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Journal articles on the topic 'Revocable and irrevocable credit'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Butakova, Nadezhda Alexandrovna. "Letter Of Credit as a Payment Instrument of the Export-Import Deal." Theoretical and Applied Law, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 81–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15350739.

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Letter of credit — a financial term, one of the types of payment instruments between the participants of export-import contract. Today the letter of credit is recognized by financiers in all over the world as the most universal way of payment in foreign economic activity. The letter of credit allows the businessmen to solve several problems at once. The letter of credit guarantees: minimization of possible legal risks; additional insurance against unfair contractors in a foreign trade. Russian companies that have experience of working with international partners on the basis of long-term

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2

Paterick, Timothy. "Physician Estate Planning: What Is the Difference Between a Revocable and Irrevocable Trust?" Healthcare Administration Leadership & Management Journal 1, no. 4 (2023): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55834/halmj.4972369449.

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Estate planning is critical for every physician. Understanding the impact and differences between irrevocable and revocable trusts is crucial to physician estate planning. There are many different financial repercussions to irrevocable and revocable trusts. These distinctions include control over assets, protections from creditors, protection from probate, the need for a will, and usefulness for avoiding estate tax. This article attempts to separate fact from fiction.

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3

Nuñez Seminario, Ingrid Dayhanna. "Implicancias de incluir una cláusula de reconocimiento de filiación en el acto testamentario." Revista de Derecho 24, no. 1 (2024): 340–69. https://doi.org/10.26441/rd24.1-2024-cd5.

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El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar las implicancias que trae consigo la posibilidad de que el testador incluya una cláusula testamentaria mediante la cual hace reconocimiento de la filiación. Esto porque por una parte se encuentra el carácter esencialmente revocable del testamento y por otra la esencia irrevocable del acto de reconocimiento de filiación. Por lo cual, surgen los siguientes cuestionamientos: ¿puede revocarse esta cláusula testamentaria al estar contenida en un acto esencialmente revocable?, ¿a partir de cuándo surte efectos este reconocimiento?, ¿con su sola declar

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4

Schuman, Jacob. "One Nation Under Supervision." Federal Sentencing Reporter 34, no. 5 (2022): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2022.34.5.269.

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This special issue of the Federal Sentencing Reporter is dedicated to community supervision in the federal criminal justice system. Federal law recognizes two justifications for community supervision: public safety and rehabilitation. Yet these justifications are in tension, if not in conflict. Judges impose terms of supervision to protect the public and promote the defendant’s rehabilitation, but the government enforces the conditions of supervision through the threat of imprisonment, which officially serves only for retribution and public safety, not rehabilitation. In other words, federal l

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5

Li, Bao, Fucai Zhou, Jian Xu, Qiang Wang, Jiacheng Li, and Da Feng. "ROLQ-TEE: Revocable and Privacy-Preserving Optimal Location Query Based on Trusted Execution Environment." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1641. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031641.

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With the advent of cloud computing, outsourced computing has emerged as an increasingly popular strategy to reduce the burden of local computation. Optimal location query (OLQ) is a computationally intensive task in the domain of big data outsourcing, which is designed to determine the optimal placement of a new facility from a set of candidate locations. However, location data are sensitive and cannot be shared with other enterprises, so privacy-preserving optimal location query becomes particularly important. Although some privacy-preserving works have been proposed, they still suffer from o

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6

Lekanova, E. E. "Problems of Legal Regulation of Savings Certificates." Actual Problems of Russian Law 20, no. 2 (2025): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2025.171.2.035-043.

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Until 2018, the savings certificate was a very attractive and popular banking product. However, after amendments to legislation that led to the abolition of presenting savings certificates, in 2018 credit organizations stopped issuing them. In turn, credit organizations prefer not to issue registered savings certificates, since it is more profitable for them to place funds of the population in deposits that are not certified by savings certificates.The paper assesses the reasons for the prohibition of presenting certificates, establishes their insufficient validity. The paper is relevant since

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7

Klasen, Andreas, and Hans Janus. "Improving Export Credit Agency Impact Through Full Faith and Credit." Journal of World Trade 57, Issue 5 (2023): 789–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2023032.

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International trade requires sufficient, reliable, and affordable sources of financing. Export credit agencies (ECAs) fill trade finance gaps by offering financing, insurance and guarantees to provide liquidity or mitigate risks. They help to create or secure jobs in the domestic economy. However, comprehensive government support is required to create significant impact. This includes ‘full faith and credit’ of the state. In the context of public foreign trade promotion, full faith and credit is defined as an explicit, direct or indirect, irrevocable, legal commitment to accept all liabilities

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8

Sardjono, Agus. "Masalah Hubungan Hukum antara Pihak-Pihak yang Terlibat dalam Irrevocable Letter of Credit." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 18, no. 5 (2017): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol18.no5.1281.

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Letter of Credit (L/C) adalah suatu dokumen penting dalam perdagangan internasional. Karangan berikut ini mencoba untuk menguraikan seluk beluk L/C dari segi hukum. Permasalahan dapat timbul mengenai L/C jika terjadi sengketa antara pihak penjual dan pembeli dalam hubungan perdagangan internasional. Bagaimana hubungan hukum antara pihak pembeli, bank mengeluarkan L/C dan penjualan merupakan titik pembahasan dalam karangan ini. Terutama pembukaan L/C sebenarnya adalah untuk melindungi atau menjamin penjual terhadap kemungkinan pembeli tidak membayar harga barang. Adakah jaminan tersebut dapat t

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9

Serat, Rahimullah, and Abdulbasir Azizi. "The Consequences of Unlawful Coercion in the Contract of Sale from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 5, no. 1 (2025): 57–65. https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.5.1.8.

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In Islamic jurisprudence, coercion (ikrah) refers to the act of threatening or forcing someone to perform an action, say something, abstain from doing something, or refrain from making a statement. Coercion is considered one of the acquired impairments of legal capacity and one of the most significant defects in consent and intention in transactions, particularly in the contract of sale. The contract of sale is one of the most frequent and essential social and economic transactions upon which individual and societal life depends. The principle is that a sale transaction should be conducted bet

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10

Agustan, Leny, Yaswirman Yaswirman, Busra Azheri, and Azmi Fendri. "Application of the power of attorney in the law of guarantee against fixed objects in Indonesia." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (2021): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1525.

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The power of attorney in the Civil Code concerning the granting of power, which is an agreement, so that a binding principle applies to both parties. In addition to the principle of binding consensus also for them the principle of goodwill, that the parties in making agreements must have goodwill. In its development, the power of attorney, especially in business law and the world of a notary, gave birth to the name of absolute power, which then in the field of a notary is known to be contained in the power of attorney imposes dependent rights (SKMHT). This SKMHT arises from the existence of a

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11

Al-Amaren, Emad Mohammed, and Sultan Ibrahim Aletein. "The Uniform Customs and Practices (UCP 600) and Letters of Credit: How do the Jordanian Bank's Compliance Practices ?" Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 11, no. 1 (2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.61054.

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<p><em>The Uniform Custom and Practice (UCP 600), has defined letter of credit as: </em><em>“Any arrangement, however, named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the Issuing Bank to honour a complying presentation.</em><em> </em><em>UCP 600 is subject to four main principles: Strict Compliance, Autonomy, Documents handling and virtue examination. This study aims to identify the fundamental principles governing letter of credit operation under the Jordanian Banks practice. Through a qualitative and do

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12

Shuliuk, Bohdana, Nataliya Kolomyychuk, and Olena Petrushka. "LONG-TERM LENDING FOR PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECTS: OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 2, no. 55 (2024): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.2.55.2024.4312.

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The article is devoted to the topical issues of long-term lending to public-private partnership projects in the context of a permanent shortage of budget funds and the financial instability of business entities. The purpose of the study is to highlight the problems of attracting long-term credit resources by partners in the process of implementing joint projects and to outline areas for their solution. To achieve this goal, general scientific research methods and analytical data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the National Bank of Ukraine were used.The article reveals the main

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13

Buyadzhу, G. "EVOLUTION OF THE FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIP DOCTRINE IN INDEPENDENT UKRAINE: FROM COMPLETE OBJECTION TO IMPLEMENTATION INTO CURRENT LEGISLATION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 118 (2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2021/3.118-2.

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The article addresses the development of the fiduciary relationship doctrine in Ukraine. Primarily, the paper covers the alteration in understanding the idea of trust and other trust-like constructions by Ukrainian society from the 90s of the XX century to present time. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main stages of and approaches to understanding of fiduciary relationship in general and trust and other trust-like constructions in particular, as well as to analyse their common and distinctive features in comparison to related legal institutions and to determine the prospects for

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14

Duravkin, Pavlo. "Implementation of the Principles of State Innovation Policy and Ways of State Regulation of Innovation Activities in Financial Support of Innovation Projects." Law and innovations, no. 2 (42) (June 25, 2023): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2023-2(42)-16.

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Problem setting. Innovative activity and the level of its support from the state have always been and are the key to sustainable economic and social development. The establishment of guidelines for financial, credit, and tax incentives in the principles of the state innovation policy and the ways of state regulation of innovation activity shows the extremely high importance of these mechanisms for the development of innovation activity. In this regard, it is very important to study such mechanisms, establish their essence and impact on the development of innovative activity. Taking into accoun

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15

Che Hasyim, Rosmawani. "The UCP 600 Rules In Letter Of Credit (LC): Selected Issues." UUM Journal of Legal Studies, December 1, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls.7.2016.4638.

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The Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP) is the primary source for letter of credit (LC) transaction. Prior to the publication of the UCP, the rules in LC originating from trade customs and practices were not unanimously applied by traders. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) whose function is to harmonize the various trade customs practiced in LC, had initiated to compile those rules and published them under one specific reference and named it as the UCP. The UCP is always been updated in order to serve current market needs in regards to LC issues. Thus far, there is no specific statute

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16

Al-Sufani, Abdullah. "The Right of the Beneficiary When Executing the Irrevocable Documentary Credit." Political Sciences and Law Series 2, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.59759/law.v2i1.118.

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The principle of irrevocable documentary credit involves a direct personal commitment by the beneficiary and it is definite, final and irrevocable by cancelling or modifying it unless all the parties agree. The principle of irrevocable documentary credit is that the right of the beneficiary in its framework is irrevocable, and that the right of the beneficiary derives the character of irrevocability by comparing it with the contract of opening documentary credit through which the bank may revert to it. However, in front this final irrevocable commitment which can't be cancelled or modified exc

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17

Domestic, Trust Counsel. "How to Protect Your Family's Wealth." August 6, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361826.

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If you’re like most people, you’ve probably accumulated a few important assets over your lifetime, whether that’s a home, a car, or a savings account. We’ve put together a list of 3 ways you can protect those assets from creditors, lawsuits, and bankruptcy. <strong>1. Open an irrevocable trust</strong> Utilizing irrevocable trusts has long been known as an effective asset protection strategy. It works because transferring assets to an irrevocable trusts moves them out of the grantor’s estate, meaning they’re no longer legally considered to be in the grantor&

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18

Schertler, Andrea, Carsten Hubensack, and Andreas Pfingsten. "Bank Lines of Credit for Small Business Clients: Cash Substitution and Funding Source." Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft 27, no. 2 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zbb-2015-0202.

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AbstractWe investigate whether small business clients could use revocable credit lines, firstly, in their cash management and, secondly, as a funding source. Since the medium-size bank that provided our unique sample has the right to call these lines and charges considerably high rates for using them, we argue that these lines are particularly suitable for managing short-term liquidity needs. From our findings on how the line terms (line availability, line limit,

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19

Ayoub, Samy. "Casting Off Egyptian Ḥanafism: Sharīʿa, Divorce, and Legal Reform in 20th-Century Egypt". Die Welt des Islams, 28 лютого 2020, 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-00600a06.

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AbstractThis article explores an important debate on divorce law in early 20th-century Egypt between the sharīʿa judge Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir (d. 1958) and the adjunct to the last Shaykh al-Islām of the Ottoman Empire, Muḥammad Zāhid al-Kawtharī (d. 1952). The debate is centred on Shākir’s argument that triple divorce (three pronouncements of the divorce oath in one utterance, deemed irrevocable according to the Ḥanafī school) should be treated as a single revocable divorce, a position that the Ḥanafī school rejects. The Egyptian divorce law was changed on 10 March 1929 to embrace the revised p

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20

Alsoufani, Abdallah Khaled Ali, and Raja Alshra'ah. "Examination of Documents in Irrevocable Documentary Credit in Accordance with the Unified Principles and Usages of Documentary Credit." International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, November 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24940/theijhss/2022/v10/i11/hs2211-002.

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This article aims to examine the documents in the irrevocable documentary credit according to the unified principles and uses of the documentary credit, as the documents, by virtue of their vitality, left trade outside the scope of one country to move towards globalization, which was necessitated by the necessity of dealing between countries. Several factors contributed to the growth of internal and external trade, which is unimaginable, at least from a financial point of view. Where each of the two parties to the commercial process performs its obligations at the same time, it was better to f

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21

Lupton, Cayle. "A Critical Evaluation of the Use of Sanctions Clauses in Letters of Credit." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 25 (October 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2022/v25i0a13897.

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With the sharp increase in sanctions-related compliance requirements and expectations over the last decade, banks have sought various methods to mitigate the legal risk of engaging sanctioned persons or entities. The inclusion of so-called sanctions clauses in commercial contracts is one such method. In this article the author explores the use of sanctions clauses specifically in letters of credit, a practice which appears to be gaining ground. More particularly, the article explores the issues associated with the non-documentary nature of sanctions clauses, as well as the question whether the

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22

Alavi, Hamed. "Risk Analysis in Documentary Letter of Credit Operation." Financial Law Review, April 18, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flr-2016-0021.

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Abstract Documentary Letters of Credit are among most popular methods of payment used in international trade. They function as an irrevocable promise of issuing a bank to pay instead of an applicant buyer to a beneficiary seller under the condition that the beneficiary presents complying documents with terms and conditions of the credit to the bank. One of the reasons for the popularity of the LCs in international trade is shifting the payment risk from an individual buyer to a bank with a much stronger financial standing. However, LC operation in international trade is not free of risk. Despi

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23

Abdusalomov, Raxmonkul Erkinovich. "RISK ANALYSIS IN DOCUMENTARY LETTER OF CREDIT OPERATION." May 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15398789.

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<em>Documentary Letters of Credit are among most popular methods of payment used in international trade. They function as an irrevocable promise of issuing a bank to pay instead of an applicant buyer to a beneficiary seller under the condition that the beneficiary presents complying documents with terms and conditions of the credit to the bank. One of the reasons for the popularity of the LCs in international trade is shifting the payment risk from an individual buyer to a bank with a much stronger financial standing. However, LC operation in international trade is not free of risk. Despite th

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24

Zhao, Gang, Hui He, Bingbing Di, and Tong Wu. "ERSChain: Towards secure and flexible educational resource sharing using consortium blockchain and revocable ciphertext‐policy attribute‐based encryption." Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, October 23, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpe.7941.

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SummarySharing high‐quality educational resources has become an effective way to promote educational equity. The traditional educational resource sharing platforms using centralized storage architecture have security issues. Recently, many studies use blockchain to achieve secure sharing of educational resources. However, the existing blockchain‐based educational resource sharing schemes only use blockchain as a storage tool, and have issues such as low sharing efficiency, without considering copyright security, and lack of a trusted sharing environment, which prevents the large‐scale sharing

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25

Raheja, Rishabh, and Arpan Banerjee. "Restraining the Encashment of Irrevocable Letters of Credit and Unconditional Bank Guarantees Based on Special Equities and Irretrievable Injustice in India." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4996752.

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26

Vivchar, Oleksandra, Orysia Voloshyn, and Oksana Chervinska. "PREVENTION OF RISKS OF FINANCIAL CRISIS IN THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY." International scientific journal "Internauka". Series: "Economic Sciences", no. 9(65) (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.25313/2520-2294-2022-9-8261.

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The article examines the phases of the crisis state of the participants of the territorial community in order to build an effective anti-crisis management system. In this context, a list of risks is defined as a category of anti-crisis management of the territorial community (innovative, investment, financial and credit, production), which takes into account the nature, essence, numerous sources of the risk situation, etc. At the same time, proposed methods of preventing the risks of financial crisis in the participants of the territorial community (express diagnostics of the enterprise's acti

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27

Arkhipova, A. G. "Legal status of third parties in insurance." Civil Law Review 6 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.24031/1992-2043-2022-22-6-7-54.

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The article analyzes the legal status of beneficiaries and insured persons in insurance contracts. The status of insured persons is very scarcely defined in Chapter 48 of the Russian Civil Code. The provisions of the general part of the law of obligations also do not apply to them, or apply with substantial differences. For example, Article 430 of the Civil Code does not formally apply to insured persons. However, as they have certain rights arising out of the insurance contract, it is desirable to apply Article 430 to them by analogy. Chapter 48 of the Civil Code contains a number of restrict

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28

Макаркин, Н. П., та В. В. Митрохин. "БЕЗОТЗЫВНЫЕ ВКЛАДЫ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ РЕСУРСНОЙ БАЗЫ КРЕДИТНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ". Бизнес. Образование. Право, № 3(64) (9 вересня 2023). https://doi.org/10.25683/volbi.2023.64.767.

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29

Kozak, Nadine Irène. "Building Community, Breaking Barriers: Little Free Libraries and Local Action in the United States." M/C Journal 20, no. 2 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1220.

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Image 1: A Little Free Library. Image credit: Nadine Kozak.IntroductionLittle Free Libraries give people a reason to stop and exchange things they love: books. It seemed like a really good way to build a sense of community.Dannette Lank, Little Free Library steward, Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, 2013 (Rumage)Against a backdrop of stagnant literacy rates and enduring perceptions of urban decay and the decline of communities in cities (NCES, “Average Literacy”; NCES, “Average Prose”; Putnam 25; Skogan 8), legions of Little Free Libraries (LFLs) have sprung up across the United States between 2009 an

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