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1
Ritter, Jürgen, and Sudarshan K. Sehgal. "Trivial Units in RG." Mathematical Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/pria.2005.105.1.25.
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Somai, Benesh M., Ralph A. Dean, Mark W. Farnham, Thomas A. Zitter, and Anthony P. Keinath. "Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions 1 and 2 and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Didymella bryoniae and Related Phoma Species Isolated from Cucurbits." Phytopathology® 92, no. 9 (September 2002): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.9.997.
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Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum) is the causal agent of gummy stem blight, although other Phoma species are often isolated from cucurbit plants exhibiting symptoms of the disease. The molecular and phylogenetic relationships between D. bryoniae and these Phoma species are unknown. Isolates of D. bryoniae and Phoma obtained from cucurbits grown at various geographical locations in the United States were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis (ITS-1 and ITS-2) to determine the molecular and phylogenetic relationships within and between these fungi. Using RAPD fingerprinting, 59 isolates were placed into four phylogenetic groups, designated RAPD group (RG) I, RG II, RG III, and RG IV. D. bryoniae isolates clustered in either RG I (33 isolates), RG II (12 isolates), or RG IV (one isolate), whereas all 13 Phoma isolates clustered to RG III. There was greater than 99% sequence identity in the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions between isolates in RG I and RG II, whereas isolates in RG III, P. medicaginis ATCC 64481, and P. exigua ATCC 14728 clustered separately. On muskmelon seedlings, a subset of RG I isolates were highly virulent (mean disease severity was 71%), RG II and RG IV isolates were slightly virulent (mean disease severity was 4%), and RG III isolates were nonpathogenic (disease severity was 0% for all isolates). The ITS sequences indicate that RG I and RG II are both D. bryoniae, but RAPD fingerprints and pathogenicity indicate that they represent two different molecular and virulence subgroups.
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Ochiai, Akihito, Takafumi Itoh, Akiko Kawamata, Wataru Hashimoto, and Kousaku Murata. "Plant Cell Wall Degradation by Saprophytic Bacillus subtilis Strains: Gene Clusters Responsible for Rhamnogalacturonan Depolymerization." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 12 (April 20, 2007): 3803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00147-07.
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ABSTRACT Plant cell wall degradation is a premier event when Bacillus subtilis, a typical saprophytic bacterium, invades plants. Here we show the degradation system of rhamnogalacturonan type I (RG-I), a component of pectin from the plant cell wall, in B. subtilis strain 168. Strain 168 cells showed a significant growth on plant cell wall polysaccharides such as pectin, polygalacturonan, and RG-I as a carbon source. DNA microarray analysis indicated that three gene clusters (yesOPQRSTUVWXYZ, ytePQRST, and ybcMOPST-ybdABDE) are inducibly expressed in strain 168 cells grown on RG-I. Cells of an industrially important bacterium, B. subtilis strain natto, fermenting soybeans also express the gene cluster including the yes series during the assimilation of soybean used as a carbon source. Among proteins encoded in the yes cluster, YesW and YesX were found to be novel types of RG lyases releasing disaccharide from RG-I. Genetic and enzymatic properties of YesW and YesX suggest that strain 168 cells secrete YesW, which catalyzes the initial cleavage of the RG-I main chain, and the resultant oligosaccharides are converted to disaccharides through the extracellular exotype YesX reaction. The disaccharide is finally degraded into its constituent monosaccharides through the reaction of intracellular unsaturated galacturonyl hydrolases YesR and YteR. This enzymatic route for RG-I degradation in strain 168 differs significantly from that in plant-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus aculeatus. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on the bacterial system for complete RG-I main chain degradation.
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Hiroguchi, Akihiko, Shingo Sakamoto, Nobutaka Mitsuda, and Kyoko Miwa. "Golgi-localized membrane protein AtTMN1/EMP12 functions in the deposition of rhamnogalacturonan II and I for cell growth in Arabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 10 (February 15, 2021): 3611–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab065.
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Abstract Appropriate pectin deposition in cell walls is important for cell growth in plants. Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a portion of pectic polysaccharides; its borate crosslinking is essential for maintenance of pectic networks. However, the overall process of RG-II synthesis is not fully understood. To identify a novel factor for RG-II deposition or dimerization in cell walls, we screened Arabidopsis mutants with altered boron (B)-dependent growth. The mutants exhibited alleviated disorders of primary root and stem elongation, and fertility under low B, but reduced primary root lengths under sufficient B conditions. Altered primary root elongation was associated with cell elongation changes caused by loss of function in AtTMN1 (Transmembrane Nine 1)/EMP12, which encodes a Golgi-localized membrane protein of unknown function that is conserved among eukaryotes. Mutant leaf and root dry weights were lower than those of wild-type plants, regardless of B conditions. In cell walls, AtTMN1 mutations reduced concentrations of B, RG-II specific 2-keto-3-deoxy monosaccharides, and rhamnose largely derived from rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), suggesting reduced RG-II and RG-I. Together, our findings demonstrate that AtTMN1 is required for the deposition of RG-II and RG-I for cell growth and suggest that pectin modulates plant growth under low B conditions.
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Buchachenko, A. A., T. V. Tscherbul, J. Kłos, M. M. Szczȩśniak, G. Chałasiński, R. Webb, and L. A. Viehland. "Interaction potentials of the RG–I anions, neutrals, and cations (RG=He, Ne, Ar)." Journal of Chemical Physics 122, no. 19 (May 15, 2005): 194311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1900085.
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Thorning, Tanja Kongerslev, Christel Johanneson Bertolt, Mette S. Nielsen, Christian Ritz, Arne Astrup, and Anne Raben. "Potato Fibers Have Positive Effects on Subjective Appetite Sensations in Healthy Men, but Not on Fecal Fat Excretion: A Randomized Controlled Single-Blind Crossover Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113496.
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Dietary fibers can affect appetite and gut metabolism, but the effect of the novel potato fibers FiberBind and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) is unknown. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of daily intake of FiberBind and RG-I on appetite sensations and fecal fat excretion. In a single-blinded, randomized, three-way crossover trial, wheat buns with FiberBind, RG-I, or low fiber (control) were consumed by 18 healthy men during a 21-day period. Appetite sensation and blood samples during a 3 h meal test, fecal fat content, and ad libitum energy intake were assessed after each period. Compared to RG-I and control, FiberBind caused a higher composite satiety score (6% ± 2% and 5% ± 2%), lower prospective food consumption (5% ± 2% and 6% ± 2%), and lower desire to eat (7% ± 3% and 6% ± 3%) (all p < 0.05). FiberBind also caused higher satiety (6% ± 2%) and fullness (9% ± 3%) compared to RG-I (all p < 0.01). No effects on fecal fat excretion or energy intake were found. The RG-I fiber caused higher postprandial glucose concentration compared to FiberBind (p < 0.05) and higher insulin concentration at 180 min compared to control (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, RG-I and FiberBind lowered peak insulin concentration (both p < 0.05) and delayed time to peak for glucose (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, FiberBind intake could be beneficial for appetite regulation, but neither FiberBind nor RG-I affected fecal fat excretion or energy intake.
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Jeong, Tae-Jun, Tae-Kyung Kim, Hyun-Wook Kim, and Yun-Sang Choi. "Effects of red glasswort as sodium chloride substitute on the physicochemical properties of pork loin ham." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0193.
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Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of red glasswort (RG) (<i>Salicornia herbacea</i> L.) curing on the physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of cooked pork loin ham (<i>M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum</i>).Methods: All treatments were cured with different salt and RG powder levels. RG0 treatment was prepared with only 4% NaCl (w/w) as a control, and RG25, 3% NaCl:1% RG (w/w); RG50, 2% NaCl:2% RG (w/w); RG75, 1% NaCl:3% RG (w/w); RG100, 0% NaCl:4% RG (w/w) treatments were prepared sequentially. All samples were individually vacuum packaged in polyethylene bags and stored for 7 d at 3°C±1°C.Results: The results showed that as the rate of RG substitution increased, pH value, redness, myofibrillar protein solubility, and myofibrillar fragmentation index increased (p<0.05), but salt concentration and shear force decreased (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in cooking loss and moisture content. In terms of sensory evaluation, RG100 exhibited higher scores in tenderness and juiciness than RG0 (p<0.05).Conclusion: The partial substitution of NaCl by RG could improve the physicochemical properties, textural and sensory characteristics of cooked pork loin. Therefore, it is suggested that RG as a natural salt replacer could be an effective ingredient for developing low-sodium cured hams.
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Choi, Suyun, Joo Weon Lim, and Hyeyoung Kim. "Korean Red Ginseng Inhibits Amyloid-β-Induced Apoptosis and Nucling Expression in Human Neuronal Cells." Pharmacology 105, no. 9-10 (2020): 586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505592.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque in the brain is a characteristic feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the cause of fatal oxidative damage to neuronal cells. Korean red ginseng (RG) is used extensively in traditional medicine and is known to have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study aims to investigate whether Korean RG extract inhibits Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Human neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y cells) were stimulated with Aβ (5 μmol/L) and treated with RG dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (0.2, 2, 20 μg/mL). <b><i>Results:</i></b> RG suppressed the reduction of cell viability and the increase in apoptotic factors (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activity) in Aβ-treated cells. RG suppressed Aβ-induced increases in intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and mitochondrial dysfunction (determined by low mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rate) in a dose-dependent manner. RG inhibited nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) activation and expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Nucling in Aβ-treated cells. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> RG confers protection against neuronal apoptosis by reducing ROS levels and suppressing mitochondrial dysfunction and NF-κB activation, which results in suppression of NF-κB-mediated activation of Nucling expression in Aβ-treated cells. Supplementation with RG may be beneficial for preventing Aβ-induced neuronal cell death associated with AD.
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Danchev, Peter. "Isomorphism Characterization of Divisible Groups in Modular Abelian Group Rings." gmj 16, no. 1 (March 2009): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gmj.2009.49.
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Abstract Suppose G is an abelian group with a p-subgroup H and R is a commutative unitary ring of prime characteristic p with trivial nil-radical. We give a complete description up to isomorphism of the maximal divisible subgroups of 1 + I(RG;H) and (1 + I(RG;H))=H, respectively, where I(RG;H) denotes the relative augmentation ideal of the group algebra RG with respect to H. This paper terminates a series of works by the author on the topic, first of which are [Danchev, Rad. Mat. 13: 23–32, 2004] and [Danchev, Bull. Georgian Acad. Sci. 174: 238–242, 2006].
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PUTHENPURAKAL, TONY J. "Local cohomology modules of invariant rings." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 160, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004115000729.
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AbstractLetKbe a field and letRbe a regular domain containingK. LetGbe a finite subgroup of the group of automorphisms ofR. We assume that |G| is invertible inK. LetRGbe the ring of invariants ofG. LetIbe an ideal inRG. Fixi⩾ 0. IfRGis Gorenstein then:(i)injdimRGHiI(RG) ⩽ dim SuppHiI(RG);(ii)$H^j_{\mathfrak{m}}$(HiI(RG)) is injective, where$\mathfrak{m}$is any maximal ideal ofRG;(iii)μj(P, HiI(RG)) =μj(P′,HiIR(R)) whereP′ is any prime inRlying aboveP.We also prove that ifPis a prime ideal inRGwithRGPnot Gorensteinthen either the bass numbersμj(P, HiI(RG)) is zero for alljor there existscsuch thatμj(P, HiI(RG)) = 0 forj<candμj(P, HiI(RG)) > 0 for allj⩾c.
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Gilligan, Bruce. "On closed radical orbits in homogeneous complex manifolds." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 54, no. 3 (December 1996): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700021766.
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Suppose G is a complex Lie group having a finite number of connected components and H is a closed complex subgroup of G with H° solvable. Let RG denote the radical of G. We show the existence of closed complex subgroups I and J of G containing H such that I/H is a connected solvmanifold with I° ⊃ RG, the space G/J has a Klein form SG/A, where A is an algebraic subgroup of the semisimple complex Lie group SG: = G/RG, and, unless I = J, the space J/I has Klein form , where is a Zariski dense discrete subgroup of some connected positive dimensional semisimple complex Lie group Ŝ.
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Humerez-Flores, Jessika N., Sarah H. E. Verkempinck, Clare Kyomugasho, Paula Moldenaers, Ann M. Van Loey, and Marc E. Hendrickx. "Modified Rhamnogalacturonan-Rich Apple Pectin-Derived Structures: The Relation between Their Structural Characteristics and Emulsifying and Emulsion-Stabilizing Properties." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071586.
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In the context of the increasing interest in natural food ingredients, the emulsifying and emulsion-stabilizing properties of three rhamnogalacturonan-rich apple pectin-derived samples were assessed by evaluating a range of physicochemical properties. An apple pectin (AP74) was structurally modified by a β-eliminative reaction to obtain a RG-I-rich pectin sample (AP-RG). Subsequent acid hydrolysis of AP-RG led to the generation of pectin material with partially removed side chains (in particular arabinose depleted) (AP-RG-hydrolyzed), thus exhibiting differences in rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose in comparison to AP-RG. All samples exhibited surface activity to some extent, especially under acidic conditions (pH 2.5). Furthermore, the viscosity of the samples was assessed in relation to their emulsion-stabilizing properties. In a stability study, it was observed that the non-degraded AP74 sample at pH 2.5 exhibited the best performance among all the apple pectin-derived samples evaluated. This emulsion presented relatively small oil droplets upon emulsion production and was less prone to creaming than the emulsions stabilized by the (lower molecular weight) RG-I-rich materials. The AP-RG and AP-RG-hydrolyzed samples presented a slightly better emulsion stability at pH 6.0 than at pH 2.5. Yet, neither pectin sample was considered having good emulsifying and emulsion-stabilizing properties, indicated by the presence of coalesced and flocculated oil droplets.
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Irges, Nikos, and Fotis Koutroulis. "RG flows in non-perturbative gauge-Higgs unification I." Nuclear Physics B 937 (December 2018): 135–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2018.10.009.
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Lynch, M. A., and L. A. Staehelin. "Domain-specific and cell type-specific localization of two types of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the clover root tip." Journal of Cell Biology 118, no. 2 (July 15, 1992): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.118.2.467.
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Using immunocytochemical techniques and antibodies that specifically recognize xyloglucan (anti-XG), polygalacturonic acid/rhamnogalacturonan I (anti-PGA/RG-I), and methylesterified pectins (JIM 7), we have shown that these polysaccharides are differentially synthesized and localized during cell development and differentiation in the clover root tip. In cortical cells XG epitopes are present at a threefold greater density in the newly formed cross walls than in the older longitudinal walls, and PGA/RG-I epitopes are detected solely in the expanded middle lamella of cortical cell corners, even after pretreatment of sections with pectinmethylesterase to uncover masked epitopes. These results suggest that in cortical cells XG and PGA/RG-I are differentially localized not only to particular wall domains, but also to particular cell walls. In contrast to their nonoverlapping distribution in cortical cells, XG epitopes and PGA/RG-I epitopes largely colocalize in the epidermal cell walls. The results also demonstrate that the middle lamella of the longitudinal walls shared by epidermal cells and by epidermal and cortical cells constitutes a barrier to the diffusion of cell wall and mucilage molecules. Synthesis of XG and PGA/RG-I epitope-containing polysaccharides also varies during cellular differentiation in the root cap. The differentiation of gravitropic columella cells into mucilage-secreting peripheral cells is marked by a dramatic increase in the synthesis and secretion of molecules containing XG and PGA/RG-I epitopes. In contrast, JIM 7 epitopes are present at abundant levels in columella cell walls, but are not detectable in peripheral cell walls or in secreted mucilage. There were also changes in the cisternal labeling of the Golgi stacks during cellular differentiation in the root tip. Whereas PGA/RG-I epitopes are detected primarily in cis- and medial Golgi cisternae in cortical cells (Moore, P. J., K. M. M. Swords, M. A. Lynch, and L. A. Staehelin. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 112:589-602), they are localized predominantly in the trans-Golgi cisternae and the trans-Golgi network in epidermal and peripheral root cap cells. These observations suggest that during cellular differentiation the plant Golgi apparatus can be both structurally and functionally reorganized.
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Ludwiczuk, Agnieszka, Barbara Kołodziej, and Tadeusz Wolski. "The content and the composition of ginsenosides in different parts of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.)." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 1 (2012): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.053.
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Percentage of ginsenosides in roots of American ginseng is ranged from 6.5 to 12.5%. 4-year-old roots are characterized by the highest content of ginsenosides. The highest amount of ginsenosides was found in ginseng leaves (24.8 - 37.5%). Stems and fruits of <i>Panax quinquefolium</i> are characterized by much lower content of saponins. Maximum level of ginsenosides, in case of leaves, stems and fruits, was observed in 4-year-old organs. The results show, that Polish ginseng for medicinal uses should be harvested from fourth year of plant vegetation. Qualitative TLC analysis showed presence of the same ginsenosides in the same ginseng organs in different age of plants. In ginseng rots were identified 6 compounds: Rb<sub>1</sub>, Re, Rc, Rd, Rg<sub>1</sub> and Rg<sub>2</sub>, in leaves 7: Rb<sub>1</sub>, Rb<sub>2</sub>, Rc, Re, Rd, Rg<sub>1</sub> and Rg<sub>2</sub>; in stems 6 ginsenosides: Rb<sub>1</sub>, Rc, Re, Rd, Rg<sub>1</sub> and Rg<sub>2</sub>, instead in fruits 5 compounds: Rb<sub>2</sub>, Re, Rd, Rg<sub>1</sub> and Rg<sub>2</sub>.
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Kalinkov, M., and I. Kuneva. "Space Distribution of the Richest Abell Clusters of Galaxies." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900136629.
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We discuss four samples from the Abell (1958) catalog of clusters of galaxies. Our samples are drawn out from the Abell sample and all clusters have richness 2 and 3. With Ho = 100 km/s/Mpc and qo = +1, we examine the following volumes, defined for both galactic hemispheres: (i)RG 3: b 40° for 0° < 1 360° and b 30° for 90° < 1 240°, distance 300 < R < 750 Mpc, N = 35 clusters, 30 of which with known redshift;(ii)RG 3: b −35° for 15° < 1 232°, 150 < R < 600 Mpc, N = 15 (13);(iii)RG 2: b and 1 as (i), 60 < R < 525 Mpc, N = 110 (55);(iv)RG 2: b and 1 as (ii), 120 < R < 600 Mpc, N = 102(14).
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Duhrsen, U., JL Villeval, J. Boyd, G. Kannourakis, G. Morstyn, and D. Metcalf. "Effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hematopoietic progenitor cells in cancer patients." Blood 72, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.6.2074.2074.
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Abstract Hematopoietic progenitor cell levels were monitored in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of 30 cancer patients receiving recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating-factor (rG-CSF) in a phase I/II clinical trial. The absolute number of circulating progenitor cells of granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, and megakaryocyte lineages showed a dose-related increase up to 100-fold after four days of treatment with rG-CSF and often remained elevated two days after the cessation of therapy. The relative frequency of different types of progenitor cells in peripheral blood remained unchanged. The frequency of progenitor cells in the marrow was variable after rG-CSF treatment but in most patients was slightly decreased. The responsiveness of bone marrow progenitor cells to stimulation in vitro by rG-CSF and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not change significantly during rG-CSF treatment. In patients nine days after treatment with melphalan and then rG-CSF, progenitor cell levels were very low with doses of rG-CSF at or below 10 micrograms/kg/d, but equaled or exceeded pretreatment values when 30 or 60 micrograms/kg/d of rG-CSF was given.
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Duhrsen, U., JL Villeval, J. Boyd, G. Kannourakis, G. Morstyn, and D. Metcalf. "Effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hematopoietic progenitor cells in cancer patients." Blood 72, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.6.2074.bloodjournal7262074.
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Hematopoietic progenitor cell levels were monitored in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of 30 cancer patients receiving recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating-factor (rG-CSF) in a phase I/II clinical trial. The absolute number of circulating progenitor cells of granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, and megakaryocyte lineages showed a dose-related increase up to 100-fold after four days of treatment with rG-CSF and often remained elevated two days after the cessation of therapy. The relative frequency of different types of progenitor cells in peripheral blood remained unchanged. The frequency of progenitor cells in the marrow was variable after rG-CSF treatment but in most patients was slightly decreased. The responsiveness of bone marrow progenitor cells to stimulation in vitro by rG-CSF and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not change significantly during rG-CSF treatment. In patients nine days after treatment with melphalan and then rG-CSF, progenitor cell levels were very low with doses of rG-CSF at or below 10 micrograms/kg/d, but equaled or exceeded pretreatment values when 30 or 60 micrograms/kg/d of rG-CSF was given.
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Spassov, Branimir, Donka Vassileva, Georgi Mihaylov, Gueorgui Balatzenko, and Margarita Guenova. "Serum Albumin and Peripheral Blood Neutrophils at Diagnosis May Provide Additional Prognostic Information in Primary Nodal Diffuse Large-B-Cell Lymphoma Patients Treated with R-CHOP." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5304.5304.
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Abstract Background and Aim: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can present both as a primary nodal or extranodal neoplasm. Some studies claimed a separate origin for nodal and extranodal lymphomas and it has been even suggested that these could be regarded as separate nosological entities. However, the standard of care in DLBCL patients (pts) is rituximab-CHOP immunochemotherapy (R-CHOP), and the prognostic stratification is performed by the Enhanced Revised International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI), identifying 4 distinct [low (L), low-intermediate (LI), high-intermediate (HI) and high (H)] risk groups (RGs). A lot of new prognostic markers such as serum albumin (SA), serum β2-microglobulin (B2M), hemoglobin level (Hb), absolute neutrophil (ANC), lymphocyte (ALC), monocyte (AMC) and platelet counts etc. have been introduced into the clinical practice to perform better pts' stratification. However, data on the importance of these factors particularly in primary nodal (PN) DLBCL pts are still limited. Therefore, we aimed to access the prognostic impact of these markers regarding overallsurvival (OS) across the different NCCN-IPI RG of R-CHOP treated PN-DLBCL pts. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcome of 174 R-CHOP treated PN-DLBCL pts at a median age 58.4 years. Pts were stratified using NCCN-IPI into L (24.1%), LI (43.1%), HI (24.7%) and H (8.1%) RGs. Laboratory levels of SA, B2M, Hb, ANC, ALC, AMC and PC were recorded, and LMR and NLR - calculated. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to illustrate in our data set the best cut off values of SA, B2M, Hb, ANC, ALC, AMC, PC, LMR and NLR to predict OS by Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis to evaluate differences between variables was performed by the log rank. A multivariate analysis was performed by Cox proportional-hazards models. Results: The estimated 5-year OS was 79.4%, 51.5%, 20.1% and 16.2% for NCCN-IPI L, LI, HI and H-risk pts, respectively (p<0.001). Univariate analysis showed that inferior OS was associated significantly with decreased SA (≤39.4 g/L), elevated B2M (>3.2 mg/L), elevated ANC (>5.19 x 109), reduced ALC (≤1.38 x 109), elevated AMC (>0.515 x 109), decreased LMR (≤1.77), increased NLR (>2.97), lower Hb level (≤134 g/L), presented as dichotomized variables. Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent prognostic impact only for SA (p<0.001) and ANC (p=0.011). Based on the dichotomized SA and ANC values a SA/ANC prognostic index (PI) was created stratifying pts into 3 RG: favorable (F) [SA >39.4 g/L and ANC ≤5.19 x 109], intermediate (I) [SA ≤39.4 g/L or ANC >5.19 x 109] and poor (P) - risk [SA ≤39.4 g/L and ANC ≤5.19 x 109] populations. The estimated 5-year OS differed significantly in SA/ANC PI RG, as follows: 92.8% in F-RG, 48.4% in I-RG, and 0% in P-RG (p<0.001). Median OS for I- and P- SA/ANC PI RG was 2.54 and 1.13 years, respectively and not reached for the F-risk pts. We sought to determine whether the SA/ANC PI may provide additional prognostic information within the NCCN-IPI RG. No statistics could be calculated within the L-RG due to the low number of deaths - 9.5% (4/42), and in the H-RG due to the low number of patients (n=14), respectively. However, within the LI-RG the SA/ANC PI allowed us to discriminate 3 subgroups, characterized by significant differences in the OS (p<0.001): no patient within the P-RG was alive at 5years and the median OS was only 1.13 years; while 5-years OS was 77% and 87.7% in the I-RG and F-RG, respectively, and the median was not reached in both RG. Similarly, within the NCCN-IPI HI-RG the application of SA/ANC PI allowed us to discriminate 3 subgroups, characterized by significant differences in OS: no patient within the P-RG was alive at 5 years and the median OS was 1.29 years; while 5-years OS was 30.6% (median OS - 1.66 yrs) in the I-RG and 100% (median OS not reached) in the F-RG. The introduction of the SA/ANC PI allowed for defining favorable subgroups within the IPI LI- and HI RGs with 5-yrs OS comparable to IPI L-RG. Conclusion: The present study provided evidence for the independent prognostic significance ofSA and ANC in regard to survival in patients with PN-DLBCL. Adding these variables to prognostic models such as the NCCN-IPI score might improve the predictive ability, particularly within the NCCN-IPI LI and HI risk groups, where the introduction of SA/LMR PI allowed for identifying favorable subgroups comparable to the NCCN-IPI L-RG in terms of OS. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Woolgar, E. "Some applications of Ricci flow in physics." Canadian Journal of Physics 86, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p07-146.
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I discuss certain applications of the Ricci flow in physics. I first review how it arises in the renormalization group (RG) flow of a nonlinear sigma model. I then review the concept of a Ricci soliton and recall how a soliton was used to discuss the RG flow of mass in two dimensions. I then present recent results obtained with Oliynyk on the flow of mass in higher dimensions. The final section discusses how Ricci flow may arise in general relativity, particularly for static metrics.PACS Nos.: 02.40Ky, 02.30Ik, 04.20.–q
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Kim, Jong-Yeon, Timothy R. Koves, Geng-Sheng Yu, Tod Gulick, Ronald N. Cortright, G. Lynis Dohm, and Deborah M. Muoio. "Evidence of a malonyl-CoA-insensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity in red skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 282, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): E1014—E1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00233.2001.
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), which is expressed as two distinct isoforms in liver (α) and muscle (β), catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the transport of fatty acid into the mitochondria. Malonyl-CoA, a potent inhibitor of CPT I, is considered a key regulator of fatty acid oxidation in both tissues. Still unanswered is how muscle β-oxidation proceeds despite malonyl-CoA concentrations that exceed the IC50 for CPT Iβ. We evaluated malonyl-CoA-suppressible [14C]palmitate oxidation and CPT I activity in homogenates of red (RG) and white (WG) gastrocnemius, soleus (SOL), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Adding 10 μM malonyl-CoA inhibited palmitate oxidation by 29, 39, 60, and 89% in RG, SOL, EDL, and WG, respectively. Thus malonyl-CoA resistance, which correlated strongly (0.678) with absolute oxidation rates (RG > SOL > EDL > WG), was greater in red than in white muscles. Similarly, malonyl-CoA-resistant palmitate oxidation and CPT I activity were greater in mitochondria from RG compared with WG. Ribonuclease protection assays were performed to evaluate whether our data might be explained by differential expression of CPT I splice variants. We detected the presence of two CPT Iβ splice variants that were more abundant in red compared with white muscle, but the relative expression of the two mRNA species was unrelated to malonyl-CoA resistance. These results provide evidence of a malonyl-CoA-insensitive CPT I activity in red muscle, suggesting fiber type-specific expression of distinct CPT I isoforms and/or posttranslational modulations that have yet to be elucidated.
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Roy, Denis, Erlingur Jóhannsson, Arend Bonen, and André Marette. "Electrical stimulation induces fiber type-specific translocation of GLUT-4 to T tubules in skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 273, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): E688—E694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.4.e688.
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Insulin and contraction independently stimulate glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Whereas insulin activates glucose transport more in muscles composed of type I and IIa fibers, electrical stimulation increases glucose transport at least as much in type IIb fiber-enriched muscles despite the fact that the latter fiber type contains less GLUT-4 glucose transporters. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a greater GLUT-4 translocation to the cell surface may underlie the higher contraction-stimulated glucose transport in type IIb myofibers. Leg muscles from rats were stimulated in situ at 100 Hz (200 ms) each 2 s via the sciatic nerve over a period of 20 min while the contralateral leg was kept at rest. Muscle 2-[3H]deoxy-d-glucose uptake (2-DG) was measured in separated red gastrocnemius (RG, type I and IIa fibers) and white gastrocnemius (WG, type IIb fibers) muscles. Resting 2-DG uptake was greater in RG than WG. Electrical stimulation increased 2-DG uptake over resting values similarly in WG and RG. Fractions enriched with either plasma membranes, transverse (T) tubules, triads, or GLUT-4-enriched intracellular membranes were isolated from RG and WG using a recently developed subcellular fractionation procedure. Electrical stimulation similarly increased GLUT-4 protein content in plasma membranes of RG and WG, whereas it stimulated GLUT-4 translocation more (∼50%) in T tubules of WG than in RG. GLUT-4 content was not changed in triads of both muscle types. The increments in cell surface GLUT-4 protein levels were paralleled by significant reductions in the amount of the transporter in the intracellular membrane fractions of both muscle types (by 60% in RG and 56% in WG). It is concluded that electrically induced contraction stimulates GLUT-4 translocation more in T tubules of WG than RG. The physiological implications of this finding for glucose uptake by contracting RG and WG muscles is discussed.
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Huang, Shan, Hai Feng Liu, Xianghua Quan, Yan Jin, Guangshan Xuan, Ren-Bo An, Tsering Dikye, and Bin Li. "Rhamnella gilgitica Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-Induced Murine Macrophages and Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rats." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44, no. 07 (January 2016): 1379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x16500774.
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Rhamnella gilgitica Mansf. et Melch, which belongs to the rhamnus family (Rhamnaceae), is traditionally used to treat rheumatism, swelling and pain in China. However, little is known about the pharmacological activities of this plant. The anti-inflammatory activities of the 70% ethanol extract of R. gilgitica (RG) in RAW264.7 macrophages and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritic rats are investigated in this study for the first time. The effects of RG on cell viability were determined by a MTT assay, and the effects of RG on pro-inflammatory mediators were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot. The effects of RG on paw thickness, thymus and spleen index were also examined in CFA-induced arthritic rats. RG suppressed the induction of proinflammatory mediators, including iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), NO (nitric oxide), COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and PG (prostaglandin) E2 in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. RG also inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of I[Formula: see text]B-[Formula: see text], as well as the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-[Formula: see text]B) p65. In addition, RG treatment significantly reduced the paw thickness in CFA-induced arthritic rats. Oral administration of RG led to a significant decrease of both the thymus and spleen index at a concentration of 100[Formula: see text]mg/mL. Taken together, these findings suggest that RG might be an agent for further development in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Stephens, C. R. "Why Two Renormalization Groups are Better Than One." International Journal of Modern Physics B 12, no. 12n13 (May 30, 1998): 1379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979298000788.
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The advantages of using more than one renormalization group (RG) in problems with more than one important length scale are discussed. It is shown that: i) using different RG's can lead to complementary information, i.e. what is very difficult to calculate with an RG based on one flow parameter may be much more accesible using another; ii) using more than one RG requires less physical input in order to describe via RG methods the theory as a function of its parameters; iii) using more than one RG allows one to describe problems with more than one diverging length scale. The above points are illustrated concretely in the context of both particle physics and statistical physics using the techniques of environmentally friendly renormalization. Specifically, finite temperature λφ4 theory, an Ising-type system in a film geometry, an Ising-type system in a transverse magnetic field, the QCD coupling constant at finite temperature and the crossover between bulk and surface critical behavior in a semi-infinite system are considered.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ayan. "Understanding the holographic principle via RG flow." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 34 (December 6, 2016): 1630059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16300593.
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This is a review of some recent works which demonstrate how the classical equations of gravity in AdS themselves hold the key to understand their holographic origin in the form of a strongly coupled large N QFT whose algebra of local operators can be generated by a few (single-trace) elements. I discuss how this can be realized by reformulating Einstein’s equations in AdS in the form of a nonperturbative RG flow that further leads to a new approach toward constructing strongly interacting QFTs. In particular, the RG flow can self-determine the UV data that are otherwise obtained by solving classical gravity equations and demanding that the solutions do not have naked singularities. For a concrete demonstration, I focus on the hydrodynamic limit in which case this RG flow connects the AdS/CFT correspondence with the membrane paradigm, and also reproduces the known values of the dual QFT transport coefficients.
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Bezaire, Veronic, George J. F. Heigenhauser, and Lawrence L. Spriet. "Regulation of CPT I activity in intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal mitochondria from human and rat skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 286, no. 1 (January 2004): E85—E91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00237.2003.
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) is considered the rate-limiting enzyme in the transfer of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) into the mitochondria and is reversibly inhibited by malonyl-CoA (M-CoA) in vitro. In rat skeletal muscle, M-CoA levels decrease during exercise, releasing the inhibition of CPT I and increasing LCFA oxidation. However, in human skeletal muscle, M-CoA levels do not change during moderate-intensity exercise despite large increases in fat oxidation, suggesting that M-CoA is not the sole regulator of increased CPT I activity during exercise. In the present study, we measured CPT I activity in intermyofibrillar (IMF) and subsarcolemmal (SS) mitochondria isolated from human vastus lateralis (VL), rat soleus (Sol), and red gastrocnemius (RG) muscles. We tested whether exercise-related levels (∼65% maximal O2 uptake) of calcium and adenylate charge metabolites (free AMP, ADP, and Pi) could override the M-CoA-induced inhibition of CPT I activity and explain the increased CPT I flux during exercise. Protein content was ∼25-40% higher in IMF than in SS mitochondria in all muscles. Maximal CPT I activity was similar in IMF and SS mitochondria in all muscles (VL: 282 ± 46 vs. 280 ± 51; Sol: 390 ± 81 vs. 368 ± 82; RG: 252 ± 71 vs. 278 ± 44 nmol·min-1·mg protein-1). Sensitivity to M-CoA did not differ between IMF and SS mitochondria in all muscles (25-31% inhibition in VL, 52-70% in Sol and RG). Calcium and adenylate charge metabolites did not override the M-CoA-induced inhibition of CPT I activity in mitochondria isolated from VL, Sol, and RG muscles. Decreasing pH from 7.1 to 6.8 reduced CPT I activity by ∼34-40% in both VL mitochondrial fractions. In summary, this study reports no differences in CPT I activity or sensitivity to M-CoA between IMF and SS mitochondria isolated from human and rat skeletal muscles. Exercise-induced increases in calcium and adenylate charge metabolites do not appear responsible for upregulating CPT I activity in human or rat skeletal muscle during moderate aerobic exercise.
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Parmenter, M. M., E. Spiegel, and P. N. Stewart. "The Periodic Radical of Group Rings and Incidence Algebras." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 41, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-1998-063-4.
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AbstractLet R be a ring with 1 and P(R) the periodic radical of R. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for P(RG) = 0 when RG is the group ring of an FC group G and R is commutative. We also obtain a complete description of when I(X, R) is the incidence algebra of a locally finite partially ordered set X and R is commutative.
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Takenaka, Yuto, Kohei Kato, Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi, Kana Tsuruhama, Hiroyuki Kajiura, Kenta Yagyu, Atsushi Takeda, et al. "Pectin RG-I rhamnosyltransferases represent a novel plant-specific glycosyltransferase family." Nature Plants 4, no. 9 (August 6, 2018): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0217-7.
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Gerbaud, Vincent, Nadine Gabas, Jacques Blouin, Patrice Pellerin, and Michel Moutounet. "Influence of wine polysaccharides and polyphenols on the crystallization of potassium hydrogen tartrate." OENO One 31, no. 2 (June 30, 1997): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1997.31.2.1087.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHT) is a natural compound of wine which crystallizes spontaneously. Whereas crystal occurrence can be considered as a sign of goodness in old and famous vintage wines, it is usually thought of as a serious failure for most consumers, even though it does not alter wine quality. An efficient and cheap process of wine stabilization versus KHT crystallization has to be found yet. An alternate process to physical stabilization of wines may lie in the addition of an inhibitor of KHT crystallization. Bearing this in mind, we have investigated the effect of several polysaccharides and total polyphenols fractions on KHT crystallization through the measurement of crystal appearance time (induction time) with and without any macromolecule.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Red wines. white wines and KHT supersaturated hydroalcoholic solution exhibit different behaviours versus KHT crystallization, red wines crystallizing less easily than white wines and far less easily th an hydroalcoholic solution. Those differences can be explained by our results. The innate inhibition of red wines is the sum of the inhibiting effects of rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I and RG-II), yeasts mannoproteins present in wine and of total polyphenols. Arabinogalactans show no effect on KHT crystallization whereas rhamnogalacturonans display a peculiar concentration dependent behaviour : crystal appearance is accelerated at low concentration and slowed at high concentration. More strongly observed for RG-1I2 fractions, this feature is confirmed by a theory of crystallization in the presence of an additive. The theory predicts that RG-I has almost no effect on the nucleation phenomenon whereas RG-1I2 enhances this phenomenon. Both RG-l and RG-1I2 inhibit crystal growth by adsorption on crystal growth sites, as contirmed by single crystal growth experiments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Red wine tendency to be more difficult to stabilize versus KHT crystallization by cooling than white wine is due to the concentration in RG-II and in total polyphenols : low RG-II content in white wine accelerates crystal appearance whereas high RG-Il content in red wine slows crystal appearance. Thus it intensifies the inhibition due to the high total polyphenol content in red wine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mannoproteins extracted from yeast cell walls inhibit KHT crystallization far more than yeast mannoproteins present in wine. However, their efficiency is reduced as temperature is lowered.</p>
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Öneş, Ortaç, Mustafa Alkan, and Mehmet Uc. "On submodules of modules over group rings." Filomat 34, no. 2 (2020): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2002575o.
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In this paper, we find some connections between submodules of a module over a group ring RG and subgroups of a group G. Also, we prove that there is a direct connection between conjugate elements of G and RG-submodules of M. Finally, we show that there is a correspondence between the associative powers ?iM(G) of ?M(G) and ith dimension subgroups ?(?i R(G)) of G over R.
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Fukushima, N., H. Nishina, Y. Koishihara, and H. Ohkawa. "Enhanced hematopoiesis in vivo and in vitro by splenic stromal cells derived from the mouse with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor." Blood 80, no. 8 (October 15, 1992): 1914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v80.8.1914.1914.
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Abstract Splenic stromal cells (CF-1 cells) were established from a mouse administered recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) to clarify the mechanism of splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis induced by the factor. The cells were negative for alkaline phosphatase, factor VIII-related antigen, mac I, and phagocytosis. They were positive for acid phosphatase, collagen type I, collagen type III, and fibronectin. CF-1 cells were not converted to adipocytes in a confluent culture with 10(-6) mol/L hydrocortisone. [35S]rG-CSF bound to CF-1 cells specifically in the growth phase but not in the resting phase. The CF-1 cells had greater colony-stimulating activities than the normal splenic stromal cells. When CF-1 cells were added to bone marrow cells in the spleen colony-forming cells (CFU-S) assay, the number of colonies in the spleen increased between 1.4 and 1.8 times the control without these stromal cells. On the other hand, the normal splenic stromal cells had no effect on increasing the number of CFU-S colonies. Therefore, these data suggest that a factor- dependent hematopoietic microenvironment is generated in the spleen by rG-CSF, and the stromal cells that have the hematopoietic potency become dominant in splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis induced by rG- CSF.
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Fukushima, N., H. Nishina, Y. Koishihara, and H. Ohkawa. "Enhanced hematopoiesis in vivo and in vitro by splenic stromal cells derived from the mouse with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor." Blood 80, no. 8 (October 15, 1992): 1914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v80.8.1914.bloodjournal8081914.
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Splenic stromal cells (CF-1 cells) were established from a mouse administered recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) to clarify the mechanism of splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis induced by the factor. The cells were negative for alkaline phosphatase, factor VIII-related antigen, mac I, and phagocytosis. They were positive for acid phosphatase, collagen type I, collagen type III, and fibronectin. CF-1 cells were not converted to adipocytes in a confluent culture with 10(-6) mol/L hydrocortisone. [35S]rG-CSF bound to CF-1 cells specifically in the growth phase but not in the resting phase. The CF-1 cells had greater colony-stimulating activities than the normal splenic stromal cells. When CF-1 cells were added to bone marrow cells in the spleen colony-forming cells (CFU-S) assay, the number of colonies in the spleen increased between 1.4 and 1.8 times the control without these stromal cells. On the other hand, the normal splenic stromal cells had no effect on increasing the number of CFU-S colonies. Therefore, these data suggest that a factor- dependent hematopoietic microenvironment is generated in the spleen by rG-CSF, and the stromal cells that have the hematopoietic potency become dominant in splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis induced by rG- CSF.
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Delfino, Gabriel Borges, João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan, Karina Maria Cancelliero, and Carlos Alberto da Silva. "Efeito do sulfato de vanadil sobre o comprometimento metabólico muscular induzido pela imobilização de membro posterior de ratos." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 12, no. 6 (December 2006): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-86922006000600011.
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A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sulfato de vanadil (SV) no perfil metabólico muscular de membro posterior imobilizado de ratos. Ratos Wistar foram divididos nos grupos (n = 6): controle (C), imobilizado em posição neutra do tornozelo (I), tratado com sulfato de vanadil (SV, 0,25mM, VO) e imobilizado tratado com SV (I + SV) durante sete dias. Após o período experimental, foram avaliadas as reservas de glicogênio (RG) dos músculos sóleo (S), gastrocnêmio branco (GB) e vermelho (GV), tibial anterior (TA) e extensor longo dos dedos (ELD), além do peso do S e ELD. A análise estatística foi realizada pela ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). No grupo SV, os resultados mostraram elevação significativa nas RG (S 110%, GB 71%, GV 85%, TA 125%, EDL 108%) e no peso (S 9%, EDL 11%). A imobilização reduziu significativamente as RG (S 31,6%, GB 56,6%, GV 39,1%, ELD 41,7%, TA 45,2%) e peso (S 34,2% e ELD 27%); já no grupo I + SV, houve o aumento das RG em todos os músculos (S 211%, GB 115%, GV 148%, ELD 161,9%, TA 147%), além de impedir a perda de peso do S (75%) e ELD (46%). O tratamento com sulfato de vanadil promoveu elevação nas reservas de glicogênio do grupo controle e imobilizado, além de impedir a perda de peso, demonstrando que seu efeito insulino-mimético é representado pela ação glicogênica associado a uma possível ação anticatabólica.
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Falcone, Carmen, Elisa Penna, Tiffany Hong, Alice F. Tarantal, Patrick R. Hof, William D. Hopkins, Chet C. Sherwood, Stephen C. Noctor, and Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño. "Cortical Interlaminar Astrocytes Are Generated Prenatally, Mature Postnatally, and Express Unique Markers in Human and Nonhuman Primates." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa231.
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Abstract Interlaminar astrocytes (ILAs) are a subset of cortical astrocytes that reside in layer I, express GFAP, have a soma contacting the pia, and contain long interlaminar processes that extend through several cortical layers. We studied the prenatal and postnatal development of ILAs in three species of primates (rhesus macaque, chimpanzee, and human). We found that ILAs are generated prenatally likely from radial glial (RG) cells, that ILAs proliferate locally during gestation, and that ILAs extend interlaminar processes during postnatal stages of development. We showed that the density and morphological complexity of ILAs increase with age, and that ILAs express multiple markers that are expressed by RG cells (Pax6, Sox2, and Nestin), specific to inner and outer RG cells (Cryab and Hopx), and astrocyte markers (S100β, Aqp4, and GLAST) in prenatal stages and in adult. Finally, we demonstrated that rudimentary ILAs in mouse also express the RG markers Pax6, Sox2, and Nestin, but do not express S100β, Cryab, or Hopx, and that the density and morphological complexity of ILAs differ between primate species and mouse. Together these findings contribute new information on astrogenesis of this unique class of cells and suggest a lineal relationship between RG cells and ILAs.
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Husain, Ali A., and Kirpal S. Bisht. "Synthesis of a novel resorcin[4]arene–glucose conjugate and its catalysis of the CuAAC reaction for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in water." RSC Advances 9, no. 18 (2019): 10109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00972h.
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Kalinkov, M., and I. Kuneva. "A New Catalog of Superclusters of Galaxies." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900136630.
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A technique developed by us for searching for superclusters of galaxies (Kalinkov and Kuneva, 1985, 1986) has been applied to the both main catalogs of clusters of galaxies, as well as to some subcatalogs: (i)all Abell (1958) clusters,(ii)rich A-clusters (RG > 0),(iii)very rich A-clusters (RG > 1),(iv)X-ray A-clusters,(v)Zwicky et al. (1961–1968) clusters,(vi)A-clusters, identified in the Zwicky catalog.
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Kim, Jong Sik, and Geoffrey Daniel. "Distributional variation of lignin and non-cellulosic polysaccharide epitopes in different pit membranes of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings." IAWA Journal 35, no. 4 (December 6, 2014): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000075.
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Microdistribution of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in pit membranes of bordered pits (intertracheid pits between adjacent tracheids), cross-field pits (half bordered pits between tracheids and ray parenchyma cells) and ray pits (simple pits in nodular end walls of ray parenchyma cells) was investigated in mature earlywood of juvenile Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings using immunocytochemistry combined with monoclonal antibodies specific to (1→4)-β-galactan (LM5), (1→5)-α-arabinan (LM6), homogalacturonan (HG, LM19, LM20), xyloglucan (LM15), xylan (LM10, LM11) and mannan (LM21, LM22) epitopes. Using phloroglucinol-HCl and KMnO4 staining, lignin distribution in pit membranes was also examined. Apart from cross-field pit membranes in Scots pine, all pit membranes observed showed a positive reaction for lignin with differences in staining intensity. Ray pit membranes showed strongest reaction with lignin staining in both species. Intensity of lignin staining in bordered pit membranes was stronger in Norway spruce than in Scots pine. With localization of non-cellulosic polysaccharide epitopes, Scots pine showed differences in cross-field pit membranes (rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), HG and xyloglucan epitopes) from bordered and ray pit membranes (RG-I and HG epitopes). In contrast, Norway spruce showed significant differences in ray pit membranes (RG-I, HG, xyloglucan, xylan and mannan epitopes) from bordered and cross-field pit membranes (HG and no/trace amount of RG-I epitopes). Distributional differences in HG epitopes depending on antibody type/ membrane regions were also observed in cross-field pit membranes between the two species. Together, the results suggest that distribution patterns of lignin and non-cellulosic polysaccharides in pit membranes differ significantly between pit types and between Scots pine and Norway spruce. Compared with the same types of pit membranes in hardwoods, the results for Scots pine and Norway spruce (softwoods) differed significantly.
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Anderson, Ethan J., and P. Darrell Neufer. "Type II skeletal myofibers possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial H2O2 generation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 290, no. 3 (March 2006): C844—C851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00402.2005.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in a number of skeletal muscle pathologies, most notably aging-induced atrophy and loss of type II myofibers. Although oxygen-derived free radicals are thought to be a primary cause of mitochondrial dysfunction, the underlying factors governing mitochondrial superoxide production in different skeletal myofiber types is unknown. Using a novel in situ approach to measure H2O2 production (indicator of superoxide formation) in permeabilized rat skeletal muscle fiber bundles, we found that mitochondrial free radical leak (H2O2 produced/O2 consumed) is two- to threefold higher ( P < 0.05) in white (WG, primarily type IIB fibers) than in red (RG, type IIA) gastrocnemius or soleus (type I) myofibers during basal respiration supported by complex I (pyruvate + malate) or complex II (succinate) substrates. In the presence of respiratory inhibitors, maximal rates of superoxide produced at both complex I and complex III are markedly higher in RG and WG than in soleus muscle despite ∼50% less mitochondrial content in WG myofibers. Duplicate experiments conducted with ±exogenous superoxide dismutase revealed striking differences in the topology and/or dismutation of superoxide in WG vs. soleus and RG muscle. When normalized for mitochondrial content, overall H2O2 scavenging capacity is lower in RG and WG fibers, whereas glutathione peroxidase activity, which is largely responsible for H2O2 removal in mitochondria, is similar in all three muscle types. These findings suggest that type II myofibers, particularly type IIB, possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial superoxide production and/or release, providing a potential mechanism for the heterogeneous development of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle.
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Pavlenko, Y. V., A. Evans, D. P. K. Banerjee, T. R. Geballe, U. Munari, R. D. Gehrz, C. E. Woodward, and S. Starrfield. "Isotopic ratios in the red giant component of the recurrent nova T Coronae Borealis." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 498, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 4853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2658.
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ABSTRACT We report the determination of abundances and isotopic ratios for C, O, and Si in the photosphere of the red giant (RG) component of the recurrent nova (RN) T Coronae Borealis from new 2.284–2.402 μm and 3.985–4.155 μm spectroscopy. Abundances and isotopic ratios in the photosphere may be affected by (i) processes in the RG interior which are brought to the surface during dredge-up and (ii) contamination of the RG, either during the common envelope phase of the binary evolution or by material synthesized in RN eruptions, or a combination of the two. We find that the abundances of C, O, and Si are reasonably consistent with the expected composition of an RG after first dredge-up, as is the 16O/17O ratio. The 28Si/29Si ratio is found to be 8.6 ± 3.0, and that for 28Si/30Si is 21.5 ± 3.0. The 12C/13C ratio (10 ± 2) is somewhat lower than expected for first dredge-up. The 16O/18O ratio (41 ± 3) is highly inconsistent with that expected either from RG evolution (∼550) or from contamination of the RG by the products of a nova thermonuclear runaway. In particular, the C and O isotopic ratios taken in combination are a puzzle. We urge confirmation of our results using spectroscopy at high resolution. We also encourage a thorough theoretical study of the effects on the secondary star in an RN system of contamination by ejecta having anomalous abundances and isotopic ratios.
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Neyhart, Jeffrey L., Aaron J. Lorenz, and Kevin P. Smith. "Multi-trait Improvement by Predicting Genetic Correlations in Breeding Crosses." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (July 29, 2019): 3153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400406.
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The many quantitative traits of interest to plant breeders are often genetically correlated, which can complicate progress from selection. Improving multiple traits may be enhanced by identifying parent combinations – an important breeding step – that will deliver more favorable genetic correlations (rG). Modeling the segregation of genomewide markers with estimated effects may be one method of predicting rG in a cross, but this approach remains untested. Our objectives were to: (i) use simulations to assess the accuracy of genomewide predictions of rG and the long-term response to selection when selecting crosses on the basis of such predictions; and (ii) empirically measure the ability to predict genetic correlations using data from a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding program. Using simulations, we found that the accuracy to predict rG was generally moderate and influenced by trait heritability, population size, and genetic correlation architecture (i.e., pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium). Among 26 barley breeding populations, the empirical prediction accuracy of rG was low (-0.012) to moderate (0.42), depending on trait complexity. Within a simulated plant breeding program employing indirect selection, choosing crosses based on predicted rG increased multi-trait genetic gain by 11–27% compared to selection on the predicted cross mean. Importantly, when the starting genetic correlation was negative, such cross selection mitigated or prevented an unfavorable response in the trait under indirect selection. Prioritizing crosses based on predicted genetic correlation can be a feasible and effective method of improving unfavorably correlated traits in breeding programs.
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Mazzatenta, Andrea, Massimo Vignoli, Maurizio Caputo, Giorgio Vignola, Roberto Tamburro, Francesco De Sanctis, Jordi Mirò Roig, Roberta Bucci, Domenico Robbe, and Augusto Carluccio. "Maternal Phylogenetic Relationships and Genetic Variation among Rare, Phenotypically Similar Donkey Breeds." Genes 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081109.
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The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop of endangered and critically endangered breeds has been studied to identify maternal lineages, characterize genetic inheritance, reconstruct phylogenetic relations among breeds, and develop biodiversity conservation and breeding programs. The aim of the study was to determine the variability remaining and the phylogenetic relationship of Martina Franca (MF, with total population of 160 females and 36 males), Ragusano (RG, 344 females and 30 males), Pantesco (PT, 47 females and 15 males), and Catalonian (CT) donkeys by collecting genetic data from maternal lineages. Genetic material was collected from saliva, and a 350 bp fragment of D-loop mtDNA was amplified and sequenced. Sequences were aligned and evaluated using standard bioinformatics software. A total of 56 haplotypes including 33 polymorphic sites were found in 77 samples (27 MF, 22 RG, 8 PT, 19 CT, 1 crossbred). The breed nucleotide diversity value (π) for all the breeds was 0.128 (MF: 0.162, RG: 0.132, PT: 0.025, CT: 0.038). Principal components analysis grouped most of the haplogroups into two different clusters, I (including all haplotypes from PT and CT, together with haplotypes from MF and RG) and II (including haplotypes from MF and RG only). In conclusion, we found that the primeval haplotypes, haplogroup variability, and a large number of maternal lineages were preserved in MF and RG; thus, these breeds play putative pivotal roles in the phyletic relationships of donkey breeds. Maternal inheritance is indispensable genetic information required to evaluate inheritance, variability, and breeding programs.
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CHOI, YOUNG CHUL, HO-YOUNG CHA, LESTER F. EASTMAN, and MICHAEL G. SPENCER. "INFLUENCE OF THE N-DIFFUSION LAYER ON THE CHANNEL CURRENT AND THE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE IN 4H-SiC SIT." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 14, no. 03 (September 2004): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156404003034.
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For a recessed gate (RG) silicon carbide ( SiC ) static induction transistor (SIT), an n-diffusion layer technique to maximize a maximum channel current ( I MAX ) and realize an efficient breakdown voltage (BV) was presented. An n-diffusion layer having a doping profile of a Gaussian distribution was formed from the source to the channel region and introduced to elevate the doping concentration of the channel region. Through the simulation of a RG SiC SIT with an n-diffusion layer, it was verified that an n-diffusion layer technique was an excellent way to realize a very small width of a source region ( W s ), resulting in an larger I MAX and a higher BV simultaneously, and it was desirable to employ an n-diffusion layer having a slightly larger junction depth ( X j ) than the depth of a gate trench ( L T ) ( L T < X j < 1.3 L T ) into a RG SiC SIT with a small width of the source region ( W S ≈ 0.5 μ m ).
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Ho, Giang Thanh Thi, Yuan-Feng Zou, Helle Wangensteen, and Hilde Barsett. "RG-I regions from elderflower pectins substituted on GalA are strong immunomodulators." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 92 (November 2016): 731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.090.
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Rodríguez-Calcerrada, Jesús, Roberto L. Salomón, Guillermo G. Gordaliza, José C. Miranda, Eva Miranda, Enrique G. de la Riva, and Luis Gil. "Respiratory costs of producing and maintaining stem biomass in eight co-occurring tree species." Tree Physiology 39, no. 11 (June 18, 2019): 1838–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz069.
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AbstractGiven the importance of carbon allocation for plant performance and fitness, it is expected that competition and abiotic stress influence respiratory costs associated with stem wood biomass production and maintenance. In this study, stem respiration (R) was measured together with stem diameter increment in adult trees of eight co-occurring species in a sub-Mediterranean forest stand for 2 years. We estimated growth R (Rg), maintenance R (Rm) and the growth respiration coefficient (GRC) using two gas exchange methods: (i) estimating Rg as the product of growth and GRC (then Rm as R minus Rg) and (ii) estimating Rm from temperature-dependent kinetics of basal Rm at the dormant season (then Rg as R minus Rm). In both cases, stem basal-area growth rates governed intra-annual variation in R, Rg and Rm. Maximum annual Rm occurred slightly before or after maximum Rg. The mean contribution of Rm to R during the growing season ranged from 56% to 88% across species using method 1 and from 23% to 66% using method 2. An analysis accounting for the phylogenetic distance among species indicated that more shade-tolerant, faster growing species exhibited higher Rm and Rg than less shade-tolerant, slower growing ones, suggesting a balance between carbon supply and demand mediated by growth. However, GRC was not related to species growth rate, wood density, or drought and shade tolerance across the surveyed species nor across 27 tree species for which GRC was compiled. The GRC estimates based on wood chemical analysis were lower (0.19) than those based on gas exchange methods (0.35). These results give partial support to the hypothesis that wood production and maintenance costs are related to species ecology and highlight the divergence of respiratory parameters widely used in plant models according to the methodological approach applied to derive them.
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Ryan, Sean, Amy Murphy, Ashley Tameron, Lala Hussain, Annabelle Teng, Erik M. Dunki-Jacobs, and David Y. Lee. "Robotic versus laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma: Propensity matched analysis of the National Cancer Database." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.104.
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104 Background: The use of robotic technology in gastrointestinal surgical oncology is on the rise. We compared the outcomes of laparoscopic (LG) and robotic gastrectomies (RG) performed for gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Methods: The NCDB database was queried for patients ≥ 18 years old with stage I-III GA who underwent LG or RG. Propensity matching was performed between the two groups with regards to clinical staging, adjuvant treatment, demographics, and the extent of surgery. Results: A cohort of 1893 (1262-LG, 631-RG) patients was identified in a 2:1 propensity matching. Demographics and co-morbidities were similar between the groups. The clinical staging and the extent of the surgery were well matched. The rate of negative margin as well 30 and 90-day mortality was similar between the two cohorts. Outcomes with respect to readmission and length of stay were also similar (Table 1). Long-term survival was not significantly different between the two cohorts, with a median survival of 49 months for LG cohort and 56.1 months in the RG cohort (p=0.405). Also, lymph node (LN) positivity was similar between the two groups (40.1 % 42.8%, p= 0.278) However, the average number of LN sampled was significantly higher in the RA group compared to the LA group (19.6 vs 17.4, p<0.001). Similarly, the percentage of surgeries in which ≥ 15 LNs were sampled was also greater in the RG group compared to the LG group (63.9% vs 57.6%, p=0.010). Conclusions: Greater number of patients in the RG group achieved NCCN guideline of harvesting ≥ 15 lymph nodes for more accurate staging. RG may allow a greater harvest of lymph nodes without increasing short term adverse outcomes compared to LG. Long term outcomes in this well matched cohort appears comparable for both approaches.
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Johnston, D. J., N. J. Corbet, S. A. Barwick, M. L. Wolcott, and R. G. Holroyd. "Genetic correlations of young bull reproductive traits and heifer puberty traits with female reproductive performance in two tropical beef genotypes in northern Australia." Animal Production Science 54, no. 1 (2014): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13044.
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Genetic correlations of young bull and heifer puberty traits with measures of early and lifetime female reproductive performance were estimated in two tropical beef cattle genotypes. Heifer age at puberty was highly (rg = –0.71 ± 0.11) and moderately (rg = –0.40 ± 0.20) genetically correlated with pregnancy rate at first annual mating (mating 1) and lifetime annual calving rate, respectively in Brahman (BRAH). In Tropical Composite (TCOMP), heifer age at puberty was highly correlated with reproductive outcomes from the first re-breed (mating 2), mainly due to its association with lactation anoestrous interval (rg = 0.72 ± 0.17). Scrotal circumference were correlated with heifer age at puberty (rg = –0.41 ± 0.11 at 12 months in BRAH; –0.30 ± 0.13 at 6 months in TCOMP) but correlations were lower with later female reproduction traits. Bull insulin-like growth factor-I was correlated with heifer age at puberty (rg = –0.56 ± 0.11 in BRAH; –0.43 ± 0.11 in TCOMP) and blood luteinising hormone concentration was moderately correlated with lactation anoestrous interval (rg = 0.59 ± 0.23) in TCOMP. Semen quality traits, including mass activity, motility and percent normal sperm were genetically correlated with lactation anoestrus and female lifetime female reproductive traits in both genotypes, but the magnitudes of the relationships differed with bull age at measurement. Preputial eversion and sheath scores were genetically associated with lifetime calving and weaning rates in both genotypes. Several of the early-in-life male and female measures examined were moderately to highly genetically correlated with early and lifetime female reproduction traits and may be useful as indirect selection criteria for improving female reproduction in tropical breeds in northern Australia.
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Koup, R. A., V. J. Merluzzi, K. D. Hargrave, J. Adams, K. Grozinger, R. J. Eclmer, and J. L. Sullivan. "Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-I) Replication by the Dipyridodiazepinone BI-RG-587." Journal of Infectious Diseases 163, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 966–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/163.5.966.
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Tsai, Allen Yi-Lun, Yuka Iwamoto, Yoichi Tsumuraya, Morihiro Oota, Teruko Konishi, Shinsaku Ito, Toshihisa Kotake, Hayato Ishikawa, and Shinichiro Sawa. "Root-knot nematode chemotaxis is positively regulated by l-galactose sidechains of mucilage carbohydrate rhamnogalacturonan-I." Science Advances 7, no. 27 (July 2021): eabh4182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh4182.
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Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are plant parasites and major agricultural pests. RKNs are thought to locate hosts through chemotaxis by sensing host-secreted chemoattractants; however, the structures and properties of these attractants are not well understood. Here, we describe a previously unknown RKN attractant from flaxseed mucilage that enhances infection of Arabidopsis and tomato, which resembles the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). Fucose and galactose sidechains of the purified attractant were found to be required for attractant activity. Furthermore, the disaccharide α-l-galactosyl-1,3-l-rhamnose, which forms the linkage between the RG-I backbone and galactose sidechains of the purified attractant, was sufficient to attract RKN. These results show that the α-l-galactosyl-1,3-l-rhamnose linkage in the purified attractant from flaxseed mucilage is essential for RKN attraction. The present work also suggests that nematodes can detect environmental chemicals with high specificity, such as the presence of chiral centers and hydroxyl groups.
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Kocael, A., BB Inal, G. Guntas, C. Kelten, H. Inal, HI Topac, P. Kocael, et al. "Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase, myeloperoxidase, and oxidative damage in mesenteric ischemia–reperfusion injury." Human & Experimental Toxicology 35, no. 8 (July 11, 2016): 851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115607946.
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Background: In this study, we investigated the alterations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), acute inflammation, and oxidative damage in the circulatory system and the intestine in response to mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods: Twenty-one rats were divided randomly into the following three groups ( n = 7 in each group): a sham group (CG), an ischemic group (IG), and an I/R group (I/RG). MMP-9, TIMP-1, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and lipid peroxidation (quantified as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content), ischemia-modified albumin, the prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured spectrophotometrically. The degree of intestinal injury was evaluated according to the Chiu scoring system. Results: A significant difference between the mean serum TIMP-1 and MMP-9 levels and the alanine transaminase activity was found among the groups. Compared with the I/RG group a significant difference in the mean tissue MMP-9, MPO, and TBARS levels in addition to the PAB and FRAP was found between the CG and IG groups. The level of MMP-9 also demonstrated a strong, positive, and valid correlation with the TBA-RS levels. A significant morphological change was observed in both the IG and the I/RG groups. The degree of intestinal injury was more severe in the I/R group and was characterized by either villous denudation or villous loss. Conclusions: These results suggest that MMP-9, TIMP-1, MPO, and oxidative stress may be important in the intestinal injury development that is induced by acute mesenteric I/R in a rat model. MMP-9 overexpression may increase the extent of intestinal villous loss, particularly when MMP-9 is upregulated by the TBARS present in the intestinal injury.
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Nevalainen, Terttu. "“These Things Write I Vnto Thee …”. Essays in Honour of Bj⊘rg Bækken." English Studies 89, no. 5 (October 2008): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138380802130998.
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