o estudio de caso control, para que se pueda evaluar la efectividad y viabilidad de la terapia VAC en nuestra realidad.

The apparent lack of any previous work focusing on Police Probationer Training was the impetus behind this research. This very important area of police training is undergone by all officers and their probationary period lasts two years. Numerous reviews and amendments have taken place over the years but do not seem to have been documented in any structured way. The aim of this research was to discover how this training evolved, the reasons for change, and the way it has been implemented. Finally the present day system was examined in detail, compared with the experience of older officers and other systems. Method Obtaining the information has proved a task of detective work, examining numerous minutes, reports and documents produced within and without the police service. Field work was carried out throughout Lincolnshire Police and by visits to Ryton Police Training Centre and the central Planning Unit at Harrogate (now renamed as Training Support, Harrogate). Questionnaires were circulated to officers undergoing the training, officers who attended earlier courses and the trainers themselves. These were followed up by selected interviews. Training delivery was witnessed at Ryton Police Training Centre and within the Lincolnshire Force. Conclusions The results of this research indicate that the training given to initial recruits within the police service is as good as it has ever been. It is, however, cost led and, although the two year probationary period is somewhat euphemistically referred to as a training period, it is much more beside as, once the foundation course of 31 weeks is completed, probationers become a resource deployed in much the same way as their experienced colleagues. The post foundation phase of training is delivered in force with little or no central control and consequently the standard of training is not consistent. The thesis traces the development but, owing to lack of access to, or simply nonexistence, of some documents it cannot be claimed to be absolutely complete.

La revista Amauta fue uno de los proyectos editoriales más importantes de las primeras décadas del siglo XX, ya que desarrolló un papel protagónico en el proceso de modernización del campo cultural de la época, al amalgamar propuestas artísticas, políticas y sociales heterogéneas y establecerse como uno de los polos de dicho campo. Por ello, en el presente trabajo de investigación se realizará una revisión descriptivo-analítica de los trabajos académicos que han estudiado a Amauta a partir de sus vínculos con propuestas artísticas extranjeras; especialmente, en su papel de difusor de la estética vanguardista en el campo cultural peruano. La hipótesis que se plantea gira en torno a que la recepción crítica y difusión de las posturas vanguardistas europeas y la articulación de propuestas artísticas heterogéneas construyeron el discurso contrahegemónico de la revista Amauta con el cual promovió la modernización cultural del país. En ese sentido, en el presente trabajo se realiza un balance de las propuestas de periodización de la vanguardia latinoamericana, a fin de establecer el trayecto que estas recorrieron en los años 20’. Asimismo, se reseñará la importancia que tuvieron las revistas vanguardistas en el panorama cultural de la época y se ubicará a Amauta dentro de este circuito artístico latinoamericano. Por último, se llevará a cabo una revisión crítica preliminar de los estudios académicos que abordaron la problematización del proceso de asimilación de las vanguardias europeas en Amauta y la constitución de esta revista como un proyecto editorial fundamental para la modernización cultural del país.
Perú. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Posgrado. Programa de Promoción de Trabajo de Investigación para optar al grado académico de Bachiller. E20030230a

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
BOLSA NOTA 10
Considerando que o direito tem sido mobilizado no processo de modernização brasileiro como instrumento de soberania do Estado, a tese discute as oportunidades emancipatórias abertas pelo constitucionalismo democrático da Carta de 1988. A ideia é demonstrar que a disputa pelo sentido da Constituição se transfigurou na própria pauta civilizatória, conduzida de maneira horizontal e plural pela cidadania através do acesso à Justiça. Este seria o sentido da judicialização da política. Todavia, nem sempre os Tribunais assumem o papel de mediador ou representante da soberania popular na sua luta por direitos constitucionalizados. Esse trabalho chama de ativismo judicial a postura imperial da Justiça no que diz respeito à sua capacidade de estabelecer uma agenda política de âmbito nacional, por se considerar o principal, senão o único, intérprete do compromisso constitucional. Sob essas condições, é possível perceber o retorno da ação demiúrgica da soberania monolítica do Estado, todavia, operacionalizada no âmbito da jurisdição constitucional. Essa pesquisa discute e critica as inflexões judicializantes e ativistas do Supremo Tribunal Federal.
Considering that the Brazilian modernization process has been used the law as State s sovereignty instrument, this work discusses the emancipatory opportunities disclosed by the democratic constitutionalism of the 1988 Charter. The goal is to show that the dispute for the meaning of the Constitution ends up being its own civilizational agenda, steered horizontally and plurally by the citizenship through right s litigation. That would be the definition of the judicialization of politics. However, not always the Courts take over this role as the citizenship s mediator or representative. The research will call judicial activism the imperial attitude of the Justice regarding its own ability to establish a national political agenda, because it considers itself as the major if not the only interpreter of the constitutional commitment. Under these circumstances it is plausible to realize the return of the demiurgic action of the monolithic State s sovereignty, however, implemented by the judicial review. This work discusses both judicial and activist inflexions of Brazil s Supreme Court.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86).
The submission of manuscripts by Authors to Law Reviews is presently an inefficient process for both parties. The integration of technology allows for improvements to this process as can be seen in ExpressOTM and the Stanford Law Review's Electronic Submission System. The Automated Law Review Submission System (ALRSS) was developed to make the submission process even more efficient and effective than present systems allow. This is a software design thesis with emphasis on the System Requirements developed for the ALRSS. The method of developing System Requirements started with discussing the present process with Authors and Law Reviews and determining current needs of the users. Afterwards, a comparison among competitors was discussed to generate limitations of these systems and determine features to emulate for the development of ALRSS. Thirdly, a workflow model was created to examine internal issues of submission tracking and management within the Law Review to further automate the review process and make management of the process more effective. As a result, a more efficient and effective submission process is feasible for both the Author and Law Review by allowing processes to occur electronically from the Author submitting a manuscript to a Law Review Editor assigning or viewing a manuscript. In addition, with electronic tracking, time consuming communication regarding the submission status between the parties can be minimized. This submission system can be further customized for improved features or broader purposes in the future.
by Colleen Ruth O'Shea.
M.Eng.

This thesis examines the implementation, enforcement and evolution of IP laws and regulations in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The period of interest includes the last decade of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty first century, with emphasis on the role played by Free Trade Agreements struck between Jordan and the United States, the European Union, and Jordan’s accession to the World Trade Organization. This thesis also examines the enforcement of the current set of IP laws in Jordan, and looks at their social and economic compatibility with the Jordanian societal norms and economic realities. This thesis argues that Jordanian IP laws lack a meaningful social and economic texture, and have failed to be evenly enforced in Jordan, essentially because they do not fit the Jordanian culture and are not compatible with Jordan’s economic stage of development. Additionally, the thesis argues that IP laws have had insignificant economic impact on the Jordanian economy as the majority of technologies used in Jordan, and the majority of foreign direct investments attracted to Jordan, are not IP related. Finally, the thesis argues that the current Jordanian enforcement model, which is built on coercion by donor countries, is serving the interests of foreign companies to the exclusion of the local citizens, and will not, in the long run, produce an enforcement model based on self-regulation by Jordanians, themselves. The laws, therefore, are unable to produce tangible results for the Jordanian people, or help meet their economic interests. The last part of the thesis deals with recommendations and suggestions aimed at creating an integrated approach to the adoption of IP policies.

The topic of judicial reasoning has been largely excluded from high school law and social studies curricula despite widespread ignorance and misunderstanding among Canadians of the reasoning judges are expected to employ in applying the law. The two biggest obstacles to its inclusion are: (1) insufficient appreciation among educators of the importance of public understanding of judicial reasoning, and (2) a lack of consensus about the nature of judicial reasoning. Accordingly, the major thrusts of this dissertation are to justify why judicial reasoning ought to be part of basic civic education and to articulate a defensible conception of judicial reasoning for educators' use in law-related and public legal education programs. Defensible criteria for theorizing about judicial reasoning are explained and justified by considering different types of theorizing about social practices. Three basic types of theories are identified - formal, causal and ethical theories. It is suggested that the relevant type of theory of judicial reasoning, what I call a formal theory, involves explication of what informed practitioners would accept as the standards operating within their system. This account of theorizing about social practices is defended against objections implied by a rival account of theorizing presented by Dworkin. Dworkin's explication is rejected on the grounds that it conflates a distinction between theories that faithfully represent the standards of proper judicial practice and theories whose account of judicial standards is controlled by instrumental purposes. Building on Hart's conception of law as a union of primary and secondary rules, an account of judicial reasoning is developed in terms of three types of second-order rules. These rules of application, which establish standards for applying the law in particular cases, include rules for determining the legal validity of arguments for a decision, for setting the relative weight of legal arguments, and for verifying the conclusions attributed to a legal argument. Rules of application are organized into three dominant modes or forms of reasoning: (1) reasoning from interpretive guidelines, which refers to a constellation of second-order rules that govern application of law by determining a law's meaning; (2) reasoning from prior cases, which deals with rules governing application of law in light of previous judicial decisions; and (3) reasoning from principle, which involves rules for assessing the implications of potential judicial decisions in light of other legal standards. Specific judicial decisions and general judicial practices are explicated in terms of these modes of reasoning. This account of judicial reasoning is defended against a number of objections, including challenges posed by the principal rival conception of reasoning about the law - an account of judicial reasoning offered by Dworkin. Teaching high school students about the modes of judicial reasoning is justified because greater public understanding of judicial reasoning is required to combat widespread, potentially damaging, misperceptions of judicial practices. The key elements comprising an adequate lay understanding of judicial reasoning are outlined.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate