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Journal articles on the topic 'Rg-ii'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Somai, Benesh M., Ralph A. Dean, Mark W. Farnham, Thomas A. Zitter, and Anthony P. Keinath. "Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions 1 and 2 and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Didymella bryoniae and Related Phoma Species Isolated from Cucurbits." Phytopathology® 92, no. 9 (September 2002): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.9.997.

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Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum) is the causal agent of gummy stem blight, although other Phoma species are often isolated from cucurbit plants exhibiting symptoms of the disease. The molecular and phylogenetic relationships between D. bryoniae and these Phoma species are unknown. Isolates of D. bryoniae and Phoma obtained from cucurbits grown at various geographical locations in the United States were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis (ITS-1 and ITS-2) to determine the molecular and phylogenetic relationships within and between these fungi. Using RAPD fingerprinting, 59 isolates were placed into four phylogenetic groups, designated RAPD group (RG) I, RG II, RG III, and RG IV. D. bryoniae isolates clustered in either RG I (33 isolates), RG II (12 isolates), or RG IV (one isolate), whereas all 13 Phoma isolates clustered to RG III. There was greater than 99% sequence identity in the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions between isolates in RG I and RG II, whereas isolates in RG III, P. medicaginis ATCC 64481, and P. exigua ATCC 14728 clustered separately. On muskmelon seedlings, a subset of RG I isolates were highly virulent (mean disease severity was 71%), RG II and RG IV isolates were slightly virulent (mean disease severity was 4%), and RG III isolates were nonpathogenic (disease severity was 0% for all isolates). The ITS sequences indicate that RG I and RG II are both D. bryoniae, but RAPD fingerprints and pathogenicity indicate that they represent two different molecular and virulence subgroups.
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2

Hiroguchi, Akihiko, Shingo Sakamoto, Nobutaka Mitsuda, and Kyoko Miwa. "Golgi-localized membrane protein AtTMN1/EMP12 functions in the deposition of rhamnogalacturonan II and I for cell growth in Arabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 10 (February 15, 2021): 3611–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab065.

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Abstract Appropriate pectin deposition in cell walls is important for cell growth in plants. Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a portion of pectic polysaccharides; its borate crosslinking is essential for maintenance of pectic networks. However, the overall process of RG-II synthesis is not fully understood. To identify a novel factor for RG-II deposition or dimerization in cell walls, we screened Arabidopsis mutants with altered boron (B)-dependent growth. The mutants exhibited alleviated disorders of primary root and stem elongation, and fertility under low B, but reduced primary root lengths under sufficient B conditions. Altered primary root elongation was associated with cell elongation changes caused by loss of function in AtTMN1 (Transmembrane Nine 1)/EMP12, which encodes a Golgi-localized membrane protein of unknown function that is conserved among eukaryotes. Mutant leaf and root dry weights were lower than those of wild-type plants, regardless of B conditions. In cell walls, AtTMN1 mutations reduced concentrations of B, RG-II specific 2-keto-3-deoxy monosaccharides, and rhamnose largely derived from rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), suggesting reduced RG-II and RG-I. Together, our findings demonstrate that AtTMN1 is required for the deposition of RG-II and RG-I for cell growth and suggest that pectin modulates plant growth under low B conditions.
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3

O’Neill, Malcolm A., Ian Black, Breeanna Urbanowicz, Vivek Bharadwaj, Mike Crowley, Sabina Koj, and Maria J. Peña. "Locating Methyl-Etherified and Methyl-Esterified Uronic Acids in the Plant Cell Wall Pectic Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 25, no. 4 (May 29, 2020): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630320923321.

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Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide that exists as a borate ester cross-linked dimer in the cell walls of all vascular plants. The glycosyl sequence of RG-II is largely conserved, but there is evidence that galacturonic acid (GalA) methyl etherification and glucuronic acid (GlcA) methyl esterification vary in the A sidechain across plant species. Methyl esterification of the galacturonan backbone has also been reported but not confirmed. Here we describe a new procedure, utilizing aq. sodium borodeuteride (NaBD4)-reduced RG-II, to identify the methyl esterification status of backbone GalAs. Our data suggest that up to two different GalAs are esterified in the RG-II backbone. We also adapted a procedure based on methanolysis and NaBD4 reduction to identify 3-, 4-, and 3,4- O-methyl GalA in RG-II. These data, together with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of sidechain A generated from selected RG-IIs and their NaBD4-reduced counterparts, suggest that methyl etherification of the β-linked GalA and methyl esterification of the GlcA are widespread. Nevertheless, the extent of these modifications varies between plant species. Our analysis of the sidechain B glycoforms in RG-II from different dicots and nonpoalean monocots suggests that this sidechain has a minimum structure of an O-acetylated hexasaccharide (Ara-[MeFuc]-Gal-AceA-Rha-Api-). To complement these studies, we provide further evidence showing that dimer formation and stability in vitro is cation and borate dependent. Taken together, our data further refine the primary sequence and sequence variation of RG-II and provide additional insight into dimer stability and factors controlling dimer self-assembly.
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4

PUTHENPURAKAL, TONY J. "Local cohomology modules of invariant rings." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 160, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004115000729.

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AbstractLetKbe a field and letRbe a regular domain containingK. LetGbe a finite subgroup of the group of automorphisms ofR. We assume that |G| is invertible inK. LetRGbe the ring of invariants ofG. LetIbe an ideal inRG. Fixi⩾ 0. IfRGis Gorenstein then:(i)injdimRGHiI(RG) ⩽ dim SuppHiI(RG);(ii)$H^j_{\mathfrak{m}}$(HiI(RG)) is injective, where$\mathfrak{m}$is any maximal ideal ofRG;(iii)μj(P, HiI(RG)) =μj(P′,HiIR(R)) whereP′ is any prime inRlying aboveP.We also prove that ifPis a prime ideal inRGwithRGPnot Gorensteinthen either the bass numbersμj(P, HiI(RG)) is zero for alljor there existscsuch thatμj(P, HiI(RG)) = 0 forj<candμj(P, HiI(RG)) > 0 for allj⩾c.
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5

Yapo, Beda M. "Pectin Rhamnogalacturonan II: On the “Small Stem with Four Branches” in the Primary Cell Walls of Plants." International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 2011 (December 29, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/964521.

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Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a type of block copolymer of complex pectins that represents a quantitatively minor component of the primary cell walls of land (vascular) plants. The structural composition of RG-II is almost totally sequenced and appears to be remarkably conserved in all tracheophytes so far examined. The backbone of RG-II, released from complex (cell wall) pectins by endo-polygalacturonase (Endo-PG) treatment, has been found to contain up to 15 (1→4)-linked-α-D-GalpA units, some of which carry four well-defined side chains, often referred to as A-, B-, C-, and D-side chains. Nevertheless, the relative locations on the backbone of these four branches, especially the A chain, remain to be ascertained. A combination of different data suggests that neither the terminal nonreducing GalA nor the contiguous GalA unit is likely to be the branching point of the A chain, but probably the ninth GalA residue from the reducing end, assuming a minimum backbone length of 11 (1→4)-linked-α-d-GalpA. The latest reports on RG-II are here highlighted, with a provided update for the macrostructure and array of functionalities.
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6

Kalinkov, M., and I. Kuneva. "Space Distribution of the Richest Abell Clusters of Galaxies." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900136629.

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We discuss four samples from the Abell (1958) catalog of clusters of galaxies. Our samples are drawn out from the Abell sample and all clusters have richness 2 and 3. With Ho = 100 km/s/Mpc and qo = +1, we examine the following volumes, defined for both galactic hemispheres: (i)RG 3: b 40° for 0° < 1 360° and b 30° for 90° < 1 240°, distance 300 < R < 750 Mpc, N = 35 clusters, 30 of which with known redshift;(ii)RG 3: b −35° for 15° < 1 232°, 150 < R < 600 Mpc, N = 15 (13);(iii)RG 2: b and 1 as (i), 60 < R < 525 Mpc, N = 110 (55);(iv)RG 2: b and 1 as (ii), 120 < R < 600 Mpc, N = 102(14).
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7

Duhrsen, U., JL Villeval, J. Boyd, G. Kannourakis, G. Morstyn, and D. Metcalf. "Effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hematopoietic progenitor cells in cancer patients." Blood 72, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.6.2074.2074.

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Abstract Hematopoietic progenitor cell levels were monitored in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of 30 cancer patients receiving recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating-factor (rG-CSF) in a phase I/II clinical trial. The absolute number of circulating progenitor cells of granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, and megakaryocyte lineages showed a dose-related increase up to 100-fold after four days of treatment with rG-CSF and often remained elevated two days after the cessation of therapy. The relative frequency of different types of progenitor cells in peripheral blood remained unchanged. The frequency of progenitor cells in the marrow was variable after rG-CSF treatment but in most patients was slightly decreased. The responsiveness of bone marrow progenitor cells to stimulation in vitro by rG-CSF and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not change significantly during rG-CSF treatment. In patients nine days after treatment with melphalan and then rG-CSF, progenitor cell levels were very low with doses of rG-CSF at or below 10 micrograms/kg/d, but equaled or exceeded pretreatment values when 30 or 60 micrograms/kg/d of rG-CSF was given.
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8

Duhrsen, U., JL Villeval, J. Boyd, G. Kannourakis, G. Morstyn, and D. Metcalf. "Effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hematopoietic progenitor cells in cancer patients." Blood 72, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.6.2074.bloodjournal7262074.

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Hematopoietic progenitor cell levels were monitored in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of 30 cancer patients receiving recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating-factor (rG-CSF) in a phase I/II clinical trial. The absolute number of circulating progenitor cells of granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, and megakaryocyte lineages showed a dose-related increase up to 100-fold after four days of treatment with rG-CSF and often remained elevated two days after the cessation of therapy. The relative frequency of different types of progenitor cells in peripheral blood remained unchanged. The frequency of progenitor cells in the marrow was variable after rG-CSF treatment but in most patients was slightly decreased. The responsiveness of bone marrow progenitor cells to stimulation in vitro by rG-CSF and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not change significantly during rG-CSF treatment. In patients nine days after treatment with melphalan and then rG-CSF, progenitor cell levels were very low with doses of rG-CSF at or below 10 micrograms/kg/d, but equaled or exceeded pretreatment values when 30 or 60 micrograms/kg/d of rG-CSF was given.
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9

Gerbaud, Vincent, Nadine Gabas, Jacques Blouin, Patrice Pellerin, and Michel Moutounet. "Influence of wine polysaccharides and polyphenols on the crystallization of potassium hydrogen tartrate." OENO One 31, no. 2 (June 30, 1997): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1997.31.2.1087.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHT) is a natural compound of wine which crystallizes spontaneously. Whereas crystal occurrence can be considered as a sign of goodness in old and famous vintage wines, it is usually thought of as a serious failure for most consumers, even though it does not alter wine quality. An efficient and cheap process of wine stabilization versus KHT crystallization has to be found yet. An alternate process to physical stabilization of wines may lie in the addition of an inhibitor of KHT crystallization. Bearing this in mind, we have investigated the effect of several polysaccharides and total polyphenols fractions on KHT crystallization through the measurement of crystal appearance time (induction time) with and without any macromolecule.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Red wines. white wines and KHT supersaturated hydroalcoholic solution exhibit different behaviours versus KHT crystallization, red wines crystallizing less easily than white wines and far less easily th an hydroalcoholic solution. Those differences can be explained by our results. The innate inhibition of red wines is the sum of the inhibiting effects of rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I and RG-II), yeasts mannoproteins present in wine and of total polyphenols. Arabinogalactans show no effect on KHT crystallization whereas rhamnogalacturonans display a peculiar concentration dependent behaviour : crystal appearance is accelerated at low concentration and slowed at high concentration. More strongly observed for RG-1I2 fractions, this feature is confirmed by a theory of crystallization in the presence of an additive. The theory predicts that RG-I has almost no effect on the nucleation phenomenon whereas RG-1I2 enhances this phenomenon. Both RG-l and RG-1I2 inhibit crystal growth by adsorption on crystal growth sites, as contirmed by single crystal growth experiments.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Red wine tendency to be more difficult to stabilize versus KHT crystallization by cooling than white wine is due to the concentration in RG-II and in total polyphenols : low RG-II content in white wine accelerates crystal appearance whereas high RG-Il content in red wine slows crystal appearance. Thus it intensifies the inhibition due to the high total polyphenol content in red wine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mannoproteins extracted from yeast cell walls inhibit KHT crystallization far more than yeast mannoproteins present in wine. However, their efficiency is reduced as temperature is lowered.</p>
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10

Anderson, Ethan J., and P. Darrell Neufer. "Type II skeletal myofibers possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial H2O2 generation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 290, no. 3 (March 2006): C844—C851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00402.2005.

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Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in a number of skeletal muscle pathologies, most notably aging-induced atrophy and loss of type II myofibers. Although oxygen-derived free radicals are thought to be a primary cause of mitochondrial dysfunction, the underlying factors governing mitochondrial superoxide production in different skeletal myofiber types is unknown. Using a novel in situ approach to measure H2O2 production (indicator of superoxide formation) in permeabilized rat skeletal muscle fiber bundles, we found that mitochondrial free radical leak (H2O2 produced/O2 consumed) is two- to threefold higher ( P < 0.05) in white (WG, primarily type IIB fibers) than in red (RG, type IIA) gastrocnemius or soleus (type I) myofibers during basal respiration supported by complex I (pyruvate + malate) or complex II (succinate) substrates. In the presence of respiratory inhibitors, maximal rates of superoxide produced at both complex I and complex III are markedly higher in RG and WG than in soleus muscle despite ∼50% less mitochondrial content in WG myofibers. Duplicate experiments conducted with ±exogenous superoxide dismutase revealed striking differences in the topology and/or dismutation of superoxide in WG vs. soleus and RG muscle. When normalized for mitochondrial content, overall H2O2 scavenging capacity is lower in RG and WG fibers, whereas glutathione peroxidase activity, which is largely responsible for H2O2 removal in mitochondria, is similar in all three muscle types. These findings suggest that type II myofibers, particularly type IIB, possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial superoxide production and/or release, providing a potential mechanism for the heterogeneous development of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle.
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11

Jung, In-Duk, Hye-Young Kim, Jin-Wook Park, Chang-Min Lee, Kyung-Tae Noh, Hyun-Kyu Kang, Deok-Rim Heo, et al. "RG-II from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer suppresses asthmatic reaction." BMB Reports 45, no. 2 (February 29, 2012): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.2.79.

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12

Stephens, C. R. "Why Two Renormalization Groups are Better Than One." International Journal of Modern Physics B 12, no. 12n13 (May 30, 1998): 1379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979298000788.

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The advantages of using more than one renormalization group (RG) in problems with more than one important length scale are discussed. It is shown that: i) using different RG's can lead to complementary information, i.e. what is very difficult to calculate with an RG based on one flow parameter may be much more accesible using another; ii) using more than one RG requires less physical input in order to describe via RG methods the theory as a function of its parameters; iii) using more than one RG allows one to describe problems with more than one diverging length scale. The above points are illustrated concretely in the context of both particle physics and statistical physics using the techniques of environmentally friendly renormalization. Specifically, finite temperature λφ4 theory, an Ising-type system in a film geometry, an Ising-type system in a transverse magnetic field, the QCD coupling constant at finite temperature and the crossover between bulk and surface critical behavior in a semi-infinite system are considered.
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13

Makuuchi, Rie, Tetsuro Toriumi, Yuhei Waki, Kenichi Nakamura, Satoshi Kamiya, Yutaka Tanizawa, Etsuro Bando, and Masanori Terashima. "The safety assessment of robotic versus laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer using a propensity score matching method." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.4_suppl.55.

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55 Background: We have previously reported the safety of robotic gastrectomy (RG) for clinical Stage IA or IB gastric cancer in single arm phase II studies. To date, a number of retrospective case control studies comparing RG and laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) have been performed. However, since randomized controlled trials have never been conducted, no definitive conclusion demonstrating benefits of RG over LG has been demonstrated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety of RG compared to LG using propensity score matching (PSM) methods. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 766 consecutive patients who underwent either RG (n = 231) or LG (n = 535) for gastric cancer between January 2012 and December 2017. A 1:1 PSM was performed with the matched variables of age, sex, body mass index, performance status, clinical Stage, type of gastrectomy, and extent of lymphadenectomy. We compared short-term outcomes between the patients who underwent RG (RG group) and LG (LG group). Results: After PSM analysis, 231 patients were included in the RG group and 230 in the LG group. Intraoperative blood loss was similar between the groups. Operation time was significantly longer in the RG group (326 min vs. 281 min, P < 0.001). Significantly more lymph nodes were retrieved in the RG group (42 vs. 38.5, P = 0.031). Serum CRP level were significantly lower in the RG group in postoperative day 3 (9.0 mg/dL vs. 9.8 mg/dL, P = 0.049) and 6 (3.1 mg/dL vs. 3.7 mg/dL, P = 0.034), and drain amylase level in postoperative day 3 was also significantly lower in the RG group (612 U/L vs. 856 U/L, P < 0.001). Overall postoperative complication (Clavien–Dindo classification grade IIIA or greater) was similar between the groups (RG: 3.9% vs. LG: 5.6%, P = 0.656). However, pancreatic fistula tended to be less frequent in the RG group than in the LG group (0.4% vs. 2.2%, P = 0.122), although it did not reach statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Although RG takes longer operation time, it appears to be less invasive than LG with the possibility of decreased postoperative complications. To validate the results, randomized controlled trial should be performed.
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14

Leonardo, A. F. G., E. Romagosa, S. R. Batlouni, and M. I. Borella. "Occurrence and significance of ovarian and follicular regression in cachara Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766): a histology approach." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 58, no. 5 (October 2006): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352006000500019.

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The processes of ovarian regression and follicular atresia which reproduction was not induced by hormone in confined cachara, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, were investigated. The macro and microscopic characteristics (oocytes diameter and histology) of the ovaries were described every 20 days, in four stages: initial regression (Rg I = first 20 days), intermediate regression (Rg II = from 21st to 40th day), final regression (Rg III = from 41st to 80th day) and the recovering stage, called resting II (R II = from 81st to 150th day). The experiment was conducted from late January (summer - longer days) to May (autumn - shorter days). In the beginning, A0 samples showed oocyte diameters ranging from 437.5 to 1,187.5mm, suggesting that oocytes were in perinucleolar, at final maturation and atretic phases. After 150 days, the diameters reached the lowest values and a ruptured zona radiata, as well as the nearly complete reabsorption of the yolk could be visualized. At the same time, a sharp decrease in the mean values of the gonadosomatic index (GSI), water temperature, photophase and rainfall was observed. The gradual involution of this long process was dynamic and complex, affecting the spawning success (fertilization, eclosion and larvae survival rates) and, consequently, the whole productive system.
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15

Kalinkov, M., and I. Kuneva. "A New Catalog of Superclusters of Galaxies." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900136630.

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A technique developed by us for searching for superclusters of galaxies (Kalinkov and Kuneva, 1985, 1986) has been applied to the both main catalogs of clusters of galaxies, as well as to some subcatalogs: (i)all Abell (1958) clusters,(ii)rich A-clusters (RG > 0),(iii)very rich A-clusters (RG > 1),(iv)X-ray A-clusters,(v)Zwicky et al. (1961–1968) clusters,(vi)A-clusters, identified in the Zwicky catalog.
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16

Fueger, Patrick T., Deanna P. Bracy, Carlo M. Malabanan, R. Richard Pencek, and David H. Wasserman. "Distributed control of glucose uptake by working muscles of conscious mice: roles of transport and phosphorylation." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 286, no. 1 (January 2004): E77—E84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00309.2003.

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Muscle glucose uptake (MGU) is determined by glucose delivery, transport, and phosphorylation. C57Bl/6J mice overexpressing GLUT4, hexokinase II (HK II), or both were used to determine the barriers to MGU. A carotid artery and jugular vein were catheterized for arterial blood sampling and venous infusions. Experiments were conducted in conscious mice ∼7 days after surgery. 2-Deoxy-[3H]glucose was administered during rest or treadmill exercise to calculate glucose concentration-dependent (Rg) and -independent (Kg) indexes of MGU. Compared with wild-type controls, GLUT4-overexpressing mice had lowered fasting glycemia (165 ± 6 vs. 115 ± 6 mg/dl) and increased Rgby 230 and 166% in the gastrocnemius and superficial vastus lateralis (SVL) muscles under sedentary conditions. GLUT4 overexpression was not able to augment exercise-stimulated Rgor Kg. Whereas HK II overexpression had no effect on fasting glycemia (170 ± 6 mg/dl) or sedentary Rg, it increased exercise-stimulated Rgby 82, 60, and 169% in soleus, gastrocnemius, and SVL muscles, respectively. Combined GLUT4 and HK II overexpression lowered fasting glycemia (106 ± 6 mg/dl), increased nonesterified fatty acids, and increased sedentary Rg. Combined GLUT4 and HK II overexpression did not enhance exercise-stimulated Rgcompared with HK II-overexpressing mice because of the reduced glucose concentration. GLUT4 combined with HK II overexpression resulted in a marked increase in exercise-stimulated Kg. In conclusion, control of MGU shifts from membrane transport at rest to phosphorylation during exercise. Glucose transport is not normally a significant barrier during exercise. However, when the phosphorylation barrier is lowered by HK II overexpression, glucose transport becomes a key site of control for regulating MGU during exercise.
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17

Pavlenko, Y. V., A. Evans, D. P. K. Banerjee, T. R. Geballe, U. Munari, R. D. Gehrz, C. E. Woodward, and S. Starrfield. "Isotopic ratios in the red giant component of the recurrent nova T Coronae Borealis." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 498, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 4853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2658.

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ABSTRACT We report the determination of abundances and isotopic ratios for C, O, and Si in the photosphere of the red giant (RG) component of the recurrent nova (RN) T Coronae Borealis from new 2.284–2.402 μm and 3.985–4.155 μm spectroscopy. Abundances and isotopic ratios in the photosphere may be affected by (i) processes in the RG interior which are brought to the surface during dredge-up and (ii) contamination of the RG, either during the common envelope phase of the binary evolution or by material synthesized in RN eruptions, or a combination of the two. We find that the abundances of C, O, and Si are reasonably consistent with the expected composition of an RG after first dredge-up, as is the 16O/17O ratio. The 28Si/29Si ratio is found to be 8.6 ± 3.0, and that for 28Si/30Si is 21.5 ± 3.0. The 12C/13C ratio (10 ± 2) is somewhat lower than expected for first dredge-up. The 16O/18O ratio (41 ± 3) is highly inconsistent with that expected either from RG evolution (∼550) or from contamination of the RG by the products of a nova thermonuclear runaway. In particular, the C and O isotopic ratios taken in combination are a puzzle. We urge confirmation of our results using spectroscopy at high resolution. We also encourage a thorough theoretical study of the effects on the secondary star in an RN system of contamination by ejecta having anomalous abundances and isotopic ratios.
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18

Neyhart, Jeffrey L., Aaron J. Lorenz, and Kevin P. Smith. "Multi-trait Improvement by Predicting Genetic Correlations in Breeding Crosses." G3&#58; Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (July 29, 2019): 3153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400406.

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The many quantitative traits of interest to plant breeders are often genetically correlated, which can complicate progress from selection. Improving multiple traits may be enhanced by identifying parent combinations – an important breeding step – that will deliver more favorable genetic correlations (rG). Modeling the segregation of genomewide markers with estimated effects may be one method of predicting rG in a cross, but this approach remains untested. Our objectives were to: (i) use simulations to assess the accuracy of genomewide predictions of rG and the long-term response to selection when selecting crosses on the basis of such predictions; and (ii) empirically measure the ability to predict genetic correlations using data from a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding program. Using simulations, we found that the accuracy to predict rG was generally moderate and influenced by trait heritability, population size, and genetic correlation architecture (i.e., pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium). Among 26 barley breeding populations, the empirical prediction accuracy of rG was low (-0.012) to moderate (0.42), depending on trait complexity. Within a simulated plant breeding program employing indirect selection, choosing crosses based on predicted rG increased multi-trait genetic gain by 11–27% compared to selection on the predicted cross mean. Importantly, when the starting genetic correlation was negative, such cross selection mitigated or prevented an unfavorable response in the trait under indirect selection. Prioritizing crosses based on predicted genetic correlation can be a feasible and effective method of improving unfavorably correlated traits in breeding programs.
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19

Mazzatenta, Andrea, Massimo Vignoli, Maurizio Caputo, Giorgio Vignola, Roberto Tamburro, Francesco De Sanctis, Jordi Mirò Roig, Roberta Bucci, Domenico Robbe, and Augusto Carluccio. "Maternal Phylogenetic Relationships and Genetic Variation among Rare, Phenotypically Similar Donkey Breeds." Genes 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081109.

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The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop of endangered and critically endangered breeds has been studied to identify maternal lineages, characterize genetic inheritance, reconstruct phylogenetic relations among breeds, and develop biodiversity conservation and breeding programs. The aim of the study was to determine the variability remaining and the phylogenetic relationship of Martina Franca (MF, with total population of 160 females and 36 males), Ragusano (RG, 344 females and 30 males), Pantesco (PT, 47 females and 15 males), and Catalonian (CT) donkeys by collecting genetic data from maternal lineages. Genetic material was collected from saliva, and a 350 bp fragment of D-loop mtDNA was amplified and sequenced. Sequences were aligned and evaluated using standard bioinformatics software. A total of 56 haplotypes including 33 polymorphic sites were found in 77 samples (27 MF, 22 RG, 8 PT, 19 CT, 1 crossbred). The breed nucleotide diversity value (π) for all the breeds was 0.128 (MF: 0.162, RG: 0.132, PT: 0.025, CT: 0.038). Principal components analysis grouped most of the haplogroups into two different clusters, I (including all haplotypes from PT and CT, together with haplotypes from MF and RG) and II (including haplotypes from MF and RG only). In conclusion, we found that the primeval haplotypes, haplogroup variability, and a large number of maternal lineages were preserved in MF and RG; thus, these breeds play putative pivotal roles in the phyletic relationships of donkey breeds. Maternal inheritance is indispensable genetic information required to evaluate inheritance, variability, and breeding programs.
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Duan, Cheng-Jie, Arnaud Baslé, Marcelo Visona Liberato, Joseph Gray, Sergey A. Nepogodiev, Robert A. Field, Nathalie Juge, and Didier Ndeh. "Ascertaining the biochemical function of an essential pectin methylesterase in the gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 52 (October 23, 2020): 18625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.014974.

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Pectins are a major dietary nutrient source for the human gut microbiota. The prominent gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was recently shown to encode the founding member (BT1017) of a new family of pectin methylesterases essential for the metabolism of the complex pectin rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II). However, biochemical and structural knowledge of this family is lacking. Here, we showed that BT1017 is critical for the metabolism of an RG-II–derived oligosaccharide ΔBT1017oligoB generated by a BT1017 deletion mutant (ΔBT1017) during growth on carbohydrate extract from apple juice. Structural analyses of ΔBT1017oligoB using a combination of enzymatic, mass spectrometric, and NMR approaches revealed that it is a bimethylated nonaoligosaccharide (GlcA-β1,4-(2-O-Me-Xyl-α1,3)-Fuc-α1,4-(GalA-β1,3)-Rha-α1,3-Api-β1,2-(Araf-α1,3)-(GalA-α1,4)-GalA) containing components of the RG-II backbone and its side chains. We showed that the catalytic module of BT1017 adopts an α/β-hydrolase fold, consisting of a central twisted 10-stranded β-sheet sandwiched by several α-helices. This constitutes a new fold for pectin methylesterases, which are predominantly right-handed β-helical proteins. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the family is dominated by sequences from prominent genera of the human gut microbiota, including Bacteroides and Prevotella. Our re-sults not only highlight the critical role played by this family of enzymes in pectin metabolism but also provide new insights into the molecular basis of the adaptation of B. thetaiotaomicron to the human gut.
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Rodríguez-Calcerrada, Jesús, Roberto L. Salomón, Guillermo G. Gordaliza, José C. Miranda, Eva Miranda, Enrique G. de la Riva, and Luis Gil. "Respiratory costs of producing and maintaining stem biomass in eight co-occurring tree species." Tree Physiology 39, no. 11 (June 18, 2019): 1838–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz069.

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AbstractGiven the importance of carbon allocation for plant performance and fitness, it is expected that competition and abiotic stress influence respiratory costs associated with stem wood biomass production and maintenance. In this study, stem respiration (R) was measured together with stem diameter increment in adult trees of eight co-occurring species in a sub-Mediterranean forest stand for 2 years. We estimated growth R (Rg), maintenance R (Rm) and the growth respiration coefficient (GRC) using two gas exchange methods: (i) estimating Rg as the product of growth and GRC (then Rm as R minus Rg) and (ii) estimating Rm from temperature-dependent kinetics of basal Rm at the dormant season (then Rg as R minus Rm). In both cases, stem basal-area growth rates governed intra-annual variation in R, Rg and Rm. Maximum annual Rm occurred slightly before or after maximum Rg. The mean contribution of Rm to R during the growing season ranged from 56% to 88% across species using method 1 and from 23% to 66% using method 2. An analysis accounting for the phylogenetic distance among species indicated that more shade-tolerant, faster growing species exhibited higher Rm and Rg than less shade-tolerant, slower growing ones, suggesting a balance between carbon supply and demand mediated by growth. However, GRC was not related to species growth rate, wood density, or drought and shade tolerance across the surveyed species nor across 27 tree species for which GRC was compiled. The GRC estimates based on wood chemical analysis were lower (0.19) than those based on gas exchange methods (0.35). These results give partial support to the hypothesis that wood production and maintenance costs are related to species ecology and highlight the divergence of respiratory parameters widely used in plant models according to the methodological approach applied to derive them.
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Rattigan, S., K. A. Dora, A. C. Tong, and M. G. Clark. "Perfused skeletal muscle contraction and metabolism improved by angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 271, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): E96—E103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.1.e96.

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In the present study, the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) on tension development and associated metabolism during twitch and tetanic stimulation via the sciatic nerve of the gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus muscle group of the perfused rat hindlimb were investigated. Rat hindlimbs were perfused at constant flow with an erythrocyte-containing medium equilibrated with 95% air-5% CO2 at 37 degrees C, and determinations of oxygen and glucose uptake, lactate and glycerol release, and 2-deoxy-D-[1-3H]glucose uptake (Rg') into individual muscles were carried out. ANG II (1 nM) infusion alone caused vasoconstriction with increased oxygen (55%) and glucose (98%) uptake and lactate (37%) and glycerol (64%) release. ANG II infusion during muscle contraction gave less vasoconstriction but increased the tension development during tetanic stimulation by 80% and increased the contraction-induced oxygen uptake and Rg' by plantaris and gastrocnemius red and white muscles. These effects of ANG II may have been due to increased nutritive flow to contracting muscles or to redirection of flow from noncontracting and type I fiber muscles to the type II fiber contracting muscles in the hindlimb. The results indicate that the regulation of flow by the vasculature is an important regulator of muscle contraction and metabolism.
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Hildebrandt, Audrey L., Henriette Pilegaard, and P. Darrell Neufer. "Differential transcriptional activation of select metabolic genes in response to variations in exercise intensity and duration." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 285, no. 5 (November 2003): E1021—E1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00234.2003.

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Cellular adaptations to endurance training are influenced by the intensity and duration of exercise. To examine the impact of exercise intensity and duration on the acute transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in red (RG) and white (WG) gastrocnemius muscle, rats completed either low-intensity [∼50% maximal O2 uptake (V̇o2 max)] treadmill exercise (LIE) for 45 min, LIE for 180 min, or high-intensity (∼75% V̇o2 max) exercise (HIE) for 45 min. LIE for 45 min activated ( P < 0.05) transcription of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4), uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and hexokinase II (HK II) genes in RG within 1 h after exercise. In WG, transcription of PDK4, UCP3, HKII, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was also induced, whereas transcription of the HO-1 gene did not change. In RG, extending LIE duration from 45 to 180 min elicited a similar activation of PDK4 and UCP3 (∼15-fold) but a far greater increase in HO-1 (>30-fold) and HKII transcription (>25-fold). In WG, extending LIE for 180 min induced a much greater and prolonged (through 2- to 4-h recovery) activation of PDK4, UCP3 (both >200-fold), and HO-1 (>10-fold). HIE elicited a similar pattern of gene activation to LIE in both RG and WG, with the exception that HIE triggered >10-fold activation of HO-1 in WG. These data provide evidence that both the intensity and the duration of exercise affect the transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in muscle in a fiber type-specific manner, possibly reflecting the relative stress imposed by the exercise bout.
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Escalante-Estrada, José Alberto Salvador, María Teresa Rodríguez-González, and Yolanda Isabel Escalante-Estrada. "Rendimiento, eficiencia en uso del agua en canola en función del nitrógeno y distancia entre hileras." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 7, no. 6 (September 4, 2017): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v7i6.174.

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La canola (Brassica napus L.) produce aceite comestible que ayuda a prevenir enfermedades del corazón y artritis reumatoide. Así, los temas de investigación sobre este cultivo son justificados, sobre todo en la búsqueda de estrategias para elevar la productividad del agua. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar en genotipos de canola, el efecto de la distancia entre hileras de plantas y la fertilización nitrogenada sobre: la eficiencia en el uso del agua (EUA), biomasa (BT), índice de cosecha (IC), rendimiento en grano (RG) y de aceite (RA). Los tratamientos consistieron en la siembra el 20 de junio de 2011, de los genotipos Canadá I, Canadá II y Westar, con suministro de 0 y 100 kg de nitrógeno (N) y distancia entre hileras (DH) de 0.40 m (DC) y 0.80 m (DA) que generó una densidad de 25 y12.5plantasm-2.Eldiseñoexperimentalfuebloquesalazar con arreglo en parcelas subdivididas y cuatro repeticiones. El genotipo Canadá II presentó una EUA, BT, RG y RA superior a Westar y Canadá I. Dicha tendencia se observó con la aplicación de N y la siembra a DC. Mientras que el genotipo Canadá II en siembras a DC con N, presentó la EUA, BT, RG y RA más altos. El contenido de aceite del grano no fue afectado por los tratamientos. Estos resultados indican que mediante la reducción de la distancia entre hileras y la fertilización nitrogenada puede lograrse una mayor productividad del agua y en consecuencia mayor producción de canola.
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Liu, Kaiyang, Shu Han, Wei Gao, Ya’nan Tang, Xitao Han, Ziqin Liu, Liyuan Bao, et al. "Changes of Mineralogical Properties and Biological Activities of Gypsum and Its Calcined Products with Different Phase Structures." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (March 9, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6676797.

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Raw gypsum (RG) and calcined gypsum (CG) are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). RG is usually taken orally to resolve heat and diminish inflammation, while CG is only used externally to treat ulcerations and empyrosis. Calcination at different temperatures, three phase CG structures, namely, bassanite, anhydrite III, and anhydrite II, may be generated. We herein investigated the relationship between the phase structure and the efficacy of CG and the optimum phase structure for CG. RG has a compact structure, small pore size, weak anti-inflammatory effect, but no antibacterial effect, and has almost no effect on the repair of scalds. CG150 (bassanite) has a loose texture, large pore size and specific surface area, and certain antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, but it has a poor repair effect on scalds. CG750 (anhydrite II) has a compact structure, small pore size and specific surface area, and low antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, but it has a certain repair effect on scalds. Only CG350 (anhydrite III) has good performance in texture, pore size, specific surface area, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and scald repair. Our research has proved that the mineral properties and biological activities of CG are different due to different phase structures. CG350, namely, anhydrite III, is considered by our research to be the optimal phase structure as CG.
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Platonova, Galina, Elvira Kogan, and Nina Sidorova. "Two different modifications of duplex poly(rG).poly(rC) by trans-diaminedichloroplatinum(II)." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, s1 (1993): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc1993s221.

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Cioffi, Iolanda, Lidia Santarpia, Andrea Vaccaro, Roberto Iacone, Giuseppe Labruna, Maurizio Marra, Franco Contaldo, Mette Kristensen, and Fabrizio Pasanisi. "Whole-grain pasta reduces appetite and meal-induced thermogenesis acutely: a pilot study." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 3 (March 2016): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0446.

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In epidemiological studies, the intake of foods rich in dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk of developing overweight and type 2 diabetes. This work aims to identify acute strategies to regulate appetite and improve glucose control by using different pasta meals. Hence, 4 different isocaloric lunch meals, consisting of (i) refined-grain pasta (RG+T), (ii) whole-grain pasta (WG+T), (iii) lemon juice-supplemented refined-grain pasta (LRG+T), and (iv) refined-grain pasta with legumes (RG+L), were administered to 8 healthy participants in a crossover design. On the test days, participants underwent baseline measurements, including appetite sensation, blood sample, and resting energy expenditure (EE), after which the test lunch was served. Subjective appetite was assessed and a blood sample was taken each hour for 240 min, and postprandial EE was measured for 3 h. In repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), postprandial fullness (p = 0.001) increased and hunger (p = 0.038) decreased. WG+T had a lower EE than did both LGR+T (p = 0.02) and RG+L (p < 0.001). Likewise, meal-induced thermogenesis was lower for WG+T compared with RG+L (58 ± 81 kJ vs 248 ± 188 kJ; p < 0.05). Plasma glucose (p = 0.001) was lower for RG+T, and triacylglycerols (p = 0.02) increased for LRG+T; however, insulin, C-peptide, and ghrelin were comparable in all other meals. In conclusion, our study indicates that acute consumption of whole-grain pasta may promote fullness and reduce hunger, lowering postprandial thermogenesis, and adding lemon juice to the pasta or legumes does not appear to affect appetite. However, none of pasta meal alterations improved the postprandial metabolic profile.
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Flores-Durán, Sheila N., and Miriam Peña. "Metallicity gradients in M31, M33, NGC 300, and Milky Way using Argon abundances." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, A30 (August 2018): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319004319.

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AbstractWe studied Planetary Nebulae (PNe) metallicity gradients using Ar abundances. We compared them with H ii regions in the galaxies of the local universe M 31, M 33, NGC 300 and in the Milky Way. Galactocentric radio (RG) and chemical abundances were collected from the literature, carefully selecting an homogeneous sample for each galaxy. In these galaxies, metallicity gradients computed with PNe abundances are flatter than those of H ii regions.
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Rao, Yu, Therese Buskas, Anathea Albert, Malcolm A. O'Neill, Michael G. Hahn, and Geert-Jan Boons. "Synthesis and Immunological Properties of a Tetrasaccharide Portion of the B Side Chain of Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)." ChemBioChem 9, no. 3 (February 15, 2008): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200700501.

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Pellerin, Patrice, Malcolm A. O'Neill, Cécile Pierre, Marie-Thérèse Cabanis, Alan G. Darvill, Peter Albersheim, and Michel Moutounet. "Lead complexation in wines with the dimers of the grape pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II." OENO One 31, no. 1 (March 31, 1997): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1997.31.1.1093.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Wine is believed to be a significant source of lead in the human diet even though the lead content of wines has decreased considerably over the last thirty years. Nevertheless, the lead content of wines must be reduced to a minimum since this heavy metal is highly toxic.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The plant cell wall pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan Il (RG-II) is a predominant anionic molecule in red wine. RG-Il exists as a dimer (dRG-Il-B) that is cross-linked by a 1:2 borate-diol ester and forms complexes <em>in vitro</em> with lead and other selected di- and tri-valent cations. One mole of dimer binds at least 1 mole of Pb<sup>2+</sup>. We have now determined the amount of lead in wines that is bound to dRG-II-B since previous studies have suggested that most of the lead in wine is bound to an anionic macromolecule.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Seven wines, with lead concentrations between 30 and 110 μg/l, were obtained from different grape varieties harvested at different vintages and vinified by different procedures. Two chromatography steps, adsorption on a polystyrene- divinylbenzene resin and size-exclusion on a Superdex® 75-HR column, have been used to purify a d-RG-II-B-lead complex which contained at least 85 p. cent of the total lead of each wine. The dRG-II-B-Pb complex is stable at the pH of wine and is present in a wine that was procluced in 1988. The dRG-II-B present in red (~ 100 mg/l) and white (~ 20 mg/l) wines can bind at least ten-fold more Pb<sup>2+</sup> than is typically present in wine.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Our study is the first to show that in wine most of the lead is complexed with a pectic polysaccharide that is not degraded during vinification. dRG-II-B is also known to form complexes with other cations, including strontium and barium. However, it is not known what role dRG-II-B has in determining the metabolic fate in humans of toxic cations present in wine.</p>
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Mancinelli, Roberto, Rosario Muleo, Sara Marinari, and Emanuele Radicetti. "How Soil Ecological Intensification by Means of Cover Crops Affects Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Pepper Cultivation." Agriculture 9, no. 7 (July 7, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070145.

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Ecological intensification, based on agricultural practices that promote ecosystem services, has been recently proposed to match crop yield and environmental concerns. Two-year experiments were conducted in a Mediterranean environment. The treatments were: (i) four intensification levels (common vetch (CV), ryegrass (RG), bare soil without Nitrogen (N) fertilization (Control-N0) and with 100 kg ha−1 of N fertilization (Control-N100) applied during pepper cultivation), and(ii) two soil tillage [soil tillage at 15 cm and 30 cm of soil depth (ST-15 and ST-30, respectively)]. The field experiment was disposed in a randomized block design with three replications. Cover crop, soil samples, and pepper samples were collected for analysis. Soil available nitrogen increased after soil tillage, especially in CV, which showed the highest fruit yield. The reduced soil N availability in RG decreased fruit yield and N uptake. The agro-physiological efficiency of pepper was similar in common vetch and Control-N100, while it was low in ryegrass. However, the adoption of RG increased the soil organic matter more than both control treatments, which, in turn, caused a depletion of soil organic matter. Moreover, reduced tillage practices for green manuring that both cover crops arepreferable to reduce external inputs in terms of fuel saving and farming operations.
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Son, Ha Xuan. "REMOVAL OF Cd(II) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY CRUMPLED GRAPHITE OXIDE." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 4C (March 24, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/4c/12122.

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In this study, crumpled graphite oxides (CGOs) were fabricated from graphite electrode of exhausted dry batteries (RG) by cathodic plasma electrolysis method (CPE) and applied for removing Cd(II) from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentrations on the removal of Cd(II) ions were studied. A removal efficiency of ∼98 % was obtained after 120 min, via the dispersion of 15 mg of CGO in Cd(II) solutions (40 mL, 1 ppm) at pH 6. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was calculated to be 40.82 mg/g. Results showed that CGO is an effective adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous environment and acts as a promising adsorbent for the removal of other heavy metals from the polluted water.
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Jørgensen, Sebastian B., Jonas T. Treebak, Benoit Viollet, Peter Schjerling, Sophie Vaulont, Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski, and Erik A. Richter. "Role of AMPKα2 in basal, training-, and AICAR-induced GLUT4, hexokinase II, and mitochondrial protein expression in mouse muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 292, no. 1 (January 2007): E331—E339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00243.2006.

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We investigated the role of AMPKα2in basal, exercise training-, and AICAR-induced protein expression of GLUT4, hexokinase II (HKII), mitochondrial markers, and AMPK subunits. This was conducted in red (RG) and white gastrocnemius (WG) muscle from wild-type (WT) and α2-knockout (KO) mice after 28 days of activity wheel running or daily AICAR injection. Additional experiments were conducted to measure acute activation of AMPK by exercise and AICAR. At basal, mitochondrial markers were reduced by ∼20% in α2-KO muscles compared with WT. In both muscle types, AMPKα2 activity was increased in response to both stimuli, whereas AMPKα1 activity was increased only in response to exercise. Furthermore, AMPK signaling was estimated to be 60–70% lower in α2-KO compared with WT muscles. In WG, AICAR treatment increased HKII, GLUT4, cytochrome c, COX-1, and CS, and the α2-KO abolished the AICAR-induced increases, whereas no AICAR responses were observed in RG. Exercise training increased GLUT4, HKII, COX-1, CS, and HAD protein in WG, but the α2-KO did not affect training-induced increases. Furthermore, AMPKα1, -α2, -β1, -β2, and -γ3 subunits were reduced in RG, but not in WG, by 30–60% in response to exercise training. In conclusion, the α2-KO was associated with an ∼20% reduction in mitochondrial markers in both muscle types and abolished AICAR-induced increases in protein expression in WG. However, the α2-KO did not reduce training-induced increases in HKII, GLUT4, COX-1, HAD, or CS protein in WG, suggesting that AMPKα2 may not be essential for metabolic adaptations of skeletal muscles to exercise training.
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Shariya, M. A., E. A. Butorova, A. Yu Litvin, D. V. Ustyuzhanin, Е. М. Elfimova, Sh B. Gorieva, S. K. Ternovoy, and I. E. Chazova. "MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY IN SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME DIAGNOSTICS." Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 14, no. 2 (April 20, 2015): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2015-2-58-61.

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Aim. To study the specifics of soft tissues surrounding upper airways (STSUA) structure using magnetic resonance tomography (MRI) in patients with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Material and methods. Totally 40 men studied with the mean age 44,7±9,6 y. Of those 20 had obesity of I-II grade — with body mass index (BMI) 35,1±3,4 кг/м2 and severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index — AHI — was 53,4±15,7). Controls consisted of 20 persons without obesity — BMI 23,8±1,3 kg/m2 . Assessment of upper airways was performed on Philips Achieva 3.0T tomograph. We measured the volumes of soft palate (VSP), tongue (VT), lateral pharyngeal walls (VLPW) and the squares of maximum upper airways narrowing (SMUAN) at retropharyngeal (RP) and retroglossal (RG) levels. Results. In obese patients with OSAS we found higher values of TV — 70,5±12,4 vs 45,0±5,7 cm3 , VSP — 7,5±1,7 vs 3,5±0,7 cm3 , VLPW at the level of RP — 11,7±4,1 vs 3,2±0,8 cm3 , VLPW at the level of RG — 10,4±2,8vs 3,1±8,4 cm3 and lower values of SMUAN at the level of RP — 6,3±3,5 vs 14,0±3,8 cm2 , as RG — 19,3±7,5 vs 27,0±5,0 mm2 . All differences were statistically significant (p<0,001). Conclusion. MRI can be successfully applied for the evaluation of STSUA parameters of upper airways openness.
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Takatohi, U. E., D. R. S. Bittencourt, and S. Watanabe. "Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study on Growth of AgCl Crystallites in Photochromic Glasses." Journal of Applied Crystallography 30, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889897001337.

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Reversible changes in the optical properties of photochromic glasses are observed owing to the presence of small silver halide crystals inside the glassy matrix. These crystals grow during the glass heat-treatment processing. Samples with molar composition of 40SiO2.10Al2O3.16.1K20.33.9B2O3, doped with AgCl and CuO, were produced and submitted to different heat treatments: (i) for 0.5 h at temperatures from 753 to 893 K and (ii) at 873 K for periods of time from 0.25 to 1.25 h. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to characterize the samples. The samples heat treated between 843 and 893 K presented an increasing growth rate of the Guinier radius (Rg ). Samples heat treated at a fixed temperature of 873 K and different time t showed a law Rg 3 = kt + c. Variations in the optical absorbance at 280 nm and the additional absorbance spectra of samples exposed to light showed correlation with the SAXS results.
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Arellano-Córdova, K. Z., C. Esteban, J. García-Rojas, and J. E. Méndez-Delgado. "On the radial abundance gradients of nitrogen and oxygen in the inner Galactic disc." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 502, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3903.

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ABSTRACT We present optical spectra of nine Galactic H ii regions observed with the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias telescope and located at Galactocentric distances (RG) from 4 to 8 kpc. The distances of the objects have been revised using Gaia DR2 parallaxes. We determine the electron temperature for all the nebulae, which allows a precise computation of their ionic abundances. We have included published data of an additional sample of Galactic H ii regions, providing a final data set of 42 objects. The shape of the radial gradients of O/H and N/H is linear and constant, discarding any substantial change of the slope, at least for RG between 4 and 17 kpc. The small dispersion of the O/H and N/H values with respect to the computed gradients imply the absence of significant azimuthal variations of the chemical abundances, at least in the quadrant covered by our observations. We find an almost flat N/O versus O/H diagram relation. This result is not observed in other nearby spiral galaxies except M31. Finally, we compare our computed gradients with those obtained using far-infrared (FIR) spectra. We confirm the significant offset in the N/O distribution between the optical and FIR observations. Possible explanations involve ionization correction factors and the strong dependence on density of the abundance determinations based on FIR lines.
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Laatu, Minna, and Guy Condemine. "Rhamnogalacturonate Lyase RhiE Is Secreted by the Out System in Erwinia chrysanthemi." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 5 (March 1, 2003): 1642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.5.1642-1649.2003.

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ABSTRACT Supernatants of rhamnose-induced Erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937 cultures contain a principal secreted protein named RhiE. A rhiE mutant has been found among a set of rhamnose-induced MudI1681 lacZ fusions. RhiE is a 62-kDa protein that has rhamnogalacturonate lyase activity on rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). It does not require a divalent cation for its activity and has an optimal pH of 6.0. rhiE expression is strongly induced in the presence of rhamnose but is also regulated by PecT and Crp, two regulators of the transcription of pectinolytic enzyme genes. RhiE is secreted through the type II Out secretion pathway. RhiE has no disulfide bond. The absence of RhiE secretion in a dsb mutant indicated that disulfide bond formation is required for the biogenesis of the secretion apparatus. RhiE was searched for in several E. chrysanthemi strains by using antibodies, and it was found to be present in one-third of the strains tested. However, the reduced virulence of the rhiE mutant indicates that degradation of the RG-I region of pectin is important for full virulence of E. chrysanthemi.
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38

Morikawa, Hisasi. "On differential polynomials, II." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 148 (December 1997): 73–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000006449.

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AbstractIn Part II, we shall be concerned with applications of classical invariant theory, to statistic physics and to theta functions. Main theorem in Chapter 2 is stated as follows:For a partition functionsatisfying γl ≥ 0 (l ≥ 1) and α > 0, the 2n-apolar of ξ(s)has the expansionsuch that βn,1 ≥ 0 (l ≥ 2). This means, for a given partition function ξ(s) with nonnegative relative probabilities, we construct a sequence of partition functions A2n (ξ(s), ξ(s))n≥1 with the same properties, which may be considered a sequence of symbolical higher derivative of ξ(s). The main theorem in Chapter 3 is stated as follows: For given theta functions φ1(z) and φ2(z) of level n1 and n2 respectively, in g variables z = (z1, z2,…, zg), then r = (r1, r2,…, rg-apolaris a theta function of level n1 + n2, and
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39

Wanner, G. A., V. Stöckle, M. Bauer, M. D. Menger, and B. Vollmar. "Differential gene expression of CINC, NOS II, and ICAM-1 in endotoxemic liver cells by rG-CSF." Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 384, no. 2 (March 29, 1999): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004230050195.

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40

Richardson, Matthew L., and Dewey M. Caron. "A Comparison of Instruments and Contract Services Used to Calculate Degree-days." HortTechnology 15, no. 3 (January 2005): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0572.

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Various instruments and contract services can be used to calculate degree-days. This study compared instruments and services to the Wescor Biophenometer, an instrument used by cooperators of the Southeast Pennsylvania IPM Research Group (SE PA IPM RG) throughout Delaware and southeastern Pennsylvania for 10 years. Instruments evaluated in the study were the Wescor Biophenometer Datalogger, Avatel HarvestGuard, Avatel Datascribe Junior, Davis Weather Monitor II, Accu-Trax, and the HOBO H8 Pro Temperature Data Logger. The services were SkyBit and national weather data. Different combinations of instruments and services were used at three locations in Pennsylvania and four locations in Delaware over a 2-year period. We checked the degree-day accumulation of each instrument and service weekly and made statistical comparisons among the instruments and services at each site. To further construct a comparison of the instruments, we noted distinctive qualities of each instrument, interviewed the manufacturers, and received feedback from SE PA IPM RG members who used the instruments. We evaluated the instruments' algorithms, durability, cost, temperature sampling interval, ease of use, time input required by the user, and other distinctive factors. Statistically, there were no significant differences in degree-day accumulations between the Biophenometer, Harvest-Guard, Datascribe, Weather Monitor II, Skybit, or weather service data. However, cost and time required to access/interpret data and personal preference should be major considerations in choosing an instrument or service to measure degree-days.
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Osório Alves, Juliana, Leonardo Matta Pereira, Igor Cabral Coutinho do Rêgo Monteiro, Luiz Henrique Pontes dos Santos, Alex Soares Marreiros Ferraz, Adriano Cesar Carneiro Loureiro, Crystianne Calado Lima, et al. "Strenuous Acute Exercise Induces Slow and Fast Twitch-Dependent NADPH Oxidase Expression in Rat Skeletal Muscle." Antioxidants 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010057.

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The enzymatic complex Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOx) may be the principal source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms are tissue-dependent and are differentially expressed in slow-twitch fibers (type I fibers) and fast-twitch fibers (type II fibers) of skeletal muscle, making them different markers of ROS metabolism induced by physical exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate NOx signaling, as a non-adaptive and non-cumulative response, in the predominant fiber types of rat skeletal muscles 24 h after one strenuous treadmill exercise session. The levels of mRNA, reduced glycogen, thiol content, NOx, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activity, and PPARGC1α and SLC2A4 gene expression were measured in the white gastrocnemius (WG) portion, the red gastrocnemius (RG) portion, and the soleus muscle (SOL). NOx activity showed higher values in the SOL muscle compared to the RG and WG portions. The same was true of the NOX2 and NOX4 mRNA levels, antioxidant enzymatic activities, glycogen content. Twenty-four hours after the strenuous exercise session, NOx expression increased in slow-twitch oxidative fibers. The acute strenuous exercise condition showed an attenuation of oxidative stress and an upregulation of antioxidant activity through PPARGC1α gene activity, antioxidant defense adaptations, and differential gene expression according to the predominant fiber type. The most prominent location of detoxification (indicated by NOX4 activation) in the slow-twitch oxidative SOL muscle was the mitochondria, while the fast-twitch oxidative RG portion showed a more cytosolic location. Glycolytic metabolism in the WG portion suggested possible NOX2/NOX4 non-regulation, indicating other possible ROS regulation pathways.
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Poompramun, Chotima, Wittawat Molee, Kanjana Thumanu, and Amonrat Molee. "The significant influence of residual feed intake on flavor precursors and biomolecules in slow-growing Korat chicken meat." Animal Bioscience 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1684–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0736.

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Objective: This study investigated the association between feed efficiency, physicochemical properties, flavor precursors and biomolecules in the thigh meat of Korat (KR) chickens.Methods: The feed intake and body weight of individual male KR chickens were recorded from 1 to 10 weeks old to calculate the individual residual feed intake (RFI) of 75 birds. At 10 weeks of age, chickens with the 10 highest (HRFI) and lowest RFI (LRFI) were slaughtered to provide thigh meat samples. The physicochemical properties (ultimate pH, water holding capacity [WHC], drip loss) and flavor precursors (guanosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate (IMP), adenosine monophosphate and inosine) were analyzed conventionally, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the composition of biomolecules (lipids, ester lipids, amide I, amide II, amide III, and carbohydrates) and the secondary structure of the proteins. A group t-test was used to determine significant differences between mean values and principal component analysis to classify thigh meat samples into LRFI and HRFI KR chickens.Results: The physicochemical properties of thigh meat samples from LRFI and HRFI KR chickens were not significantly different but the IMP content, ratios of lipid, lipid ester, protein (amide I, amide II) were significantly different (p<0.05). The correlation loading results showed that the LRFI group was correlated with high ratios of lipids, lipid esters, collagen content (amide III) and beta sheet protein (rg loading >0.5) while the HRFI group was positively correlated with protein (amide I, amide II), alpha helix protein, IMP content, carbohydrate, ultimate pH and WHC (rg loading >0.5).Conclusion: The thigh meat from chickens with different RFI differed in physiochemical properties affecting meat texture, and in the contents of flavor precursors and biomolecules affecting the nutritional value of meat. This information can help animal breeders to make genetic improvements by taking more account of traits related to RFI.
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Stransky, David, Martin Fencl, and Vojtech Bares. "Runoff prediction using rainfall data from microwave links: Tabor case study." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.149.

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Abstract Rainfall spatio-temporal distribution is of great concern for rainfall-runoff modellers. Standard rainfall observations are, however, often scarce and/or expensive to obtain. Thus, rainfall observations from non-traditional sensors such as commercial microwave links (CMLs) represent a promising alternative. In this paper, rainfall observations from a municipal rain gauge (RG) monitoring network were complemented by CMLs and used as an input to a standard urban drainage model operated by the water utility of the Tabor agglomeration (CZ). Two rainfall datasets were used for runoff predictions: (i) the municipal RG network, i.e. the observation layout used by the water utility, and (ii) CMLs adjusted by the municipal RGs. The performance was evaluated in terms of runoff volumes and hydrograph shapes. The use of CMLs did not lead to distinctively better predictions in terms of runoff volumes; however, CMLs outperformed RGs used alone when reproducing a hydrograph's dynamics (peak discharges, Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient and hydrograph's rising limb timing). This finding is promising for number of urban drainage tasks working with dynamics of the flow. Moreover, CML data can be obtained from a telecommunication operator's data cloud at virtually no cost. That makes their use attractive for cities unable to improve their monitoring infrastructure for economic or organizational reasons.
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McKay, Sue, Paul Oranje, Jari Helin, Jean H. Koek, Ellen Kreijveld, Pieter van den Abbeele, Ute Pohl, et al. "Development of an Affordable, Sustainable and Efficacious Plant-Based Immunomodulatory Food Ingredient Based on Bell Pepper or Carrot RG-I Pectic Polysaccharides." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030963.

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The prevalence of acute respiratory infections and their impact on quality of life underlies the need for efficacious solutions that are safe, sustainable and economically viable. Polysaccharides in several (traditional) plant extracts have been shown to be immunostimulatory, and some studies suggest beneficial effects against respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to (i) identify the active polysaccharide constituents from affordable and renewable crops (bell pepper and carrot) using activity-guided fractionation, (ii) evaluate in vitro effects on innate immune responses (phagocytosis and cytokine secretion), microbiota modulation and production of short chain fatty acids, followed by (iii) the evaluation of effects of a bell pepper extract enriched for the active component in a human proof of concept study. We identified rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) as the nutricophore responsible for the immunostimulatory activity with substantial structural and functional equivalence between bell pepper (bp) and carrot (c). The in vitro studies showed that bpRG-I and cRG-I comprise similar immune- and microbiota modulatory potential and the human study demonstrated that bpRG-I was well tolerated and enhanced innate immune responsiveness in vivo. This is an important step towards testing the efficacy of RG-I from bpRG-I or cRG-I in an infection trial in humans.
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Schumacher, Isabel, Tohnyui Ndinyanka Fabrice, Marie-Therese Abdou, Benjamin M. Kuhn, Aline Voxeur, Aline Herger, Stefan Roffler, Laurent Bigler, Thomas Wicker, and Christoph Ringli. "Defects in Cell Wall Differentiation of the Arabidopsis Mutant rol1-2 Is Dependent on Cyclin-Dependent Kinase CDK8." Cells 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030685.

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Plant cells are encapsulated by cell walls whose properties largely determine cell growth. We have previously identified the rol1-2 mutant, which shows defects in seedling root and shoot development. rol1-2 is affected in the Rhamnose synthase 1 (RHM1) and shows alterations in the structures of Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) and RG II, two rhamnose-containing pectins. The data presented here shows that root tissue of the rol1-2 mutant fails to properly differentiate the cell wall in cell corners and accumulates excessive amounts of callose, both of which likely alter the physical properties of cells. A surr (suppressor of the rol1-2 root developmental defect) mutant was identified that alleviates the cell growth defects in rol1-2. The cell wall differentiation defect is re-established in the rol1-2 surr mutant and callose accumulation is reduced compared to rol1-2. The surr mutation is an allele of the cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), which encodes a component of the mediator complex that influences processes central to plant growth and development. Together, the identification of the surr mutant suggests that changes in cell wall composition and turnover in the rol1-2 mutant have a significant impact on cell growth and reveals a function of CDK8 in cell wall architecture and composition.
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46

SEYFRIED, M., A. SOLDERA-SILVA, F. BOVO, F. R. STEVAN-HANCKE, J. B. B. MAURER, and S. F. ZAWADZKI-BAGGIO. "Pectinas de plantas medicinais: características estruturais e atividades imunomoduladoras." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 18, no. 1 (March 2016): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/15_078.

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RESUMO As plantas medicinais apresentam várias propriedades terapêuticas, as quais estão relacionadas com a presença de compostos bioativos. Dentre os compostos, destacam-se as pectinas, que compreendem um grupo de polissacarídeos ácidos de relevante importância medicinal e nutracêutica. As pectinas são formadas por unidades de ácido galacturônico, unidas por ligação do tipo α-(1→4), sendo classificadas em homogalacturonanas e ramnogalacturonanas tipo I (RG-I) e tipo II (RG-II). Outros polissacarídeos constituídos por arabinose e/ou galactose têm sido isolados em associação com polissacarídeos pécticos, como as arabinogalactanas (AG) (tipo I e tipo II). As AG-II podem estar associadas a proteínas, denominadas de arabinogalactana-proteínas (AGPs). Inúmeros relatos demonstram que as pectinas, bem como as AG e AGPs, podem atuar como moduladores do sistema imunológico, sendo, por isso, consideradas modificadores da resposta biológica. A imunomodulação pode estar relacionada tanto com a atividade de macrófagos quanto com as vias do sistema complemento. Em geral, os polissacarídeos provocam um estímulo da atividade fagocitária; no aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e da secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Em relação ao sistema complemento, os polissacarídeos podem modular tanto a via clássica como a via alternativa. A presente revisão tem como objetivo principal descrever os aspectos estruturais de pectinas e suas atividades biológicas relacionadas à modulação do sistema imune. Utilizando literatura específica, estão descritas informações de 29 espécies de plantas medicinais, que apresentam como constituintes pectinas, arabinogalactanas e/ou AGPs, correlacionando suas propriedades terapêuticas com as atividades biológicas associadas ao sistema imune. Na maioria dos casos descritos na literatura, é difícil determinar como as características estruturais específicas podem estar envolvidas na modulação da atividade de macrófagos. Porém, em relação à modulação da atividade do sistema complemento fica sugerido que a presença de estruturas tipo AG-II contribuiria mais significativamente para esta atividade. Entretanto, os possíveis mecanismos de modulação de pectinas, AGs e AGPs sobre a atividade de macrófagos e/ou sobre o sistema complemento ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, mesmo assim, estes polímeros podem ser considerados potenciais candidatos para estudos que visam ao desenvolvimento de novos agentes terapêuticos com propriedades moduladoras benéficas para o sistema imunológico.
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Voxeur, Aline, Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat, Frédéric Legée, Kaori Sakai, Sébastien Antelme, Mylène Durand-Tardif, Catherine Lapierre, and Richard Sibout. "Altered lignification in mur1-1 a mutant deficient in GDP-L-fucose synthesis with reduced RG-II cross linking." PLOS ONE 12, no. 9 (September 29, 2017): e0184820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184820.

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48

Su, Juan, Xinya Liu, Hanqing Li, Xiang Cheng, Songshan Shi, Ning Li, Jianjun Wu, et al. "Hypoglycaemic effect and mechanism of an RG-II type polysaccharide purified from Aconitum coreanum in diet-induced obese mice." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 149 (April 2020): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.209.

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49

Shi, Da-chuan, Juan Wang, Rui-bo Hu, Gong-ke Zhou, Malcolm A. O’Neill, and Ying-zhen Kong. "Boron-bridged RG-II and calcium are required to maintain the pectin network of the Arabidopsis seed mucilage ultrastructure." Plant Molecular Biology 94, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-017-0606-8.

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50

Aprile, Cruciani, Germanotta, Gower, Pecchioli, Cattaneo, Vannetti, Padua, and Gramatica. "Upper Limb Robotics in Rehabilitation: An Approach to Select the Devices, Based on Rehabilitation Aims, and Their Evaluation in a Feasibility Study." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 18, 2019): 3920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183920.

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Robot-mediated therapy is a viable approach for upper limb rehabilitation. The upper limb is a highly complex segment and the identification of the appropriate devices capable of rehabilitating it globally (from the shoulder to the hand) in clinical practice is crucial. In this work, we aimed: (i) to describe an approach used in identifying a set of technological and robotic devices to globally treat the upper limb, and (ii) to evaluate the feasibility of the identified set in clinical practice. Using an ad-hoc form, a multidisciplinary team identified a set of four robotic and sensor-based devices to treat globally the upper limb. Then, 30 stroke patients were enrolled and assigned to two groups: the robotic group (RG), where patients were treated with the robotic set, or the conventional group (CG). All patients were evaluated before and after the treatment. In the RG the patients used all the devices (one in each rehabilitation session); the treatment was well accepted, without drop-outs or adverse events. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we identified a set of technological and robotic devices to treat the upper limb globally, and then we experimented to ascertain its feasibility, in a pilot study. Robotics offers a considerable number of devices for rehabilitation that should be selected according to rehabilitation aims and feasibility in clinical practice.
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