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Journal articles on the topic 'Rh2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Piao, Xiang Min, Yue Huo, Jong Pyo Kang, et al. "Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies." Molecules 25, no. 19 (2020): 4390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194390.

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Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual’s gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properti

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Senthilan, Pingkalai R., and Charlotte Helfrich-Förster. "Rhodopsin 7–The unusual Rhodopsin inDrosophila." PeerJ 4 (September 6, 2016): e2427. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2427.

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Rhodopsins are the major photopigments in the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster. Drosophilaexpress six well-characterized Rhodopsins (Rh1–Rh6) with distinct absorption maxima and expression pattern. In 2000, when theDrosophilagenome was published, a novelRhodopsingene was discovered:Rhodopsin 7(Rh7).Rh7is highly conserved among theDrosophilagenus and is also found in other arthropods. Phylogenetic trees based on protein sequences suggest that the sevenDrosophilaRhodopsins cluster in three different groups. While Rh1, Rh2 and Rh6 form a “vertebrate-melanopsin-type”–cluster, and Rh3, Rh4 and Rh5

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Sambo, Paolo, Franco Sannazzaro, and Michael R. Evans. "Physical Properties of Ground Fresh Rice Hulls and Sphagnum Peat Used for Greenhouse Root Substrates." HortTechnology 18, no. 3 (2008): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.3.384.

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Ground fresh rice (Oryza sativa) hull materials were produced by grinding whole fresh rice hulls and passing the resulting product through a 1-, 2-, 4- or 6-mm-diameter screen to produce a total of four ground rice products (RH1, RH2, RH4, and RH6, respectively). The physical properties and water release characteristics of sphagnum peatmoss (peat) and the four ground rice hull products were evaluated. All of the ground rice hull products had a higher bulk density (Bd) than peat, and as the grind size of the rice hull particle decreased, Bd increased. Peat had a higher total pore space (TPS) th

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Pinheiro, Diego Garrido, Nereu Augusto Streck, Gean Leonardo Richter, et al. "Limite crítico no solo para transpiração e crescimento foliar em mandioca em dois períodos com deficiência hídrica." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 38, no. 6 (2014): 1740–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832014000600009.

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A cultura da mandioca geralmente é exposta a mais de um período de deficiência hídrica durante a estação de crescimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se há diferença na Fração de Água Transpirável do Solo (FATS) crítica para transpiração e crescimento foliar em plantas de mandioca submetidas a um e dois períodos de deficiência hídrica no solo. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com a cultura da mandioca, cultivar Fepagro RS 13. Os tratamentos foram quatro regimes hídricos subdivididos em dois períodos, período 1 (P1) e período 2 (P2): regimes hídricos RH1 e RH2 (sem e com deficiênci

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5

Mathiyalagan, Ramya, Chao Wang, Yeon Ju Kim, et al. "Preparation of Polyethylene Glycol-Ginsenoside Rh1 and Rh2 Conjugates and Their Efficacy against Lung Cancer and Inflammation." Molecules 24, no. 23 (2019): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234367.

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Low solubility and tumor-targeted delivery of ginsenosides to avoid off-target cytotoxicity are challenges for clinical trials. In the present study, we report on a methodology for the synthesis of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ginsenoside conjugates through a hydrolysable ester bond using the hydrophilic polymer polyethylene glycol with the hydrophobic ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2 to enhance water solubility and passive targeted delivery. The resulting conjugates were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). 1H NMR revealed that the

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Chinen, Akito, Takanori Hamaoka, Yukihiro Yamada, and Shoji Kawamura. "Gene Duplication and Spectral Diversification of Cone Visual Pigments of Zebrafish." Genetics 163, no. 2 (2003): 663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.2.663.

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Abstract Zebrafish is becoming a powerful animal model for the study of vision but the genomic organization and variation of its visual opsins have not been fully characterized. We show here that zebrafish has two red (LWS-1 and LWS-2), four green (RH2-1, RH2-2, RH2-3, and RH2-4), and single blue (SWS2) and ultraviolet (SWS1) opsin genes in the genome, among which LWS-2, RH2-2, and RH2-3 are novel. SWS2, LWS-1, and LWS-2 are located in tandem and RH2-1, RH2-2, RH2-3, and RH2-4 form another tandem gene cluster. The peak absorption spectra (λmax) of the reconstituted photopigments from the opsin

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7

Chen, Jianbo, Meijia Li, Di Qu, and Yinshi Sun. "Neuroprotective Effects of Red Ginseng Saponins in Scopolamine-Treated Rats and Activity Screening Based on Pharmacokinetics." Molecules 24, no. 11 (2019): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112136.

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Ginseng has been used to alleviate age-related dementia and memory deterioration for thousands of years. This study investigated the protective effect of red ginseng saponins against scopolamine-induced cerebral injury. Meanwhile, pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in normal and scopolamine-treated rats were compared. After scopolamine injection, glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly decreased when compared with control group. Compared with SA group, pretreatment of rats with red ginseng saponins could increase glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase lev

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8

Mishra, Abhishek Kumar, Cornelia Fritsch, Roumen Voutev, Richard S. Mann, and Simon G. Sprecher. "Homothorax controls a binary Rhodopsin switch in Drosophila ocelli." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 7 (2021): e1009460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009460.

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Visual perception of the environment is mediated by specialized photoreceptor (PR) neurons of the eye. Each PR expresses photosensitive opsins, which are activated by a particular wavelength of light. In most insects, the visual system comprises a pair of compound eyes that are mainly associated with motion, color or polarized light detection, and a triplet of ocelli that are thought to be critical during flight to detect horizon and movements. It is widely believed that the evolutionary diversification of compound eye and ocelli in insects occurred from an ancestral visual organ around 500 mi

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9

Wei, Dongju. "Progress of Ginsenosides on Immunomodulation and Inhibition of Lung Cancer." Transactions on Materials, Biotechnology and Life Sciences 7 (December 24, 2024): 522–27. https://doi.org/10.62051/jrk15c25.

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Ginseng is characterized by low toxicity, multi-targeting and enhancement of body immunity in its anti-cancer effects. Ginsenosides are natural effective anti-cancer components, mainly consisting of diol-type, triol-type, and oleanolic acid-type ginsenosides. Ginsenosides are bio absorbed by intestinal flora through "Rb1-Gibberellin XVII-F2-CK-PPD", "Rb2-Rd-F2-CK-PPD", "Rg3-Rh2-PPD" and other pathways. It can be converted into saponins ck, Rh1, Rh2, Rc, PPD and other active ingredients. Metabolites of ginsenosides are used in the treatment of many types of cancers and have been shown to be eff

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10

Carulli, J. P., and D. L. Hartl. "Variable rates of evolution among Drosophila opsin genes." Genetics 132, no. 1 (1992): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/132.1.193.

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Abstract DNA sequences and chromosomal locations of four Drosophila pseudoobscura opsin genes were compared with those from Drosophila melanogaster, to determine factors that influence the evolution of multigene families. Although the opsin proteins perform the same primary functions, the comparisons reveal a wide range of evolutionary rates. Amino acid identities for the opsins range from 90% for Rh2 to more than 95% for Rh1 and Rh4. Variation in the rate of synonymous site substitution is especially striking: the major opsin, encoded by the Rh1 locus, differs at only 26.1% of synonymous site

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11

Khan, Taj-Malook, Noor Shad Gul, Xing Lu, et al. "Rhodium(iii) complexes with isoquinoline derivatives as potential anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo activity studies." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 30 (2019): 11469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01951k.

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Elmakki, Mohammed A. E., Orbett Teboho Alexander, Gertruida J. S. Venter, Johan Andries Venter, and Andreas Roodt. "Structural Study of Model Rhodium(I) Carbonylation Catalysts Activated by Indole-2-/Indoline-2-Carboxylate Bidentate Ligands and Kinetics of Iodomethane Oxidative Addition." Inorganics 10, no. 12 (2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10120251.

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The rigid-backbone bidentate ligands Indoline-2-carboxylic acid (IndoliH) and Indole-2-carboxylic acid (IndolH) were evaluated for rhodium(I). IndoliH formed [Rh(Indoli)(CO)(PPh3)] (A2), while IndolH yielded the novel dinuclear [Rh1(Indol’)(CO)(PPh3)Rh2(CO)(PPh3)2] (B2) complex (Indol’ = Indol2−), which were characterized by SCXRD. In B2, the Rh1(I) fragment [Rh1(Indol’)(CO)(PPh3)] (bidentate N,O-Indol) exhibits a square-planar geometry, while Rh2(I) shows a ‘Vaska’-type trans-[O-Rh2(PPh3)2(CO)] configuration (bridging the carboxylate ‘oxo’ O atom of Indol2−). The oxidative addition of MeI to

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13

Popovich, David G., and David D. Kitts. "Ginsenosides 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and Rh2 reduce cell proliferation and increase sub-G1 cells in two cultured intestinal cell lines, Int-407 and Caco-2." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 3 (2004): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-001.

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Ginsenosides derived from 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PT) and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PD) groups had similar characteristic cytotoxic effects on the growth of two intestinal cells lines, Int-407 and Caco-2. Pure Rh2, a ginsenoside structurally related to PD, inhibited intestinal cell growth at greater than twice the concentration of PD, while Rh1, a ginsenoside structurally related to aglycone PT, had no cytotoxic effect. Concentrations causing growth inhibition of 50% of cells (LC50) for the compounds PD, PT, and Rh2 were 23, 26, and 53 µg/mL, respectively, for Int-407 cells. In comparison, the LC

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14

Jin, Sojeong, Ji-Hyeon Jeon, Sowon Lee, et al. "Detection of 13 Ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, F1, Compound K, 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol, and 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol) in Human Plasma and Application of the Analytical Method to Human Pharmacokinetic Studies Following Two Week-Repeated Administration of Red Ginseng Extract." Molecules 24, no. 14 (2019): 2618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142618.

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We aimed to develop a sensitive method for detecting 13 ginsenosides using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and to apply this method to pharmacokinetic studies in human following repeated oral administration of red ginseng extract. The chromatograms of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, F1, compound K (CK), protopanaxadiol (PPD), and protopanaxatriol (PPT) in human plasma were well separated. The calibration curve range for 13 ginsenosides was 0.5–200 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng/mL for all ginsenosides. The inter- and intra-day accuracy, precision,

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15

Danial, Amal W., Ahmed M. Abdel Wahab, Houssam H. Arafat, and Refat Abdel-Basset. "Bioenergetics of lactate vs. acetate outside TCA enhanced the hydrogen evolution levels in two newly isolated strains of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 72, no. 3-4 (2017): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2016-0070.

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Abstract Two local hydrogen-evolving strains of purple nonsulfur bacteria have been isolated, characterized, and identified as Rhodopseudomonas sp. TUT (strains Rh1 and Rh2). Lactate followed by succinate and malate supported the highest amounts of H2 production, growth (O.D.660nm, proteins and bacteriochlorphyll contents), nitrogenase activity, and uptake hydrogenase; the least of which was acetate. Alginate-immobilized cells evolved higher hydrogen amounts than free cell counterparts. Rh1 was more productive than Rh2 at all circumstances. Lactate-dependent hydrogen evolution was more than tw

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Dupont, Magali, Severine Cornaton, Esma Kahoul, Nolwen Prie, and Claudine Giroux-Lathuile. "Profil d’anti-RH1+anti-RH2 à la RAE : attention à l’anti-RH12 !" Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 26, no. 3 (2019): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.122.

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17

Liu, Da-Wei, Ying Lu, Hong Young Yan, and Harold H. Zakon. "South American Weakly Electric Fish (Gymnotiformes) Are Long-Wavelength-Sensitive Cone Monochromats." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 88, no. 3-4 (2016): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000450746.

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Losses of cone opsin genes are noted in animals that are nocturnal or rely on senses other than vision. We investigated the cone opsin repertoire of night-active South American weakly electric fish. We obtained opsin gene sequences from genomic DNA of 3 gymnotiforms (Eigenmannia virescens, Sternopygus macrurus, Apteronotus albifrons) and the assembled genome of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus). We identified genes for long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) and medium-wavelength-sensitive cone opsins (RH2) and rod opsins (RH1). Neither of the 2 short-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin genes we

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18

Arumugaperumal, Reguram, Venkatesan Srinivasadesikan, Ming-Chang Lin, Muthaiah Shellaiah, Tarun Shukla, and Hong-Cheu Lin. "Facile rhodamine-based colorimetric sensors for sequential detections of Cu(ii) ions and pyrophosphate (P2O74−) anions." RSC Advances 6, no. 108 (2016): 106631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24472f.

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Two rhodamine hydrazine derivatives Rh1 and Rh2 with catechol and ether functionalities have been synthesized and utilized towards sequential colorimetric detections of Cu(ii) and pyrophosphate (PPi) ions in a semi-aqueous medium.

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Fang, Jian, Frank Moore, Eric E. Roos, and Christina Walters. "The Relationship Among Storage Condition and Seed Moisture Content Revisited." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 490c—490. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.490c.

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Seed moisture content (MC) changes depending upon relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). This relationship was revealed by studying the interaction of RH and T at equilibrium. Maize, cucumber, onion, lettuce, watermelon, and pea seeds were equilibrated over various saturated salt solutions (1% to 93% RH) at temperatures from 5 to 50 °C. Five-hundred-eleven subset models were selected from a complete third-order model MC = 0 + 1*RH + 2*T + 3*RH2 + 4*T2 + 5*RH*T + 6*RH3 + 7*T3 + 8*RH*T2 + 9*RH2*T using Mallows' minimum Cp as the selection criterion. All six best subset models were found to

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Fang, Jian, Frank Moore, Eric Roos, and Christina Walters. "Three-dimensional Models Represent Seed Moisture Content as a Function of Relative Humidity and Temperature." HortScience 33, no. 7 (1998): 1207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.7.1207.

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Seed moisture content (MC) has been considered the most important factor controlling physiological reactions in seeds, and MC changes with relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). This relationship is revealed by studying the interaction of RH and T at equilibrium. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus M. & N.) seeds were equilibrated over sulfuric acid (1% RH) and various saturated salt solutions (5.5% to 93% RH) at temperatures from 5 to 50 °C. Best-fit subset m

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Chen, Yingying, Yuqiang Zhang, Wei Song, Ying Zhang, Xiu Dong, and Mingqi Tan. "Ginsenoside Rh2 Improves the Cisplatin Anti-tumor Effect in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells via Superoxide and PD-L1." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 4 (2020): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520619666191209091230.

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Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a major biological component of ginseng that exerts antitumor activities in multiple cancers including Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers (NSCLCs). Rh2 also enhances the anti-tumor effects of various chemotherapy drugs including cisplatin at relatively low concentrations. Here, the mechanistic role of Rh2 in chemotherapy-treated NSCLCs will be investigated. Methods: In this study, FACS, western blot and siRNA addition were used to analyze the role of Rh2 in cisplatin- treated lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cells. Results: Subsequent observations indicated that

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Popov, Alexander, Anna Klimovich, Olga Styshova, et al. "Probable Mechanisms of Doxorubicin Antitumor Activity Enhancement by Ginsenoside Rh2." Molecules 27, no. 3 (2022): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030628.

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Ginsenoside Rh2 increases the efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX) treatment in murine models of solid and ascites Ehrlich’s adenocarcinoma. In a solid tumor model (treatment commencing 7 days after inoculation), DOX + Rh2 co-treatment was significantly more efficacious than DOX alone. If treatment was started 24 h after inoculation, the inhibition of tumor growth of a solid tumor for the DOX + Rh2 co-treatment group was complete. Furthermore, survival in the ascites model was dramatically higher for the DOX + Rh2 co-treatment group than for DOX alone. Mechanisms underlying the combined DOX and Rh2 e

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Lu, Huan-Jun, Jian-Ke Cen, Yu Ren, and Mei-Xian Li. "Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Pain Effect of Ginsenoside-Conjugated O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Particles." Polymers 15, no. 19 (2023): 4011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15194011.

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Nanoparticle delivery of functional molecules or vaccines is an effective method for the treatment of many diseases. This study aims to design ginsenoside Rh2-conjugated O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC/Rh2) as a drug delivery system and explore its anti-nociceptive effects. O-CMC/Rh2 was synthesized with an esterification reaction, and its chemical composition and morphology were evaluated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), the attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the in vitro cumula

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Song, Wanmei, Bin Dai, and Yuntang Dai. "Influence of Ginsenoside Rh2 on Cardiomyocyte Pyroptosis in Rats with Acute Myocardial Infarction." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (October 12, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5194523.

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Objective. This paper intends to verify through in vivo experiments whether ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) can play an anti-inflammatory role by modulating cardiomyocyte (CM) pyroptosis in rats with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), thereby alleviating myocardial injury. Methods. Twenty SD rats were randomized into control, L-Rh2, M-Rh2, and H-Rh2 groups, among which the latter three groups were modeled for AMI and given an intraperitoneal injection of G-Rh2 (L-Rh2: 2 mg/kg; M-Rh2: 4 mg/kg; H-Rh2: 8 mg/kg), while the control group was only treated with thoracotomy and sodium chloride injection. Hear

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Wang, Minghui, Qinyang Li, Shuang Li, et al. "Influence of Auricularia cornea Polysaccharide Coating on the Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Liposomes Ginsenoside Rh2." Foods 12, no. 21 (2023): 3946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12213946.

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Liposomes (Lip) are microstructures containing lipid and aqueous phases for encapsulation and delivery of bioactivators. In this study, Ginsenoside Rh2 liposomes (Rh2−Lip) were prepared by a thin-film hydrated ultrasonic binding method. But they are not stable during storage. In addition, Rh2−Lip was wrapped with Auricultural cornea polysaccharide (ACP) and Chitosan (CS) as coating materials to improve stability. CS coating was used as a positive control. The particle sizes determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed 183 ± 5.52 nm for liposomes, 197 ± 6.7 nm for Auricultural cornea pol

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Kim, Sejin, Nayeon Kim, JaYeon Jeong, et al. "Anti-Cancer Effect of Panax Ginseng and Its Metabolites: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery." Processes 9, no. 8 (2021): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081344.

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Cancer incidence and mortality rate are growing worldwide. The effectiveness of cancer therapy depends on the degree of cancer development. Anticancer prevention, screening tests, detection of precancerous conditions or cancers at an early stage of development help to prevent the development of cancer, and in the event of cancer development, they provide the best chance for a full recovery. However, in most cases of advanced cancer, there is no method that can fully cure this disease. Recently, natural products have gained more attention in cancer therapy. Panax ginseng (PG), one of the most p

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PRASANNAKUMAR N.R. and SUBHASH CHANDER. "Weather-based brown planthopper prediction model at Mandya, Karnataka." Journal of Agrometeorology 16, no. 1 (2022): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v16i1.1497.

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Relationship of weather parameters was explored withpeaks of brown planthopper (BPH)light trap catch data collected at Mandya (Karnataka) during 1990-2006. Peaks of BPH trap catches, observed between October 4thweekand November 3rd week during different years, exhibited significant correlation with Tmax, RH1 and RH2 of October 2nd week, rainfall (RF)of July 2nd week, SSH of October 1st week and Tmin of August 2nd week. Weather-based prediction model for BPH was developed by regressing peaks of BPHlight trap catcheson mean values ofdifferent weather parameters. Of the weather parameters, only T

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Zhang, Longyun, Carlos Virgous, and Hongwei Si. "How Does Ginsenoside Rh2 Mitigate Adipogenesis in Cultured Cells and Obese Mice?" Molecules 25, no. 10 (2020): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102412.

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Ginsenoside Rh2, an intermediate metabolite of ginseng, but not naturally occurring, has recently drawn attention because of its anticancer effect. However, it is not clear if and how Rh2 inhibits preadipocytes differentiation. In the present study, we hypothesized that ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates adipogenesis through regulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) pathway both in cells and obese mice. Different concentrations of Rh2 were applied both in 3T3-L1 cells and human primary preadipocytes to determine if Rh2 inhibits cell differentiation. Dietary Rh2 was admin

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Qi, Xiao Dan, Jin Cai Hou, Hai Tao Yu, and Chun Jing Zhang. "20 (S)-Ginsenoside-Rh2 and 20 (R)-Ginsenoside-Rh2 Activate IkappaB Phosphorylation Expression in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 1205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.1205.

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To study the underlying mechanism of 20 (S)-Ginsenoside-Rh2 and 20 (R)-Ginsenoside-Rh2 inducing apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. In this study, cell death rate and cell survival rate were obtained using typan blue staining cell viability assay, and transmission electron microscopy was used to detect cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, IkappaB phosphorylation expression was analysed by western blotting. Results showed that after A549 cells were treated with 30 μg/mL 20(S)-Rh2 and 20(R)-Rh2 for 48h, cell death rate increased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.05), and

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Sun, Xiaodan, Peiyan Zhao, Hui Li, Yan Liu, Tianming Wang, and Ying Cheng. "Ginsenoside Rh2 Inhibits Glycolysis through the STAT3/c-MYC Axis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer." Journal of Oncology 2021 (September 25, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9715154.

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Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is one of the pharmacologically active components of ginseng with an antitumor effect. However, its effect on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially on aerobic glycolysis, which plays a crucial role in the proliferation and progression of tumor cells, has not been characterized. Here, we demonstrated that Rh2 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells by promoting apoptosis and suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, respectively. Notably, Rh2 exerted a glycolysis inhibition effect through regulating GLUT1, PKM2, and LDHA, which are key enzym

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Jin-Long, Kazuhiro Uemura, and Masahiro Ebihara. "Assembled structures of tetrakis(biimidazole)dirhodium complexes hydrogen-bonded with common inorganic anions." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 70, no. 6 (2014): 1006–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520614021428.

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Eight new structures of dirhodium complexes, each with four biimidazole (H2bim) ligands, were obtained: [Rh2(H2bim)4(H2O)2](NO3)4·4H2O (I), [Rh2(H2bim)4(H2O)2](ClO4)4·5H2O (II), [Rh2(H2bim)4(MeOH)2](ClO4)4(III), [Rh2(H2bim)4(DMF)2](BF4)4(IV), [Rh2(H2bim)4(Mepy)2](SiF6)2·8H2O (V), [{Rh2(H2bim)4(pz)}2(μ-pz)](SiF6)(ClO4)6·12.7H2O (VI), [{Rh2(H2bim)4(pz)}2(μ-pz)](ClO4)8·11.4H2O (VII) and [Rh2(H2bim)4(μ-pz)](SiF6)2·6H2O (VIII). The unbridged Rh—Rh bond distances range between 2.6313 (8) and 2.7052 (5) Å. The dirhodium units adopt a staggered conformation with torsion angles N—Rh—Rh—N of 37.6 (4)–48

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Wei, Wene, Qijing Guo, Cuiping Guo, et al. "Ginsenoside Rh2 Suppresses Metastasis and Growth of Colon Cancer via miR-491." Journal of Oncology 2021 (September 24, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6815713.

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Ginsenoside Rh2 is considered as a new direction for future cancer treatment because of its excellent anticancer effect. However, due to its low bioavailability, it cannot exert its significant anticancer effect when applied directly to the human body. Chitosan (CS), a nanomaterial, has been verified to be able to enhance drug efficacy via its coating for drugs. Thus, we designed this study to investigate the impact of CS-coated ginsenoside Rh2 on the metastasis and growth of colon cancer (CC). First, ginsenoside Rh2 chitosan tripolyphosphate (CS-Rh2-TPP) nanoparticles (NPs) were constructed,

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Kataoka, Yusuke, Kozo Sato, Natsumi Yano, and Makoto Handa. "Ferrocene-Bearing Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Paddlewheel-Type Dirhodium Complexes." Inorganics 12, no. 2 (2024): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12020041.

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Two ferrocenecarboxylate (fca)-bridged dirhodium (Rh2) complexes, [Rh2(fca)4] (1) and [Rh2(fca)(piv)3] (2; piv = pivalate), were prepared through the carboxylate-exchange reactions of [Rh2(O2CCH3)4(H2O)2] and [Rh2(piv)4], respectively, with fcaH and characterized by 1H NMR, ESI-TOF-MS, and elemental analyses. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of [Rh2(fca)4(MeOH)2] (1(MeOH)2) and [Rh2(fca)(piv)3(MeOH)2] (2(MeOH)2), which are recrystallized from MeOH-containing solutions of 1 and 2, revealed that (1) 1(MeOH)2and 2(MeOH)2possess homoleptic and heteroleptic paddlewheel-type dinuclear struc

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Lian, Li-Hua, Quan Jin, Shun-Zong Song та ін. "Ginsenoside Rh2 Downregulates LPS-Induced NF-κB Activation through Inhibition of TAK1 Phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/646728.

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The present study was carried out to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on nuclear-factor- (NF-)κB in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with indicated concentrations of ginsenoside Rh2 for 1 h prior to the incubation of LPS (1 μg/mL) for indicated time period. Ginsenoside Rh2 reduced CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressions 24 h after LPS stimulation. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rh2 significantly inhibited TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) phosphorylation 30 min after LPS stimulation. Ginsenoside Rh2 was fur

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Wang, Hongbo, Pengfei Yu, Haitao Gou, et al. "Cardioprotective Effects of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 against Doxorubicin-Induced CardiotoxicityIn VitroandIn Vivo." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/506214.

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Doxorubicin (DOX) is considered as one of the best antineoplastic agents. However, its clinical use is restricted by its associated cardiotoxicity, which is mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species. In this study, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) was explored whether it had protective effects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.In vitrostudy on H9C2 cell line, as well asin vivoinvestigation in one mouse and one rat model of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy, was carried out. The results showed that pretreatment with Rh2 significantly increased the viability of DOX-injured H9C2 cells. In the mo

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Matsumoto, Yoshifumi, Shoji Oda, Hiroshi Mitani, and Shoji Kawamura. "Orthologous Divergence and Paralogous Anticonvergence in Molecular Evolution of Triplicated Green Opsin Genes in Medaka Fish, Genus Oryzias." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 6 (2020): 911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa111.

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Abstract Gene duplication of green (RH2) opsin genes and their spectral differentiation are well documented in many teleost fish. However, their evolutionary divergence or conservation patterns among phylogenetically close but ecologically diverse species is not well explored. Medaka fish (genus Oryzias) are broadly distributed in fresh and brackish waters of Asia, with many species being laboratory-housed and feasible for genetic studies. We previously showed that a Japan strain (HNI) of medaka (Oryzias latipes) possessed three RH2 opsin genes (RH2-A, RH2-B, and RH2-C) encoding spectrally div

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Chen, Yingying, Yuqiang Zhang, Wei Song, Ying Zhang, Xiu Dong, and Mingqi Tan. "Ginsenoside Rh2 Inhibits Migration of Lung Cancer Cells under Hypoxia via mir-491." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 13 (2019): 1633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520619666190704165205.

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Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), which is extracted from ginseng, exerts antitumor activity. Here we would like to study the role of Rh2 on hypoxia-induced migration in lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: Lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cells were cultured in 1% O2 condition to mimic the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. The migrations of cancer cells were measured by transwell assay and scratch assay. Results: Rh2 could inhibit hypoxia-induced A549 and H1299 cell migration via increase of mir-491 expression. Further, mir-491 antisense oligonucleotide could repress hypoxia-induced migration and t

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Bian, Shuai, Yue Zhao, Fangyu Li, et al. "Knockdown of p62/sequestosome enhances ginsenoside Rh2-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer HeLa cells with no effect on autophagy." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 5 (2021): 1097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab019.

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ABSTRACT p62/sequestosome is a multifunctional adaptor protein that participates in a wide variety of cellular processes. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) has various biological effects, including anticancer activity. We found that G-Rh2 can induce apoptosis and autophagy in HeLa cells. G-Rh2 significantly enhanced the transcriptional level of p62. A siRNA was constructed to knock down p62 and assess its effect on apoptosis induced by G-Rh2. p62 protein levels were successfully downregulated in cells transfected with the p62-specific siRNA. Silencing of p62 further decreased cell viability while

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Wu, Xue, Xiujiao Qin, and Han Dong. "Network Pharmacology-Based Study on the Mechanism of Ginsenoside Rh2 in Glioma Treatment." Natural Product Communications 17, no. 8 (2022): 1934578X2211142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x221114236.

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Glioma, originated from the neuroectoderm, is one of the prevalent tumors. It is reported that ginsenoside Rh2, a compound extracted from Panax ginseng, shows pharmacological activity in inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of glioma cells. However, the precise underlying mechanism has not been completely clarified. In this study, the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rh2 in glioma treatment was investigated using network pharmacology, through which the target of ginsenoside Rh2 in glioma treatment was screened, and further the biological functions were analyzed by gene ontology biolog

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Liang, Yuan, Jingqi Zhao, Haoyang Zou, Jie Zhang, and Tiehua Zhang. "Identification of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 as a Potential EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (January 24, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6119737.

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As the main active ingredients of Panax ginseng, ginsenosides possess numerous bioactivities. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was widely used as a valid target in anticancer therapy. Herein, the EGFR targeting activities of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (20(S)-Rh2) and the relationship of their structure-activity were investigated. Homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay showed that 20(S)-Rh2 significantly inhibited the activity against EGFR kinase. 20(S)-Rh2 was confirmed to effectively inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner by MTT assay. Furthermore, quantitative real-t

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K.SHARMA, R. K. SHARMA, S. CHANDER, and V. JILU. "Effects of weather parameters on Guava fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata) population at IARI, New Delhi." Journal of Agrometeorology 17, no. 2 (2015): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v17i2.1012.

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Relationship of each of the weather parameters viz., maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), rainfall (RF), morning relative humidity (RH), evening relative humidity (RH 2,) and bright sunshine hours (BSS) of six years (2007-2012) at IARI (New Delhi) was individually explored with peaks of guava fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata MAT (Male Annihilation Technique) trap catches. Peaks of fruit fly trap catches exhibited significant correlation with Tmax, RH1, RH2, RF and BSS of April 1st week and Tmin of March 3rd week. Weather-based prediction model for guava fruit fly was developed b

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Mismer, D., W. M. Michael, T. R. Laverty, and G. M. Rubin. "Analysis of the promoter of the Rh2 opsin gene in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 120, no. 1 (1988): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/120.1.173.

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Abstract We have analyzed the cis-acting regulatory sequences of the Drosophila melanogaster Rh2 gene that encodes the protein component of a rhodopsin which is expressed in ocellar photoreceptor cells. DNA fragments containing the start point of transcription of the Rh2 gene were fused to either the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) or lacZ (beta-galactosidase) genes and introduced into the Drosophila germline by P-element-mediated transformation. Expression of the E. coli genes was then used to assay the ability of various sequences from the Rh2 gene to confer upon the

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Wang, Yu-Shi, Chen Chen, Shi-Yin Zhang, Yang Li, and Ying-Hua Jin. "(20S) Ginsenoside Rh2 Inhibits STAT3/VEGF Signaling by Targeting Annexin A2." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (2021): 9289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179289.

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Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) acts as a transcriptional signal transducer, converting cytokine stimulation into specific gene expression. In tumor cells, aberrant activation of the tyrosine kinase pathway leads to excessive and continuous activation of STAT3, which provides further signals for tumor cell growth and surrounding angiogenesis. In this process, the tumor-associated protein Annexin A2 interacts with STAT3 and promotes Tyr705 phosphorylation and STAT3 transcriptional activation. In this study, we found that (20S) ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2), a natural comp

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Lee, Shan-Chih, Chao-Yu Shen, Wei-Hsun Wang, et al. "Synergistic Effect of Ginsenoside Rh2 Combines with Ionizing Radiation on CT26/luc Colon Carcinoma Cells and Tumor-Bearing Animal Model." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 9 (2023): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16091188.

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Background: The local tumor control rate of colon cancer by radiotherapy is unsatisfactory due to recurrence and radioresistance. Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), a panoxadiol saponin, possesses various antitumor effects. Methods: CT26/luc murine colon carcinoma cells and a CT26/luc tumor-bearing animal model were used to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Rh2 combined with ionizing radiation and the underlying mechanisms. Results: Rh2 caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in CT26/luc cells; however, when combined with ionizing radiation, the cells were arrested at the G2/M phase. Rh2 was found

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Čapka, Martin, Ulrich Schubert, Bernd Heinrich, and Jes Hjortkjaer. "Methanol Carbonylation Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes Immobilized to Silica via Pyridine Group." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 12 (1992): 2615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19922615.

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2-(2-Trimethoxysilylethyl)pyridine (I) was used to prepare a series of rhodium carbonyl complexes bound to silica via pyridine group. The rhodium complex Rh2(CO)4Cl2 (Rh2) was used as a starting compound, and the immobilized complexes were prepared by the following routes: (i) by the reaction of untreated silica with a Rh complex formed from Rh2 and I, (ii) by reaction of Rh2 with a silica functionalized with I, (iii) by treatment of Rh2 with a polycondensate prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of a mixture of I and tetraethoxysilane, and (iv) by sol-gel processing of tetraethoxysilane wit

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Mannu, Alberto, Monica Ferro, Saskia Möller та Detlef Heller. "Monomerisation of [Rh2(1,3-Bis-(Diphenylphosphino)-Propane)2(μ2-Cl)2] Detected by Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo Spectroscopy and 31P Nmr Monitoring of Metathesis Experiments". Journal of Chemical Research 42, № 8 (2018): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751918x15333065984578.

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A pulsed gradient spin echo experiment on [Rh2(1,3-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-propane)2(μ2-Cl)2] complex has been conducted in order to shed light on the supposed monomerisation process of [Rh2(diphosphine)2(μ2-Cl)2] complexes in solution. Such a process should generate a 14-electron [Rh(diphosphine)Cl] complex, which has only been postulated to date. Metathesis experiments on [Rh2(1,3-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-propane)2(μ2-Cl)2] and [Rh2(bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether)2(μ2-Cl)2] complexes, analysed by 31P NMR, reveal that monomerisation of [Rh2(diphosphine)2(μ2-Cl)2] complexes is not restri

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Pan, Shujuan, Luyuan Peng, Qion Yi, et al. "Ginsenoside Rh2 Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Binding to TLR4/MD-2 and Blocking TLR4 Dimerization." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17 (2024): 9546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179546.

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers a severe systemic inflammatory reaction in mammals, with the dimerization of TLR4/MD-2 upon LPS stimulation serving as the pivotal mechanism in the transmission of inflammatory signals. Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2), one of the active constituents of red ginseng, exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, whether G-Rh2 can block the TLR4 dimerization to exert anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear. Here, we first investigated the non-cytotoxic concentration of G-Rh2 on RAW 264.7 cells, and detected the releases of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated

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Ren, Guixing, Zhenxing Shi, Cong Teng, and Yang Yao. "Antiproliferative Activity of Combined Biochanin A and Ginsenoside Rh2 on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells." Molecules 23, no. 11 (2018): 2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112908.

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Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. The antiproliferative activities of biochanin A (BA) and ginsenoside Rh2 were determined by evaluating their inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell proliferation. The combination of BA with Rh2 was also assessed. In MDA cells, combination treatment led to a decrease in the EC50 values of BA and Rh2 to 25.20 μM and 22.75 μM, respectively. In MCF-7 cells, the EC50 values of combined BA and Rh2 decreased to 27.68 μM and 25.41 μM, respectively. BA combined with Rh2 also improved the inhibition of MDA-MB-231

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Liu, Ying, Qian Wu, Peng Li, et al. "Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells treated with ginsenoside Rh2 regulate the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (2019): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0016.

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AbstractGinsenoside Rh2 is one of the rare ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. The anti-allergic activity of ginsenoside Rh2 has been documented in some literature. In this work, an anti-allergic mechanism of ginsenoside Rh2 was investigated by focusing on the differentiation of T cells through Langerhans cells (LCs). Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells (LDCs) were generated in vitro and were used as substitute for LCs.In vivo the mRNA expression for IFN-γ and CXCR3 of T cells was increased after being injected with ginsenoside Rh2-treated LDCs thereby increasing the concentr

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Connelly, Neil G., and Gabriel Garcia. "Asymmetric, redox-active carbonyl complexes with [Rh2]2+, [Rh2]3+, and [Rh2]4+ cores." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 4 (1987): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39870000246.

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