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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'RFID Vehicle'
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Lu, Yang. "RFID-Assisted Vehicle Navigation Based on Vanets." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1610359420814424.
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Akinola, Paul. "Design and Implementation of an IoT Solution for Vehicle Access Control in Residential Environment." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97047.
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To overcome the hurdles associated with space management and security controls in a housing system, research was projected to study and analyze the necessary factors of accomplishment. Over time, different processes were observed and reviewed to make this a possible deal. Various residents were interviewed on the daily constraints in parking and managing their vehicles within their housing premises. The reported daunting concern was majorly the gate access and personal hunts for the space to keep the individual resident’s cars. Every resident would always have to stop and hoot at the housing gate for the assigned personnel to check and open the gate. While this would waste every resident’s time, the visitors even face more delay often time. Hitherto, car access and parking constraint become a thing of worry that no one would want to engage the housing service anymore. The interest has got dwindled. And to re-awaken the high patronage of the housing system, a gap must be bridged with an immediate solution to space management with a gating system. These were subsequently given a classical thought, while a prototype solution was demonstrated and reviewed with the various residents of some selected housing. This received a high welcoming embracement and was beckoned to be made real by the logical heuristic. At this point, nothing was further considered than using the Internet of things (IoT) technology to implement Vehicular Access Management for the control and integration of intended space provisioning in any housings. Consequently, the number plate of every vehicle becomes the automatic access tag and would be used for security control within the housing location. Vehicles’ numbers would be captured and used to manage the residents passing through the automated gating system. With it, records would be made for all permitted residents and the visitors that own a car. Thus, a proper arrangement would be allotted accordingly, as provisioned by the gating system administrator. However, to allegories the above-proffered solution, this project work is divided into six sections. The introductory section introduces the project rationale, lists the objectives, explores related works, and introduces how IoT and vehicular systems can be merged. The second section delves into these vehicular systems. It introduces the Automatic License Plate Recognition System (ALRP) and the Raspberry Pi and highlights the merits of the Integrated Vehicular Access Security System. Open-CV and machine learning are also introduced. Section three covers the solution design, while section four is the implementation phase. Section five covers the testing and implementation of the solution. The final section summarizes the project. The project successfully models an automated solution for the security of tenants and vehicle users against unauthorized access to residential estates and buildings.
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Le, Minh Thuy. "Contribution à la conception d'un système d'identification et de classification de véhicules par les ondes électromagnétiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT003/document.
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Les activités de transport de passagers et de marchandises augmentent sans cesse dans le monde et en particulier dans l'Union Européenne, entre autres au bord des péages. Afin d'améliorer la fluidité et réduire les risques d‘encombrements, une des solutions consiste à rendre les péages plus performants. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la performance des systèmes d'identification de véhicules et de contribuer à la conception d'un système de classification des types de véhicules par ondes électromagnétiques pour application au télépéage. Ce système permet un paiement automatique sans arrêt des véhicules. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude de deux systèmes d'identification de véhicules : RFID UHF et DSRC. Notre recherche s'est focalisée sur l'augmentation de la distance de communication ainsi que sur la réduction de la taille et du prix du système grâce à 5 nouvelles antennes à bas coûts, très directives et faciles à industrialiser. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude d'un système de classification à distance des différents types de véhicules, basé sur les ondes diffusées par les véhicules. Il détecte la présence d'un véhicule et mesure la distance entre ce véhicule et le système avec une bonne précision. Ce système est basé sur la technique de radar Ultra-Large-Bande. Le signal émis est une impulsion monocyle de très courte durée. Dans cette partie, nous proposons et testons trois méthodes de classification de véhicules dans un environnement proche du milieu routier<br>The activities of passenger and goods transport are constantly increasing worldwide and especially in the European Union, including the edge of tolls. To improve the fluidity and reduce the risk of congestion, one of the solutions is automatic toll payments. The objective of this thesis is to enhance the performance of vehicle identification systems and to contribute to develop a design of a classification vehicles system by using electromagnetic waves for free-flow electronic toll collection system application. This system allows an automatic payment without stopping vehicles. The first part of this thesis deals with the study of two vehicle identification systems: UHF RFID and DSRC. Five new antennas were realized with the purpose to increase the communication range as well as to reduce the size and cost of the system. They are high gain and easy to be industrialized. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the study of a classification of different types of vehicles from the scattered waves captured by the system. Three methods of vehicle classification are proposed and tested in the road environment. Such system detects the presence of vehicle and measures the distance between vehicle and itself with a good accuracy. The principle of the system is based on Ultra-Wideband radar technology in which transmitting signal with a very short duration pulse is used
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Tchapnga, Takoudjou Rodrigue. "Méthodes de modélisation et d'optimisation par recherche à voisinages variables pour le problème de collecte et de livraison avec transbordement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0052/document.
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La présente thèse se déroule dans le cadre du projet ANR PRODIGE et est axée sur la recherche de stratégies permettant l’optimisation du transport en général et du transport routier de marchandises en particulier. Le problème de transport support de cette étude est le problème de collecte et livraison avec transbordement. Ce problème généralise plusieurs problèmes de transports classiques. Le transbordement y est utilisé comme levier de flexibilité et d’optimisation. Pour analyser et résoudre ce problème, les analyses sont effectuées suivant trois axes : le premier axe concerne l’élaboration d’un modèle analytique plus précisément d’un modèle mathématique en variables mixtes. Ce modèle permet de fournir dessolutions optimales au décisionnaire du transport mais présente l’inconvénient de nécessiter un temps de résolution qui croit exponentiellement avec la taille du problème. Cette limitation est levée par le deuxième axe d’étude qui permet de résoudre le problème de transport étudié par une méthode d’optimisation approchée tout en garantissant des solutions satisfaisantes.La méthode utilisée est une métaheuristique inspirée de la recherche à voisinages variables (VNS). Dans le troisième axe, l’ensemble des résultats obtenus dans la thèse sont testés en situation de transports réels via le projet PRODIGE<br>The thesis is conducted under the ANR project PRODIGE and it is focused on seeking strategies allowing the optimization of transport in general and road freight transport in particular. The transportation problem support for this study is the pickup and delivery problem with transshipment.This problem generalizes several classical transportation problems.Transshipment is used as optimization and flexibility leverage. To study and solve this problem, analyzes are performed along three axes :the first objective concerns the development of an analytical model, more accurately a mathematical model with mixed variables. This model allows providing optimal solution to the decision maker, but has the disadvantage of requiring a time resolution that grows exponentially with the size of the problem. This limitation is overcome by the second line of the study that solves the transportation problem studied by an approximate optimization method while ensuring satisfactory solutions. The method used is a mataheuristic broadly followed the variables neighborhoods research principles. In the third objective, the overall results obtained in the thesis are tested in real transport situation via the PRODIGE project
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Griese, Marcelo George. "Análise de desempenho do LoRa em aplicação de fiscalização eletrônica de veículos com RFID." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2018.
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Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Henrique Kleinschmidt<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia da Informação, Santo André, 2018.<br>Em 2006 o governo brasileiro instituiu o sistema nacional de identificação automática de veículos (SINIAV), cujo objetivo principal é fiscalizar todos os veículos através da tecnologia de identificação por rádio frequência (RFID). Entretanto, esse projeto tem um grande desafio tecnológico com relação a conectividade e transmissão de dados quando aplicado dentro das cidades, o que pode dificultar sua escalabilidade. Por isso, o objetivo dessa dissertação é estudar a viabilidade técnica do uso do LoRa para a transmissão dos dados provenientes da fiscalização eletrônica de veículos através de RFID. Então, uma análise de desempenho de um sistema composto por uma antena RFID, para realizar as leituras das tags, e um transmissor LoRa, para enviar essas leituras a um gateway conectado à internet, foi realizado e as métricas de taxa de perda de pacotes (PER) e taxa de envio de pacotes (throughput) da transmissão do LoRa foram medidas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que em determinados cenários é possível obter uma taxa de perda de pacotes abaixo de 20% e uma taxa de envio de pacotes acima de 60 envios por minuto, o que torna o uso do LoRa uma tecnologia viável para essa aplicação de fiscalização e outras aplicações relacionadas à sistemas inteligentes de transporte (ITS).<br>In 2006, the Brazilian government instituted the national system of automatic vehicle identification (SINIAV), whose main objective is to control all vehicles through radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. However, this project has a great technological challenge regarding connectivity and data transmission when applied within cities, which may hinder its scalability. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to study the technical feasibility of the use of LoRa for the transmission of data from the electronic surveillance of vehicles through RFID. Then, a performance analysis of a system composed of an RFID antenna to perform the readings of the tags and a LoRa transmitter to send those readings to a gateway connected to the Internet was performed and the packet loss rate metrics (PER) and LoRa transmission throughput rates were measured. The results show that in certain scenarios it is possible to obtain a packet loss rate of less than 20% and a packet sending rate of more than 60 packets per minute, which makes the use of LoRa a viable technology for this enforcement application and other applications related to Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS).
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Hou, Jin-De, and 侯進德. "Design and Implementation of RFID Vehicle Registration." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91805432689532443047.
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碩士<br>國立暨南國際大學<br>資訊管理學系<br>102<br>RFID has been widely applied in many industry sectors like logistics, manufacturing, retail, health care industry, transportation...etc. User can writeproduct information in RFID card’s Memory, and use it tosolve the data transfer and management issues.
This paper leverages Mifare’s strong access control, milti-sector memory memory and secure authentication to design and implement vehicle registrationcard. In the design, one card can hold several driver’s license, adriver identity data,vehicle insurance...etcso that it greatly enhances user convenience and efficiency while ensures the security and data integrity.
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Liu, Yu-Ho, and 劉于豪. "Applying RFID Theory to Vehicle Management Design." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47856903958791153538.
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碩士<br>大葉大學<br>電機工程學系<br>101<br>This thesis RFID theory and combine with database apply to the parking vehicle management system so to increase more convenient and more efficiently parking management and parking spaces available. System design starts by creating a database with Microsoft Office Access first and coding programs by Microsoft Visual Basic next, then link the reader finally. The car needs to install an electronic tag, and the reader can induce the electronic tag to do the car identification. The experiment show that the RFID theory apply to packing vehicle management is really work and improve management efficiency.
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Lin, Jian-Zhi, and 林健志. "A study of dual-mode RFID based vehicle-management system for vehicle rental." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51108324104099785519.
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碩士<br>樹德科技大學<br>電腦與通訊系碩士班<br>100<br>In this thesis, a radio frequency identification technology (RFID) based vehicle-management system is proposed, the system utilized active and passive dual RFID modules combined with database. In this study, we design the management system for a vehicle rental company to monitor and manage the information of personnel and vehicles. The use of RFID induction and recognition can reduce the error rate and time that generated by the recognition task, and then the customer users and system managers can quickly get the correct personnel and vehicle management information through the proposed vehicle-management system.
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Wu, Yuan-Sheng, and 吳源勝. "The Application of RFID in the Air Force Vehicle Maintenance." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82680436469614386168.
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WU, WEI-CHENG, and 吳偉誠. "A RFID-aided Positioning Microcontroller-based Auto Guided Vehicle System." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/npmbh4.
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碩士<br>國立勤益科技大學<br>機械工程系<br>107<br>In this research, the RFID Auto Guided Vehicle System based on Arduino microcontroller is designed. Using RFID module to control the route of the AGV and monitor the action of the system, by integrating the AGV and the automatic conveyor module, the overall system is completed. The program of the control system is coded by Arduino IDE software. Technology of optical guidance is applied to the AGV guiding by using TCRT 5000 guiding sensor. About the RFID-aided positioning, the RFID Reader is installed under the AGV chassis, and tags were placed on the route of the AGV. When the AGV is driving, the RFID Reader can read signal of the tag and know the current location information of the AGV immediately. The wireless communication was implemented by the Bluetooth module, then sending correct location information to the monitoring module. The automatic conveyor module is responsible for controlling material, working with the AGV to transport material to the staging area.
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CHEN, JYUN-WEI, and 陳俊瑋. "The Study of Using RFID To Detect Velocity of Vehicle Violation." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78233423913989840289.
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碩士<br>龍華科技大學<br>資訊管理系碩士班<br>104<br>Taiwan is a small island, but with high population density. The traffic is jammed, especially in downtown. In recent years, the radar Detectors is popular and cheap. Event data recorder is provided the location with Fixed Speed-Measuring Apparatus to warm drivers when they are close to it. Also, drivers can slowdown in advance and avoid being pictured by Fixed Speed-Measuring Apparatus. If we can take advantage of the RFID radio frequency identification system to use and record the time that each vehicles goes through and furthur calculation, we can calculate the speed of each vehicles. Moreover, we can take the data and charge directly to the law enforcement agency, and it can make drivers drive within the speed limit, also it can improve pedestrians and other vehicles safety. The objective of this study is to use self-developed program (JAVA) to simulate the speed of the vehicles, and use RFID Radio Frequency Identification system to record the time that each vehicle goes through and calculate that speed. Finally we can measure the velocity of vehicles automatically.
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TRA, NGUYEN THI DIEU, and 阮氏妙茶. "Secure and Accurate Vehicle Location System Using RFID, GPS and GSM." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q97r3y.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>資訊與財金管理系<br>106<br>In this thesis, an intelligent electronic lock is nvestigated with two main functions: tracking the journey by Global Positioning System (GPS) and unlocking by Radio -frequency identification (RFID) technology for the locating and tracking of containers. Furthermore, a sensor chip is connected directly to the smart electronic lock in order to avoid the theft of products that is happened widely in Vietnam. In the work, the AES encryption algorithm is used transferring trsecurity and the ISO 14443 -A anti-collision algorithm is used in reading an RFID tag.
By using the proposed smart electronic lock, it was found that a container could be accurately located and tracked. In addition, the use of RFID, GPS, and GSM technologies as a combined strategy for sensor inputs presents a unique opportunity for the development of secure systems in transfering products.
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Wu, Jia-Jie, and 吳家傑. "Design of UHF RFID TAG Antenna Mounted on Marine Vehicle Glass Objects." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55847705786428898497.
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碩士<br>國立高雄海洋科技大學<br>海洋工程科技研究所<br>98<br>Some UHF RFID tag antenna designs are proposed to apply for marine vehicle in this thesis. Due to loading effects to make impedance mismatching between antenna and microchip, tag antenna may not properly function when it’s attached on different material. This study first proposes an F-shaped dipole antenna attached on glass. By introducing two parasitic strips inset along the closed loop of the input IC chip to generate coupling capacitance, a new resonant mode close to the first operating mode of the regular F-shaped dipole antenna is excited to enhance the operating bandwidth. The operating frequency range can be 857 ~ 960 MHz to obtain the bandwidth of 103 MHz for UHF band with the maximum reading range of 5 m. Due to glass film with metal material, this will cause interference and degradation for electromagnetic wave. To overcome the above problem, we propose a symmetrical dipole antenna with the shorting pins connected with the ground plane. Two resonant modes can be excited to obtain the operating frequency range of 860 ~ 965 MHz to meet the specifications of UHF RFID system. Details of the proposed UHF RFID tag antenna designs are described, and experimental results for the obtained broadband performance operated at 900 MHz band are presented and discussed.
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Huang, Ying-jui, and 黃映瑞. "Commerical Vehicle Operation Systems Based on Secure Web Services and RFID Techniques." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00949014705799814341.
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碩士<br>大葉大學<br>資訊管理學系碩士在職專班<br>94<br>Recently, with the rapid growth of Internet, it promotes the popularity of electronic commerce. In such a way, enterprises not only manage effectively the chain of suppliers and buyers, but also have a new channel with consumers. Speed becomes a key factor that effects the existence and competitiveness of enterprises. With the prosperity of logistics and home delivery, consumers are harder to request the speed of transit. How to deliver the shipment to recipients speedily and safely is an important issue so far. However, traffic is a serious problem even if the government has begun to set up the intelligent transportation system progressively. For transportation, they always focus on designing shorter routes for delivery, shortening the distance among destinations, and reducing the cost. They never consider the traffic’s and vehicle conditions, the driving of courier, and the security of packages during transmission. The above factors will affect consumers whether they can rely on electronic commerce.
For this reason, in this thesis, RFID and XML are combined to establish a platform with security for commerical vehicle operation systems. It provides all the members of the supplied chain with a secure and efficient logistics information, and diversify the services of commerical vehicle operation systems.
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Chen, Chun-Cheng, and 陳俊成. "The Study Using the RFID in Improving Emergency Vehicle Traffic Signal Control." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82395661025242369043.
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碩士<br>龍華科技大學<br>資訊管理系碩士班<br>99<br>Whether the police cars, fire engines and ambulances in the entire emergency ambulance, time is often the most critical issues. The relationship of the customs in the general driving police cars, fire engines, ambulances are not a high level of courteous habits and serious impact on the whole ambulance operations. If you can take advantage of the RFID radio frequency identification system to use and control related to intersection traffic signals, this study not only for valuable gold life-saving time can enhance the success of the entire emergency ambulance cases.This study to make is to use self-developed program (NET) to simulate the operation mode of the emergency ambulance vehicles and the use of RFID Radio Frequency Identification system combines police cars, fire engines and ambulances are able to control to have to go through the intersection, the implementation of fully automated identify and control the traffic signal junction to improve the emergency ambulance vehicles to shorten the scene-based study of the main motives.
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Chien, Fang-Yuan, and 簡芳源. "On the Study of Recognition System based on RFID for Vehicle License Number." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38364688221071859750.
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碩士<br>聖約翰科技大學<br>電機工程系碩士在職專班<br>97<br>Vehicles are the important tools for people traffic. Since the quantity of automobile grows up tremendously, the management and security problems follow hard at heel. On the management of the vehicle, the recognition of license plate plays an important role extremely. Meanwhile, for enhancing the public security and traffic safety, the recognition of license plate and/or engine number also become an importance research issue in the academic and industrial fields. At present, the RFID technique has already become a new popular technology, and may also to be a considerable killer application in the future industry.
In this thesis, we investigate and employ the characteristic of RFID to design and implement a novel system, called Smart-Catching Hero System (SCHS), for the license recognition. SCHS replaces the manual tasks or image processing with a faster and accurate Tag identification. Thereby, SCHS shows a better feature in the cost of operating and processing time. For verifying the efficiency of SCHS, we have experimented on a large number of real cases for vehicle identifying, tracking, and monitoring. As a result, the experiment reveals that a car/motorcycle with high speed up to 120 km/hr can be caught by SCHS efficiently. Next, we analyze and discuss the merits and shortcomings of SCHS while compares applying RFID with other techniques. Finally, an appropriate scheme and deployment is also presented.
Keywords—Tag, RFID, Radio Frequency Identification, license plate recognition
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Yang, Chien-Hsiang, and 楊健翔. "A Study of the New Type Magnetic Sensor Combined with RFID on Automated Guided Vehicle." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rm8a93.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>工學院精密與自動化工程學程<br>106<br>The purpose of this study is to develop a "New magnetic landmark guided to Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)".The feedback devices are combine magnetic sensor module with RFID-Reader, and motion devices are two step motors, which installed on the Automatic Guided vehicle.The main controller is a Programmable Logic controller (PLC) that connected to the human-machine interface (HMI) for displaying message and inputting parameter.
This study utilities New Type Magnetic Combined with RFID landmarks set to grid shape in test area, which uses the Landmark to guide path testing of AGV.
AGV Guided by magnetic sensor module and RFID-Reader to get position information and offset, PLC executes data collection land calculation, and delivers control parameters to step motors, which drives AGV to the correct position.
Compared to traditional AGV, new magnetic landmark guided to AGV does not need to build fixed and complex magnetic stripe tracks on the ground. It can utilities the method of software setting to change path quickly. The advantage of new magnetic landmark guided to AGV is to make work environment more clean and get lower cost than traditional AGV.
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Chen, Chun-Mai, and 陳君邁. "Implementing a System to Identify Conveyance and Track the Stolen Vehicles by Using RFID Technology." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07623698765052573522.
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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>資訊工程學系碩士班<br>96<br>ABSTRACT
Vehicles have become the essential means of local public transportation in our daily lives. However, the rate of motor vehicle thefts has increased rapidly in recent years. The stolen vehicles usually have become the criminal tools and are used to help to develop all types of crimes.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system is one of the most popular wireless identification technologies in recent years. It doesn’t need to contact with the object and could identify the object effectively and quickly in long distance. For this reason, the RFID technology can be used to help us to identify the vehicles, and the performance should be much better.
This article is based on the technology of RFID that can be associated with a database with fast search capabilities. The reader in the RFID system will scan every car at every major intersection, and it will automatically and reliably identify unique vehicles and stolen vehicles. The RFID system not only can prevent car thieves from using stolen vehicles to commit crimes but also provide the correct information of vehicles to relative officials. On the advantages of the RFID technology, the system can also record the position of the stolen vehicles and track the paths of the stolen vehicles. Therefore, the RFID system can save the laborers, times and resource, and decrease inaccuracy.
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Pei-Tzu, Lu, and 盧珮慈. "Cost-effective Analysis Using System Simulation for RFID Maintenance Management Process—An Vehicles Engine Overhaul Factory as Case Study." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39651376332742301014.
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碩士<br>開南大學<br>物流與航運管理學系<br>96<br>In recent years, the application of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been commercializing and rapidly developing to prevail in various industries and become matured. The experts and scholars in various fields have predicted that the future application of RFID would be widespread and popularized,and RFID was the beginning of another Industrial Revolution that must bring us considerable economic benefits.
RFID is a control technology that could transmit, track, identify and contact targets. Through digital signal transmission, it could effectively integrate information platform of each department in an enterprise after electronization that will lead to the significant enhancement of visibility of the target. Furthermore, it could reach a new realm of communication without walls in material flow, information flow, commercial flow and financial flow. Under today’s global environment that is keenly competitive in delivery time, it could effectively boost competitiveness of enterprises.
With a case engine factory as an example, we introduced RFID into its substantial repairing process and used model simulation to analyze cost-benefit before and after the introduction. Followings are the results:
1. Collecting information through field interviews to establish current situation of repairing management system and the benefit analysis model without the introduction of RFID technology. Through simulation verification, we learned that the established model was close to the current situation.
2. Based on the model of this research, we introduced into practical information and analyzed the benefit after the introduction of RFID technology (TO-BE). The productivity might increase 2.92% comparing to the actual annual production before the introduction.
3. Comparing the difference of benefit before and after introduction of RFID technology into repair management system, while the time of entire operation was shortened to 1.5%, the benefit of productivity and efficiency, WIP, waiting time and resource utilization enhanced instead.
4. Estimating each cost-benefit indicator based on the benefit value obtained from simulation, we learned that both NPV and ROI values were greater than 0, B/C Ratio value was greater than 1 and IRR value was greater than the pre-set discount rate 7% in the research. It meant that the case was worthy to invest.
Through above-mentioned research, it was proved that RFID is potential to strengthen repair management and could enhance the efficiency of process management. The results would provide the case factory and other related industries with a useful reference in their introduction and use of RFID technology.