Journal articles on the topic 'Revit MEP'

With the continuous improvement of the level China architectural design, BIM technique is applied more and more widely in China. Collaborative design is one of the core ideas of design using BIM technology, reasonable design using BIM software can realize the architectural, structure, water supply and drainage, electrical, ventilation and air conditioning and other collaborative design speciality. In this paper, by using the Revit Server deployment server, different professional designers respectively by Revit Architecture, Revit Structure and Revit MEP collaborative design. Through collaborative design technology of the application of Revit in the The main control building project, a 80% reduction in the designer communication project design time, total time reduced by 50% than the traditional model, and achieved good application effect and economic benefit.

In this works 3D modeling, design and safety management of high rise building using building information modeling (BIM) technology is carried out.. Initially a AutoCAD plan with all its salient features is developed following byelaws of high rise building. Then the 3D modeling and rendering of high rise building is done in the Revit architecture of the 2D plan which is imported from the AutoCAD. The analysis and design of high rise building is carried out using ETabs software. Apart from the structural design Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) services design is carried out using BIM technology . The layout of fire safety system is specified efficiently with use of BIM in co-ordination with MEP services. The application of BIM based design process resulted in considerable time reduction in compression with traditional design process and the holistic design of the high rise building is carried out with the compatibility of different softwares.

This paper examines the long-run relationships between the REIT indices of the UK, Turkey and Israel in the Euro-Med zone with that of MSCI US REIT Index by using weekly data over the period 2003Q3 through 2009Q3, which includes the latest US subprime mortgage crisis and its effects on global stock markets. Although our EG test results do not indicate a long-run relationship, after taking account of the structural changes by applying the GH test, we find a long-run interaction between the REIT indices of UK and Israel with that of the US. However, our results indicate the lack of co-movement between REIT index of Turkey with the US. In addition, our dynamic OLS test results indicate a perfect relationship between the UK and the US indices. Our findings show that international investors who make long-term investments can only gain from diversifying into the real estate market of Turkey among the involved markets in the Euro-Med zone.

La paratuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa que afecta al ganado bovino, su largo periodo de incubación y rápida diseminación a nivel individual y de rebaño, dificultan su control, por estas razones ha sido difícil dimensionar la extensión de esta infección en rebaños lecheros en el sur de Chile. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer cuan efectiva es la transmisión vía leche de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) a terneros en los primeros 90 días de vida. Se alimentaron 10 terneros provenientes de hatos libres de MAP con leche de vacas nodrizas infectadas confirmadas por cultivo y serología que fueron analizadas previamente en el laboratorio, los terneros fueron separados en dos grupos, el primero “A” recibió leche con una carga conocida de la bacteria (106/mL) y el grupo “B” (grupo control) recibió sustituto lácteo. A partir del primer mes de vida se analizaron muestras de materia y suero sanguíneo en los dos grupos de terneros, así como semanalmente se estudió la leche para confirmar la presencia de la bacteria en el grupo correspondiente. Como resultado, al tercer y cuarto mes post inicio del estudio uno de los individuos del grupo A fue detectado como positivo al cultivo de materia fecal de forma consecutiva, la presencia de MAP fue confirmada por PCR, uno de los terneros del mismo grupo fue positivo a ELISA en el mes cuarto y quinto del estudio. Se pudo concluir que, los terneros expuestos a una carga alta de MAP en leche, la transmisión de la infección vía leche fue 100% efectiva y el progreso de ésta fue más rápido de lo informado en la literatura. El presente estudio confirma que los terneros sometidos a una alta presión de infección podrían infectarse a temprana edad y convertirse en una fuente de infección de otros terneros.

Vsak raziskovalec potrebuje za svoje delo informacije o dosežkih na tistem področju, ki ga raziskuje, in različne podatkovne zbirke (bibliografske, faktografske idr.). Kdo so še uporabniki in kakšne naj bodo informacije in podatkovne zbirke, da jim bodo koristile? Uporabniki znanstvenih in strokovnih informacij s področja etnologije in geografije so raziskovalci, etnologi in geografi, zaposleni v stroki (kustosi, konservatorji, učitelji, profesorji), raziskovalci in strokovnjaki drugih strokovnih področij, pisci učbenikov in poljudnoznanstvenih del, novinarji, uredniki revij, založniki, študenti.

V članku je predstavljena politizacija književnosti in filmografije na Slovenskem v času Kraljevine SHS/Jugoslavije s poudarkom na analizi kulturnih revij in sporih okoli avtonomije avtorjev in urednikov. Ti konflikti so v 30. letih 20. stoletja skoraj po istem modelu povzročili delitve in/ali večja nesoglasja med vsemi tremi večjimi političnimi tabori in v njih: katoliškem, liberalnem in marksističnem. Med notranjimi obračuni z vključitvijo širše javnosti izstopa prelom med katoliško desnico in levico prav na kulturnem polju ob objavi Kocbekove razprave o španski državljanski vojni v Domu in svetu. S strani večine kulturnikov podcenjena filmografija se je tudi na Slovenskem – čeprav s precejšnjim zamikom v primerjavi z drugimi evropskimi narodi – pred in med drugo svetovno vojno (ter po njej) uporabila kot propagandno sredstvo političnega katolicizma in tudi marksistov oziroma v Osvobodilni fronti.

Renewable energy has become an increasingly cost-effective commerce preference for airports on account of technological advancement, market ripeness and public-sector investment. Airports have merits that promote the financial viability of on-site renewable energy, in particular for solar photovoltaics (PV). Solar energy systems can produce electricity in the day time when sun ray is available and it is cost efficacious. Solar system can be installed either fixed or adjustable to increase the amount of solar energy received via preservation the incident solar beam radiation normal to the system surface as possible. BIM has the ability to achieve a more energy-efficient building to improve the sustainability through energy analysis, solar analysis and wind analysis. PVsyst software was used to model the power generation and to design the whole PV system properly. Autodesk Revit and Autodesk Green Building Studio, during simulation, can give the annual wind Rose. This paper aims to apply analysis for PV system energy generation and its components to give initial cost, and annual cost as well as providing cost payback period which is an important indicator to define the amount of time it takes to recover the cost of an investment. Three cases of PV areas were considered, namely: building roofs, parking area, and PV land plant, in Cairo International Airport, by using the proposed selected PV cleaning methods. The system components were analyzed by PVsyst software. Wind Rose was obtained by Autodesk Revit and Green Building Studio. The results revealed that an annual energy generation of around 70 GWh/yr is expected, the initial cost is about 463 MEGP and the cost payback period is less than 6½ years.

“Case, planche, recit” repræsenterer Benoit Peeters forsøg på at nytænke den teoretiske tilgang til tegneserier i forhold til semiotikkens og strukturalis- mens dominans på området i 70'erne. Benoit Peeters afviser således den strukturalistiske modeltænkning og tilstedeværelsen af strukturer, der skulle eksistere uafhængigt af betydning og kontekst og angiver i stedet en analy- tisk tilgang, “formationnisme”, der sammentænker en billedgrammatik med tegneseriens æstetiske innovationer. I “Fra billede til billede” analyseres et særligt træk ved tegneserien, billedets eksistens blandt andre billeder.

We investigated the possibility of activating private forest management through business cooperation within 'forest lease' and 'forest management' business models between private forest owners (PFOs) and forest service providers. By surveying PFOs (n = 205) and forest service providers (n = 14), we found that the willingness to engage in business cooperation in both proposed business models is higher among forest service providers than PFOs. In addition, we found that business cooperation within the proposed business models is feasible because the level of cooperation of PFOs with forest service providers over a 10-year period is satisfactory, and the proposed terms and conditions governing the business relationship and basic contract obligations of the contracting parties have proven to be appropriate for both business partners. In order to establish business cooperation, it is first necessary to promote business cooperation at the local level and to establish business relations between potential partners.

Aims and methodRecent funding from Welsh Government for mental health has helped to develop liaison psychiatry services in Wales. Systematic data collection was undertaken to map the liaison psychiatry services in Wales in collaboration with the Royal College of Psychiatrists in Wales and Public Health Wales 1000 Lives Improvement. A questionnaire was designed and circulated to all the health boards in Wales to gather information to map liaison psychiatry services in Wales. Up-to-date information was confirmed in January 2018, via email.ResultsOver the past 2 years, liaison psychiatry services have been set up in six out of seven health boards in Wales. Staffing levels have increased and the remit of services has broadened.Clinical implicationsMapping has highlighted that liaison psychiatry services in Wales continue to evolve. It will be important to continue to monitor these developments and their effects. Comparison with services in England will provide a useful comparison of service provision. A particular challenge will be to establish and monitor liaison psychiatry standards in Wales.Declaration of interestNone.

AbstractOver the past two decades, the construction of models for medical concept representation and for understanding of the deep meaning of medical narrative texts have been challenging areas of medical informatics research. This review highlights how these two inter-related domains have evolved, emphasizing aspects of medical modeling as a tool for medical language understanding. A representation schema, which balances partially but accurately with complete but complex representations of domainspecific knowledge, must be developed to facilitate language understanding. Representative examples are drawn from two major independent efforts undertaken by the authors: the elaboration and the subsequent adjustment of the RECIT multilingual analyzer to include a robust medical concept model, and the recasting of a frame-based interlingua system, originally developed to map equivalent concepts between controlled clinical vocabularies, to invoke a similar concept model.

Abstract In this framing paper for the special issue, we map significant research on global production networks during the past decade in economic geography and adjacent fields. In line with the core aim of the special issue to push for new conceptual advances, the paper focuses on the central elements of GPN theory to showcase recent rethinking related to the delimiting of global production networks, underlying political-economic drivers, actor-specific strategies and regional/national development outcomes. We suggest that the analytical purchase of this recent work is greater in research that has continued to keep a tight focus on the causal links between the organizational configurations of global production networks and uneven development. Concomitantly, considerable effort in the literature has gone into expanding the remit of GPN research in different directions, and we thus engage with five domains or ‘constituent outsides’ that relate to the state, finance, labour, environment and development. We believe such cross-domain fertilisation can help realize GPN 2.0’s potential for explaining uneven development in an interconnected world economy.

Purpose: This paper investigates the relationship between penalty magnitude, attitude towards VAT compliance, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control on VAT compliance intention among SMEs in Nigeria. Methodology: Data was gathered through administration of 30 questionnaires. The respondents are SMEs in Kano, Nigeria. 23 indicator items were measured on 5-point Likert Scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was employed as the primary statistical analysis tool for the study. Findings: The result indicates positive relationship of penalty magnitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control on VAT compliance intention, while attitude towards VAT compliance has negative relationship with VAT compliance intention. Implications: This study recommends a blend of economic and socio-psychological factors in tackling VAT compliance among SMEs, as that will encourage the SMEs to remit the VAT collections and also assist the policy makers to map-out policies that would ensure an effective management of VAT revenue and compliance among SMEs in Nigeria and other developing countries. Further studies on a larger number of respondents should be conducted to test the consistency of the results.

Purpose: This paper investigates the relationship between penalty magnitude, attitude towards VAT compliance, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control on VAT compliance intention among SMEs in Nigeria. Methodology: Data was gathered through administration of 30 questionnaires. The respondents are SMEs in Kano, Nigeria. 23 indicator items was measured on 5-point Likert Scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was employed as the primary statistical analysis tool for the study. Findings: The result indicates positive relationship of penalty magnitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control on VAT compliance intention, while attitude towards VAT compliance has negative relationship with VAT compliance intention. Implications: This study recommends a blend of economic and socio-psychological factors in tackling VAT compliance among SMEs, as that will encourage the SMEs to remit the VAT collections and also assist the policy makers to map-out policies that would ensure an effective management of VAT revenue and compliance among SMEs in Nigeria and other developing countries. Further studies on a larger number of respondents should be conducted to test the consistency of the results.

Abstract. Historic Building Information Modelling is a continuous process based on reverse engineering of built heritage. By reviewing the research on HBIM with the case study, this article analyzes the combination logic between different components, based on which designs an algorithm program for automatic model generation, and proposes a regularized rebuild workflow to realize the informatization and parameterized documentation of built heritage. This article proposes the parametric workflow based on Rhino + Grasshopper + Revit / OpenBuildings Designer, establishes the information index framework under the guidance of the HBIM model, and proposes the key technologies of informatization and parameterization of architectural heritage protection records. With reference to the point cloud, mapping map, survey photos, and documents, the regularized rebuild is carried out, and all the parameter nodes are visualized to facilitate error correction and modification. The framework of the regularized rebuild workflow is defined, and the problems of packet grouping principle, component combination mode, and output type are solved, and the algorithm principle is described in detail. According to the construction logic, the single building consists of six parts: tile roof, rafter, wooden carpentry, wall, decoration, and foundation. The work of investigation, modeling, and additional professional data are carried out by parts and items to create a "digital twin". This article solves the modeling problem of complex shape and node, and further improves the working method during the survey, and proposes to use an algorithm module to realize real-time association between professional data and model. Taking the grid system, wall brick, balustrade, tile roof, rafter as examples, through compiling and debugging in Grasshopper compiler environment, according to different input parameters, the program automatically outputs the corresponding model and contains professional data, which proves that the program is fast and accurate. The regularized rebuild workflow for HBIM by reference to point cloud is realized.

AbstractThe Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 2015-2030 is the first of three United Nations (UN) landmark agreements this year (the other two being the Sustainable Development Goals due in September 2015 and the climate change agreements due in December 2015). It represents a step in the direction of global policy coherence with explicit reference to health, economic development, and climate change. The multiple efforts of the health community in the policy development process, including campaigning for safe schools and hospitals, helped to put people’s mental and physical health, resilience, and well-being higher up the DRR agenda compared with its predecessor, the 2005 Hyogo Framework for Action. This report reflects on these policy developments and their implications and reviews the range of health impacts from disasters; summarizes the widened remit of DRR in the post-2015 world; and finally, presents the science and health calls of the Sendai Framework to be implemented over the next 15 years to reduce disaster losses in lives and livelihoods.Aitsi-SelmiA, MurrayV. Protecting the health and well-being of populations from disasters: health and health care in The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(1):74–78.

sola scripturarum ars est, quam sibi omnes passim uindicent: ‘scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim’ [Hor. Epist. 2.1.117]. hanc garrula anus, hanc delirus senex, hanc soloecista uerbosus, hanc uniuersi praesumunt, lacerant, docent, antequam discant. alii adducto supercilio grandia uerba trutinantes inter mulierculas de sacris litteris philosophantur, alii discunt—pro pudor!—a feminis, quod uiros doceant, et, ne parum hoc sit, quadam facilitate uerborum, immo audacia disserunt aliis, quod ipsi non intellegunt. taceo de meis similibus, qui si forte ad scripturas sanctas post saeculares litteras uenerint et sermone conposito aurem populi mulserint, quicquid dixerint, hoc legem dei putant nec scire dignantur, quid prophetae, quid apostoli senserint, sed ad sensum suum incongrua aptant testimonia, quasi grande sit et non uitiosissimum dicendi genus deprauare sententias et ad uoluntatem suam scripturam trahere repugnantem. quasi non legerimus Homerocentonas et Vergiliocentonas ac non sic etiam Maronem sine Christo possimus dicere Christianum, quia scripserit: ‘iam redit et uirgo, redeunt Saturnia regna, iam noua progenies caelo demittitur alto’ [Verg. Ecl. 4.6–7], et patrem loquentem ad filium: ‘nate, meae uires, mea magna potentia solus’ [Verg. Aen. 1.664], et post uerba saluatoris in cruce: ‘talia perstabat memorans fixusque manebat’ [Verg. Aen. 2.650]. puerilia sunt haec et circulatorum ludo similia, docere, quod ignores, immo, et cum stomacho loquar, nec hoc quidem scire, quod nescias. (Jer. Ep. 53.7)

ObjectivesThe objectives of the study were to establish a benchmarking tool to collect metrics to enable increased clarity regarding the differences and similarities across health technology assessment (HTA) agencies, to assess performance within and across HTA agencies, identify areas in the HTA processes in which time is spent and to enable ongoing performance improvement.MethodsCommon steps and milestones in the HTA process were identified for meaningful benchmarking among agencies. A benchmarking tool consisting of eighty-six questions providing information on HTA agency organizational aspects and information on individual new medicine review timelines and outcomes was developed with the input of HTA agencies and validated in a pilot study. Data on 109 HTA reviews from five HTA agencies were analyzed to demonstrate the utility of this tool.ResultsThis study developed an HTA benchmarking methodology, comparative metrics showed considerable differences among the median timelines from assessment and appraisal to final HTA recommendation for the five agencies included in this analysis; these results were interpreted in conjunction with agency characteristics.ConclusionsIt is feasible to find consensus among HTA agencies regarding the common milestones of the review process to map jurisdiction-specific processes against agreed metrics. Data on characteristics of agencies such as their scope and remit enabled results to be interpreted in the appropriate local context. This benchmarking tool has promising potential utility to improve the transparency of the review process and to facilitate both quality assurance and performance improvement in HTA agencies.

Business models describe the way organizations create and deliver value necessary for their existence. In the mid-1990s, they arose as a buzzword relating to the development of “dot-com” firms and their hunt for capital. The theory and application of business models have focused on business.Consequently, the definitions and archetypes of business models proposed in the extant literature have addressed profit-making organizations. This paper argues that business models are equally useful in the establishment, evolution, and analysis of non-profit organizations. Moreover, there is a real need for these models, as non-profit organizations are part of the national and international economic governance. Thus, the paper reframes business models through a non-entrepreneurial lens and proposes a new archetype with generalized applicability to all organizations, whether for-profit, non-profit, public, or private. A “hybrid” archetype is developed, synthesizing existing business model archetypes while extending their reach to better embrace the overarching core logic of organizations, reflecting the political mandate of not-for-profit entities and the business remit of firms. The validity of the proffered archetype is tested on two international not-for-profit organizations and serves well as a conceptual map of their decision-making and policy-making activity. Furthermore, the testing process demonstrates that business models, when devised externally and retrospectively, can be equally well used in hindsight as organizational analysis tools, possibly conjointly with other methods.

ABSTRACT Introduction Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its more severe form “premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)” is a common yet underdiagnosed disorder. It is characterized by anxiety, mood changes, and several somatic symptoms in the last week of the luteal phase and began to remit within a few days after the onset of the follicular phase. Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PMS and PMDD among females at a tertiary care center and evaluate the associated symptomatology, sociodemographic variables, and functional impairment. Materials and methods In an observational, cross-sectional study, 150 randomly selected females (18–30 years) were evaluated for menstrual history after sociodemographic profiling. Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)-TR (SCID)-PMDD was applied among those who were positive on premenstrual symptoms screening tool. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 14.0. Results The prevalence of PMS was 21.33%. Moderate to severe PMS was 14% and PMDD was 7.33% according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Fatigue/lack of energy, decreased interest in work were the most commonly reported symptoms. Decreased school/work efficiency and productivity was the commonest form of functional impairment. Increased body mass index, onset of symptoms since menarche, duration of premenstrual symptoms, menstrual cramps, and family history showed statistically significant association with PMS/PMDD. Conclusion Premenstrual syndrome is fairly common and causes significant functional impairment. Screening females in relevant age group for its symptomatology may aid in early detection and better management. How to cite this article Swami M, Narain M, Kanwal K, Mishra M, Singh S. Premenstrual Syndrome: Correlation and Functional Impairment. J Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci Tech 2017;2(1):18-22.

Research on graphic organizers and reading comprehension has taken up new reins in the knowledge about the reader's mental processes, but it has been avoided to understand the levels in the reading process. The importance of organizers often focuses on the power they demonstrate to allow the reader to analyze and map ideas, especially concept maps and mind maps. In this study, we propose to determine the effects of graphic organizers on text comprehension at the school stage. The study is quantitative of quasi-experimental design. It was developed in 42 students from Lima at the elementary level. The results allow to conclude that the graphic organizers improved the comprehension of texts in general. The evidences remit significant differences with scores compared at the literal level. The results of the inferential and critical understanding presented data that revealed the improvement, although it was negligible with respect to what happened at the inferential level. This shows that graphic organizers can make improvements but are unlikely during the inference-making process as in critical construction. Their contribution is essential in the literal processes, but it is suggested to replicate the study analyzing the processes of understanding at a higher level, with tests of greater complexity, to overcome the limitations obtained here. [La investigación sobre organizadores gráficos y comprensión lectora ha retomado nuevas riendas en el conocimiento sobre los procesos mentales del lector, pero se ha obviado comprender los niveles en el proceso de lectura. La importancia de los organizadores suele centrarse en el poder que demuestran para permitir al lector analizar y esquematizar ideas, en especial los mapas conceptuales y mapas mentales. En este estudio, se propone determinar los efectos de los organizadores gráficos en la comprensión de textos en la etapa escolar. El estudio es cuantitativo de diseño cuasiexperimental. Se desarrolló en 42 estudiantes del Callao del nivel primaria. Los resultados permiten concluir en que los organizadores gráficos mejoraron la comprensión de textos en general. Las evidencias remiten diferencias significativas con puntuaciones comparadas en el nivel literal. Los resultados de la comprensión inferencial y crítico presentaron datos que revelaron la mejora, aunque fue ínfima respecto a lo sucedido en el nivel inferencial. Esto pone de manifiesto que los organizadores gráficos pueden establecer mejoras pero resultan improbables durante el proceso de hacer inferencias como en la construcción crítica. Su aporte es esencial en los procesos literales, pero se sugiere replicar el estudio analizando los procesos de comprensión a nivel superior, con pruebas de mayor complejidad, para superar las limitaciones aquí obtenidas].

Modeling of Cultural Heritage in a BIM environment, and in general of existing buildings, requires special attention because there are two diametrically opposed possibilities. On the one hand the attempt is to realize a very complex and accurate model, in order to provide the most comprehensive representation of the architecture as possible. The opposite position leads to build a very schematic and symbolic model of as-built architecture. It is not easy to determine which is the right balance between these two attitudes because each architecture requires a personalized approach and not standards. It's, however, necessary to find rules to figure out which items are represented, what is the minimum level of detail to consider adequate and how to deal with alterations from simple and linear geometries. <br><br> These two facing possibilities deal with different goals and tools. In the field of restoration or planned conservation, that is the most common approach for existing buildings, the attention focuses on the exceptions and particularities of each architecture: the important aspect is to understand and describe exactly each part as a singularity (as it is). In this context it is very difficult to find a standard or a common solution. <br><br> The first possibility of modelling seems to be very close to this approach, but it clashes with two important aspects. A first problem concerns the modelling software. Usually commercial BIM modelling software doesn’t allow to realize very complex and high detailed solutions. They prefer working with predefined families and try to categorize each element in standard solution. The possibility to build new families is expected, but it often requires a lot of time. The second difficulty is the real efficiency of such an accurate model. In fact, it could be very difficult to link external elements to the model or use it in many traditional BIM applications. <br><br> In this paper, we suggest another possible approach that represents the first result of a research about the modelling of Cultural Heritage for BIM application. The proposed solution aims to give as much information as possible about the architecture, and, at the same time, to guarantee a higher efficiency. In this case we considered commercial BIM software like Revit or Archicad. They are the most widespread and well-known software BIM oriented and they also allow the use of their embedded database structure. <br><br> The core of our solution is to describe the architecture not only by a 3D model but also by the representation of the reliability of the accuracy of the model itself. In this way we try to combine the necessity of working with commercial software, in which it is difficult to be very accurate, and the information about the real object. In historical complex architecture, for example, it is very difficult to find a straight and planar wall. It is quite difficult, or at least time consuming, to model that kind of wall with high accuracy. But it is possible to represent the real wall by a schematic wall with a false color map which describes where the 3D model is well fitting and where there are some differences. In this way we don’t lose any information but, at the same time, we have a very usable BIM model.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper is focussed on the work and remit of the ICA’s Commission on Education and Training (CET), presenting a reflection by the retiring chair of the current issues which affect the work of Commission members and all engaged in current education and training of students of cartography around the world.</p><p> The nature and development of cartography as an academic and professional discipline has been discussed through many presentations, both conceptual and applied, and in various arenas and communities, over the past half century. As cartographic practice became standardised in the 20th century, so educational and instructional materials describing and analysing the discipline conveyed a relatively uniform message, ensuring that the audience of learners were educated and trained positively to an agreed agenda. In effect, a subtle, as yet unwritten, ‘Body of Knowledge’ was developed and elucidated in educational materials, notably textbooks on cartography, in the last few decades of the last century (Kessler, 2018).</p><p> It was during these years, however, that cartography developed as a discipline far beyond its initial roots as a map-making technology. The technology of map-making certainly changed completely, and a host of other aspects were incorporated, from metrical analysis of historical map documents to gender-oriented investigations of mapping activity; from the integration and importance of cartography in contemporary geospatial data handling to the role of volunteer map-making; from the psychology of map interaction and decision making to the mathematics of map projections and multi-dimensional data representation; and many, many other activities and issues which must be included in educational programmes in cartography.</p><p> It is the establishment, adoption and maintenance of a Body of Knowledge (BoK) which is one of the main <strong>challenges</strong> (this paper presents 11, in <strong>bold</strong> below) and, if successfully met, it can assist in ensuring that cartographic education and training develops as required in the next few decades (Fairbairn, 2017). The further challenges highlighted in this paper can form the basis for further investigation by the CET in the future. This listing of issues is informed by a number of contemporary changes in technology, by closer integration of cartography with other geospatial sciences, by research achievements and investigations in the field, by advances in educational praxis, by demands on cartography by a host of other activities, and by consequent recognition of the discipline by learned and professional bodies.</p><p> One of the main purposes in developing a <strong>Body of Knowledge</strong> is to encompass and facilitate curriculum design. As the widening scope of cartography will be reflected in the developing BoK (most notably in cartography’s contribution to GIS), <strong>curriculum design</strong> must be flexible and innovative enough to cope with more numerous and wider, though focussed and integrated, topics. The admirable, existing BoK in Geographic Information Science and Technology, already being reviewed and enhanced, but omitting many <strong>specific cartographic principles</strong>, is a possible framework for incorporating these. Alternatively there are sound arguments for a uniquely cartographic BoK, and this enterprise is certainly an ICA-approved pursuit.</p><p> Also within the BoK, the <strong>theoretical foundations for the study of cartography</strong> must be elucidated and moved from the research agenda to the educational curriculum. A revised <i>Research Agenda</i> developed under ICA auspices and a focussed <i>Body of Knowledge</i> are synergistic documents, with interdependent content in one directing content in the other. Such documents may be perceived by many to be overly conceptual, un-related to everyday mapping activity. In terms of cartographic production in the past 50 years, we have moved far from the standardised methods mentioned earlier, applied by every commercial and governmental mapping organisation. The activity of map-making has adopted a host of alternative methods, and artefacts, data-sets and representations are created and ‘mashed-up’ by an increasingly wide range of individuals and groups with highly variable experiences, expertise and understanding of cartographic procedures. In terms of ‘organised’ cartography in multi-employee companies, government and non-government agencies, academic and research groups, and associated industrial and environmental companies, a further challenge is <strong>understanding what employers want from graduates in cartography and GIS</strong>. The delivery of education in cartography is an academic activity, but it must be done in a manner which demonstrates relevance to the community which relies on the skills of an educated workforce.</p><p> In some cases the cartographic community, notably its educators, may have to direct their attention outside the classroom and convince the fragmenting industry that cartographic principles are vital for effective management and communication of information, and that the products of cartographic education (the graduates from educational programmes) are serious and informed potential employees with much to offer a wide range of human activity. Such recognition by those outside the academy can be encouraged by seeking and receiving <strong>professional accreditation</strong> from awarding bodies such as industry associations, learned societies, educational authorities and public bodies. The landscape of professional recognition in the disciplines of cartography and GIS is highly varied, geographically, institutionally, legally, and pedagogically. The fluid nature of the disciplines, and in particular their fuzzy distinction from a host of other geomatics, geospatial, engineering, environmental, and social activities means that cartographic education must acknowledge and address its interaction with education in many other sciences. <strong>Linking cartographic education and its principles with related education in other closely related geo-disciplines</strong> is particularly important. Common messages must be presented stressing cartography’s importance and relevance.</p><p> At the possible wider levels mentioned above, experiences and <strong>lessons learned from teaching cartography and GIS to a broad range of non-specialists</strong> must be documented: cartographic principles must be shown to be important and relevant to all those engaged in handling maps and mapping data. Stressing the importance of such principles is especially vital when education is done at a distance: the Commission has long been interested in those activities which <strong>develop on-line educational resources</strong> and look at innovative ways of delivering education widely to large audiences outside formal educational establishments. We already have reports on mature and effective resources in the form of MOOCs, distance learning courses, and online training modules (e.g. Robinson and Nelson, 2015). Such methods of delivery for cartographic education have proven popular and efficient: educators must ensure continued relevance, update, and diligence, in managing these activities.</p><p> In addition to content development and assessment frameworks, it is technical requirements which are often perceived as major blocks to effective use of in-line educational resources. <strong>Technical support requirements</strong> are critical in every form of cartographic education: in the past replication of map reproduction labs was prohibitive for most educational establishments; today it is the acquisition of a full range of software which mitigates against full exposure to the varied range of cartographic and geospatial data handling activity as practised in the ‘real world’. The generosity of some software providers is widely acknowledged in educational institutions, and many of the software products are generic enough to be able to demonstrate the required cartographic principles in a non-partisan manner. However, in many cases employers are seeking specific training skills in particular packages and this can be difficult to provide within a formal educational programme.</p><p> Recent additions to the ‘wish-list’ of employers, however, have been related to abilities in coding and computer programming. Luckily, the most commonly sought skill is ability to write code in Python or Javascript. These are open source, rather than a commercial, products, and hence can be acquired by any educational establishment. The <strong>use of open source software and datasets in geospatial and cartographic education</strong> is becoming increasingly important, and their effective integration with traditional (and indeed contemporary) curricula in cartographic education is clearly a further challenge.</p><p> This paper has outlined a number of challenges facing cartographic education. Like the wider discipline, education in cartography is delivered by capable and dedicated individuals, each with interests in the development of the discipline in an increasingly diverse and varied educational arena. The Commission is intent on addressing the challenges outlined, promoting effective and high-quality cartographic education.</p>

BackgroundThe role of ambulance services has changed dramatically over the last few decades with the introduction of paramedics able to provide life-saving interventions, thanks to sophisticated equipment and treatments available. The number of 999 calls continues to increase, with adverse events theoretically possible with each one. Most patient safety research is based on hospital data, but little is known concerning patient safety when using ambulance services, when things can be very different. There is an urgent need to characterise the evidence base for patient safety in NHS ambulance services.ObjectiveTo identify and map available evidence relating to patient safety when using ambulance services.DesignMixed-methods design including systematic review and review of ambulance service documentation, with areas for future research prioritised using a Delphi process.Setting and participantsAmbulance services, their staff and service users in UK.Data sourcesA wide range of data sources were explored. Multiple databases, reference lists from key papers and citations, Google and the NHS Confederation website were searched, and experts contacted to ensure that new data were included in the review. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, Science Direct, Emerald, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC), NHS Evidence, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED),Health Technology Assessment, the FADE library, Current Awareness Service for Health (CASH), OpenDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories) and Open System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (OpenSIGLE) and Zetoc (The British Library's Electronic Table of Contents) were searched from 1 January 1980 to 12 October 2011. Publicly available documents and issues identified by National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA), NHS Litigation Authority (NHSLA) and coroners’ reports were considered. Opinions and perceptions of senior managers, ambulance staff and service users were solicited.Review methodsData were extracted from annual reports using two-stage thematic analysis, data from quality accounts were collated with safety priorities tabulated and considered using thematic analysis, NPSA incident report data were collated and displayed comparatively using descriptive statistics, claims reported to NHSLA were analysed to identify number and cost of claims from mistakes and/or poor service, and summaries of coroners’ reports were assessed using thematic analysis to identify underlying safety issues. The depth of analysis is limited by the remit of a scoping exercise and availability of data.ResultsWe identified studies exploring different aspects of safety, which were of variable quality and with little evidence to support activities currently undertaken by ambulance services. Adequately powered studies are required to address issues of patient safety in this service, and it appeared that national priorities were what determined safety activities, rather than patient need. There was inconsistency of information on attitudes and approaches to patient safety, exacerbated by a lack of common terminology.ConclusionPatient safety needs to become a more prominent consideration for ambulance services, rather than operational pressures, including targets and driving the service. Development of new models of working must include adequate training and monitoring of clinical risks. Providers and commissioners need a full understanding of the safety implications of introducing new models of care, particularly to a mobile workforce often isolated from colleagues, which requires a body of supportive evidence and an inherent critical evaluation culture. It is difficult to extrapolate findings of clinical studies undertaken in secondary care to ambulance service practice and current national guidelines often rely on consensus opinion regarding applicability to the pre-hospital environment. Areas requiring further work include the safety surrounding discharging patients, patient accidents, equipment and treatment, delays in transfer/admission to hospital, and treatment and diagnosis, with a clear need for increased reliability and training for improving handover to hospital.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was previously seen as a childhood developmental disorder, so adult mental health services were not set up to support attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients who became too old for child services. To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth study of the transition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients from child to adult health services in the UK. Objectives Our objectives were to explore how many young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are in need of services as an adult, what adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder services are available and how attention deficit hyperactivity disorder stakeholders experience transition from child to adult services. Design An interactive mixed-method design was adopted with three study streams: (1) a 12-month surveillance study with 9-month follow-up to find out how many young people required ongoing medication when they were too old for child services (929 surveys completed by children’s clinicians); (2) a mapping study to identify and describe services for young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2686 respondents to online surveys for patients and health workers and freedom of information requests to service providers and commissioners); and (3) a qualitative study to explore key stakeholders’ experiences of transition from child to adult services (144 interviews with 64 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients, 28 parents and 52 health clinicians; 38 working in child or adult secondary health services and 14 general practitioners). Members of the public advised at each stage of the study. Results When corrected for non-response and case ascertainment, the annual number of young people with an ongoing need for medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder lies between 270 and 599 per 100,000 people aged 17–19 years. Among 315 individuals eligible for transition, 64% were accepted, but only 22% attended their first adult services appointment. Our interactive map describes 294 unique services for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the UK, of which 44 are ‘dedicated’ attention deficit hyperactivity disorder services. Few services provide the full range of recommended provision; most focus on diagnosis and medication. Services are unevenly distributed across the UK, with nearly all ‘dedicated’ services being in England. Exploring stakeholders’ experiences revealed how invested the stakeholders are in continuing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment and how the architecture of services affects transition. An association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, education and continuance of medication into young adulthood, plus parent involvement and feeling prepared for transition and adult life with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, influenced investment. However, even with investment, how accessible adult services are, how patient needs fit with the remit of the adult service and the level of patient information available affect transition outcomes. The results also highlight how general practitioners can end up as care co-ordinators during transition by default. Limitations Transition estimates were based on those who want medication, so these indicate a minimum level of need. Conclusions Few of those who need ongoing support for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder successfully transfer to adult services, and a small proportion of those who transfer experience optimal transitional care. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder service provision is patchy. Even among ‘dedicated’ services, few provide the whole range of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence-recommended treatments. Future work We need to evaluate various models of transitional care and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder provision, as well as develop and evaluate psychosocial interventions for young people and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN12492022. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 42. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Ob naslovu bo marsikdo pomislil, da Sodobni vojaški izzivi vendar ne izhajajo že toliko let, pred njimi je izhajala neka druga publikacija, ki se je imenovala Bilten Slovenske vojske. To seveda na neki način drži. Letos v resnici praznujemo 20 let, odkar je Generalštab Slovenske vojske začel izdajati svojo publikacijo, ki se je takrat imenovala Bilten Slovenske vojske, njen namen pa je bil seznanjati notranjo in zunanjo javnost z novostmi na področju varnosti, obrambe in vojstva ali oboroženih sil. V državah članicah Nata in Evropske unije je za strokovno in znanstveno literaturo na področju obrambe navadno poskrbljeno tako, da ima ministrstvo za obrambo ali raziskovalni inštitut kot njegova organizacijska enota svojo publikacijo, ki je namenjena strateškim vsebinam. Generalštabi izdajajo publikacijo, ki je navadno namenjena vojaški stroki, izobraževalne organizacijske enote izdajajo publikacije, v katerih so objavljene zaključne naloge slušateljev na različnih stopnjah vojaškega šolanja, vojaški muzeji ali tej vsebini namenjene enote pa skrbijo za razvoj vojaških zgodovinskih tem. Tako je med letoma 1996 in 2000 na slovenskem obrambnem ministrstvu izhajalo Vojstvo. Generalštab Slovenske vojske je Bilten Slovenske vojske prvič izdal leta 1999. Na prvi izdaji je sicer zapisano september 1999, toda sodelavci, ki so zaslužni za takratni uspeh, pravijo, je bila prva številka natisnjena novembra istega leta. V Slovenski vojski poleg Sodobnih vojaških izzivov izhajata tudi še dve periodični publikaciji, in sicer Vojaškošolski zbornik, ki ga izdaja Center vojaških šol, in Vojaška zgodovina, ki jo izdaja vojaški muzej, ki tudi deluje v okviru Centra vojaških šol. Praznino, ki je nastala po prenehanju izhajanja Vojstva, je zapolnil Bilten Slovenske vojske, pozneje Sodobni vojaški izzivi, v katerih domači in tuji avtorji objavljajo znanstvene in strokovne članke. Do spremembe imena je prišlo po nasvetu članov uredniškega sveta, in sicer z obrazložitvijo, da ime bilten ne odraža vsebine oziroma področja, ki mu je publikacija namenjena. Beseda biltén je v Slovarju slovenskega knjižnega jezika pojasnjena kot »kratko uradno sporočilo javnosti, objava: vojni bilten; bilten o ministrovem zdravstvenem stanju, občasna informativna publikacija: podjetje izdaja svoj bilten; statistični bilten; bilten filmskega festivala«. Tako se je uredniški odbor lotil zahtevne naloge iskanja novega imena in ga našel v Sodobnih vojaških izzivih. Veliko dela in truda je bilo potrebnega za nastanek vojaške publikacije. Večina, ki je prispevala k temu, je delala predvsem iz lastne samoiniciativnosti, v zasebnem času. Pisanje člankov po mednarodnih standardih zahteva red, delo in disciplino. Veliko jih je obupalo, preden so se sploh lotili pisanja, in avtorji, ki so pisali članke za to vojaško publikacijo, v večini primerov v nadaljevanju svoje kariere odstopajo od povprečja. Veliko jih je bilo. V uredniškem odboru je od nastanka publikacije do konca leta 2018 sodelovalo 60 oseb. Od leta 2008, ko so bile uvedene recenzije, je za publikacijo pisalo 279 avtoric in avtorjev. Številni tudi večkrat. Posebej izstopa major iz Slovenske vojske, ki je napisal deset člankov. Seznam vseh recenzentov vsebuje 103 imena. Recenzent, ki je na prvem mestu po številu recenzij, je brigadir, ki jih je napisal 54. Recenzentov, ki so jih pripravili več kot deset, je 18. Dolgoletno delo je obrodilo sadove, saj se je publikacija Slovenske vojske leta 2010 uvrstila v mednarodno podatkovno bazo PAIS International v okviru Proquest in s tem na seznam revij Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije, po katerem avtorjem za objavo članka v publikaciji Sodobni vojaški izzivi pripada 30 točk v habilitacijskem postopku. Število člankov Znanstveni članki Strokovni članki Uvodnik Leto 2017 24 21 (87,5 %) 3 (12,5 %) 5 Leto 2016 25 18 (72 %) 7 (28 %) 5 Leto 2015 21 10 (48 %) 11 (52 %) 4 Leto 2014 25 16 (64 %) 9 (36 %) 4 Leto 2013 24 12 (50 %) 12 (50 %) 10 Leto 2012 26 11 (44 %) 14 (56 %) 4 Leto 2011 31 17 (54 %) 14 (45 %) 4 Leto 2010 45 17 (37 %) 28 (62 %) 4 Leto 2009 42 18 (43 %) 24 (57 %) 7 Vsebine bodo tudi v prihodnosti kakovostne, saj uredniški odbor in uredniški svet skrbita za širok nabor avtorjev člankov z različnih področij ter iz različnih ustanov in držav. Zahvala ob 20-letnici izhajanja gre vsem, prav vsem, ki so kakor koli prispevali k temu, da se je publikacija tudi takrat, ko ni šlo vse gladko, obdržala in redno izhajala. Bili so in so še posamezniki, ki so prispevali več, bolje in bolj zagnano, a za uspeh publikacije so zaslužni prav vsi. V tokratni, zadnji, številki v jubilejnem letu so se avtorji posvetili zelo aktualnim temam.

In this project we are detailed explanation how do we design and modelling of G+5 commercial building by Autodesk revit architecture, which renders complete vision of construction. With BIM new technology it is easy to model the building and we can connect to revit architecture, Revit MEP, Revit structure, Built for Building Information Modeling (BIM). In general, for building design and model can be employed by the architecture of Autodesk Revit. In addition, it can give you an exact vision via design, construction and documentation. Use the information-rich models that Autodesk Revit Architecture is useful for make more informed Building designs decisions to support0sustainable design, clash detection, construction planning, and fabrication Installation. Revit Architecture will clear picture of building excellent visualization by using V-ray software, that is made for Rendering purpose. For commercial buildings it will very helpful for visualize building before construction is made in the field. When the Revit Architecture window is displayed, there we can see the different types of templates such as construction template, structure template, Architecture template. To accomplish this project i.e for design and modeling we use to select Architecture template.

Der bliver revet ned og bygget nyt i centrum af Odense i disse år med en hast, som ikke er set siden 1960’erne. Denne artikel beskæftiger sig med baggrunden for de store projekter og undersøger, hvilke problemer der er blevet opfattet som de centrale i nyere byudviklingspolitik i Odense. Problemer, der blev opfattet som lokale, indgik i en transnational udveksling af byudviklingspolitik, der lagde vægt på at fremelske en kreativ økonomi. De politiske problemrepræsentationer i Odense satte byens identitet i spil.

Objetivo: Identificar, na literatura, as melhores evid�ncias sobre os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da Dermatite Associada � Incontin�ncia (DAI). M�todo: Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados da BVS e MEDLINE por meio da PUBMED, CINAHL e WEB OF SCIENCE. Foram identificadas 20 publica��es potencialmente eleg�veis para inclus�o, selecionando-se 14 artigos que atenderam aos crit�rios de elegibilidade. Eles foram lidos e analisados. Resultados: Os fatores de risco para DAI como idade, comorbidades, nutri��o, oxigena��o, perfus�o, temperatura, incontin�ncia fecal e/ou urin�ria, atrito mec�nico, permeabilidade da pele, uso de determinadas estrat�gias de cuidado, capacidade cognitiva e avalia��o da pele s�o determinantes para o surgimento da DAI. A monitoriza��o da pele, constante, pela avalia��o criteriosa do enfermeiro, � essencial. Conclus�o: Para prevenir-se do problema, � necess�ria a identifica��o precoce de fatores de risco para evitar danos ao paciente, preven��o de agravos, favorecer o conforto, bem-estar, diminuir tempo de interna��o e custos hospitalares e aumentar a qualidade da assist�ncia. Ressalta-se a escassez de literatura sobre a tem�tica e a necessidade de estudos com alto n�vel de evid�ncia.

There is a growing demand in modern society for detailed, localised geological maps and 3D models in connection with e.g. planning of major construction works, study of subsurface drainage systems, infiltration of storm water or risk assessment of contaminated waste dumps and pollution plumes. This demand is difficult to meet in Denmark as the surficial glacial deposits that cover most of the country are notoriously very heterogeneous. Standard geological maps are based on regional data collection, and their resolution is far from sufficient to identify structural elements on the 10–20 m scale needed in the above-mentioned applications. Geophysical mapping for geological characterisation of the upper c. 5 m of the subsurface can be carried out using for instance direct-current geoelectrical methods (e.g. Loke et al. 2013), induced polarisation (e.g. Revil et al. 2012) set up with 1–2 m electrode spacing, electromagnetic induction (EMI; e.g. Christiansen et al. 2016; Doolittle & Brevik 2014), ground penetrating radar (GPR; e.g. Neal 2004) or seismic refraction tomography using a multicomponent landstreamer (e.g. Brodic et al. 2015). The resulting geophysical maps show the distribution of the measured parameter, for instance electric resistivity or seismic velocity. To construct geological maps using geophysical methods, the data must be verified and calibrated with geological field observations. GPR imaging of geological structures require laborious interpretation before a geological map can be constructed, and the method is limited to low-loss materials such as sandy sediments (Neal 2004). A new approach, using a combination of shallow, highresolution EMI surveying and traditional spear-auger soil sampling along the same transects, was tested in an area of c. 2 km2 around the contaminated, former landfill site at Pillemark on Samsø (Fig. 1). The resistivity recorded using the EMI method is strongly related to the clay content, and this parameter is therefore well suited for geological mapping. The EMI method is also robust, data acquisition is 5–50 times faster than with other geophysical methods and the processing and inversion scheme is well defined (Christiansen et al. 2016).

In 1988, historian Nadia Wheatley and indigenous artist Donna Rawlins published their award-winning picture book, My Place, a reinterpretation of Australian national identity and sovereignty prompted by the bicentennial of white settlement. Twenty years later, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) commissioned Penny Chapman’s multi-platform project based on this book. The 13 episodes of the television series begin in 2008, each telling the story of a child at a different point in history, and are accompanied by substantial interactive online content. Issues as diverse as religious difference and immigration, wartime conscription and trauma, and the experiences of Aboriginal Australians are canvassed. The program itself, which has a second series currently in production, introduces child audiences to—and implicates them in—a rich ideological fabric of deeply politicised issues that directly engage with vexed questions of Australian nationhood. The series offers a subversive view of Australian history and society, and it is the child—whether protagonist on the screen or the viewer/user of the content—who is left to discover, negotiate and move beyond often problematic societal norms. As one of the public broadcaster’s keystone projects, My Place signifies important developments in ABC’s construction of multicultural child citizenship. The digitisation of Australian television has facilitated a wave of multi-channel and new media innovation. Though the development of a multi-channel ecology has occurred significantly later in Australia than in the US or Europe, in part due to genre restrictions on broadcasters, all major Australian networks now have at least one additional free-to-air channel, make some of their content available online, and utilise various forms of social media to engage their audiences. The ABC has been in the vanguard of new media innovation, leveraging the industry dominance of ABC Online and its cross-platform radio networks for the repurposing of news, together with the additional funding for digital renewal, new Australian content, and a digital children’s channel in the 2006 and 2009 federal budgets. In line with “market failure” models of broadcasting (Born, Debrett), the ABC was once the most important producer-broadcaster for child viewers. With the recent allocation for the establishment of ABC3, it is now the catalyst for a significant revitalisation of the Australian children’s television industry. The ABC Charter requires it to broadcast programs that “contribute to a sense of national identity” and that “reflect the cultural diversity of the Australian community” (ABC Documents). Through its digital children’s channel (ABC3) and its multi-platform content, child viewers are not only exposed to a much more diverse range of local content, but also politicised by an intricate network of online texts connected to the TV programs. The representation of diasporic communities through and within multi-platformed spaces forms a crucial part of the way(s) in which collective identities are now being negotiated in children’s texts. An analysis of one of the ABC’s My Place “projects” and its associated multi-platformed content reveals an intricate relationship between postcolonial concerns and the construction of child citizenship. Multicultural Places, Multi-Platformed Spaces: New Media Innovation at the ABC The 2007 restructure at the ABC has transformed commissioning practices along the lines noted by James Bennett and Niki Strange of the BBC—a shift of focus from “programs” to multi-platform “projects,” with the latter consisting of a complex network of textual production. These “second shift media practices” (Caldwell) involve the tactical management of “user flows structured into and across the textual terrain that serve to promote a multifaceted and prolonged experience of the project” (Bennett and Strange 115). ABC Managing Director Mark Scott’s polemic deployment of the “digital commons” trope (Murdock, From) differs from that of his opposite number at the BBC, Mark Thompson, in its emphasis on the glocalised openness of the Australian “town square”—at once distinct from, and an integral part of, larger conversations. As announced at the beginning of the ABC’s 2009 annual report, the ABC is redefining the town square as a world of greater opportunities: a world where Australians can engage with one another and explore the ideas and events that are shaping our communities, our nation and beyond … where people can come to speak and be heard, to listen and learn from each other. (ABC ii)The broad emphasis on engagement characterises ABC3’s positioning of children in multi-platformed projects. As the Executive Producer of the ABC’s Children’s Television Multi-platform division comments, “participation is very much the mantra of the new channel” (Glen). The concept of “participation” is integral to what has been described elsewhere as “rehearsals in citizenship” (Northam). Writing of contemporary youth, David Buckingham notes that “‘political thinking’ is not merely an intellectual or developmental achievement, but an interpersonal process which is part of the construction of a collective, social identity” (179). Recent domestically produced children’s programs and their associated multimedia applications have significant potential to contribute to this interpersonal, “participatory” process. Through multi-platform experiences, children are (apparently) invited to construct narratives of their own. Dan Harries coined the term “viewser” to highlight the tension between watching and interacting, and the increased sense of agency on the part of audiences (171–82). Various online texts hosted by the ABC offer engagement with extra content relating to programs, with themed websites serving as “branches” of the overarching ABC3 metasite. The main site—strongly branded as the place for its targeted demographic—combines conventional television guide/program details with “Watch Now!,” a customised iView application within ABC3’s own themed interface; youth-oriented news; online gaming; and avenues for viewsers to create digital art and video, or interact with the community of “Club3” and associated message boards. The profiles created by members of Club3 are moderated and proscribe any personal information, resulting in an (understandably) restricted form of “networked publics” (boyd 124–5). Viewser profiles comprise only a username (which, the website stresses, should not be one’s real name) and an “avatar” (a customisable animated face). As in other social media sites, comments posted are accompanied by the viewser’s “name” and “face,” reinforcing the notion of individuality within the common group. The tool allows users to choose from various skin colours, emphasising the multicultural nature of the ABC3 community. Other customisable elements, including the ability to choose between dozens of pre-designed ABC3 assets and feeds, stress the audience’s “ownership” of the site. The Help instructions for the Club3 site stress the notion of “participation” directly: “Here at ABC3, we don’t want to tell you what your site should look like! We think that you should be able to choose for yourself.” Multi-platformed texts also provide viewsers with opportunities to interact with many of the characters (human actors and animated) from the television texts and share further aspects of their lives and fictional worlds. One example, linked to the representation of diasporic communities, is the Abatti Pizza Game, in which the player must “save the day” by battling obstacles to fulfil a pizza order. The game’s prefacing directions makes clear the ethnicity of the Abatti family, who are also visually distinctive. The dialogue also registers cultural markers: “Poor Nona, whatsa she gonna do? Now it’s up to you to help Johnny and his friends make four pizzas.” The game was acquired from the Canadian-animated franchise, Angela Anaconda; nonetheless, the Abatti family, the pizza store they operate and the dilemma they face translates easily to the Australian context. Dramatisations of diasporic contributions to national youth identities in postcolonial or settler societies—the UK (My Life as a Popat, CITV) and Canada (How to Be Indie)—also contribute to the diversity of ABC3’s television offerings and the positioning of its multi-platform community. The negotiation of diasporic and postcolonial politics is even clearer in the public broadcaster’s commitment to My Place. The project’s multifaceted construction of “places,” the ethical positioning of the child both as an individual and a member of (multicultural) communities, and the significant acknowledgement of ongoing conflict and discrimination, articulate a cultural commons that is more open-ended and challenging than the Eurocentric metaphor, the “town square,” suggests. Diversity, Discrimination and Diasporas: Positioning the Viewser of My Place Throughout the first series of My Place, the experiences of children within different diasporic communities are the focal point of five of the initial six episodes, the plots of which revolve around children with Lebanese, Vietnamese, Greek, and Irish backgrounds. This article focuses on an early episode of the series, “1988,” which explicitly confronts the cultural frictions between dominant Anglocentric Australian and diasporic communities. “1988” centres on the reaction of young Lily to the arrival of her cousin, Phuong, from Vietnam. Lily is a member of a diasporic community, but one who strongly identifies as “an Australian,” allowing a nuanced exploration of the ideological conflicts surrounding the issue of so-called “boat people.” The protagonist’s voice-over narration at the beginning of the episode foregrounds her desire to win Australia’s first Olympic gold medal in gymnastics, thus mobilising nationally identified hierarchies of value. Tensions between diasporic and settler cultures are frequently depicted. One potentially reactionary sequence portrays the recurring character of Michaelis complaining about having to use chopsticks in the Vietnamese restaurant; however, this comment is contextualised several episodes later, when a much younger Michaelis, as protagonist of the episode “1958,” is himself discriminated against, due to his Greek background. The political irony of “1988” pivots on Lily’s assumption that her cousin “won’t know Australian.” There is a patronising tone in her warning to Phuong not to speak Vietnamese for fear of schoolyard bullying: “The kids at school give you heaps if you talk funny. But it’s okay, I can talk for you!” This encourages child viewers to distance themselves from this fictional parallel to the frequent absence of representation of asylum seekers in contemporary debates. Lily’s assumptions and attitudes are treated with a degree of scepticism, particularly when she assures her friends that the silent Phuong will “get normal soon,” before objectifying her cousin for classroom “show and tell.” A close-up camera shot settles on Phuong’s unease while the children around her gossip about her status as a “boat person,” further encouraging the audience to empathise with the bullied character. However, Phuong turns the tables on those around her when she reveals she can competently speak English, is able to perform gymnastics and other feats beyond Lily’s ability, and even invents a story of being attacked by “pirates” in order to silence her gossiping peers. By the end of the narrative, Lily has redeemed herself and shares a close friendship with Phuong. My Place’s structured child “participation” plays a key role in developing the postcolonial perspective required by this episode and the project more broadly. Indeed, despite the record project budget, a second series was commissioned, at least partly on the basis of the overwhelmingly positive reception of viewsers on the ABC website forums (Buckland). The intricate My Place website, accessible through the ABC3 metasite, generates transmedia intertextuality interlocking with, and extending the diegesis of, the televised texts. A hyperlinked timeline leads to collections of personal artefacts “owned” by each protagonist, such as journals, toys, and clothing. Clicking on a gold medal marked “History” in Lily’s collection activates scrolling text describing the political acceptance of the phrase “multiculturalism” and the “Family Reunion” policy, which assisted the arrival of 100,000 Vietnamese immigrants. The viewser is reminded that some people were “not very welcoming” of diasporic groups via an explicit reference to Mrs Benson’s discriminatory attitudes in the series. Viewsers can “visit” virtual representations of the program’s sets. In the bedroom, kitchen, living room and/or backyard of each protagonist can be discovered familiar and additional details of the characters’ lives. The artefacts that can be “played” with in the multimedia applications often imply the enthusiastic (and apparently desirable) adoption of “Australianness” by immigrant children. Lily’s toys (her doll, hair accessories, roller skates, and glass marbles) invoke various aspects of western children’s culture, while her “journal entry” about Phuong states that she is “new to Australia but with her sense of humour she has fitted in really well.” At the same time, the interactive elements within Lily’s kitchen, including a bowl of rice and other Asian food ingredients, emphasise cultural continuity. The description of incense in another room of Lily’s house as a “common link” that is “used in many different cultures and religions for similar purposes” clearly normalises a glocalised world-view. Artefacts inside the restaurant operated by Lily’s mother link to information ranging from the ingredients and (flexible) instructions for how to make rice paper rolls (“Lily and Phuong used these fillings but you can use whatever you like!”) to a brief interactive puzzle game requiring the arrangement of several peppers in order from least hot to most hot. A selectable picture frame downloads a text box labelled “Images of Home.” Combined with a slideshow of static, hand-drawn images of traditional Vietnamese life, the text can be read as symbolic of the multiplicity of My Place’s target audience(s): “These images would have reminded the family of their homeland and also given restaurant customers a sense of Vietnamese culture.” The social-developmental, postcolonial agenda of My Place is registered in both “conventional” ancillary texts, such as the series’ “making of” publication (Wheatley), and the elaborate pedagogical website for teachers developed by the ACTF and Educational Services Australia (http://www.myplace.edu.au/). The politicising function of the latter is encoded in the various summaries of each decade’s historical, political, social, cultural, and technological highlights, often associated with the plot of the relevant episode. The page titled “Multiculturalism” reports on the positive amendments to the Commonwealth’s Migration Act 1958 and provides links to photographs of Vietnamese migrants in 1982, exemplifying the values of equality and cultural diversity through Lily and Phuong’s story. The detailed “Teaching Activities” documents available for each episode serve a similar purpose, providing, for example, the suggestion that teachers “ask students to discuss the importance to a new immigrant of retaining links to family, culture and tradition.” The empathetic positioning of Phuong’s situation is further mirrored in the interactive map available for teacher use that enables children to navigate a boat from Vietnam to the Australian coast, encouraging a perspective that is rarely put forward in Australia’s mass media. This is not to suggest that the My Place project is entirely unproblematic. In her postcolonial analysis of Aboriginal children’s literature, Clare Bradford argues that “it’s all too possible for ‘similarities’ to erase difference and the political significances of [a] text” (188). Lily’s schoolteacher’s lesson in the episode “reminds us that boat people have been coming to Australia for a very long time.” However, the implied connection between convicts and asylum seekers triggered by Phuong’s (mis)understanding awkwardly appropriates a mythologised Australian history. Similarly in the “1998” episode, the Muslim character Mohammad’s use of Ramadan for personal strength in order to emulate the iconic Australian cricketer Shane Warne threatens to subsume the “difference” of the diasporic community. Nonetheless, alongside the similarities between individuals and the various ethnic groups that make up the My Place community, important distinctions remain. Each episode begins and/or ends with the child protagonist(s) playing on or around the central motif of the series—a large fig tree—with the characters declaring that the tree is “my place.” While emphasising the importance of individuality in the project’s construction of child citizens, the cumulative effect of these “my place” sentiments, felt over time by characters from different socio-economic, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds, builds a multifaceted conception of Australian identity that consists of numerous (and complementary) “branches.” The project’s multi-platformed content further emphasises this, with the website containing an image of the prominent (literal and figurative) “Community Tree,” through which the viewser can interact with the generations of characters and families from the series (http://www.abc.net.au/abc3/myplace/). The significant role of the ABC’s My Place project showcases the ABC’s remit as a public broadcaster in the digital era. As Tim Brooke-Hunt, the Executive Head of Children’s Content, explains, if the ABC didn’t do it, no other broadcaster was going to come near it. ... I don’t expect My Place to be a humungous commercial or ratings success, but I firmly believe ... that it will be something that will exist for many years and will have a very special place. Conclusion The reversion to iconic aspects of mainstream Anglo-Australian culture is perhaps unsurprising—and certainly telling—when reflecting on the network of local, national, and global forces impacting on the development of a cultural commons. However, this does not detract from the value of the public broadcaster’s construction of child citizens within a clearly self-conscious discourse of “multiculturalism.” The transmedia intertextuality at work across ABC3 projects and platforms serves an important politicising function, offering positive representations of diasporic communities to counter the negative depictions children are exposed to elsewhere, and positioning child viewsers to “participate” in “working through” fraught issues of Australia’s past that still remain starkly relevant today.References ABC. Redefining the Town Square. ABC Annual Report. Sydney: ABC, 2009. Bennett, James, and Niki Strange. “The BBC’s Second-Shift Aesthetics: Interactive Television, Multi-Platform Projects and Public Service Content for a Digital Era.” Media International Australia: Incorporating Culture and Policy 126 (2008): 106-19. Born, Georgina. Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC. London: Vintage, 2004. boyd, danah. “Why Youth ♥ Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life.” Youth, Identity, and Digital Media. Ed. David Buckingham. Cambridge: MIT, 2008. 119-42. Bradford, Clare. Reading Race: Aboriginality in Australian Children’s Literature. Carlton: Melbourne UP, 2001. Brooke-Hunt, Tim. Executive Head of Children’s Content, ABC TV. Interviewed by Dr Leonie Rutherford, ABC Ultimo Center, 16 Mar. 2010. Buckingham, David. After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. Cambridge: Polity, 2000. Buckland, Jenny. Chief Executive Officer, Australian Children’s Television Foundation. Interviewed by Dr Leonie Rutherford and Dr Nina Weerakkody, ACTF, 2 June 2010. Caldwell, John T. “Second Shift Media Aesthetics: Programming, Interactivity and User Flows.” New Media: Theories and Practices of Digitextuality. Eds. John T. Caldwell and Anna Everett. London: Routledge, 2003. 127-44. Debrett, Mary. “Riding the Wave: Public Service Television in the Multiplatform Era.” Media, Culture & Society 31.5 (2009): 807-27. From, Unni. “Domestically Produced TV-Drama and Cultural Commons.” Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting. Eds. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Per Jauert. Göteborg: Nordicom, 2005. 163-77. Glen, David. Executive Producer, ABC Multiplatform. Interviewed by Dr Leonie Rutherford, ABC Elsternwick, 6 July 2010. Harries, Dan. “Watching the Internet.” The New Media Book. Ed. Dan Harries. London: BFI, 2002. 171-82. Murdock, Graham. “Building the Digital Commons: Public Broadcasting in the Age of the Internet.” Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting. Ed. Gregory Ferrell Lowe and Per Jauert. Göteborg: Nordicom, 2005. 213–30. My Place, Volumes 1 & 2: 2008–1888. DVD. ABC, 2009. Northam, Jean A. “Rehearsals in Citizenship: BBC Stop-Motion Animation Programmes for Young Children.” Journal for Cultural Research 9.3 (2005): 245-63. Wheatley, Nadia. Making My Place. Sydney and Auckland: HarperCollins, 2010. ———, and Donna Rawlins. My Place, South Melbourne: Longman, 1988.

Image 1: View from Geodha Sgoilt towards the sea stacks, Uig, Isle of Lewis. Image credit: George Jaramillo.IntroductionOver the cliffs of Mangerstadh on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, is a small plot of land called Geodha Sgoilt that overlooks the North Atlantic Ocean (Image 1). On the site is a small dirt gravel road and the remnants of a World War II listening station. Below, sea stacks rise from the waters, orange and green cliff sides stand in defiance to the crashing waves. An older gentleman began to tell me of what he believed could be located here on the site. A place where visitors could learn of the wonders of St Kilda that contained all types of new storytelling technologies to inspire them. He pointed above the ruined buildings, mentioning that a new road for the visitors’ vehicles and coaches would be built. With his explanations, you could almost imagine such a place on these cliffs. Yet, before that new idea could even be built, this gentleman and his group of locals and incomers had to convince themselves and others that this new heritage centre was something desired, necessary and inevitable in the development of the Western Isles.This article explores the developing relationships that come about through design innovation with community organisations. This was done through a partnership between an academic institution and a non-profit heritage community group as part of growing study in how higher education design research can play an active partner in community group development. It argues for the use of design thinking and innovation in improving strategy and organisational processes within non-profit organisations. In this case, it looks at what role it can play in building and enabling organisational confidence in its mission, as well as, building “beyond the museum”. The new approach to this unique relationship casts new light towards working with complexities and strategies rather than trying to resolve issues from the outset of a project. These enabling relationships are divided into three sections of this paper: First it explores the context of the island community group and “building” heritage, followed by a brief history of St Kilda and its current status, and designation as a World Heritage site. Second, it seeks the value of developing strategy and the introduction of the Institute of Design Innovation (INDI). This is followed by a discussion of the six-month relationship and work that was done that elucidates various methods used and ending with its outcomes. The third section reflects upon the impacts at the relationship building between the two groups with some final thoughts on the partnership, where it can lead, and how this can represent new ways of working together within community groups. Building HeritageCurrent community research in Scotland has shown struggles in understanding issues within community capability and development (Barker 11; Cave 20; Jacuniak-Suda, and Mose 23) though most focus on the land tenure and energy (McMorran 21) and not heritage groups. The need to maintain “resilient” (Steiner 17) communities has shown that economic resilience is of primary importance for these rural communities. Heritage as economic regenerator has had a long history in the United Kingdom. Some of these like the regeneration of Wirksworth in the Peak District (Gordon 20) have had great economic results with populations growing, as well as, development in the arts and design. These changes, though positive, have also adversely impacted the local community by estranging and forcing lower income townspeople to move away due to higher property values and lack of work. Furthermore, current trends in heritage tourism have managed to turn many rural regions into places of historic consumption (Ronström 7) termed “heritagisation” (Edensor 35). There is thus a need for critical reflection within a variety of heritage organisations with the increase in heritage tourism.In particular, existing island heritage organisations face a variety of issues that they focus too much on the artefactual or are too focused to strive for anything beyond the remit of their particular heritage (Jacuniak-Suda, and Mose 33; Ronström 4). Though many factors including funding, space, volunteerism and community capability affect the way these groups function they have commonalities that include organisational methods, volunteer fatigue, and limited interest from community groups. It is within this context that the communities of the Outer Hebrides. Currently, projects within the Highlands and islands focus on particular “grassroots” development (Cave 26; Robertson 994) searching for innovative ways to attract, maintain, and sustain healthy levels of heritage and development—one such group is Ionad Hiort. Ionad Hiort Ionad Hiort is a community non-profit organisation founded in 2010 to assist in the development of a new type of heritage centre in the community of Uig on the Isle of Lewis (“Proposal-Ionad Hiort”). As stated in their website, the group strives to develop a centre on the history and contemporary views of St Kilda, as well as, encouraging a much-needed year-round economic impetus for the region. The development of the group and the idea of a heritage centre came about through the creation of the St Kilda Opera, a £1.5 million, five-country project held in 2007, led by Scotland’s Gaelic Arts agency, Proiseact nan Ealan (Mckenzie). This opera, inspired by the cliffs, people, and history of St Kilda used creative techniques to unite five countries in a live performance with cliff aerobatics and Gaelic singing to present the island narrative. From this initial interest, a commission from the Western Isles council (2010), developed by suggestions and commentary from earlier reports (Jura Report 2009; Rebanks 2009) encouraged a fiercely contentious competition, which saw Ionad Hiort receive the right to develop a remote-access heritage centre about the St Kilda archipelago (Maclean). In 2013, the group received a plot of land from the local laird for the establishment of the centre (Urquhart) thereby bringing it closer to its goal of a heritage centre, but before moving onto this notion of remote-heritage, a brief history is needed on the archipelago. Image 2: Location map of Mangerstadh on the Isle of Lewis and St Kilda to the west, with inset of Scotland. Image credit: © Crown Copyright and Database Right (2017). Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence).St KildaSt Kilda is an archipelago about 80 kilometres off the coast of the Outer Hebrides in the North Atlantic (Image 2). Over 2000 years of habitation show an entanglement between humans and nature including harsh weather, limited resources, but a tenacity and growth to develop a way of living upon a small section of land in the middle of the Atlantic. St Kilda has maintained a tenuous relationship between the sea, the cliffs and the people who have lived within its territory (Geddes, and Gannon 18). Over a period of three centuries beginning in the eighteenth century an outside influence on the island begin to play a major role, with the loss of a large portion of its small (180) population. This population would later decrease to 100 and finally to 34 in 1930, when it was decided to evacuate the final members of the village in what could best be called a forced eviction.Since the evacuation, the island has maintained an important military presence as a listening station during the Second World War and in its modern form a radar station as part of the Hebridean Artillery (Rocket) Range (Geddes 14). The islands in the last thirty years have seen an increase in tourism with the ownership of the island by the National Trust of Scotland. The UNESCO World Heritage Organisation (UNESCO), who designated St Kilda in 1986 and 2004 as having outstanding universal value, has seen its role evolve from not just protecting (or conserving) world heritage sites, but to strategically understand sustainable tourism of its sites (“St Kilda”). In 2012, UNESCO selected St Kilda as a case study for remote access heritage conservation and interpretation (Hebrides News Today; UNESCO 15). This was partly due to the efforts of 3D laser scanning of the islands by a collaboration between The Glasgow School of Art and Historic Environment Scotland called the Centre for Digital Documentation and Visualisation (CDDV) in 2009.The idea of a remote access heritage is an important aspect as to what Ionad Hiort could do with creating a centre at their site away from St Kilda. Remote access heritage is useful in allowing for sites and monuments to be conserved and monitored “from afar”. It allows for 3D visualisations of sites and provides new creative engagements with a variety of different places (Remondino, and Rizzi 86), however, Ionad Hiort was not yet at a point to even imagine how to use the remote access technology. They first needed a strategy and direction, as after many years of moving towards recognition of proposing the centre at their site in Uig, they had lost a bit of that initial drive. This is where INDI was asked to assist by the Highlands and Islands Enterprise, the regional development organisation for most of rural Scotland. Building ConfidenceINDI is a research institute at The Glasgow School of Art. It is a distributed, creative collective of researchers, lecturers and students specialising in design innovation, where design innovation means enabling creative capabilities within communities, groups and individuals. Together, they address complex issues through new design practices and bespoke community engagement to co-produce “preferable futures” (Henchley 25). Preferable futures are a type of future casting that seeks to strive not just for the probable or possible future of a place or idea, but for the most preferred and collectively reached option for a society (McAra-McWilliam 9). INDI researches the design processes that are needed to co-create contexts in which people can flourish: at work, in organisations and businesses, as well as, in public services and government. The task of innovation as an interactive process is an example of the design process. Innovation is defined as “a co-creation process within social and technological networks in which actors integrate their resources to create mutual value” (Russo‐Spena, and Mele 528). Therefore, innovation works outside of standard consultancy practices; rather it engenders a sense of mutual co-created practices that strive to resolve particular problems. Examples include the work that has looked at creating cultures of innovation within small and medium-sized enterprises (Lockwood 4) where the design process was used to alter organisational support (Image 3). These enterprises tend to emulate larger firms and corporations and though useful in places where economies of scale are present, smaller business need adaptable, resilient and integrated networks of innovation within their organisational models. In this way, innovation functioned as a catalyst for altering the existing organisational methods. These innovations are thus a useful alternative to existing means of approaching problems and building resilience within any organisation. Therefore, these ideas of innovation could be transferred and play a role in enabling new ways of approaching non-profit organisational structures, particularly those within heritage. Image 3: Design Council Double Diamond model of the design process. Image credit: Lockwood.Developing the WorkIonad Hiort with INDI’s assistance has worked together to develop a heritage centre that tries to towards a new definition of heritage and identity through this island centre. Much of this work has been done through local community investigations revolving around workshops and one-on-one talks where narratives and ideas are held in “negative capability” (McAra-McWilliam 2) to seek many alternatives that would be able to work for the community. The initial aims of the partnership were to assist the Uig community realise the potential of the St Kilda Centre. Primarily, it would assist in enabling the capabilities of two themes. The first would be, strategy, for Ionad Hiort’s existing multi-page mission brief. The second would be storytelling the narrative of St Kilda as a complex and entangled, however, its common views are limited to the ‘fall from grace’ or ‘noble savage’ story (Macdonald 168). Over the course of six months, the relationship involved two workshops and three site visits of varying degrees of interaction. An initial gathering had InDI staff meet members of Ionad Hiort to introduce members to each other. Afterwards, INDI ran two workshops over two months in Uig to understand, reflect and challenge Ionad Hiort’s focus on what the group desired. The first workshop focused on the group’s strategy statement. In a relaxed and facilitated space in the Uig Community Hall, the groups used pens, markers, and self-adhesive notes to engage in an open dialogue about the group’s desires. This session included reflecting on what their heritage centre could look like, as well as what their strategy needed to get there. These resulted in a series of drawings of their ‘preferred’ centre, with some ideas showing a centre sitting over the edge of the cliffs or one that had the centre be an integral component of the community. In discussing that session, one of members of the group recalled:I remember his [one of INDI’s staff] interrogation of the project was actually pretty – initially – fairly brutal, right? The first formal session we had talking about strategy and so on. To the extent that I think it would be fair to say he pissed everybody off, right? So much so that he actually prompted us to come back with some fairly hard hitting ripostes, which, after a moment’s silence he then said, ‘That’s it, you’ve convinced me’, and at that point we kind of realised that that’s what he’d been trying to do; he’d been trying to really push us to go further in our articulation of what we were doing and … why we were doing it in this particular way than we had done before. (Participant A, 2016).The group through this session found out that their strategy could be refined into a short mission statement giving a clear focus as to what they wanted and how they wanted to go about doing it. In the end, drawings, charts, stories (Image 4) were drawn to reflect on what the community had discussed. These artefacts became a key role-player in the following months of the development of the group. Image 4: View of group working through their strategy workshop session. Image credit: Fergus Fullarton-Pegg (2014). The second set of workshops and visits involved informal discussion with individual members of the group and community. This included a visit to St Kilda with members from INDI, Ionad Hiort and the Digital Design Studio, which allowed for everyone to understand the immensity of the project and its significance to World Heritage values. The initial aims thus evolved into understanding the context of self-governance for distributed communities and how to develop the infrastructure of development. As discussed earlier, existing development processes are useful, though limited to only particular types of projects, and as exemplified in the Highlands and Islands Enterprise and Western Isles Council commission, it tends to put communities against each other for limited pots of money. This existing system can be innovated upon by becoming creative liaisons, sharing and co-creating from existing studies to help develop more effective processes for the future of Ionad Hiort and their ‘preferable future’. Building RelationshipsWhat the relationship with GSA has done, as a dialogue with the team of people that have been involved, has been to consolidate and clarify our own thinking and to get us to question our own thinking across several different aspects of the whole project. (Participant A, 2016)As the quote states, the main notion of using design thinking has allowed Ionad Hiort to question their thinking and challenge preconceptions of what a “heritage centre” is, by being a critical sounding board that is different from what is provided by consultants and other stakeholders. Prior to meeting INDI, Ionad Hiort may have been able to reach their goal of a strategy, however, it would have taken a few more years. The work, which involved structured and unstructured workshops, meetings, planning events, and gatherings, gave them a structured focus to move ahead with their prospectus planning and bidding. INDI enabled the compression and focus of their strategy making and mission strategy statement over the course of six months into a one-page statement that gave direction to the group and provided the impetus for the development of the prospectus briefs. Furthermore, INDI contributed a sense of contemporary content to the historic story, as well as, enable the community to see that this centre would not just become another gallery with café. The most important outcome has been an effective measure in building relationships in the Outer Hebrides, which shows the changing roles between academic and third sector partnerships. Two key points can be deemed from these developing relationships: The first has been to build a research infrastructure in and across the region that engages with local communities about working with the GSA, including groups in North Uist, Barra and South Uist. Of note is a comment made by one of the participants saying: “It’s exciting now, there’s a buzz about it and getting you [INDI] involved, adding a dimension—we’ve got people who have got an artistic bent here but I think your enthusiasm, your skills, very much complement what we’ve got here.” (Participant B, 2016). Second, the academic/non-profit partnership has encouraged younger people to work and study in the area through a developing programme of student research activity. This includes placing taught masters students with local community members on the South Uist, as well as, PhD research being done on Stornoway. These two outcomes then have given rise to interest in not only how heritage is re-developed in a community, but also, encourages future interest, by staff and students to continue the debate and fashion further developments in the region (GSAmediacentre). Today, the cliffs of Mangerstadh continue to receive the pounding of waves, the blowing wind and the ever-present rain on its rocky granite surface. The iterative stages of work that the two groups have done showcase the way that simple actions can carve, change and evolve into innovative outcomes. The research outcomes show that through this new approach to working with communities we move beyond the consultant and towards an ability of generating a preferable future for the community. In this way, the work that has been created together showcases a case study for further island community development. We do not know what the future holds for the group, but with continued support and maintaining an open mind to creative opportunities we will see that the community will develop a space that moves “beyond the museum”. AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank Ionad Hiort and all the residents of Uig on the Isle of Lewis for their assistance and participation in this partnership. For more information on their work please visit http://www.ionadhiort.org/. The author also thanks the Highlands and Islands Enterprise for financial support in the research and development of the project. Finally, the author thanks the two reviewers who provided critical commentary and critiques to improve this paper. ReferencesBarker, Adam. “Capacity Building for Sustainability: Towards Community Development in Coastal Scotland.” Journal of Environmental Management 75.1 (2005): 11-19. 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