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1
Goh, Jaeseong, Dongwha Suh, Gyuyeon Park, et al. "1.7 GHz long-term evolution radiofrequency electromagnetic field with stable power monitoring and efficient thermal control has no effect on the proliferation of various human cell types." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0302936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302936.
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Long-term evolution (LTE) radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) is widely used in communication technologies. Thus, the influence of RF-EMF on biological systems is a major public concern and its physiological effects remain controversial. In our previous study, we showed that continuous exposure of various human cell types to 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2 W/Kg for 72 h can induce cellular senescence. To understand the precise cellular effects of LTE RF-EMF, we elaborated the 1.7 GHz RF-EMF cell exposure system used in the previous study by replacing the RF signal generator and developing a software-based feedback system to improve the exposure power stability. This refinement of the 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF generator facilitated the automatic regulation of RF-EMF exposure, maintaining target power levels within a 3% range and a constant temperature even during the 72-h-exposure period. With the improved experimental setup, we examined the effect of continuous exposure to 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF at up to SAR of 8 W/Kg in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs), Huh7, HeLa, and rat B103 cells. Surprisingly, the proliferation of all cell types, which displayed different growth rates, did not change significantly compared with that of the unexposed controls. Also, neither DNA damage nor cell cycle perturbation was observed in the 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF-exposed cells. However, when the thermal control system was turned off and the subsequent temperature increase induced by the RF-EMF was not controlled during continuous exposure to SAR of 8 W/Kg LTE RF-EMF, cellular proliferation increased by 35.2% at the maximum. These observations strongly suggest that the cellular effects attributed to 1.7 GHz LTE RF-EMF exposure are primarily due to the induced thermal changes rather than the RF-EMF exposure itself.
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Zeleke, Berihun M., Christopher Brzozek, Chhavi R. Bhatt, et al. "Wi-fi related radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF): a pilot experimental study of personal exposure and risk perception." Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 19, no. 1 (2021): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00636-7.
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AbstractThe impact of providing people with an objectively measured personal radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure information on the risk perception of people is not well understood. We conducted an experimental study, among three groups of participants, to investigate the risk perception of people towards RF-EMF from Wi-Fi sources (ISM 2.4 GHz) by providing participants with either basic text, precautionary information, or a summary of their personal RF-EMF exposure measurement levels. Participants provided with personal RF-EMF exposure measurement information were more confident in protecting themselves from RF-EMF exposure, compared to those provided with only basic information. Nonetheless, neither the exposure perception nor the risk perception of people to Wi-Fi related RF-EMF differed by the type of information provided. The measured Wi-Fi signal levels were far below international exposure limits. Furthermore, self-rated levels of personal RF-EMF exposure perception were not associated with objectively measured RF-EMF exposure levels. Providing people with objectively measured information may help them build confidence in protecting themselves from Wi-Fi related RF-EMF exposure.
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Mate, Rohan, Geza Benke, Sarah Loughran, Michael Abramson, Claire Vajdic, and Ken Karipidis. "O-317 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE RISK OF BRAIN CANCER." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.1212.
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Abstract Introduction The relationship between exposure to occupational sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and possible health effects has raised public concerns for many years, particularly for cancer incidence, including brain cancer. Exposure to RF-EMF is generally low, however for workers near certain RF-EMF sources, the exposure can be relatively high and be maintained for long periods. Previous studies have deficiencies in occupational RF-EMF exposure assessment and because of this have not been able to discount a possible association with health effects. Recently, two Job-exposure-matrices (JEM), the INTEROCC and CANJEM, have provided RF-EMF exposure information for 119 and 418 occupations respectively. These JEMs allow for a better-informed investigation of how occupational RF-EMF affects human health. Methods Using exposure data from CANJEM and lifetime occupational histories from the Australian Genomics and clinical Outcomes of Glioma (AGOG) case-control study, we investigated the association between RF-EMF exposure and glioma. The analysis used unconditional binary logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Results AGOG recruited 521 cases and 381 controls. We found no association between any RF-EMF exposure and glioma with OR=0.96 (95%CI 0.70-1.32). Discussion While the results do not support an association between RF-EMF and brain cancer, only CANJEM has been applied to-date. Analysis with the INTEROCC JEM will be undertaken upon completion of its construction. The two JEMs will also be applied to two further Australian case control studies investigating lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Conclusion Our preliminary results do not support a positive association between occupational exposure to RF-EMF and glioma.
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Tran, Nam Trung, Luca Jokic, Julian Keller, Jens Uwe Geier, and Ralf Kaldenhoff. "Impacts of Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)—Evidence for RF-EMF Interference with Plant Stress Responses." Plants 12, no. 5 (2023): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051082.
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The increased use of wireless technology causes a significant exposure increase for all living organisms to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This comprises bacteria, animals, and also plants. Unfortunately, our understanding of how RF-EMF influences plants and plant physiology remains inadequate. In this study, we examined the effects of RF-EMF radiation on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa) in both indoor and outdoor environments using the frequency ranges of 1890–1900 MHz (DECT) at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (Wi-Fi). Under greenhouse conditions, RF-EMF exposure had only a minor impact on fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and no effect on plant flowering time. In contrast, lettuce plants exposed to RF-EMF in the field showed a significant and systemic decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and accelerated flowering time compared to the control groups. Gene expression analysis revealed significant down-regulation of two stress-related genes in RF-EMF-exposed plants: violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). RF-EMF-exposed plants had lower Photosystem II’s maximal photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) than control plants under light stress conditions. In summary, our results imply that RF-EMF might interfere with plant stress responses and reduced plant stress tolerance.
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Veerana, Mayura, Nan-Nan Yu, Si-Jin Bae, et al. "Enhancement of Fungal Enzyme Production by Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 11 (2022): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8111187.
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Enzyme production by microorganisms on an industrial scale has demonstrated technical bottlenecks, such as low efficiency in enzyme expression and extracellular secretion. In this study, as a potential tool for overcoming these technical limits, radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure was examined for its possibility to enhance production of an enzyme, α-amylase, in a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae. The RF-EMF perfectly resonated at 2 GHz with directivity radiation pattern and peak gain of 0.5 dB (0.01 Watt). Total protein concentration and activity of α-amylase measured in media were about 1.5–3-fold higher in the RF-EMF exposed (10 min) sample than control (no RF-EMF) during incubation (the highest increase after 16 h). The level of α-amylase mRNA in cells was approximately 2–8-fold increased 16 and 24 h after RF-EMF exposure for 10 min. An increase in vesicle accumulation within fungal hyphae and the transcription of some genes involved in protein cellular trafficking was observed in RF-EMF-exposed samples. Membrane potential was not changed, but the intracellular Ca2+ level was elevated after RF-EMF exposure. Our results suggest that RF-EMF can increase the extracellular level of fungal total proteins and α-amylase activity and the intracellular level of Ca2+.
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Kim, Ju Hwan, Kyung Hwun Chung, Yeong Ran Hwang, et al. "Exposure to RF-EMF Alters Postsynaptic Structure and Hinders Neurite Outgrowth in Developing Hippocampal Neurons of Early Postnatal Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (2021): 5340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105340.
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Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) has increased rapidly in children, but information on the effects of RF-EMF exposure to the central nervous system in children is limited. In this study, pups and dams were exposed to whole-body RF-EMF at 4.0 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) for 5 h per day for 4 weeks (from postnatal day (P) 1 to P28). The effects of RF-EMF exposure on neurons were evaluated by using both pups’ hippocampus and primary cultured hippocampal neurons. The total number of dendritic spines showed statistically significant decreases in the dentate gyrus (DG) but was not altered in the cornu ammonis (CA1) in hippocampal neurons. In particular, the number of mushroom-type dendritic spines showed statistically significant decreases in the CA1 and DG. The expression of glutamate receptors was decreased in mushroom-type dendritic spines in the CA1 and DG of hippocampal neurons following RF-EMF exposure. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the CA1 and DG was significantly lower statistically in RF-EMF-exposed mice. The number of post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) puncta gradually increased over time but was significantly decreased statistically at days in vitro (DIV) 5, 7, and 9 following RF-EMF exposure. Decreased BDNF expression was restricted to the soma and was not observed in neurites of hippocampal neurons following RF-EMF exposure. The length of neurite outgrowth and number of branches showed statistically significant decreases, but no changes in the soma size of hippocampal neurons were observed. Further, the memory index showed statistically significant decreases in RF-EMF-exposed mice, suggesting that decreased synaptic density following RF-EMF exposure at early developmental stages may affect memory function. Collectively, these data suggest that hindered neuronal outgrowth following RF-EMF exposure may decrease overall synaptic density during early neurite development of hippocampal neurons.
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Zeleke, Berihun, Christopher Brzozek, Chhavi Bhatt, et al. "Personal Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields among Australian Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (2018): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102234.
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The measurement of personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) is important for epidemiological studies. RF-EMF exposure can be measured using personal exposimeters that register RF-EMFs over a wide range of frequency bands. This study aimed to measure and describe personal RF-EMF exposure levels from a wide range of frequency bands. Measurements were recorded from 63 participants over an average of 27.4 (±4.5) hours. RF-EMF exposure levels were computed for each frequency band, as well as from downlink (RF from mobile phone base station), uplink (RF from mobile phone handsets), broadcast, and Wi-Fi. Participants had a mean (±SD) age of 36.9 ± 12.5 years; 66.7% were women; and almost all (98.2%) from urban areas. A Wi-Fi router at home was reported by 61 participants (96.8%), with 38 (61.2%) having a Wi-Fi enabled smart TV. Overall, 26 (41.3%) participants had noticed the existence of a mobile phone base station in their neighborhood. On average, participants estimated the distance between the base station and their usual residence to be about 500 m. The median personal RF-EMF exposure was 208 mV/m. Downlink contributed 40.4% of the total RF-EMF exposure, followed by broadcast (22.4%), uplink (17.3%), and Wi-Fi (15.9%). RF-EMF exposure levels on weekdays were higher than weekends (p < 0.05). Downlink and broadcast are the main contributors to total RF-EMF personal exposure. Personal RF-EMF exposure levels vary according to day of the week and time of day.
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Turuban, Maxime, Hans Kromhout, Javier Vila, et al. "Occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and brain tumor risk: Application of the INTEROCC job‐exposure matrix." International Journal of Cancer 156, no. 3 (2024): 538–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.35182.
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AbstractRadiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMF, 100 kHz to 300 GHz) are classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). This study evaluates the potential association between occupational RF‐EMF exposure and brain tumor risk, utilizing for the first time, a RF‐EMF job‐exposure matrix (RF‐JEM) developed in the multi‐country INTEROCC case–control study. Cumulative and time‐weighted average (TWA) occupational RF‐EMF exposures were estimated for study participants based on lifetime job histories linked to the RF‐JEM using three different methods: (1) by considering RF‐EMF intensity among all exposed jobs, (2) by considering RF‐EMF intensity among jobs with an exposure prevalence ≥ the median exposure prevalence of all exposed jobs, and (3) by considering RF‐EMF intensity of jobs of participants who reported RF‐EMF source use. Stratified conditional logistic regression models were used, considering various lag periods and exposure time windows defined a priori. Generally, no clear associations were found for glioma or meningioma risk. However, some statistically significant positive associations were observed including in the highest exposure categories for glioma for cumulative and TWA exposure in the 1‐ to 4‐year time window for electric fields (E) in the first JEM application method (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.08, 1.72 and 1.27, 95% CI 1.01, 1.59, respectively), as well as for meningioma for cumulative exposure in the 5‐ to 9‐year time window for electric fields (E) in the third JEM application method (OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.11, 4.78). We did not identify convincing associations between occupational RF‐EMF exposure and risk of glioma or meningioma.
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Olejárová, Soňa, Roman Moravčík, and Iveta Herichová. "2.4 GHz Electromagnetic Field Influences the Response of the Circadian Oscillator in the Colorectal Cancer Cell Line DLD1 to miR-34a-Mediated Regulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (2022): 13210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113210.
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Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exert pleiotropic effects on biological processes including circadian rhythms. miR-34a is a small non-coding RNA whose expression is modulated by RF-EMF and has the capacity to regulate clock gene expression. However, interference between RF-EMF and miR-34a-mediated regulation of the circadian oscillator has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the present study was designed to reveal if 24 h exposure to 2.4 GHz RF-EMF influences miR-34a-induced changes in clock gene expression, migration and proliferation in colorectal cancer cell line DLD1. The effect of up- or downregulation of miR-34a on DLD1 cells was evaluated using real-time PCR, the scratch assay test and the MTS test. Administration of miR-34a decreased the expression of per2, bmal1, sirtuin1 and survivin and inhibited proliferation and migration of DLD1 cells. When miR-34a-transfected DLD1 cells were exposed to 2.4 GHz RF-EMF, an increase in cry1 mRNA expression was observed. The inhibitory effect of miR-34a on per2 and survivin was weakened and abolished, respectively. The effect of miR-34a on proliferation and migration was eliminated by RF-EMF exposure. In conclusion, RF-EMF strongly influenced regulation mediated by the tumour suppressor miR-34a on the peripheral circadian oscillator in DLD1 cells.
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Vargová, Blažena, Juraj Kurimský, Roman Cimbala, et al. "Ticks and radio-frequency signals: behavioural response of ticks (Dermacentor reticulatus) in a 900 MHz electromagnetic field." Systematic and Applied Acarology 22, no. 5 (2017): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.5.7.
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The electromagnetic field (EMF) is present in the environment throughout the world and encompasses both natural and human-made sources of electromagnetic fields. It has been shown that EMF influences a variety of biological systems, including the behavioural responses of both vertebrates and invertebrates. As such, determining the effects of the EMF on the ecosystem in detail may be important for understanding the ecology and biology of organisms, particularly those, such as ticks, that are important in disease transmission. Our main goal was to determine if the tick, Dermacentor reticulatus, interacts with the EMF. An experimental behavioural test of tick sensitivity to radio frequency power radiation was performed under laboratory conditions. Tests were performed in an electromagnetic compatibility laboratory in a radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) anechoic chamber. Ticks were irradiated using a Double-Ridged Waveguide Horn Antenna with 900 MHz RF-EMF. The applied radio-frequency power was tuned below the proposed limit for public exposure to mobile phone base stations. We found that exposure induces an immediate tick locomotor response manifested either in a previously unreported jerking movement of the whole body or in jerking of the first pair of legs. Overall, ticks exhibited significantly greater movement in the presence of the RF-EMF. Significant sex differences relative to RF-EMF exposure were observed in both response variables. In the presence of RF-EMF, body jerking by females was greater than in males and vice versa for leg jerks. This study represents the first experimental evidence of a behavioural response of D. reticulatus ticks to exposure to RF-EMF.
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Vilić, Marinko, Ivona Žura Žaja, Mirta Tkalec, et al. "Effects of a radio frequency electromagnetic field on honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera) differ in relation to the experimental study design." Veterinarski arhiv 91, no. 4 (2021): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.1321.
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Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) at the operating frequencies of different communication devices can cause various biological effects. However, there is a lack of studies on the oxidative stress response and genotoxicity in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) after exposure to RF-EMF. In this study, we investigated the oxidative stress and DNA damage in honey bee larvae situated in waxcomb cells, exposed to modulated RF-EMF 23 Vm-1. The glutathione S-transferase activity decreased, whereas the catalase activity increased significantly in the honey bee larvae upon RF-EMF exposure. Superoxide dismutase activity, the level of lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage were not statistically altered in exposed honey bee larvae when compared to the control group. These results suggest that the biological effects of modulated RF-EMF in honey bee larvae depend on the exposure design.
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Park, Jeongyeon, Jong Hwa Kwon, Nam Kim та Kiwon Song. "Effects of 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on Aβ processing in human neuroblastoma and mouse hippocampal neuronal cells". Journal of Radiation Research 59, № 1 (2017): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrx045.
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Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions. One of the well-known pathological markers of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ), and its plaques, in the brain. Recent studies using Tg-5XFAD mice as a model of AD have reported that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from cellular phones reduced Aβ plaques in the brain and showed beneficial effects on AD. In this study, we examined whether exposure to 1950 MHz RF-EMF affects Aβ processing in neural cells. We exposed HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to RF-EMF (SAR 6 W/kg) for 2 h per day for 3 days, and analyzed the mRNA and protein expression of the key genes related to Aβ processing. When exposed to RF-EMF, mRNA levels of APP, BACE1, ADAM10 and PSEN1 were decreased in HT22, but the mRNA level of APP was not changed in SH-SY5Y cells. The protein expression of APP and BACE1, as well as the secreted Aβ peptide, was not significantly different between RF-EMF–exposed 7w-PSML, HT22 and SH-SY5Y cells and the unexposed controls. These observations suggest that RF-EMF exposure may not have a significant physiological effect on Aβ processing of neural cells in the short term. However, considering that we only exposed HT22 and SH-SY5Y cells to RF-EMF for 2 h per day for 3 days, we cannot exclude the possibility that 1950 MHz RF-EMF induces physiological change in Aβ processing with long-term and continuous exposure.
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Kim, Ju Hwan, Jun Young Seok, Yun-Hee Kim, Hee Jung Kim, Jin-Koo Lee, and Hak Rim Kim. "Exposure to Radiofrequency Induces Synaptic Dysfunction in Cortical Neurons Causing Learning and Memory Alteration in Early Postnatal Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16 (2024): 8589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168589.
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The widespread use of wireless communication devices has necessitated unavoidable exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). In particular, increasing RF-EMF exposure among children is primarily driven by mobile phone use. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of 1850 MHz RF-EMF exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4.0 W/kg on cortical neurons in mice at postnatal day 28. The results indicated a significant reduction in the number of mushroom-shaped dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex after daily exposure for 4 weeks. Additionally, prolonged RF-EMF exposure over 9 days led to a gradual decrease in postsynaptic density 95 puncta and inhibited neurite outgrowth in developing cortical neurons. Moreover, the expression levels of genes associated with synapse formation, such as synaptic cell adhesion molecules and cyclin-dependent kinase 5, were reduced in the cerebral cortexes of RF-EMF-exposed mice. Behavioral assessments using the Morris water maze revealed altered spatial learning and memory after the 4-week exposure period. These findings underscore the potential of RF-EMF exposure during childhood to disrupt synaptic function in the cerebral cortex, thereby affecting the developmental stages of the nervous system and potentially influencing later cognitive function.
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Engiz, Begum Korunur. "Artificial Neural Network Based Prediction of Long-Term Electric Field Strength Level Emitted by 2G/3G/4G Base Station." Applied Sciences 13, no. 19 (2023): 10621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910621.
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Accurate predictions of radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) levels can help implement measures to reduce exposure and check regulatory compliance. Therefore, this study aims to predict the RF-EMF levels in the medium using an artificial neural network (ANN). The work was conducted at Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit Campus, where the measurement location has line-of-sight to the base stations. Band selective measurements were also performed to assess the contribution of 2G/3G/4G services to the total RF-EMF level, which was found to be the highest among all services within the total band. Long-term RF-EMF measurements were carried out for 35 days within the frequencies of 100 kHz to 3 GHz. Then, an ANN model with Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian Regulation (BR) algorithms was proposed, which utilized inputs from real-time RF-EMF measurements. The performance of the models was assessed in terms of mean squared error (MSE) and regression performance. The average MSE and regression performances of the models were similar, with the lowest testing MSEs of 2.78 × 10−3 and 3.76 × 10−3 for LM and BR methods, respectively. The analysis of the models showed that the proposed models help to predict the RF-EMF level in the medium with up to 99% accuracy.
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Kim, Ju Hwan, Dong-Jun Kang, Jun Young Seok, et al. "Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Enhances Melanin Synthesis by Activating the P53 Signaling Pathway in Mel-Ab Melanocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 22 (2024): 12457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212457.
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The skin is the largest body organ that can be physiologically affected by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). We investigated the effect of RF-EMFs on melanogenesis; Mel-Ab melanocytes were exposed to 1760 MHz radiation with a specific absorption rate of 4.0 W/kg for 4 h/day over 4 days. Exposure to the RF-EMF led to skin pigmentation, with a significant increase in melanin production in Mel-Ab melanocytes. The phosphorylation level of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which regulate the expression of tyrosinase, were significantly increased in Mel-Ab after RF-EMF exposure. Interestingly, the expression of tyrosinase was significantly increased, but tyrosinase activity was unchanged in the RF-EMF-exposed Mel-Ab cells. Additionally, the expression of p53 and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which regulate MITF expression, was significantly increased. These results suggest that the RF-EMF induces melanogenesis by increasing phospho-CREB and MITF activity. Importantly, when Mel-Ab cells were incubated at 38 °C, the melanin production and the levels of tyrosinase significantly decreased, indicating that the increase in melanin synthesis by RF-EMF exposure is not due to a thermal effect. In conclusion, RF-EMF exposure induces melanogenesis in Mel-Ab cells through the increased expression of tyrosinase via the activation of MITF or the phosphorylation of CREB, which are initiated by the activation of p53 and MC1R.
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Kim, Ju Hwan, Da-Hyeon Yu, Hyo-Jeong Kim, et al. "Exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field induces autophagy in hippocampus but not in brain stem of mice." Toxicology and Industrial Health 34, no. 1 (2017): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233717740066.
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The exploding popularity of mobile phones and their close proximity to the brain when in use has raised public concern regarding possible adverse effects from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on the central nervous system. Numerous studies have suggested that RF-EMF emitted by mobile phones can influence neuronal functions in the brain. Currently, there is still very limited information on what biological mechanisms influence neuronal cells of the brain. In the present study, we explored whether autophagy is triggered in the hippocampus or brain stem after RF-EMF exposure. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 835 MHz RF-EMF with specific absorption rates (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg for 12 weeks; afterward, the hippocampus and brain stem of mice were dissected and analyzed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that several autophagic genes, which play key roles in autophagy regulation, were significantly upregulated only in the hippocampus and not in the brain stem. Expression levels of LC3B-II protein and p62, crucial autophagic regulatory proteins, were significantly changed only in the hippocampus. In parallel, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed an increase in the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the hippocampal neurons of RF-EMF-exposed mice. The present study revealed that autophagy was induced in the hippocampus, not in the brain stem, in 835 MHz RF-EMF with an SAR of 4.0 W/kg for 12 weeks. These results could suggest that among the various adaptation processes to the RF-EMF exposure environment, autophagic degradation is one possible mechanism in specific brain regions.
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Meo, Sultan Ayoub, Mohammed Almahmoud, Qasem Alsultan, Nawaf Alotaibi, Ibrahim Alnajashi, and Waseem M. Hajjar. "Mobile Phone Base Station Tower Settings Adjacent to School Buildings: Impact on Students’ Cognitive Health." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 1 (2018): 155798831881691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318816914.
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The use of mobile phones has remarkably increased and become a basic need of daily life. Increasing subscriptions of mobile phones boost the installation of mobile phone base station towers (MPBSTs) in crowded commercial and residential areas including near school buildings. This study investigated the impact of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation generated by MPBSTs on cognitive functions. Two hundred and seventeen volunteer male students aged between 13 and 16 registered from two different intermediate schools: 124 students were from School 1 and 93 students were from School 2. The MPBSTs were located within 200 m from the school buildings. In School 1, RF-EMF was 2.010 µW/cm2 with a frequency of 925 MHz and in School 2, RF-EMF was 10.021 µW/cm2 with a frequency of 925 MHz. Students were exposed to EMFR for 6 hr a day, 5 days a week for a total period of 2 years. The Narda Safety Test Solution device SRM-3006 was used to measure RF-EMF in both schools, and cognitive functions tasks were measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Significant impairment in Motor Screening Task (MOT; p = .03) and Spatial Working Memory (SWM) task ( p = .04) was identified among the group of students who were exposed to high RF-EMF produced by MPBSTs. High exposure to RF-EMF produced by MPBSTs was associated with delayed fine and gross motor skills, spatial working memory, and attention in school adolescents compared to students who were exposed to low RF-EMF.
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Chiaramello, Emma, Marta Bonato, Serena Fiocchi, et al. "Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (2019): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060955.
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Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in indoor environments depends on both outdoor sources such as radio, television and mobile phone antennas and indoor sources, such as mobile phones and wireless communications applications. Establishing the levels of exposure could be challenging due to differences in the approaches used in different studies. The goal of this study is to present an overview of the last ten years research efforts about RF EMF exposure in indoor environments, considering different RF-EMF sources found to cause exposure in indoor environments, different indoor environments and different approaches used to assess the exposure. The highest maximum mean levels of the exposure considering the whole RF-EMF frequency band was found in offices (1.14 V/m) and in public transports (0.97 V/m), while the lowest levels of exposure were observed in homes and apartments, with mean values in the range 0.13–0.43 V/m. The contribution of different RF-EMF sources to the total level of exposure was found to show slightly different patterns among the indoor environments, but this finding has to be considered as a time-dependent picture of the continuous evolving exposure to RF-EMF.
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Freudenstein, Frederik, Peter M. Wiedemann, and Tim W. C. Brown. "Exposure Perception as a Key Indicator of Risk Perception and Acceptance of Sources of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/198272.
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The presented survey was conducted in six European countries as an online study. A total of 2454 subjects participated. Two main research questions were investigated: firstly, how does the cognitive, moral, and affective framing of radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF) exposure perception influence RF EMF risk perception? Secondly, can the deployment of mobile phone base stations have greater acceptance with RF EMF exposure reduction? The findings with respect to the first question clearly indicated that the cognitive framed exposure perception is the main determinant of RF EMF risk perception. The concomitant sensitivity to exposure strength offers an opportunity to improve the acceptance of base stations by exposure reduction. A linear regression analysis supported this assumption: in a fictional test situation, exposure reduction improved the acceptance of base stations, operationalized as the requested distance of the base station from one’s own home. Furthermore, subjects with high RF EMF risk perception were most sensitive to exposure reduction. On average, a 70% exposure reduction reduced the requested distance from about 2000 meters to 1000 meters. The consequences for risk communication are discussed.
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Aerts, Sam, Günter Vermeeren, Matthias Van den Bossche, et al. "Lessons Learned from a Distributed RF-EMF Sensor Network." Sensors 22, no. 5 (2022): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051715.
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In an increasingly wireless world, spatiotemporal monitoring of the exposure to environmental radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) is crucial to appease public uncertainty and anxiety about RF-EMF. However, although the advent of smart city infrastructures allows for dense networks of distributed sensors, the costs of accurate RF sensors remain high, and dedicated RF monitoring networks remain rare. This paper describes a comprehensive study comprising the design of a low-cost RF-EMF sensor node capable of monitoring four frequency bands used by wireless telecommunications with an unparalleled temporal resolution, its application in a small-scale distributed sensor network consisting of both fixed (on building façades) and mobile sensor nodes (on postal vans), and the subsequent analysis of over a year of data between January 2019 and May 2020, during which slightly less than 10 million samples were collected. From the fixed nodes’ results, the potential errors were determined that are induced when sampling at lower speeds (e.g., one sample per 15 min) and measuring for shorter periods of time (e.g., a few weeks), as well as an adequate resolution (30 min) for diurnal and weekly temporal profiles which sufficiently preserves short-term variations. Furthermore, based on the correlation between the sensors, an adequate density of 100 sensor nodes per km2 was deduced for future networks. Finally, the mobile sensor nodes were used to identify potential RF-EMF exposure hotspots in a previously unattainable area of more than 60 km2. In summary, through the analysis of a small number of RF-EMF sensor nodes (both fixed and mobile) in an urban area, this study offers invaluable insights applicable to future designs and deployments of distributed RF-EMF sensor networks.
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Mulugeta, Biruk Ashenafi, Shanshan Wang, Wassim Ben Chikha, Jiang Liu, Christophe Roblin, and Joe Wiart. "Statistical Characterization and Modeling of Indoor RF-EMF Down-Link Exposure." Sensors 23, no. 7 (2023): 3583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073583.
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With the increasing use of wireless communication systems, assessment of exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) has now become very important due to the rise of public risk perception. Since people spend more than 70% of their daily time in indoor environments, including home, office, and car, the efforts devoted to indoor RF-EMF exposure assessment has also increased. However, assessment of indoor exposure to RF-EMF using a deterministic approach is challenging and time consuming task as it is affected by uncertainties due to the complexity of the indoor environment and furniture structure, existence of multiple reflection, refraction, diffraction and scattering, temporal variability of exposure, and existence of many obstructions with unknown dielectric properties. Moreover, it is also affected by the existence of uncontrolled factors that can influence the indoor RF-EMF exposure such as the constant movement of people and random movement of furniture and doors as people are working in the building. In this study, a statistical approach is utilized to characterize and model the total indoor RF-EMF down-link (DL) exposure from all cellular bands on each floor over the length of a wing since the significance of distance is very low between any two points on each floor in a wing and the variation of RF-EMF DL exposure is mainly influenced by the local indoor environment. Measurements were conducted in three buildings that are located within a few hundred meters vicinity of two base station sites supporting several cellular technologies (2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G). We apply the one-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test on the measurement data, and we prove that the indoor RF-EMF DL exposure on each floor over the length of a wing is a random process governed by a Gaussian distribution. We validate this proposition using leave-one-out cross validation technique. Consequently, we conclude that the indoor RF-EMF DL exposure on each floor over the length of a wing can be modeled by a Gaussian distribution and, therefore, can be characterized by the mean and the standard deviation parameters.
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Khorseva, Natalia I., and Pavel E. Grigoriev. "Effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous System. In vitro Experiments (Review)." Journal of Medical and Biological Research, no. 2 (May 17, 2024): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z181.
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The effects of mobile communications on the population, primarily on children and adolescents as the cohort most vulnerable to any environmental factors, dictates the need for a thorough investigation into the impact of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) on the central nervous system (CNS) as the main target of their action. In this regard, the analysis of experimental data as an indirect assessment of possible negative changes in the body of young animals under the influence of RF EMF, including 5G and Wi-Fi, is highly relevant. We performed a systematization of experimental data, which will be presented in two parts: in vitro and in vivo experiments. This article introduces materials indicating both diversity of approaches to studying the effects of RF EMF on the central nervous system and difficulties of systematizing the results of the experiments. The analysis of literature data showed that, despite the numerous studies into the effects of RF EMF in vitro, CNS cell cultures are used rather rarely. However, this paper examines in detail the results of in vitro experiments: changes in the action potential, morphological changes in cells and the myelin sheath, and changes in the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (using cultures of only nerve cells). It was established that, despite some inconsistency in the results obtained, most studies indicate a negative effect of RF EMF on CNS cells. The morphological and histological changes in CNS structures under the influence of RF EMF will be presented in the next part of the review.
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Eskandani, Ramin, and Mohammad Ismail Zibaii. "Unveiling the biological effects of radio-frequency and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields on the central nervous system performance." BioImpacts 14, no. 4 (2023): 30064. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/bi.2023.30064.
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Introduction: Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have emerged as noteworthy sources of environmental pollution in the contemporary era. The potential biological impacts of RF-EMR and ELF-EMF exposure on human organs, particularly the central nervous system (CNS), have garnered considerable attention in numerous research studies. Methods: This article presents a comprehensive yet summarized review of the research on the explicit/implicit effects of RF-EMR and ELF-EMF exposure on CNS performance. Results: Exposure to RF-EMR can potentially exert adverse effects on the performance of CNS by inducing changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), neurotransmitter levels, calcium channel regulation, myelin protein structure, the antioxidant defense system, and metabolic processes. However, it is noteworthy that certain reports have suggested that RF-EMR exposure may confer cognitive benefits for various conditions and disorders. ELF-EMF exposure has been associated with the enhancement of CNS performance, marked by improved memory retention, enhanced learning ability, and potential mitigation of neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that ELF-EMF exposure has also been linked to the induction of anxiety states, oxidative stress, and alterations in hormonal regulation. Moreover, ELF-EMR exposure alters hippocampal function, notch signaling pathways, the antioxidant defense system, and synaptic activities. Conclusion: The RF-EMR and ELF-EMF exposures exhibit both beneficial and adverse effects. Nevertheless, the precise conditions and circumstances under which detrimental or beneficial effects manifest (either individually or simultaneously) remain uncertain.
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Balci, Çağrı, Mustafa S. Özcan, Halil Aşci та ін. "Radiofrequency Electromagnetic and Pulsed Magnetic Fields Protected the Kidney Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Systemic Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis by Regulating the IL-6/HIF1α/eNOS and Bcl2/Bax/Cas-9 Pathways". Medicina 61, № 2 (2025): 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020238.
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Background/Objectives: Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is related to hypoxia, amplification of the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. This study aims to explore the protective effects of a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) and a pulsed magnetic field (PMF) on acute kidney injury in rats. Materials and methods: Forty female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (each containing eight rats): control, LPS, RF-EMF, PMF, and RF-EMF + PMF groups. Six hours after LPS application, blood and tissues were removed for histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and genetic analysis. Results: Histopathological findings, caspase-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha immunoexpressions, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels, and interleukin-6, hypoxia-inducible factor alpha, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and caspase 9 gene expression in kidney tissue and blood urine nitrogen and creatinine levels in blood were increased, whereas endothelial nitric oxide synthase and B-cell lymphoma 2 gene expression were decreased in the LPS groups. Both RF-EMF and PMF reversed all these findings and recovered renal tissues. Conclusions: Noninvasive, nontoxic, low-cost PMF and RF-EMF, both single and combined, have been demonstrated to have renoprotective anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects.
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Jalilian, Hamed, Nekane Sandoval-Diez, Valentin Jaki Waibl, et al. "Prospective cohort study on non-specific symptoms, cognitive, behavioral, sleep and mental health in relation to electronic media use and transportation noise among adolescents (HERMES): study protocol." Open Research Europe 4 (June 19, 2024): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.17667.1.
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Electronic media (eMedia) devices along with exposure to transportation noise are integral to the daily routines of adolescents. The concerns associated with excessive eMedia usage extend beyond sleep deprivation to include the heightened exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) emitted by these wireless devices. The aim of HERMES (Health Effects Related to Mobile PhonE Use in AdolescentS) study is to better understand biophysical and psychological pathways in relation to eMedia, RF-EMF exposure use and transportation noise that may effect on cognitive, behavioral, sleep and mental health, as well as non-specific symptoms. Following two previous HERMES cohorts conducted between 2012 and 2015 we have initiated the third wave of HERMES study as a prospective cohort with intermediate (every four months) and one year follows-up. Eligible participants are adolescents attending 7th or 8th school grades in Northwest and Central Switzerland. Baseline examinations are a questionnaire on eMedia usage and selected health outcomes, as well as computerized cognitive tests. In addition, parents/guardians are asked to fill in a questionnaire about their child’s health and potential eMedia use determinants. Far-field RF-EMF exposure and transportation noise at the place of residence and school are predicted based on a propagation model. Cumulative RF-EMF brain dose is calculated based on self-reported eMedia use, mobile phone operator data, and RF-EMF modelling. A follow-up visit is conducted one year later, and two interim questionnaires are sent to adolescents to be completed at home. Between baseline and 1-year follow-up, a subsample of 150 study participants is invited to collect personal RF-EMF measurements as well as sleep and physical activity data using accelerometers. This new recruitment wave of HERMES study provides a greater understanding of causal pathways between eMedia, RF EMF, and transportation noise exposure and their effects on health outcomes, with relevant implications for both governmental health policy and lay people alike.
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McGrath, Callum T., Preeya F. Achari, Carl Blackman, Janaka P. Liyanage, Hugo Jimenez, and Boris C. Pasche. "Abstract 1833: Assessment of shifts in tumor-specific frequencies on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 1833. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-1833.
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Abstract Background: Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Amplitude-Modulated at tumor-specific frequencies (AM RF EMF) are FDA approved for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and have been shown to inhibit cancer growth in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. The mechanism behind AM RF EMF induced proliferative inhibition is intracellular Ca2+ influx via the Cav3.2 T-type calcium ion channel exclusively within malignant cells. However, it is unknown how AM RF EMF opens the Cav3.2 channel. We hypothesize that the tumor specific frequencies are the natural frequencies of the malignant Cav3.2 channels and thus AM RF EMF is a resonance phenomenon. To test this, we first assessed the impact on proliferative inhibition from the RF carrier wave and ambient magnetic fields. We then shifted base HCC treatment frequencies from +0.1 Hz to +0.0001 Hz logarithmically and compared proliferative inhibition to base treatment frequencies. Methods: Huh7, Hep3B and SNU-423 HCC cell lines were treated with HCC-specific AM RF EMF under two conditions: normal incubator conditions, and within a magnetically shielded metal box. Growth inhibition relative to control was measured between the two groups via thymidine incorporation assay. Next, Huh7 and Hep3B cells were exposed to the unmodulated 27.12 MHz RF carrier wave and growth inhibition compared to control via thymidine incorporation assay. Lastly, Huh7 and Hep3B cells were treated with HCC AM RF EMF frequencies shifted by either +0.1 Hz, +0.01 Hz, +0.001 Hz, or +0.0001 Hz. Growth inhibition relative to standard treatment was measured via thymidine incorporation assay. Results: There was no change in growth for Huh7 and Hep3B cells exposed to the unmodulated carrier wave compared to their respective controls. There was no change in proliferative inhibition between normal and magnetically shielded conditions for Huh7, Hep3B, and SNU-423 cells. All frequency shifts resulted in significantly decreased treatment efficacy relative to base frequencies (+0.0001 Hz: p = 0.0021, +0.001 Hz: p = 0.0172, +0.01 Hz: p = 0.0145, and +0.1 Hz: p = 0.0279) Conclusion: Neither the unmodulated carrier wave nor ambient magnetic fields contribute to AM RF EMF induced proliferative inhibition. AM RF EMF is not a resonance phenomenon but is highly sensitive to small fluctuations in treatment frequencies, highlighting the specificity required for optimal treatment. Citation Format: Callum T. McGrath, Preeya F. Achari, Carl Blackman, Janaka P. Liyanage, Hugo Jimenez, Boris C. Pasche. Assessment of shifts in tumor-specific frequencies on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 1833.
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Petroulakis, Nikolaos, Mats-Olof Mattsson, Panos Chatziadam, et al. "NextGEM: Next-Generation Integrated Sensing and Analytical System for Monitoring and Assessing Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 12 (2023): 6085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126085.
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The evolution of emerging technologies that use Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) has increased the interest of the scientific community and society regarding the possible adverse effects on human health and the environment. This article provides NextGEM’s vision to assure safety for EU citizens when employing existing and future EMF-based telecommunication technologies. This is accomplished by generating relevant knowledge that ascertains appropriate prevention and control/actuation actions regarding RF-EMF exposure in residential, public, and occupational settings. Fulfilling this vision, NextGEM commits to the need for a healthy living and working environment under safe RF-EMF exposure conditions that can be trusted by people and be in line with the regulations and laws developed by public authorities. NextGEM provides a framework for generating health-relevant scientific knowledge and data on new scenarios of exposure to RF-EMF in multiple frequency bands and developing and validating tools for evidence-based risk assessment. Finally, NextGEM’s Innovation and Knowledge Hub (NIKH) will offer a standardized way for European regulatory authorities and the scientific community to store and assess project outcomes and provide access to findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) data.
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Jabeur, Randa, and Alaa Alaerjan. "Improving Monitoring of Indoor RF-EMF Exposure Using IoT-Embedded Sensors and Kriging Techniques." Sensors 24, no. 23 (2024): 7849. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237849.
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Distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used to enhance the quality and safety of various applications. These networks consist of numerous sensor nodes, often deployed in challenging terrains where maintenance is difficult. Efficient monitoring approaches are essential to maximize the functionality and lifespan of each sensor node, thereby improving the overall performance of the WSN. In this study, we propose a method to efficiently monitor radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure using WSNs. Our approach leverages sensor nodes to provide real-time measurements, ensuring accurate and timely data collection. With the increasing prevalence of wireless communication systems, assessing RF-EMF exposure has become crucial due to public health concerns. Since individuals spend over 70% of their time indoors, it is vital to evaluate indoor RF-EMF exposure. However, this task is complicated by the complex indoor environments, furniture arrangements, temporal variability of exposure, numerous obstructions with unknown dielectric properties, and uncontrolled factors such as people’s movements and the random positioning of furniture and doors. To address these challenges, we employ a sensor network to monitor RF-EMF exposure limits using embedded sensors. By integrating Internet of Things-embedded sensors with advanced modeling techniques, such as kriging, we characterize and model indoor RF-EMF downlink (DL) exposure effectively. Measurements taken in several buildings within a few hundred meters of base stations equipped with multiple cellular antennas (2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G) demonstrate that the kriging technique using the spherical model provides superior RF-EMF prediction compared with the exponential model. Using the spherical model, we constructed a high-resolution coverage map for the entire corridor, showcasing the effectiveness of our approach.
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Yoon, Kyeonghee, Sojung Choi, Hyung-Do Choi, et al. "Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields and Ionizing Radiation on Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing and Cell Death." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 20, no. 4 (2020): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2020.20.4.307.
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The growing concerns regarding the adverse biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), which are generated by common electronic devices, on the human brain led us to investigate their impact on Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We aimed to establish the effects of RF-EMF on the expression of molecular markers associated with amyloid precursor protein (APP), cell death, and clonogenic survival in HT22 and APP-overexpressing 7w-PSML cells. We compared the effects of RF-EMF at a high specific absorption rate (SAR) level with the neuronal-cell-death-inducing effects of ionizing radiation (IR). RF-EMF exposure (8 W/kg SAR) promoted the protein expression of ADAM10 (α-secretase) in the HT22 cells (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and downregulated the APP mRNA level in the 7w-PSML cells (<i>p</i> < 0.01). In contrast, IR (10 Gy) significantly reduced the APP and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) levels without altering their respective mRNA levels in these cells. Interestingly, IR exposure significantly upregulated BACE1 (α-secretase) at both the protein and mRNA levels, suggesting adverse effects in AD. IR induced cell death and reduced clonogenic survival in both cell lines. Although RF-EMF (high SAR level) influenced APP processing, it did not induce any deleterious change in either cell line. Thus, further studies are necessary to clarify the influence of RF-EMF on AD.
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Benini, Martina, Marta Parazzini, Marta Bonato, et al. "Road User Exposure from ITS-5.9 GHz Vehicular Connectivity." Sensors 22, no. 18 (2022): 6986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186986.
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This study addressed an important but not yet thoroughly investigated topic regarding human exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) generated by vehicular connectivity. In particular, the study assessed, by means of computational dosimetry, the RF-EMF exposure in road users near a car equipped with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication antennas. The exposure scenario consisted of a 3D numerical model of a car with two V2V antennas, each fed with 1 W, operating at 5.9 GHz and an adult human model to simulate the road user near the car. The RF-EMF dose absorbed by the human model was calculated as the specific absorption rate (SAR), that is, the RF-EMF power absorbed per unit of mass. The highest SAR was observed in the skin of the head (34.7 mW/kg) and in the eyes (15 mW/kg); the SAR at the torso (including the genitals) and limbs was negligible or much lower than in the head and eyes. The SAR over the whole body was 0.19 mW/kg. The SAR was always well below the limits of human exposure in the 100 kHz–6 GHz band established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The proposed approach can be generalized to assess RF-EMF exposure in different conditions by varying the montage/number of V2V antennas and considering human models of different ages.
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Ishihara, Toru, Keiko Yamazaki, Atsuko Araki, et al. "Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field in the High-Frequency Band and Cognitive Function in Children and Adolescents: A Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (2020): 9179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249179.
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With increasing use of mobile phones, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) in the high-frequency band associated with mobile phones has become a public concern, with potentially adverse effects on cognitive function in children and adolescents. However, findings regarding the relation of RF-EMF and cognitive function in children and adolescents have been inconsistent due to a number of study design-related factors, such as types of exposure and outcome measures, age of participants, and the era of study conduction. The present literature review focused on these possible factors that could explain this inconsistency. This review identified 12 eligible studies (participants ages 4 to 17 years) and extracted a total 477 relations. In total, 86% of the extracted relations were not statistically significant; in the remaining 14%, a negative relation between RF-EMF and cognitive performance was detected under limited conditions: when (1) RF-EMF was assessed using objective measurement not subjective measurement (i.e., questionnaire), (2) participants were relatively older (12 years and above) and had greater opportunity of exposure to RF-EMF, and (3) the collection of cognitive function data was conducted after 2012. Given that 86% of the extracted relations in this analysis were not statistically significant, the interpretation should be approached with caution due to the possibility of the 14% of significant relationships, extracted in this review, representing chance findings.
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Jimenez, Hugo, Minghui Wang, Jacquelyn W. Zimmerman, et al. "Amplitude-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields target hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells through activation of Cav 3.2 T-type calcium channels." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 4_suppl (2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.332.
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332 Background: Amplitude-modulated 27.12 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (AM RF EMF) delivered via a spoon-shaped antenna placed on the patient’s tongue result in shrinkage of the primary and metastatic tumors in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (Costa FP, et al. Br J Cancer. 2011;105:640-648.) The mechanism by which AM RF EMF have direct antiproliferative effect and disruption of the mitotic spindle on cancer cells is largely unknown. (Zimmerman JW, et al. Br J Cancer. 2012;106:307-313.) Methods: We assessed the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) level and distribution inside the human body. In vitro experiments with HCC cells were performed as previously described (Zimmerman). Immunodeficient mice were subcutaneously implanted with Huh-7 HCC cells or patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Mice were exposed to HCC-specific AM RF EMF using systems replicating human exposure levels and treatment duration. Tumor samples were examined for EMT and cell cycle markers. Results: Intrabuccal delivery results in whole-body absorption of AM RF EMF. Proliferation of hepatitis B positive and negative cell lines as well as HCC cancer stem cells (CSCs) are blocked by AM RF EMF through Cav 3.2 T-type voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC). Proliferation of HCC is inhibited in vivo and tumor shrinkage occurs by dedifferentiation of HCC cells into quiescent myofibroblasts while the growth of intestinal and blood marrow cells is unaltered. Conclusions: Whole-body SAR ranges from 0.2 to 1 mW/kg and is significantly below the international safety limits for human exposure. Intrabucally-administered AM RF EMF is a novel targeted therapy for systemic treatment of advanced HCC with minimal off target effects. Inhibition of HCC CSCs may explain the extremely long term survival (>5 years) of several patients with advanced HCC.
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McGrath, Callum T., Hugo Jimenez, and Boris C. Pasche. "Abstract 1028: Evaluating amplitude modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as a cancer screening modality." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 1028. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-1028.
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Abstract Background: Tumor-specific Amplitude Modulation Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (AM RF EMF) have been identified in over 15 different tumor types. Tumor specific frequencies were identified by exposing patients with a known diagnosis of cancer to an AM RF EMF frequency sweep ranging from 0.1 Hz to 150 kHz. Frequencies that elicited an increase in pulse amplitude were registered as tumor-specific frequencies. We hypothesized that this mechanism could be used to screen for cancer, in which patients with an unknown diagnosis are exposed to previously identified tumor-specific frequencies and monitored for any change in hemodynamics. Methods: 17 patients with biopsy-proven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 14 patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer (BC), and 31 healthy controls were recruited for the study and had their systolic blood pressure (sBP), diastolic blood pressure (dBP), pulse pressure (PP), cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR) R-R interval (RRI), stroke volume (SV), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) measured while exposed to random (non-tumor-specific) AM RF EMF, HCC-specific AM RF EMF, and BC-specific AM RF EMF. Patient data was then used to train a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) to classify each dataset as control, HCC, or BC. Results: Overall accuracy for the model was 81.17%. AUC for the ROC curve for control, HCC, and BC was 0.91, 0.96, and 0.96 respectively. Conclusion: Our model demonstrates that AM RF EMF has the potential to be used as a cancer screening modality. Further studies will need to be performed with larger cohorts to validate the findings of this study and to improve the accuracy of the model. Additionally, future studies should investigate the potential for AM RF EMF-based screening for pancreatic cancer, as tumor-specific frequencies have previously been identified for the malady. Citation Format: Callum T. McGrath, Hugo Jimenez, Boris C. Pasche. Evaluating amplitude modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as a cancer screening modality [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 1028.
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Lukyanova, Svetlana N., N. I. Karpikova, Yu G. Grigoryev, and I. A. Veselovskiy. "THE STUDY OF RESPONSES OF THE HUMAN BRAIN TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF NON-THERMAL INTENSITY." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 9 (2019): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-9-848-854.
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This article is an array of materials of own research of the responses of the human brain to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF RF) of non-thermal intensity. The results of studies with the participation of volunteers presented a characterization of the response of the central nervous system to short-term exposures to EMF RF from the industrial generator and various cellular communication standards under conditions with predominantly irradiation of the head. There was given an estimation of the physiological significance of these effects and their dependence on human EEG typological features. The examination of persons working in conditions of chronic exposure of EMF RF, allowed present the dependence of neural effects on the work experience.
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Sousa, Micelange Carvalho, Frederico Costa, Pablo Diego Lima, et al. "Low energy amplitude modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in combination with standard treatment or as monotherapy to show improvement in quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 3_suppl (2021): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.3_suppl.290.
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290 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal cancer without curative option for most patients. Hence the importance to improve health related quality of life (HRQoL). Amplitude-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), as a novel and non-toxic therapy, has potential for improving HRQoL in advanced HCC patients. Methods: An open-label, single center, prospective clinical protocol was performed in advanced HCC patients as an initial and salvage treatment modality. Systemic exposure to EMF was used in combination with a systemic conventional treatment or as a single treatment. A spoon-shaped antenna placed in the oral cavity delivered EMF over 90 minutes with monthly repetitions until death or consent withdrawal. The effect on HRQoL was the primary objective of this study. Patients answered the EORTC-C30 v3.0 questionnaires prior to every EMF exposure. Clinically meaningful change (CMC) and time to deterioration (TTD) for Global Health (QoL), Role Functioning (RF) and Physical Functioning (PF) were used in the analysis. Results: From March 2018 to April 2020, 55 advanced HCC patients were submitted to 373 EMF exposures. 41/55 (75%) patients had repetitive exposures (mean # 4, ranging from 2-16). 87% were male, median age was 67, 84% were BLCL-C, 16% were Child-Pugh B, 29% had extra-hepatic metastasis, 55% had failed previous treatment and 71% had documented radiological progression. 31(56%) patients received EMF in combination with systemic therapy (28 TKI and 3 anti-PDL1). 24 patients received EMF as a single treatment modality. The mean baseline score was 68.1 for QoL and 77.1 for RF and PF. 61%, 76% and 49% of patients experienced positive change in QoL, RF and PS scores immediately prior to the second exposure, respectively. +CMC was reported in 20%, 17% and 32% of patients, respectively for QoL, RF and PS. The median QoL TTD was not reached. The median RF TTD was 7.2 month and the median PF TTD was 11.9 month. The median RF TTD for patients in combination treatment was 11.4 months and in a single treatment was 13.5 month. The median PF TTD for patients in combination treatment was 12.8 months and in single treatment was 14.5 month. Conclusions: Advanced HCC patients showed positive changes in QoL, RF and PF HRQoL scores after single exposure to EMF. The benefit from EMF in HRQoL was durable both in combination with TKI or as a single modality in advanced HCC patients. These results support future development as a novel palliative treatment modality in advanced HCC patients. Clinical trial information: NCT 01686412.
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Loughran, Verrender, Dalecki, et al. "Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and the Resting EEG: Exploring the Thermal Mechanism Hypothesis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (2019): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091505.
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There is now strong evidence that radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure influences the human electroencephalogram (EEG). While effects on the alpha band of the resting EEG have been repeatedly shown, the mechanisms underlying that effect have not been established. The current study used well-controlled methods to assess the RF-EMF exposure effect on the EEG and determine whether that effect might be thermally mediated. Thirty-six healthy adults participated in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced provocation study. A water-perfusion suit (34 C) was worn throughout the study to negate environmental influences and stabilize skin temperature. Participants attended the laboratory on four occasions, the first being a calibration session and the three subsequent ones being exposure sessions. During each exposure session, EEG and skin temperature (8 sites) were recorded continuously during a baseline phase, and then during a 30 min exposure to a 920 MHz GSM-like signal (Sham, Low RF-EMF (1 W/kg) and High RF-EMF (2 W/kg)). Consistent with previous research, alpha EEG activity increased during the High exposure condition compared to the Sham condition. As a measure of thermoregulatory activation, finger temperature was found to be higher during both exposure conditions compared to the Sham condition, indicating for the first time that the effect on the EEG is accompanied by thermoregulatory changes and suggesting that the effect of RF-EMF on the EEG is consistent with a thermal mechanism.
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Karamazı, Yasin, Mustafa Emre, Toygar Emre, Salih Çetiner, Gülsevinç Aksoy, and Çağatay Aydın. "Effect of 6 GHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Cytokine Levels in Rats." Journal of Clinical & Experimental Immunology 9, no. 2 (2024): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/jcei.09.02.01.
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Purpose: While technological devices are continuously developing at an incredible speed, the exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) created by these devices is gradually increasing. In this study investigated the effects of 6 GHz (0.083 W/kg SAR) RF-EMF on rat cytokine levels. Materials and Methods: In this study, 20 Wistar Albino adult male rats ranging in weight between 250-300 g were used. Rats were divided into two groups as; Control and radiofrequency radiation (RFR) group. The control were not subjected to any treatment. RFR group rats were placed in a special treatment cage and exposed to 6 GHz RF-EMF for 4 hours/day for 6 weeks. After RF-EMF application, blood (2cc) were collected from all rats by cardiac puncture method. The plasmas of the collected blood were separated from the blood samples within the same day. Pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4, IL-10) levels were analyzed as spectrophotometrically by ELISA method. Results: We found a statistically significant increase in plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-4 rats in the RFR group compared to the control (p<0.05). We also found an increase in the plasma level IFN-γ and IL-10, but they have no statistically significance (p>0.05). Conclusion: 6 GHz RF-EMF exposure had significant effects on rat cytokine levels. It supported both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine release.
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Albayrak, Zafer Emre, Cetin Kurnaz, Teoman Karadag, and Adnan Ahmad Cheema. "Comprehensive Analysis of Magnetic Flux Density and RF-EMF Exposure in Electric Buses: A Case Study from Samsun, Turkey." Sensors 24, no. 17 (2024): 5634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24175634.
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This study investigates magnetic flux density (B) and radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) measurements on electric buses operating in Samsun, Turkey, focusing on two bus routes (called E1 and E4) during the morning and evening hours. Measurements were taken under diverse operational conditions, including acceleration, cruising, and braking, at locations of peak passenger density. Along the E1 route, the magnetic field intensity varied significantly based on the bus position, road slope, and passenger load, with notable increases during braking. In contrast, the E4 route showed a lower magnetic field intensity and RF-EMF values due to its straighter trajectory and reduced operational stops. The highest RF-EMF measurement recorded was 6.01 V/m, which is below the maximum levels established by the ICNIRP guidelines. In 11 out of the 12 different band-selective RF-EMF measurements, the highest contribution came from the downlink band of the base stations, while in only one measurement, the highest contribution originated from the uplink bands of the base stations. All data were subject to the Anderson–Darling test, confirming the generalized extreme value distribution as the best fit for both B and RF-EMF measurements. Additionally, the study assessed B levels inside and outside the bus during charging, revealing heightened readings near the pantograph. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of electromagnetic field exposure in electric bus environments, highlighting potential health implications and informing the development of targeted mitigation strategies.
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García-Minguillán López, Olga, Ana Jiménez Valbuena, and Ceferino Maestú Unturbe. "Significant Cellular Viability Dependence on Time Exposition at ELF-EMF and RF-EMF In Vitro Studies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (2019): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122085.
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The human concern about the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has changed over time from the effects produced by EMFs of extremely low frequencies (ELFs) to the effects produced by exposure to a radio frequency (RF), with concerns shifting toward EMFs due to the development of new technologies and forms of communication. Previous studies have analysed the effects produced at different frequencies without considering in detail the effect of the time of exposure. Therefore, in the present study, we analysed in vitro the effect produced by a 100 µT EMF at different ELFs and exposure times in glioblastomas, as well as the effect produced in a fibroblast by an RF-EMF of 2.54 GHz. Our results indicate a significant time dependence in cell viability of fibroblasts exposed to an RF-EMF of 2.54 GHz and a non-time-dependent effect in cell viability of glioblastomas exposed to an ELF-EMF, highlighting the possible relation between frequency and time of exposure.
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Qahtan Wali, S. "RF-EMF Measurement for 5G over C-band and mm-Wave frequency band: Exposure assessment and Procedures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1254, no. 1 (2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1254/1/012002.
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Abstract The 5G network is intended to accommodate a significant quantity of mobile data traffic as well as a great number of wireless connections. It improves cost, power consumption, and offers ultra-low latency and ultra-high dependability to enable new services in a variety of sectors. However, the general public is concerned about the possible health dangers linked with 5G equipment's Radio Frequency (RF) radiation, and numerous localities are actively lobbying to prevent 5G implementation. This aims to demonstrate the cause of increasing the amount of RF-EMF exposure, and the international standards of RF-EMF accepted limits. In addition, it aims to illustrate some measurement procedures to conduct RF-EMF measurement for different researchers and two other procedures and the result of the maximum exposure emitted by a 5G base station operating on 3.5 GHz and the mm-Wave frequency band by the author of this paper.
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Foster, Kenneth R., and Quirino Balzano. "Comment on Redmayne, M.; Maisch, D.R. ICNIRP Guidelines’ Exposure Assessment Method for 5G Millimetre Wave Radiation May Trigger Adverse Effects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5267." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 22 (2023): 7029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20227029.
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This article discusses the contention in the commented-upon paper that Brillouin precursors generated by 5G New Radio (5G NR) and other cellular systems are a possible cause of tissue damage at deeper layers of tissue than the power penetration depth of the carrier frequency. The original theory for Brillouin precursors from pulsed radiofrequency signals (RF-EMF) and speculation about their possible health effects dates back to the 1990’s and was based on studies of the propagation of very short (nanosecond) ultrawide-bandwidth RF pulses through water. This assumption is not correct for cellular telephone signals due to their narrow bandwidth. The commented-on paper provides no alternative rationale as to why Brillouin effects should cause tissue damage from RF-EMF radiation from cellular and other communications systems. Other inaccuracies in this paper concerning thermal responses of tissue to RF-EMF are also noted.
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Costantini, Erica, Lisa Aielli, Federica Serra, et al. "Evaluation of Cell Migration and Cytokines Expression Changes under the Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Wound Healing In Vitro Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (2022): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042205.
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Wound healing (WH) proceeds through four distinct phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Impaired WH may be the consequence of the alteration of one of these phases and represents a significant health and economic burden to millions of individuals. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are the topics of intense research worldwide. Although radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) has many medical applications in rehabilitation, pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders, and degenerative joint disorders, its impact on WH is not fully understood. The process of WH begins just after injury and continues during the inflammatory and proliferative phases. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which RF-EMF can improve WH is required before it can be used as a non-invasive, inexpensive, and easily self-applicable therapeutic strategy. Thus, the aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic potential of different exposure setups of RF-EMF to drive faster healing, evaluating the keratinocytes migration, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. The results showed that RF-EMF treatment promotes keratinocytes’ migration and regulates the expression of genes involved in healing, such as MMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, to improve WH.
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Migdal, Pawel, Paweł Bieńkowski, Małgorzata Cebrat, et al. "Exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field induces a response of the honey bee organism on the level of enzyme activity and the expression of stress-related genes." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0285522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285522.
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There are many artificial sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) in the environment, with a value between 100 MHz and 6 GHz. The most frequently used signal is with a frequency of around 900 MHz. The direction of these changes positively impacts the quality of life, enabling easy communication from almost anywhere in the world. All living organisms in the world feel the effects of the electromagnetic field on them. The observations regarding the influence of a RF-EMF on honey bees, describing the general impact of RF-EMF on the colony and/or behavior of individual bees, such as reduction in the number of individuals in colonies, extended homing flight duration, decrease in breeding efficiency, changes in flight direction (movement of bees toward the areas affected by RF-EMF), increase in the intensity and frequency of sounds characteristic for those announcing the impending danger. In this work, we describe the changes in the levels of some of the stress-related markers in honey bees exposed to varying intensities and duration of RF-EMF. One-day-old honeybee worker bees were used for the study. The bees were randomly assigned to 9 experimental groups which were exposed to the following 900 MHz EMF intensities: 12 V/m, 28 V/m, and 61 V/m for 15 min, 1 h and 3 h. The control group was not exposed to the RF-EMF. Each experimental group consisted of 10 cages in which were 100 bees. Then, hemolymph was collected from the bees, in which the activity was assessed AST, ALT, ALP, GGTP, and level of nonenzymatic antioxidants albumin, creatinine, uric acid, and urea. Bees were also collected for the analysis of rps5, ppo, hsp10, hsp70, hsp90, and vitellogenin gene expression. Our study shows that exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field induces a response in the honey bees that can be detected in the level of enzyme activity and the expression of stress-related genes. The response is similar to the one previously described as a result of exposition to UVB irradiation and most likely cannot be attributed to increased temperature.
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Khorseva, Natalia I., та Pavel E. Grigoriev. "Эффекты воздействий радиочастотных электромагнитных полей на нервную систему. Эксперименты in vivo (обзор)". Journal of Medical and Biological Research, № 3 (20 вересня 2024): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z195.
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This article is a continuation of a review whose first part analysed the works on the effect of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) on the central nervous system (CNS) in vitro (changes in the action potential, cell and myelin sheath morphology, as well as in the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (using cultures of nerve cells only); in addition, it presented various approaches to studying the effects of RF EMF and pointed out difficulties of systematizing the experimental data. The present article dwells on the morpho-histological changes in CNS structures under RF EMF exposure in young animals, since it allows us to give an indirect assessment of possible negative consequences of RF EMF exposure for children and adolescents as the cohort most vulnerable to any environmental factors. Morphological and histological changes in CNS structures (cerebral cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, auditory system, etc.) as well as changing electroencephalographic parameters were analysed. A bulk of data on the morphological and histological changes in the hippocampus was considered separately. In addition, the paper presents an analysis of changes in the biometric parameters of experimental animals under chronic exposure to RF EMF and its effect on cell viability (including nerve cell apoptosis and autophagy). Thus, having a reliable corpus of modern experimental studies proving the seriousness of the problem of the effects of electromagnetic fields on the nervous system in children and adolescents is important in the context of ever-increasing electromagnetic pollution, primarily from electromagnetic fields produced by cellular networks.
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Toren, Murat, and Nilgün Ulutaşdemir. "Evaluation of the Exposure of 4.5G Mobile Phone Base Stations in Different Band Radio Frequencies in Urban Center and Rural Areas in Turkey." Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13, no. 1 (2024): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1372777.
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Mobile phone base stations (MPBS) are electronic communication equipment, the number of which is rapidly increasing with the increasing need for mobile data use with developing technology. Since the middle of the 21st century, the effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) emitted from base stations on human health have begun to be investigated. Although some of these studies have explained the harmful effects of RF-EMF on human health, others have stated that its effects on human health are limited and therefore contradictory results have emerged. RF-EMFs can have effects by transferring energy to human tissues, increasing temperature and changing the way cell membranes work. These effects may vary inversely with the proximity of MPBSs to residential areas and their safety distances. In this regard, rules such as location at least 300 m away from places with high population density (schools, hospitals, shopping malls, etc.) and at least 40 m above the ground are required. In this study, RF-EMF values of base stations installed both in Rize city center and rural areas in Turkey in different 4.5G frequency bands (GSM 900 DL- 1800 DL-2100 DL) were analyzed by real-time selective area analyzer (NARDA- It is measured using SRM 3006). The safety distances in the production/label values of these base stations, mathematically calculated EMF and measurement values were compared for different distances. Base station production/label and real-time measurement values of RF-EMF values emitted by MPBSs in urban centers and rural areas are determined and their effects on human health are evaluated.
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Sandoval-Diez, Nekane, Lea Belácková, Adriana Fernandes Veludo, et al. "Determining the relationship between mobile phone network signal strength and radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure: protocol and pilot study to derive conversion functions." Open Research Europe 4 (September 19, 2024): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.18285.1.
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Mobile phones continuously monitor and evaluate indicators of the received signal strengths from surrounding base stations to optimise wireless services. These signal strength indicators (SSIs) offer the potential for assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on a population scale, as they can be related to exposure from both base stations and handset devices. Within the ETAIN (Exposure To electromAgnetic fields and plaNetary health) project, an open-access RF-EMF exposure app for smartphones, named "5G Scientist Monitor”, has been developed using citizen science. This paper delineates a measurement protocol for deriving formulas to convert the app SSIs into electric field values to estimate RF-EMF exposure. It presents pilot study results from measurements taken at four locations in Lyon, France (FR), and 14 locations in the Netherlands (NL), using three different phone models and the most common network providers in each country. The measurements were conducted while executing different usage scenarios, such as calls or data transmission. The exposimeter ExpoM-RF4 and on-body electric field probes were used to measure exposure from far-field sources and the handset, respectively. Two-minute aggregates were considered the sample unit for analyses (n=891 in NL and n=395 in FR). Regression analyses showed a positive log-linear relationship between Long Term Evolution (LTE) SSIs and far-field RF-EMF exposure when aggregating data by location (coefficients for the normalised RSSI: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.55 - 1.28] in FR, 1.09 [95% CI: 0.96 - 1.22] in NL). Negative log-linear trends were observed for handset-related RF-EMF exposure at the ear (-0.31 [95% CI: -0.46 - -0.16]) and chest (-0.20 [95% CI: -0.37 - -0.03]) during data transmission scenarios. These results demonstrate that the 5G-Scientist-Monitor app can be implemented for smartphone-based RF-EMF estimation. However, uncertainties in individual measurement points highlight the need for further data collection and analysis to improve the accuracy of exposure estimates.
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Sandoval-Diez, Nekane, Lea Belácková, Adriana Fernandes Veludo, et al. "Determining the relationship between mobile phone network signal strength and radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure: protocol and pilot study to derive conversion functions." Open Research Europe 4 (March 31, 2025): 206. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.18285.2.
Full textAbstract:
Mobile phones continuously monitor and evaluate indicators of the received signal strengths from surrounding base stations to optimise wireless services. These signal strength indicators (SSIs) offer the potential for assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on a population scale, as they can be related to exposure from both base stations and handset devices. Within the ETAIN (Exposure To electromAgnetic fields and plaNetary health) project, an open-access RF-EMF exposure app for smartphones, named "ETAIN 5G-Scientist”, has been developed using citizen science. This paper delineates a measurement protocol for deriving formulas to convert the app SSIs into electric field values to estimate RF-EMF exposure. It presents pilot study results from measurements taken at four locations in France (FR), and 14 locations in the Netherlands (NL), using three different phone models and the most common network providers in each country. The measurements were conducted while executing different usage scenarios, such as calls or data transmission. The exposimeter ExpoM-RF4 and on-body electric field probes were used to measure exposure from far-field sources and the handset, respectively. Two-minute aggregates were considered the sample unit for analyses (n=891 in NL, n=395 in FR). Regression analyses showed a positive log-linear relationship between Long Term Evolution (LTE) Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and far-field RF-EMF exposure when aggregating data by location (coefficients for normalised RSSI: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.55 - 1.28] in FR, 1.09 [95% CI: 0.96 - 1.22] in NL). Negative log-linear trends were observed for handset-related RF-EMF exposure at the ear (-0.31 [95% CI: -0.46 - -0.16]) and chest (-0.20 [95% CI: -0.37 - -0.03]) during data transmission scenarios. These results demonstrate that the ETAIN 5G-Scientist app can be implemented for smartphone-based RF-EMF estimation. However, uncertainties in individual measurement points highlight the need for further data collection and analysis to improve the accuracy of exposure estimates.
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Alexias, Aris, Yiannis Kiouvrekis, Vasiliki Softa, Constantin Kappas, Charilaos Tyrakis, and Kiki Theodorou. "RF-EMF EXPOSURE LEVELS IN SENSITIVE LAND USE IN GREECE: EDUCATIONAL UNITS CENSUS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF KORYDALLOS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 190, no. 2 (2020): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa090.
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Abstract Background The growing popularity of mobile phones and the expansion of network infrastructure in Greece have raised concerns about the possible negative health effects on sensitive groups, such as children, from exposure to long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). Aims The objective of this study is to estimate mean RF-EMF exposure levels of primary and secondary education schools located in the municipality of Korydallos, Athens, Greece. Methods We performed measurements to all the schools units ($n=62$) in the region in order to calculate the mean value for RF-EMF exposure in the range of 27 MHz–3 GHz, which covers the whole spectrum of RF-EMF sources. Results At the $97.5\%$ of schools found in Korydallos region, the exposure level is at least 2200 times below the Greek exposure limits. Conclusion The exposure levels in the locations tested are both below $60\%$ of the highest limit set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection regarding school exposures.
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Roser, Katharina (Author). "Dealing with crosstalk in electromagnetic field measurements of portable devices." Bioelectromagnetics 39, no. 7 (2018): 529–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2556726.
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Portable devices measuring radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) are affected by crosstalk: signals originating in one frequency band which are unintentionally registered in another. If this is not corrected, total exposure to RF-EMF is biased, particularly affecting closely spaced frequency bands such as GSM 1800 downlink (1805-1880 MHz), DECT (1880-1900 MHz), and UMTS uplink (1920-1980 MHz). This study presents an approach to detect and correct crosstalk in RF-EMF measurements, taking into account the real-life setting in which crosstalk is intermittently present, depending on the exact frequency of the signal. Personal measurements from 115 volunteers from Zurich canton, Switzerland were analyzed. Crosstalk-affected observations were identified by correlation analysis, and replaced by the median value of the unaffected observations, measured during the same activity. DECT is frequently a victim of crosstalk, and an average of 43% of observations was corrected, resulting in an average exposure reduction of 38%. GSM 1800 downlink and UMTS uplink were less often corrected (6.9% and 8.9%), resulting in minor reductions in exposure (7.1% and 0.92%). The contribution of DECT to total RF-EMF exposure is typically already low (3.2%), but is further reduced after correction (3.0%). Crosstalk corrections reduced the total exposure by 1.0% on average. Some individuals had a larger reduction of up to 16%. The code developed to make the corrections is provided for free as an R function which is easily applied to any time series of EMF measurements.
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Nikitina, Valentina N., Nina I. Kalinina, Ekaterina N. Dubrovskaya, and Vladimir P. Plekhanov. "Electromagnetic environment in the workplace when using active means of information protection." Hygiene and sanitation 102, no. 8 (2023): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-8-800-805.
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Introduction.. Currently, there are a large arsenal of technical means designed to protect information processed by electronic computing equipment from unauthorized access and additional sources of electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range (RF EMF) in the workplace. However, in the available literature there is practically no data on the hygienic assessment of the electromagnetic environment when using active means of information protection.
 The purpose of the research is to conduct research and hygienic assessment of the electromagnetic environment in the workplace when using technical means of active information protection.
 Materials and methods. Regulatory documents, systems, and principles of information protection of computer equipment objects, technical characteristics and operating modes of devices were studied. EMF levels were measured in rooms and workplaces with personal computers (PCs) when using information security tools, EMF exposure parameters were determined. A hygienic assessment of the electromagnetic environment was carried out.
 Results. The intensity of RF EMF generated by electromagnetic noise generators in the workplace has been established to depend on such many factors as the type of device, the antenna used, its location, distance from the antenna, and others.
 Limitations. There are no limitations of the study.
 Conclusion. Active information protection devices are increasingly being used and there is an obvious need for monitoring and carrying out measures to protect personnel from the adverse effects of RF EMF, including clarifying hygiene standards, developing technical solutions, and creating domestic selective EMF measuring instruments.