Relevant bibliographies by topics / RGB to gray scale

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'RGB to gray scale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "RGB to gray scale"

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Pierre, Fabien, Jean-François Aujol, Aurélie Bugeau, Gabriele Steidl, and Vinh-Thong Ta. "Variational Contrast Enhancement of Gray-Scale and RGB Images." Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 57, no. 1 (2016): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10851-016-0670-8.

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Qomariyah, Nurul, Rahadi Wirawan, Ni Kadek Nova Anggarani, Laili Mardiana, and Kasnawi Alhadi. "Karakteristik Gaharu Grynops Vertegii (Gilg.) Domke Berdasarkan Analisis Sebaran Gray scale Level." EIGEN MATHEMATICS JOURNAL 1, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/emj.v1i1.27.

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Agarwood Grynops Vertegii (Gilg.) Domke is a type of agarwood that is widely cultivated in the NTB area. The economic value of Agarwood is directly proportional to its quality. Color is one of the physical parameters to determine the quality of agarwood. The purpose of this study is to classify Grynops Vertegii (Gilg.) Agarwood based on the distribution of gray scale level using image processing. The method used is image processing based on gray scale level, Agarwood is divided into four classes based on the dominant color, in this study all samples divided into four classes: A, B, C, and D. Image in RGB converted in to gray scale images then processed in histogram to determine the distribution of the degree of gray scale and its intensity. From the results of image processing it can be seen that there is a shift in the peak position, the difference in the gray scale value, and the curve width. Gray scale values in each class A, B, C, and D respectively are 26,35, 62 and 121 with intensity value at peak positions respectively are 43300, 42400, 30350, 31750. Small gray scale values indicated that agarwood has a high black density and vice versa, while the peak position shows the dominant gray scale value in each class.
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Hu, Xin Ying, and Xiu Ping Zhao. "A Robust Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on Digital Image Security." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.144.

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Digital watermarking has been proposed as a way to claim the ownership of the source and owner of the digital image data. In this paper, A robust algorithm based on DCT region is proposed to improve the image security. The main transforming is based on DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). The algorithm was processed in the MATLAB software. In this paper, images of gray scale and RGB color scale were researched respectively. For color images, in order to get the best image quality, the RGB scale was transformed to YcbCr scale. Then, the Y channel (brightness channel) was separated, in which the watermark was embedded and extracted. The results show that the algorithm embedded a certain size of black and white Bitmap image into gray and color images. The watermark can’t be seen by the naked eye. The robustness detection experiment was also carried out. The watermark can still be extracted after certain amount of tailoring, defacing, Gaussian noise, and format changes. The similarity is more than 0.7. It confirmed that the algorithm is highly robust.
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MARSZALEC, ELZBIETA, and MATTI PIETIKÄINEN. "SOME ASPECTS OF RGB VISION AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 10, no. 01 (1996): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001496000062.

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RGB machine vision overlaps both colorimetry instrumentation and gray scale machine vision, and offers advantages over both. Proper calibration of the color camera which makes measurements independent of changes in illumination is essential for the reliability of color machine vision. A practical approach to on-line color camera calibration under unstable illumination conditions is presented and the performance of the procedure is evaluated. New potential applications of RGB machine vision are discussed from the perspective of physics-based vision and the calibration procedure developed here.
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MISHRA, D. C., HIMANI SHARMA, R. K. SHARMA, and NAVEEN KUMAR. "A FIRST CRYPTOSYSTEM FOR SECURITY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DATA." Fractals 25, no. 01 (2017): 1750011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x17500116.

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In this paper, we present a novel technique for security of two-dimensional data with the help of cryptography and steganography. The presented approach provides multilayered security of two-dimensional data. First layer security was developed by cryptography and second layer by steganography. The advantage of steganography is that the intended secret message does not attract attention to itself as an object of scrutiny. This paper proposes a novel approach for encryption and decryption of information in the form of Word Data (.doc file), PDF document (.pdf file), Text document, Gray-scale images, and RGB images, etc. by using Vigenere Cipher (VC) associated with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and then hiding the data behind the RGB image (i.e. steganography). Earlier developed techniques provide security of either PDF data, doc data, text data or image data, but not for all types of two-dimensional data and existing techniques used either cryptography or steganography for security. But proposed approach is suitable for all types of data and designed for security of information by cryptography and steganography. The experimental results for Word Data, PDF document, Text document, Gray-scale images and RGB images support the robustness and appropriateness for secure transmission of these data. The security analysis shows that the presented technique is immune from cryptanalytic. This technique further provides security while decryption as a check on behind which RGB color the information is hidden.
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Li, Shipeng, Di Li, Chunhua Zhang, Jiafu Wan, and Mingyou Xie. "RGB-D Image Processing Algorithm for Target Recognition and Pose Estimation of Visual Servo System." Sensors 20, no. 2 (2020): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020430.

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This paper studies the control performance of visual servoing system under the planar camera and RGB-D cameras, the contribution of this paper is through rapid identification of target RGB-D images and precise measurement of depth direction to strengthen the performance indicators of visual servoing system such as real time and accuracy, etc. Firstly, color images acquired by the RGB-D camera are segmented based on optimized normalized cuts. Next, the gray scale is restored according to the histogram feature of the target image. Then, the obtained 2D graphics depth information and the enhanced gray image information are distort merged to complete the target pose estimation based on the Hausdorff distance, and the current image pose is matched with the target image pose. The end angle and the speed of the robot are calculated to complete a control cycle and the process is iterated until the servo task is completed. Finally, the performance index of this control system based on proposed algorithm is tested about accuracy, real-time under position-based visual servoing system. The results demonstrate and validate that the RGB-D image processing algorithm proposed in this paper has the performance in the above aspects of the visual servoing system.
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Nidhal, K. EL Abbadi, and Saleem Eman. "Automatic gray images colorization based on lab color space." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS) 18, no. 3 (2020): 1501–9. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1501-1509.

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The colorization aims to transform a black and white image to a color image. This is a very hard issue and usually requiring manual intervention by the user to produce high-quality images free of artifact. The public problem of inserting gradients color to a gray image has no accurate method. The proposed method is fully automatic method. We suggested to use reference color image to help transfer colors from reference image to gray image. The reference image converted to Lab color space, while the gray scale image normalized according to the lightness channel L. The gray image concatenates with both a, and b channels before converting to RGB image. The results were promised compared with other methods.
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Abbadi, Nidhal K. El, and Eman Saleem Razaq. "Automatic gray images colorization based on lab color space." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 3 (2020): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1501-1509.

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<p>The colorization aim to transform a black and white image to a color image. This is a very hard issue and usually requiring manual intervention by the user to produce high-quality images free of artifact. The public problem of inserting gradients color to a gray image has no accurate method. The proposed method is fully automatic method. We suggested to use reference color image to help transfer colors from reference image to gray image. The reference image converted to Lab color space, while the gray scale image normalized according to the lightness channel L. the gray image concatenate with both a, and b channels before converting to RGB image. The results were promised compared with other methods.</p>
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Li, Jinjun, Hong Zhao, Chengying Shi, and Xiang Zhou. "A Multi-Model Stereo Similarity Function Based on Monogenic Signal Analysis in Poisson Scale Space." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/202653.

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A stereo similarity function based on local multi-model monogenic image feature descriptors (LMFD) is proposed to match interest points and estimate disparity map for stereo images. Local multi-model monogenic image features include local orientation and instantaneous phase of the gray monogenic signal, local color phase of the color monogenic signal, and local mean colors in the multiscale color monogenic signal framework. The gray monogenic signal, which is the extension of analytic signal to gray level image using Dirac operator and Laplace equation, consists of local amplitude, local orientation, and instantaneous phase of 2D image signal. The color monogenic signal is the extension of monogenic signal to color image based on Clifford algebras. The local color phase can be estimated by computing geometric product between the color monogenic signal and a unit reference vector in RGB color space. Experiment results on the synthetic and natural stereo images show the performance of the proposed approach.
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He, Xiao Qin, Jin Jun Li, and Xiao Yan Li. "Multi-Scale Stereo Analysis Based on Local Multi-Model Monogenic Image Feature Descriptors." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.853.

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A multi-scale method based on local multi-model monogenic image feature descriptors (LMFD) is proposed to match interest points and estimate disparity map for stereo images. Local multi-model monogenic image features include local orientation and instantaneous phase of the gray monogenic signal, local color phase of the color monogenic signal and local mean colors in the multi-scale color monogenic signal framework. The gray monogenic signal, which is the extension of analytic signal to gray level image using Dirac operator and Laplace equation, consists of local amplitude, local orientation and instantaneous phase of 2D image signal. The color monogenic signal is the extension of monogenic signal to color image based on Clifford algebras. The local color phase can be estimated by computing geometric product between the color monogenic signal and a unit reference vector in RGB color space. Because the proposed feature descriptors contain local geometric, structure and color information, it is robust against noise and brightness change in feature matching and 3D reconstruction. Experiment results on the synthetic and natural stereo images show the performance of the proposed approach.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "RGB to gray scale"

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Mosher, Lance Adams. "Double-exposure gray-scale photolithography." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8592.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Morgan, Brian Carl. "Electrostatic MEMS actuators using gray-scale technology." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3944.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: Electrical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Kowalewski, Damian. "Edge-based encoding of gray-scale images." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80305.

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This thesis explores image compression based on visual information contained within the edges. This work is based on an observation that not all the information contained within an image is used by the human brain. Previous works demonstrate methods for reconstructing images adequately using edge information. We exploit the fact that some components of the image can be removed while having little effect on human perception: this is the key basis for the compression developed in this thesis. We first construct compression preserving all the edge information extracted from the image. We then consider the impact of removing some of the edge information to further improve the compression ratio. We direct our attention to two types of information associated with edges: (1) its location and shape, (2) intensity and blur values on each side of the edge. First we propose a method to encode edge location and shape in a most efficient manner. We propose a measure of redundancy to remove edges carrying information already encoded in neighboring edges. Then we consider the compression of intensities and blur associated with each edge. Since the intensity information is quite noisy we show that we can remove the noise and reduce intensity functions to linear functions without significant impact on the quality of a reconstructed image. Finally we introduce a method to encode pattern information not included in edge information to improve the overall quality of the reconstructed image.
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Fetter, Paul. "Heuristics for selecting gray scale morphological structuring elements /." Online version of thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11728.

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Kirkpatrick, Erin Jolene. "Green Mind Gray Yard: Micro Scale Assessment of Ecosystem Services." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/884.

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There is a spatial mismatch between the size of the area where people are living and the extent of land needed to ecologically support developed areas. More people are living in urban areas than any time in history, and the resources need to support cities have had to expand to try and meet the demands of increasing urban populations. However, areas of opportunity exist for urban areas to begin to positively contribute towards the available resources in a region. Because a large portion of urban areas is within private control, gaining a baseline understanding of how residents interact with ecosystem services served as basis of this study. Using a survey of residents in the Portland, OR area, correlations between demographic groups and questions regarding their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors as they relate to vegetation proved that the knowledge of environmental relationships is an important first step in creating pro-environmental behavior. Those reporting a high level of knowledge for ecological system and processes were more likely to value the benefits of vegetation for other associated reasons, such as for recreational activities, aesthetic purposes, and air or water quality. Additionally, survey responses were mapped to spatial data to gain an understanding of the spatial characteristics of neighborhoods in the survey area and how they have changed over time. Overall, the results in the study display trends that can help outreach organizations and municipalities to determine plans to strategically engage the public in a way that could create a net gain in urban ecosystem services.
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Zhou, Zhou. "An advanced gray-scale technology and its applications to micro-devices." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3356395.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 9, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-161).
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Boyd, Ashley. "Gray scale assessment of axillary lymph nodes in women suspected of breast cancer." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32194.

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Ganapathiraman, Subburengan. "QUANTIFICATION OF SURFACE DEFECTS USING PRIMARY HIGHLIGHT IN DIFFUSE ANGLE GRAY SCALE IMAGES." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/348.

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The thesis presented is an effort to gather all possible information of one particular type of common paint defect the seed defect, from gray scale images of highly specular painted surface. The proposed approach in the thesis utilizes a white light source to illuminate the surface and utilizes a camera to capture its gray scale image at different diffused angles. While attempting to explain the physics of highlight formation in terms of location on the surface of a seed defect, the thesis also extends to utilize this information from gray scale images to accurately predict the parameters of seed defects including the height, size and position in real time. Since the primary highlight in a gray scale image is more defined, contrary to the past researches on diffuse angle images that use both primary / seed highlight and mirror highlight to estimate height of the seed, this thesis formulates a theory of highlight translation and estimates the height of seed based on primary / seed highlight. The other common type of surface defect - crater defect, is also addressed in the thesis.
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Summitt, Chris, Sunglin Wang, Soha Namnabat, Lee Johnson, Tom Milster, and Yuzuru Takashima. "Fast fabrication of polymer out-of-plane optical coupler by gray-scale lithography." OPTICAL SOC AMER, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625707.

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We report a fabrication process of a polymer, and mirror-based out-of-plane optical coupler. In the process, a pre-formed mirror blank made of a buffer coat material is re-exposed by a laser direct writing tool with low numerical aperture of 0.1. The fabrication process is inherently fast because of the low numerical aperture (NA) process. The surface figure of the mirror is controlled under 0.04 waves in root-mean-square (RMS) at 1.55 mu m wavelength, with mirror angle of 45 +/- 1 degrees. Nominal insertion loss of 8.5dB of the mirror-based coupler was confirmed with polymer waveguides fabricated simultaneously. (C) 2017 Optical Society of America
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Johnson, Jarrett Reed. "Multi-scale investigations of gray treefrong movements patterns of migration, dispersal, and gene flow /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4161.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 18, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "RGB to gray scale"

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(Europe), NEC Electronics. uPD77230 gray scale imaging AC Servomotor centre application note 111. NEC Electronics, (Europe), 1993.

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B, Dove Derek, Abe Takao 1933-, Heinzl Joachim, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., IS & T--the Society for Imaging Science and Technology., and Rochester Institute of Technology. Center for Imaging Science., eds. Printing technologies for images, gray scale, and color: 26-28 February 1991, San Jose, California. SPIE, 1991.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. GRIDVECTOR (version 1): An ARC/INFO AML program to extract linear features from a gray-scale image of a paper geologic map. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. GRIDVECTOR (version 1): An ARC/INFO AML program to extract linear features from a gray-scale image of a paper geologic map. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. GRIDVECTOR (version 1): An ARC/INFO AML program to extract linear features from a gray-scale image of a paper geologic map. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. GRIDVECTOR (version 1): An ARC/INFO AML program to extract linear features from a gray-scale image of a paper geologic map. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Bush, Prasaad. Flyboy: (Gray-Scale). Blurb, 2020.

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Bush, Prasaad. Flyboy: (Gray-Scale). Blurb, 2020.

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Bush, Prasaad. Flyboy: (Gray-Scale). Blurb, 2020.

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Life in Gray-Scale. Notion Press, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "RGB to gray scale"

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Weik, Martin H. "gray scale." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_8054.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Gray Scale." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5638.

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Dando, Neal R., and Stephen J. Lindsay. "Hard Gray Scale." In Essential Readings in Light Metals. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48156-2_89.

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Dando, Dr Neal R., and Stephen J. Lindsay. "Hard Gray Scale." In Essential Readings in Light Metals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647851.ch89.

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Gooch, Jan W. "International Gray Scale." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6420.

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Weik, Martin H. "gray-scale image data." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_8055.

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Wahab, A., E. C. Tan, and A. Jonatan. "Direct Gray-Scale Minutiae Extraction." In Biometric Authentication. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25948-0_39.

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Blankenbach, Karlheinz. "Luminance, Contrast Ratio, and Gray Scale." In Handbook of Visual Display Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14346-0_143.

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Blankenbach, Karlheinz. "Luminance, Contrast Ratio, and Gray Scale." In Handbook of Visual Display Technology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35947-7_143-2.

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Schulz-Mirbach, Hanns. "Invariant features for gray scale images." In Informatik aktuell. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79980-8_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "RGB to gray scale"

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Gupta, Neha, and Ashok Bhansali. "Embedding Color Watermark by Adjusting DCT using RGB Gray Scale Watermarking." In 2021 Emerging Trends in Industry 4.0 (ETI 4.0). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eti4.051663.2021.9619432.

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Swift, Dan J., and Robert A. Smith. "Extended linearized gray scale with a CRT monitor." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thb1.

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Pelli and Zhang1 describe techniques for combining the outputs of the three color DACs with a CRT monitor to achieve extra gray-scale resolution, particularly at low contrast levels. While there should theoretically be 24 bits of gray scale available, this is unachievable in practice because of monitor nonlinearities and DAC inaccuracies. We measure and account for the inaccuracies in the DAC (which are extremely stable) and build a single look-up table containing over 32,000 (15 bits) RGB values that are converted by a passive resistive circuit into equal-interval gray-scale values. Dynamic inaccuracies resulting from DAC bit changes have been examined and found to be negligible. A novel smoothing technique that does not depend on assumptions of the form of the monitor non-linearity has been used. The final correlation of measured vs. specified luminance has been as high as 0.999996 (and is typically higher than 0.99995).
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Ansari, Irshad Ahmad, Millie Pant, and Ferrante Neri. "Analysis of gray scale watermark in RGB host using SVD and PSO." In 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Multimedia, Signal and Vision Processing (CIMSIVP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cimsivp.2014.7013282.

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Raveendran, Sithara, Pranose J. Edavoor, Y. B. Nithin Kumar, and M. H. Vasantha. "Design and Implementation of Reversible Logic based RGB to Gray scale Color Space Converter." In TENCON 2018 - 2018 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2018.8650243.

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U, Swathi, and Smitha U. "Design and Implementation of Efficient RGB to Gray scale Converter Architectures Using Reversible Logic." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing, VLSI, Electrical Circuits and Robotics (DISCOVER). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/discover50404.2020.9278066.

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Kaur, Jinder, Gurwinder Kaur, and Ashwani Kumar. "An Improved Method to Remove Salt and Pepper Noise in Noisy Images." In International Conference on Women Researchers in Electronics and Computing. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.114.23.

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In the field of image processing, removal of noise from Gray scale as well as RGB images is an ambitious task. The important function of noise removal algorithm is to eliminate noise from a noisy image. The salt and pepper noise (SPN) is frequently arising into Gray scale and RGB images while capturing, acquiring and transmitting over the insecure several communication mechanisms. In past, the numerous noise removal methods have been introduced to extract the noise from images adulterated with SPN. The proposed work introduces the SPN removal algorithm for Gray scale at low along with high density noise (10\% to 90\%). According to the different conditions of proposed algorithm, the noisy pixel is reconstructed by Winsorized mean or mean value of all pixels except the centre pixel which are present in the processing window. The noise from an image can be removed by using the proposed algorithm without degrading the quality of image. The performance evaluation of proposed and modified decision based unsymmetric median filter (MDBUTMF) is done on the basis of different performance parameters such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Image Enhancement Factor (IEF) and Structure Similarity Index Measurement (SSIM).
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Darweesh, Muna, Mona AlZubaidi, Alavi Kunhu, Hussain Al-Ahmad, and Fatma Taher. "Colorization of gray scale natural still images by using ANN to predict the low frequency DCT components of the RGB channels." In 2015 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Research (ICTRC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictrc.2015.7156483.

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Reder, Leonard J., and Michael Farris. "A Tour up the Gray Scale Vector of the RGB Color Cube: How Computer Graphics Color Spaces Relate to Digital Video Color Difference Space." In SMPTE Technical Conference. IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/m00976.

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Shetty, Kishan, Kiran Saravana, M. K. Vikas Vinugna, Brinda N. Murthy, Seema Patil, and Preeta Sharan. "Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Based RBG to Gray Scale Conversion in Bio-Medical Applications." In 2020 7th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/indiacom49435.2020.9083702.

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Palma, Gabriel, Ana Aquino, Patricia Monticelli, Luciano Verdade, Charles Markham, and Rafael Moral. "A machine vision system for avian song classification with CNN’s." In 24th Irish Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference. Irish Pattern Recognition and Classification Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56541/mhzn4111.

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Soundscape ecologists aim to study the acoustic characteristics of an area that reflects natural processes [Schafer, 1977]. These sounds can be interpreted as biological (biophony), geophysical (geophony), and human-produced (anthrophony) [Pijanowski et al., 2011]. A common task is to use sounds to identify species based on the frequency content of a given signal. This signal can be further converted into spectrograms enabling other types of analysis to automate the identification of species. Based on the promising results of deep learning methods, such as Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) in image classification, here we propose the use of a pre-trained VGG16 CNN architecture to identify two nocturnal avian species, namely Antrostomus rufus and Megascops choliba, commonly encountered in Brazilian forests. Monitoring the abundance of these species is important to ecologists to develop conservation programmes, detect environmental disturbances and assess the impact of human action. Specialists recorded sounds in 16-bit wave files at a sampling rate of 44Hz and classified the presence of these species. With the classified wave files, we created additional classes to visualise the performance of the VGG16 CNN architecture for detecting both species. We end up with six categories containing 60 seconds of audio of species vocalisation combinations and background only sounds. We produced spectrograms using the information from each RGB channel, only one channel (grey-scale), and applied the histogram equalisation technique to the grey-scale images. A comparison of the system performance using histogram equalised images and unmodified images was made. Histogram equalisation improves the contrast, and so the visibility to the human observer. Investigating the effect of histogram equalisation on the performance of the CNN was a feature of this study. Moreover, to show the practical application of our work, we created 51 minutes of audio, which contains more noise than the presence of both species (a scenario commonly encountered in field surveys). Our results showed that the trained VGG16 CNN produced, after 8000 epochs, a training accuracy of 100% for the three approaches. The test accuracy was 80.64%, 75.26%, and 67.74% for the RGB, grey-scaled, and histogram equalised approaches. The method’s accuracy on the synthetic audio file of 51 minutes was 92.15%. This accuracy level reveals the potential of CNN architectures in automating species detection and identification by sound using passive monitoring. Our results suggest that using coloured images to represent the spectrogram better generalises the classification than grey-scale and histogram equalised images. This study might develop future avian monitoring programmes based on passive sound recording, which significantly enhances sampling size without increasing cost.
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Reports on the topic "RGB to gray scale"

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AT AND T TECHNOLOGIES INC GREENSBORO NC. Standard Gray Scale Images Users Manual. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada177361.

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Ravela, S., R. Manmatha, and W. B. Croft. Retrieval of Trademark and Gray-Scale Images Using Global Similarity. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440282.

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Kirkpatrick, Erin. Green Mind Gray Yard: Micro Scale Assessment of Ecosystem Services. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.884.

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DELTA INFORMATION SYSTEMS INC HORSHAM PA. Comparative Analysis of Gray Scale Coding Techniques for Group 4 Facsimile. Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada243175.

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Wang, C. M. Software for performing gray-scale measurements of optical fiber end faces. National Bureau of Standards, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1370.

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NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM WASHINGTON DC. Investigation of Vector Quantization for the Coding Gray Scale Images for Group 4 Facsimile. Defense Technical Information Center, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada206548.

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Ghodssi, Reza, Christopher M. Waits, and Brian C. Morgan. Development and Optimization of Integrative MEMS-Based Gray-Scale Technology in Silicon for Power MEMS Applications. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada439033.

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Willingham, Alison N. Emerging factors associated with the decline of a gray fox population and multi-scale land cover associations of mesopredators in the Chicago metropolitan area. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/971003.

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Dong, Chengda, Hongshuo Shi, Zhaojun Yan, and Jianmin Liu. Quality of Evidence Supporting the Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Treatment of Anxious Depression: A protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0029.

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Review question / Objective: Population: the participants had anxious depression diagnosed according to any authoritative diagnostic criteria, no restrictions on sex, race, age, onset time, or the source of cases. Intervention: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), including oral and injectable NSAIDs. Comparison: conventional antidepressants. Outcome：effective rate, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale, potential gastrointestinal and neurological adverse events, etc. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Information sources: Literature searches were conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SinoMed, Chongqing VIP. Gray literature including conference proceedings, fund application report by hand, and other possible sources including citation searching and websites.
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NATIONAL INFORMATION DISPLAY LAB PRINCETON NJ. Evaluation of the SIEMENS SMM 21105 L (STEREO) 4 x 3 Aspect Ratio, 21-Inch Diagonal High Contrast Gray Scale CRT Monitor Manufactured July 2001. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415147.

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