To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rhesus macaque.
Journal articles on the topic 'Rhesus macaque'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Rhesus macaque.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
MALAIVIJITNOND, SUCHINDA, OSAMU TAKENAKA, YOSHI KAWAMOTO, NONTAKORN URASOPON, ISLAMUL HADI, and YUZURU HAMADA. "Anthropogenic Macaque Hybridization and Genetic Pollution of a Threatened Population." Tropical Natural History 7, no. 1 (2007): 11–23. https://doi.org/10.58837/tnh.7.1.102915.
Full textAbstract:
Interspecific matings between one released male pig-tailed macaque and female rhesus macaques were observed in a small isolated semi-wild troop of rhesus macaques in northeastern Thailand. Two of three juvenile males suspected to be hybrids based on their appearance, were caught and examined morphologically and genetically. Both suspected hybrids had a dark brown and anteriorly narrow crown patch and thinly haired tails as are common in pig-tailed macaques, and tail-lengths in the range of rhesus macaque. Male no. 19 showed neither cheek hair whorl nor the bipartite pattern of pelage color characteristics of rhesus macaque, whereas male no. 14 displayed both of these characters. We could not determine whether they were truly hybrids based on our morphological assessments and so both animals were also examined genetically. Study of variation at the Y-chromosome linked TSPY locus showed that although monkey no. 19 was sired by the pig-tailed macaque, monkey no. 14 was sired by a rhesus macaque. A mtDNA analysis indicated that both suspected hybrids were sons of rhesus mothers. Electrophoretic examination of blood hemoglobin-α protein confirmed that only monkey no. 19 was truly a hybrid. Although only one individual was confirmed to be hybrid in this troop, the hybridization could become a severe threat to the genetic integrity of the native troop and may hinder the tracing of the evolutionary history of the population. It is especially true in the rhesus populations which are now very rare in Thailand.
2
Hasan, Md Mahedi, and Md Azizul Hakim. "Diet, Feeding Habit and Behavioral Activity of Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) at Charmuguria of Madaripur, Bangladesh." Jagannath University Journal of Life and Earth Sciences 9, no. 2 (2024): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jnujles.v9i2.72921.
Full textAbstract:
Diet, feeding habits, and behavioral activities of Rhesus macaque (Macaca Mulatta) were studied at Charmuguria of Madaripur district from March 2021 to December 2021. Among the five troops, one troop with four age-sex individuals was selected for data collection. Scan sampling methods at 10-minute intervals were used for data collection. Rhesus macaque spent 72% of feeding time on natural foods and 28% on provisioned foods. During the study period, 11 types of provisioned foods were recorded as a diet of Rhesus macaque, of which 73% were unprocessed food, and 27% were processed food. Rhesus macaque depended on various types of provisioned foods like bananas, peanuts, bread, vegetables, guava, chips, and pet foods. A total of 24 plant species belonging to 20 families were identified, which provided food for the studied group. Among the recorded plant families, the Fabaceae family provided the highest portion of the macaque's diet during the study period. Among the natural food items, 34% were fruits, followed by 27% of leaves, 12% animal matter, grasses (7%), flowers (6%), seeds (4.5%), grains (3%), buds & shoot (2.5%), drinking water (2%), plant roots (1.5%) and soil (0.5%). The Rhesus macaques spent the highest time in resting (37.5%), followed by feeding (25.5%), moving (20.4%), grooming (8.5%), then playing (3.6%), while submission and aggression had 3% and 1.5 % respectively. These days, people are destroying macaque habitats and their feeding plants, so they can't move freely and don't get sufficient food. Therefore, the government should take practical steps to conserve Rhesus macaque. Jagannath University Journal of Life and Earth Sciences, 9(2): 147-162, 2023 (December)
3
Smith, Autumn L., Darla H. Black, and R. Eberle. "Molecular Evidence for Distinct Genotypes of Monkey B Virus (Herpesvirus Simiae) Which Are Related to the Macaque Host Species." Journal of Virology 72, no. 11 (1998): 9224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.11.9224-9232.1998.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Although monkey B virus (herpesvirus simiae; BV) is common in all macaque species, fatal human infections appear to be associated with exposure to rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), suggesting that BV isolates from rhesus monkeys may be more lethal to nonmacaques than are BV strains indigenous to other macaque species. To determine if significant differences that would support this supposition exist among BV isolates, we compared multiple BV strains isolated from rhesus, cynomolgus, pigtail, and Japanese macaques. Antigenic analyses indicated that while the isolates were very closely related to one another, there are some antigenic determinants that are specific to BV isolates from different macaque species. Restriction enzyme digest patterns of viral DNA revealed marked similarities between rhesus and Japanese macaque isolates, while pigtail and cynomolgus macaque isolates had distinctive cleavage patterns. To further compare genetic diversity among BV isolates, DNA sequences from two regions of the viral genome containing genes that are conserved (UL27 and US6) and variable (US4 and US5) among primate alphaherpesviruses, as well as from two noncoding intergenic regions, were determined. From these sequence data and a phylogenetic analysis of them it was evident that while all isolates were closely related strains of BV, there were three distinct genotypes. The three BV genotypes were directly related to the macaque species of origin and were composed of (i) isolates from rhesus and Japanese macaques, (ii) cynomolgus monkey isolates, and (iii) isolates from pigtail macaques. This study demonstrates the existence of different BV genotypes which are related to the macaque host species and thus provides a molecular basis for the possible existence of BV isolates which vary in their levels of pathogenicity for nonmacaque species.
4
Matson, Cayman, Nicholas Castle, and Chenkai Dai. "Developing a Virtual Model of the Rhesus Macaque Inner Ear." Bioengineering 11, no. 11 (2024): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11111158.
Full textAbstract:
A virtual model of the rhesus macaque inner ear was created in the present study. Rhesus macaques have been valuable in cochlear research; however, their high cost prompts a need for alternative methods. Finite Element (FE) analysis offers a promising solution by enabling detailed simulations of the inner ear. This study employs FE analysis to create a virtual model of the rhesus macaque’s inner ear, reconstructed from MRI scans, to explore how cochlear implants (CIs) impact residual hearing loss. Harmonic-acoustic simulations of sound wave transmission indicate that CIs have minor effects on the displacement of the basilar membrane and thus minimally impact residual hearing loss post-implantation, but stiffening of the round window membrane worsens this effect. While the rhesus macaque FE model presented in this study shows some promise, its potential applications will require further validation through additional simulations and experimental studies.
5
DiVincenti, L., A. Rehrig, and J. Wyatt. "Interspecies pair housing of macaques in a research facility." Laboratory Animals 46, no. 2 (2012): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2011.011134.
Full textAbstract:
The eighth edition of The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals establishes social housing as the ‘default’ for social species including non-human primates. The advantages of social housing for primates have been well established, but small research facilities housing few primates in indoor cages have struggled with social housing as a result of limitations on appropriate housing and availability of compatible monkeys. Here, we report a novel approach to pair housing macaques – crossing species. We have successfully pair housed an intact male rhesus macaque with an intact male cynomolgus macaque, and an adult female rhesus macaque with numerous subadult female cynomolgus macaques. Monkeys in these pairs established dominant–subordinate relationships similar to same-species pairs. Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques can be successfully paired for the purpose of social housing in facilities with limited numbers of monkeys.
6
Norris, Karen A., Hans Wildschutte, Jennifer Franko, and Kathryn F. Board. "Genetic Variation at the Mitochondrial Large-Subunit rRNA Locus of Pneumocystis Isolates from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 6 (2003): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.6.1037-1042.2003.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The nucleotide sequences of a segment of the Pneumocystis mitochondrial large-subunit (mt LSU) rRNA gene from rhesus macaques coinfected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and Pneumocystis carinii were examined. Of 12 isolates examined, 3 were found to be identical and the others showed substantial sequence variation, with up to 13% divergence among variants. We identified two general sequence types that differed at several sites, including a conserved 26-nucleotide insertion. Four monkeys had evidence of two Pneumocystis variants present simultaneously, indicative of a mixed infection. There was a high degree of variance between the rhesus macaque-derived Pneumocystis mt LSU rRNA gene sequence and the cognate sequences in Pneumocystis organisms derived from other hosts. Analysis of the mt LSU rRNA genes of Pneumocystis organisms derived from rhesus macaques and several other mammalian hosts supports the observation that rhesus macaque-derived Pneumocystis is most closely related to human-derived Pneumocystis. In addition, the data identify the mt LSU rRNA gene as an informative locus for transmission and epidemiological studies of the SIV-rhesus macaque model of Pneumocystis infection.
7
Novembre, Francis J., Juliette De Rosayro, Shawn P. O’Neil, Daniel C. Anderson, Sherry A. Klumpp, and Harold M. McClure. "Isolation and Characterization of a Neuropathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Derived from a Sooty Mangabey." Journal of Virology 72, no. 11 (1998): 8841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.11.8841-8851.1998.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Transfusion of blood from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)- and simian T-cell lymphotropic virus-infected sooty mangabey (designated FGb) to rhesus and pig-tailed macaques resulted in the development of neurologic disease in addition to AIDS. To investigate the role of SIV in neurologic disease, virus was isolated from a lymph node of a pig-tailed macaque (designated PGm) and the cerebrospinal fluid of a rhesus macaque (designated ROn2) and passaged to additional macaques. SIV-related neuropathogenic effects were observed in 100% of the pig-tailed macaques inoculated with either virus. Lesions in these animals included extensive formation of SIV RNA-positive giant cells in the brain parenchyma and meninges. Based upon morphology, the majority of infected cells in both lymphoid and brain tissue appeared to be of macrophage lineage. The virus isolates replicated very well in pig-tailed and rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with rapid kinetics. Differential replicative abilities were observed in both PBMC and macrophage populations, with viruses growing to higher titers in pig-tailed macaque cells than in rhesus macaque cells. An infectious molecular clone of virus derived from the isolate from macaque PGm (PGm5.3) was generated and was shown to have in vitro replication characteristics similar to those of the uncloned virus stock. While molecular analyses of this virus revealed its similarity to SIV isolates from sooty mangabeys, significant amino acid differences in Env and Nef were observed. This virus should provide an excellent system for investigating the mechanism of lentivirus-induced neurologic disease.
8
COHEN, Ofer, Chanoch KRONMAN, Baruch VELAN, and Avigdor SHAFFERMAN. "Amino acid domains control the circulatory residence time of primate acetylcholinesterases in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Biochemical Journal 378, no. 1 (2004): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20031305.
Full textAbstract:
An array of 13 biochemically well defined molecular forms of bovine, human and newly cloned rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) AChEs (acetylcholinesterases) differing in glycosylation and subunit assembly status were subjected to comparative pharmacokinetic studies in mice and rhesus macaques. The circulatory lifetimes of recombinant bovine, macaque and human AChEs in mice were governed by previously determined hierarchical rules; the longest circulatory residence time was obtained when AChE was fully sialylated and tetramerized [Kronman, Chitlaru, Elhanany, Velan and Shafferman (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29488–29502; Chitlaru, Kronman, Velan and Shafferman (2001) Biochem. J. 354, 613–625]. In rhesus macaques, bovine molecular forms still obeyed the same hierarchical rules, whereas primate AChEs showed significant deviation from this behaviour. Residence times of human and rhesus AChEs were effectively extended by extensive sialylation, but subunit tetramerization and N-glycan addition had a marginal effect on their circulatory longevity in macaques. It appears that the major factor responsible for the differential pharmacokinetics of bovine and primate AChEs in macaques is related to differences in primary structure, suggesting the existence of a specific mechanism for the circulatory clearance of primate AChEs in rhesus macaques. The 35 amino acids that differ between bovine and primate AChEs are clustered within three defined domains, all located at the enzyme surface, and may therefore mediate the facilitated removal of primate cholinesterases specifically from the circulation of monkeys. These surface domains can be effectively masked by poly(ethylene glycol) appendage, resulting in the generation of chemically modified human and macaque AChEs that reside in the circulation for extraordinarily long periods of time (mean residence time of 10000 min). This extended residence time is similar to that displayed by native macaque butyrylcholinesterase (9950 min), which is the prevalent cholinesterase form in the circulation of adult macaques.
9
Orlova, Nina, Mark H. Fogg, Angela Carville, and Fred Wang. "Antibodies to Lytic Infection Proteins in Lymphocryptovirus-Infected Rhesus Macaques: a Model for Humoral Immune Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus Infection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 9 (2011): 1427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05126-11.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTHumoral immune responses to rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV) lytic infection proteins were evaluated in the rhesus macaque animal model for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We found a hierarchy of humoral responses to 14 rhLCV lytic infection proteins in naturally infected rhesus macaques, with (i) widespread and robust responses to four glycoproteins expressed as late proteins, (ii) frequent but less robust responses to a subset of early proteins, and (iii) low-level responses to immediate-early proteins. This hierarchy of humoral responses was similar to that reported for EBV-infected humans, with the notable exception of the response to rhBARF1. Serum antibodies to rhBARF1 were frequently detected in healthy rhLCV-infected macaques, but in humans, anti-BARF1 antibodies have been reported primarily in patients with EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The macaque data accurately predicted that serum antibodies against BARF1 are a normal response to EBV infection when human serum samples are analyzed. The rhesus macaque animal provides a unique perspective on humoral responses to EBV infection in humans and can be a valuable model for EBV vaccine development.
10
Dudley, Dawn M., Matthew T. Aliota, Emma L. Mohr, et al. "Using Macaques to Address Critical Questions in Zika Virus Research." Annual Review of Virology 6, no. 1 (2019): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015732.
Full textAbstract:
Zika virus (ZIKV) and nonhuman primates have been inextricably linked since the virus was first discovered in a sentinel rhesus macaque in Uganda in 1947. Soon after ZIKV was epidemiologically associated with birth defects in Brazil late in 2015, researchers capitalized on the fact that rhesus macaques are commonly used to model viral immunity and pathogenesis, quickly establishing macaque models for ZIKV infection. Within months, the susceptibility of pregnant macaques to experimental ZIKV challenge and ZIKV-associated abnormalities in fetuses was confirmed. This review discusses key unanswered questions in ZIKV immunity and in the pathogenesis of thecongenital Zika virus syndrome. We focus on those questions that can be best addressed in pregnant nonhuman primates and lessons learned from developing macaque models for ZIKV amid an active epidemic.
11
Peng, Xinxia, Chul-Woo Pyo, Matthew Thomas, et al. "Quantitative expression analysis of rhesus macaque MHC alleles (APP3P.102)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (2015): 113.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.113.3.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The relevance of MHC genes to HIV infection and disease progression is well established, and nonhuman primates are the most important model for AIDS vaccine research and development. However, due to the structural and sequence complexity of the macaque MHC, the expression changes across this complex region have not been determined accurately. We are developing a strategy for accurately quantifying rhesus MHC allele expression. Our strategy leverages a large collection of full-length rhesus MHC genomic sequences and a custom-developed computational pipeline, and only requires regular macaque RNA-seq data from users. We used this technique to analyze RNA-seq data collected from normal rhesus macaque tissue samples and PBMC samples from acutely infected rhesus macaques. We show that the expression of both MHC class I and class II genes was highly tissue specific, and multiple class I alleles were expressed within a single tissue. Compared to animal matched baseline PBMC samples, there was an overall increase in the expression of class I alleles in acutely infected rhesus macaques, as early as 3 days post infection. Both up-regulation and down-regulation of class II gene expression in PBMC samples was also observed during acute SIV infection. This study presents for the first time a systematic quantification of macaque MHC allele expression. The results may reveal limits in our understanding to fully account for the impact of MHC expression on immunological outcomes.
12
Singh, V., and M. L. Thakur. "Rhesus macaque and associated problems in Himachal Pradesh - India." Taprobanica 4, no. 2 (2012): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v4i2.80.
Full textAbstract:
Conflict between humans and primates is common and increasing. Of the nearly 225 living species of nonhuman primates, three Indian species (i.e., rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) and the hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus) have become urbanized. Out of these, rhesus macaques and hanuman langur share food and space with humans in rural and urban areas and are often reported in conflict with humans. Conflicts often occur when these primates raid crops of farmers
13
Williamson, E. D., I. Hodgson, N. J. Walker, et al. "Immunogenicity of Recombinant Protective Antigen and Efficacy against Aerosol Challenge with Anthrax." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 9 (2005): 5978–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.9.5978-5987.2005.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Immunization with a recombinant form of the protective antigen (rPA) from Bacillus anthracis has been carried out with rhesus macaques. Rhesus macaques immunized with 25 μg or more of B. subtilis-expressed rPA bound to alhydrogel had a significantly increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to rPA compared with macaques receiving the existing licensed vaccine from the United Kingdom (anthrax vaccine precipitated [AVP]), although the isotype profile was unchanged, with bias towards the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. Immune macaque sera from all immunized groups contained toxin-neutralizing antibody and recognized all the domains of PA. While the recognition of the N terminus of PA (domains 1 to 3) was predominant in macaques immunized with the existing vaccines (AVP and the U.S. vaccine anthrax vaccine adsorbed), macaques immunized with rPA recognized the N- and C-terminal domains of PA. Antiserum derived from immunized macaques protected macrophages in vitro against the cytotoxic effects of lethal toxin. Passive transfer of IgG purified from immune macaque serum into naive A/J mice conferred protection against challenge with B. anthracis in a dose-related manner. The protection conferred by passive transfer of 500 μg macaque IgG correlated significantly (P = 0.003; r = 0.4) with the titers of neutralizing antibody in donor macaques. Subsequently, a separate group of rhesus macaques immunized with 50 μg of Escherichia coli-derived rPA adsorbed to alhydrogel was fully protected against a target dose of 200 50% lethal doses of aerosolized B. anthracis. These data provide some preliminary evidence for the existence of immune correlates of protection against anthrax infection in rhesus macaques immunized with rPA.
14
Hofmann-Winkler, Heike, Abdul Rahman Siregar, Nesil Esiyok, et al. "Primate Simplexviruses Differ in Tropism for Macaque Cells." Microorganisms 11, no. 1 (2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010026.
Full textAbstract:
Primate simplexviruses are closely related neurotropic herpesviruses, which are largely apathogenic in their respective host species. However, cross-species transmission of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (McHV1, also termed herpes B virus) from rhesus macaques to humans can cause fatal encephalomyelitis. In contrast, closely related viruses, such as Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 (CeHV2, also termed simian agent 8) or Papiine alphaherpesvirus 2 (PaHV2, also termed herpesvirus papio 2), have not been linked to human disease and are believed to be largely apathogenic in humans. Here, we investigated whether McHV1, PaHV2 and CeHV2 differ in their capacity to infect human and non-human primate (NHP) cells. For comparison, we included the human simplexviruses HSV1 and HSV2 in our analyses. All five viruses replicated efficiently in cell lines of human and African green monkey origin, and McHV1 and PaHV2 also showed robust replication in rhesus macaque cell lines. In contrast, the replication of CeHV2 and particularly HSV1 and HSV2 in cell lines of rhesus macaque origin were reduced or inefficient. Similarly, McHV1, but not CeHV2, efficiently infected rhesus macaque brain organoids. These results point towards the previously unappreciated partial resistance of certain rhesus macaque cells to HSV1/HSV2/CeHV2 infection and reveal similarities between the cell tropism of McHV1 and PaHV2 that might be relevant for risk assessment.
15
Cheney, Dorothy L., Michael J. Owren, Jacquelyn A. Dieter, and Robert M. Seyfarth. "'Food' Calls Produced By Adult Female Rhesus (Macaca Mulatta) and Japanese (M. Fuscata) Macaques, Their Normally-Raised Offspring, and Offspring Cross-Fostered Between Species." Behaviour 120, no. 3-4 (1992): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00615.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe tested a recent claim that rhesus and Japanese macaque offspring cross-fostered between species exhibit vocal learning by producing 'food' calls typical of their adoptive rather than their genetic species (MASATAKA & FUJITA, 1989). Our study population consisted of four groups of socially-reared animals housed outdoors - two of each species. Food calls produced by adult female rhesus and Japanese macaques did not differ at the species level, although individual differences were clearly present. Food calls produced by normally raised offspring differed both between individuals and between species. In spite of statistically significant differences, however, immatures in the two species still showed substantial overlap on every acoustic feature that was measured. Evidence from four cross-fostered offspring was equivocal. Two rhesus macaques raised in Japanese macaque social groups produced calls that were typical of their own species. Some measurements from calls produced by two cross-fostered Japanese macaques fell closer to mean values for normal rhesus than for those of their own species. However, these measurements were still within the observed range of variation shown by normally raised Japanese macaques. We conclude that food calling behavior of cross-fostered Japanese macaques may have shown modification, but that any such effect was not based on a species-specific adult model. Given the variability of these sounds and the lack of species differences in adult female vocalizations, food calls do not present a good opportunity to test for vocal learning in cross-fostered rhesus and Japanese macaques.
16
Herrman, Marissa, Janine Mühe, Carol Quink, and Fred Wang. "Epstein-Barr Virus gp350 Can Functionally Replace the Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus Major Membrane Glycoprotein and Does Not Restrict Infection of Rhesus Macaques." Journal of Virology 90, no. 3 (2015): 1222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02531-15.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTPrimary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, and persistent infection is associated with multiple cancers. EBV vaccine development has focused on the major membrane glycoprotein, gp350, since it is the major target for antibodies that neutralize infection of B cells. However, EBV has tropism for both B cells and epithelial cells, and it is unknown whether serum neutralizing antibodies against B cell infection will provide sufficient protection against virus infection initiated at the oral mucosa. This could be stringently tested by passive antibody transfer and oral virus challenge in the rhesus macaque model for EBV infection. However, only neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against EBV are available, and EBV is unable to infect rhesus macaques because of a host range restriction with an unknown mechanism. We cloned the prototypic EBV-neutralizing antibody, 72A1, and found that recombinant 72A1 did not neutralize rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV) infection of macaque B cells. Therefore, we constructed a chimeric rhLCV in which the native major membrane glycoprotein was replaced with EBV gp350. This chimeric rhLCV became sensitive to neutralization by the 72A1 MAb, efficiently immortalized macaque B cellsin vitro, and successfully established acute and persistent infection after oral inoculation of rhesus macaques. Thus, EBV gp350 can functionally replace rhLCV gp350 and does not restrict rhLCV infectionin vitroorin vivo. The chimeric rhLCV enables direct use of an EBV-specific MAb to investigate the effects of serum neutralizing antibodies against B cell infection on oral viral challenge in rhesus macaques.IMPORTANCEThis study asked whether the EBV major membrane glycoprotein could functionally replace the rhLCV major membrane glycoprotein. We found that an rhLCV humanized with EBV gp350 is capable of efficiently immortalizing monkey B cellsin vitroand reproduces acute and persistent infection after oral inoculation of macaques. These results advance our understanding of why EBV cannot infect rhesus macaques by proving that viral attachment through gp350 is not the mechanism for EBV host range restriction. Humanization of rhLCV with EBV gp350 also confers susceptibility to a potent EBV-neutralizing MAb and provides a novel and significant enhancement to the rhesus macaque animal model where both the clinical utility and biological role of neutralizing MAbs against B cell or epithelial cell infection can now be directly tested in the most accurate animal model for EBV infection.
17
Monirujjaman and M. Monirul H. Khan. "Comparative activity pattern and feeding behaviour of Capped Langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) and Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) in Madhupur National Park of Bangladesh." Jahangirnagar University Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 1 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jujbs.v6i1.33726.
Full textAbstract:
Comparative activity pattern and feeding behaviour of Capped Langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) and Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) were studied in Madhupur National Park of Bangladesh from September 2015 to September 2016. Scan sampling method with 5 minutes interval was followed in the field. The Capped Langur spent 42% of the day time in feeding, 45% in resting, 6% in moving, 4% in playing, 2% in grooming and 1% in breeding, whereas the Rhesus Macaque spent 24% of the day time in feeding, 26% in resting, 30% in moving, 15% in playing, 4% in grooming and 1% in breeding. The Capped Langur spent comparatively more (7.25%) time in feeding than the Rhesus Macaque. Seasonal variation in feeding of the Capped Langur is more obvious than that in the Rhesus Macaque. Both species started their feeding activities early in the morning and stopped at late afternoon. Diet of the Capped Langur comprises of plant food (94%), animal food (3%), water (1%) and food offered by men (2%), and diet of the Rhesus Macaque comprises of plant food (79%), animal food (4%), soil (1%), water (2%) and food offered by men (14%). Both are mainly vegetarian but fed on varieties of food. It was found that the Capped Langur is primarily folivorous (48%) and the Rhesus Macaque is primarily frugivorous (55%). The Capped Langur fed on a total of 51 species of plant under 28 families and Rhesus Macaque fed on 38 species of plant under 18 families. The Capped Langur consumed more natural food (98%) than that of Rhesus Macaque (86%); the rest were food offered by men. The day ranges of Capped Langur and Rhesus Macaque were 400 metres and 550 metres, respectively. No notable conflict between Capped Langur and Rhesus Macaque was observed while feeding.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 6(1): 1-12, 2017 (June)
18
Burton, Frances D., and Leslie Kin Wai Chan. "Notes on the care of long-tail macaque (Macaca fascicularis) infants by stump-tail macaques (Macaca thibetana)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 3 (1987): 752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-115.
Full textAbstract:
An unusual but sustaining case of interspecific infant care behaviour was observed in June 1985 while an ecological and behavioural study of the macaques was being conducted in the forest of the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong. We describe this specific interaction among three long-tail macaque infants (Macaca fascicularis) and their mothers and two stump-tail macaque (Macaca thibetana) females who acted as "babysitters." The cross-species infant care observed took place in a polyspecific group which also included rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and hybrids of rhesus and long-tail monkeys. This unique combination of macaque species in a large social and biological group provides an opportunity for the investigation of the role of behaviour in species identification and hybridization in natural habitats.
19
Allen, Todd M., John Sidney, Marie-France del Guercio, et al. "Characterization of the Peptide Binding Motif of a Rhesus MHC Class I Molecule (Mamu-A*01) That Binds an Immunodominant CTL Epitope from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 12 (1998): 6062–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.6062.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The majority of immunogenic CTL epitopes bind to MHC class I molecules with high affinity. However, peptides longer or shorter than the optimal epitope rarely bind with high affinity. Therefore, identification of optimal CTL epitopes from pathogens may ultimately be critical for inducing strong CTL responses and developing epitope-based vaccines. The SIV-infected rhesus macaque is an excellent animal model for HIV infection of humans. Although a number of CTL epitopes have been mapped in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, the optimal epitopes have not been well defined, and their anchor residues are unknown. We have now defined the optimal SIV gag CTL epitope restricted by the rhesus MHC class I molecule Mamu-A*01 and defined a general peptide binding motif for this molecule that is characterized by a dominant position 3 anchor (proline). We used peptide elution and sequencing, peptide binding assays, and bulk and clonal CTL assays to demonstrate that the optimal Mamu-A*01-restricted SIV gag CTL epitope was CTPYDINQM181–189. Mamu-A*01 is unique in that it is found at a high frequency in rhesus macaques, and all SIV-infected Mamu-A*01-positive rhesus macaques studied to date develop an immunodominant gag-specific CTL response restricted by this molecule. Identification of the optimal SIV gag CTL epitope will be critical for a variety of studies designed to induce CD8+ CTL responses specific for SIV in the rhesus macaque.
20
Mansfield, Keith G., Susan V. Westmoreland, Colin D. DeBakker, Susan Czajak, Andrew A. Lackner, and Ronald C. Desrosiers. "Experimental Infection of Rhesus and Pig-Tailed Macaques with Macaque Rhadinoviruses." Journal of Virology 73, no. 12 (1999): 10320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.12.10320-10328.1999.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The recognition of naturally occurring rhadinoviruses in macaque monkeys has spurred interest in their use as models for human infection with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8). Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were inoculated intravenously with rhadinovirus isolates derived from these species (rhesus rhadinovirus [RRV] and pig-tailed rhadinovirus [PRV]). Nine rhadinovirus antibody-negative and two rhadinovirus antibody-positive monkeys were used for these experimental inoculations. Antibody-negative animals clearly became infected following virus inoculation since they developed persisting antibody responses to virus and virus was isolated from peripheral blood on repeated occasions following inoculation. Viral sequences were also detected by PCR in lymph node, oral mucosa, skin, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells following inoculation. Experimentally infected animals developed peripheral lymphadenopathy which resolved by 12 weeks following inoculation, and these animals have subsequently remained free of disease. No increased pathogenicity was apparent from cross-species infection, i.e., inoculation of rhesus macaques with PRV or of pig-tailed macaques with RRV, whether the animals were antibody positive or negative at the time of virus inoculation. Coinoculation of additional rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolate SIVmac251 and macaque-derived rhadinovirus resulted in an attenuated antibody response to both agents and shorter mean survival compared to SIVmac251-inoculated controls (155.5 days versus 560.1 days; P < 0.019). Coinfected and immunodeficient macaques died of a variety of opportunistic infections characteristic of simian AIDS. PCR analysis of sorted peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicated a preferential tropism of RRV for CD20+ B lymphocytes. Our results demonstrate persistent infection of macaque monkeys with RRV and PRV following experimental inoculation, but no specific disease was readily apparent from these infections even in the context of concurrent SIV infection.
21
Dudley, Dawn M., Jennifer L. Wentzel, Matthew S. Lalonde, Ronald S. Veazey, and Eric J. Arts. "Selection of a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strain Resistant to a Vaginal Microbicide in Macaques." Journal of Virology 83, no. 10 (2009): 5067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00055-09.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT PSC-RANTES binds to CCR5, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry, and has been shown as a vaginal microbicide to protect rhesus macaques from a simian-human immunodeficiency virus chimera (SHIVSF162-p3) infection in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, env gene sequences from SHIVSF162-p3-infected rhesus macaques treated with PSC-RANTES were analyzed for possible drug escape variants. Two specific mutations located in the V3 region of gp120 (K315R) and C-helical domain of gp41 (N640D) were identified in a macaque (m584) pretreated with a 100 μM dose of PSC-RANTES. These two env mutations were found throughout infection (through week 77) but were found at only low frequencies in the inoculating SHIVSF162-p3 stock and in the other SHIVSF162-p3-infected macaques. HIV-1 env genes from macaque m584 (env m584) and from inoculating SHIVSF162-p3 (env p3) were cloned into an HIV-1 backbone. Increases in 50% inhibitory concentrations to PSC-RANTES with env m584 were modest (sevenfold) and most pronounced in cells expressing rhesus macaque CCR5 as compared to human CCR5. Nonetheless, virus harboring env m584, unlike inoculating virus env p3, could replicate even at the highest tissue culture PSC-RANTES concentrations (100 nM). Dual-virus competitions revealed a dramatic increase in fitness of chimeric virus containing env m584 (K315R/N640D) over that containing env p3, but again, only in rhesus CCR5-expressing cells. This study is the first to describe the immediate selection and infection of a drug-resistant SHIV variant in the face of a protective vaginal microbicide, PSC-RANTES. This rhesus CCR5-specific/PSC- RANTES resistance selection is particularly alarming given the relative homogeneity of the SHIVSF162-p3 stock compared to the potential exposure to a heterogeneous HIV-1 population in human transmission.
22
Legrand, Fanny, Kindra Stokes, So Gun Hong, et al. "Characterization and isolation of rhesus macaque eosinophils." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (2018): 45.40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.45.40.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract With the recent increase in targeted therapies for the treatment of eosinophil-associated disorders, the availability of animal models that mimic human eosinophil responses is a priority. Although murine models have been useful in this regard, differences in eosinophil biology and pathogenesis between humans and mice have limited their utility in some settings. Rhesus macaques provide a potential solution to this problem. Multi-parameter flow cytometry was used to compare the surface phenotype of human and rhesus macaque eosinophils in whole blood. Based on the findings, a strategy for magnetic bead purification of rhesus eosinophils was devised. Activation of purified eosinophils was assessed by surface staining with anti-CD69 antibody, and function was evaluated in a standard chemotaxis assay. Similar to human eosinophils, rhesus macaque eosinophils were found to express EPX and functional CCR3. Siglec-8 expression was not detected. Rhesus neutrophils do not express CD16, the surface marker most commonly used for eosinophil purification in humans. Purity was established by counting 300 cells on cytospin slides stained with Diff-Quik and by flow cytometry. Rhesus eosinophils were isolated from six Rhesus monkeys by Ficoll sedimentation followed by immunomagnetic negative selection using anti-CD64 antibody. Purity of &gt;90% was achieved in 2 animals. Purified eosinophils were not activated, as assessed by CD69 expression, and chemotaxis to eotaxin was preserved. These data provide a comprehensive comparison of the surface expression patterns of human and rhesus granulocytes and a method for purification of viable and functional rhesus eosinophils for in vitro studies.
23
Wu, Kun-Chao, Ji-Neng Lv, Hui Yang, et al. "Nonhuman Primate Model of Oculocutaneous Albinism with TYR and OCA2 Mutations." Research 2020 (March 11, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1658678.
Full textAbstract:
Human visual acuity is anatomically determined by the retinal fovea. The ontogenetic development of the fovea can be seriously hindered by oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), which is characterized by a disorder of melanin synthesis. Although people of all ethnic backgrounds can be affected, no efficient treatments for OCA have been developed thus far, due partly to the lack of effective animal models. Rhesus macaques are genetically homologous to humans and, most importantly, exhibit structures of the macula and fovea that are similar to those of humans; thus, rhesus macaques present special advantages in the modeling and study of human macular and foveal diseases. In this study, we identified rhesus macaque models with clinical characteristics consistent with those of OCA patients according to observations of ocular behavior, fundus examination, and optical coherence tomography. Genomic sequencing revealed a biallelic p.L312I mutation in TYR and a homozygous p.S788L mutation in OCA2, both of which were further confirmed to affect melanin biosynthesis via in vitro assays. These rhesus macaque models of OCA will be useful animal resources for studying foveal development and for preclinical trials of new therapies for OCA.
24
Larochelle, Andre, Michael Savona, Michael Wiggins, et al. "Human and rhesus macaque hematopoietic stem cells cannot be purified based only on SLAM family markers." Blood 117, no. 5 (2011): 1550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-03-212803.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Various combinations of antibodies directed to cell surface markers have been used to isolate human and rhesus macaque hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These protocols result in poor enrichment or require multiple complex steps. Recently, a simple phenotype for HSCs based on cell surface markers from the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors has been reported in the mouse. We examined the possibility of using the SLAM markers to facilitate the isolation of highly enriched populations of HSCs in humans and rhesus macaques. We isolated SLAM (CD150+CD48−) and non-SLAM (not CD150+CD48−) cells from human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells as well as from human and rhesus macaque mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells and compared their ability to form colonies in vitro and reconstitute immune-deficient (nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency/interleukin-2 γc receptornull, NSG) mice. We found that the CD34+ SLAM population contributed equally or less to colony formation in vitro and to long-term reconstitution in NSG mice compared with the CD34+ non-SLAM population. Thus, SLAM family markers do not permit the same degree of HSC enrichment in humans and rhesus macaques as in mice.
25
Coren, Lori V., Matthew T. Trivett, Jorden L. Welker, et al. "Modifications to rhesus macaque TCR constant regions improve TCR cell surface expression." PLOS ONE 20, no. 1 (2025): e0314751. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314751.
Full textAbstract:
T cell immunotherapy success is dependent on effective levels of antigen receptor expressed at the surface of engineered cells. Efforts to optimize surface expression in T cell receptor (TCR)-based therapeutic approaches include optimization of cellular engineering methods and coding sequences, and reducing the likelihood of exogenous TCR α and β chains mispairing with the endogenous TCR chains. Approaches to promote correct human TCR chain pairing include constant region mutations to create an additional disulfide bond between the two chains, full murinization of the constant region of the TCR α and β sequences, and a minimal set of murine mutations to the TCR α and β constant regions. Preclinical animal models are valuable tools to optimize engineering designs and methods, and to evaluate the potential for off-target tissue injury. To further develop rhesus macaque models for TCR based cellular immunotherapy, we tested methods for improving cell surface expression of rhesus macaque TCR in rhesus macaque primary cells by generating five alternative TCRαβ constant region constructs in the context of a SIV Gag-specific TCR: 1. human codon optimized rhesus macaque (RH); 2. RH TCR with an additional disulfide linkage; 3. rhesus macaque constant sequences with minimal murine amino acid substitutions; 4. murinized constant sequences; and 5. murinized constant sequences with a portion of the exposed FG loop in the β constant sequence replaced with rhesus macaque sequence to reduce potential immunogencity. Murinization or mutation of a minimal set of amino acids to the corresponding murine sequence of the constant region resulted in the greatest increase in rhesus macaque TCR surface expression relative to wild type. All novel TCR constructs retained the ability to induce production of cytokines in response to cognate peptide antigen specific stimulation. This work can inform the design of TCRs selected for use in rhesus macaque models of TCR-based cellular immunotherapy.
26
Maestripieri, Dario. "Mother-Infant Relationships in Three Species of Macaques (Macaca Mulatta, M. Nemestrina, M. Arctoides). I. Development of the Mother-Infant Relationship in the First Three Months." Behaviour 131, no. 1-2 (1994): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00226.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study compared mother-infant relationships in rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques living in large captive social groups. Mother-infant pairs were focally observed in 4 weekly 30-min sessions for the first 12 weeks of infant life. Rhesus and stumptail infants were active earlier than pigtail infants, and rhesus mothers further encouraged infant independence by frequently breaking contact with them and rejecting them. Rhesus mothers also restrained their infants, presumably in circumstances where a danger for them was perceived. Pigtail mothers were more protective than rhesus mothers and not as encouraging of infant independence as rhesus mothers. Stumptail mothers scored low on both protectiveness and rejection measures. The functional significance of some differences in mother-infant relationships is tentatively explained on the basis of reproductive, ecological, and social characteristics of rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques. Data on scratching behavior support the hypothesis that behavioral differences among macaque species are associated, at the proximate level, with differences in temperament or emotional reactivity.
27
Sultana, Rukshana. "Status and distribution of Rhesus Macaque, Macaca mulatta in metropolitan Dhaka City." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 38, no. 2 (2013): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i2.15606.
Full textAbstract:
A field study was conducted on the status and distribution of the population of rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta (monkeys) between June 2005 to September 2005. The population survey was made in 10 study sites of old Dhaka city employing transect census technique. I found a total of 178 rhesus macaques ranging in 10 individual troops in old part of Dhaka city. A good number of rhesus population was noted in three places, among them the highest population was seen in Shadhana Awshadhalaya Factory area (59 individuals) and the lowest was (4 individuals) in Radhika Mohan Bosak lane. Population study of rhesus macaques and investigation of their distribution is extremely important as they become part of the ecosystem of those areas. Hence, appropriate conservation measures should be taken to protect the monkeys. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i2.15606 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(2): 175-181, December 2012
28
Wong, Scott W., Eric P. Bergquam, Ryan M. Swanson, et al. "Induction of B Cell Hyperplasia in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Rhesus Macaques with the Simian Homologue of Kaposi's Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus." Journal of Experimental Medicine 190, no. 6 (1999): 827–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.6.827.
Full textAbstract:
A simian homologue of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the eighth human herpesvirus (HHV8), was isolated from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) that developed a multicentric lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD). This simian rhadinovirus is genetically similar to a recently described rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) (Desrosiers, R.C., V.G. Sasseville, S.C. Czajak, X. Zhang, K.G. Mansfield, A. Kaur, R.P. Johnson, A.A. Lackner, and J.U. Jung. 1997. J. Virol. 71:9764–9769) and is designated RRV 17577. RRV 17577 was experimentally inoculated into rhesus macaques with and without SIVmac239 infection to determine if RRV played a role in development of the LPD observed in the index case. In contrast to control animals inoculated with SIVmac239 or RRV alone, two animals coinfected with SIVmac239 and RRV 17577 developed hyperplastic LPD resembling the multicentric plasma cell variant of Castleman's disease, characterized by persistent angiofollicular lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Hypergammaglobulinemia was associated with severe immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in one RRV/SIV-infected macaque. Both RRV/SIV-infected macaques exhibited persistent RRV viremia with little or no RRV-specific antibody response. The macaques inoculated with RRV alone displayed transient viremia followed by a vigorous anti-RRV antibody response and lacked evidence of LPD in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Infectious RRV and RRV DNA were present in hyperplastic lymphoid tissues of the RRV/SIV-infected macaques, suggesting that lymphoid hyperplasia is associated with the high levels of replication. Thus, experimental RRV 17577 infection of SIV-infected rhesus macaques induces some of the hyperplastic B cell LPDs manifested in AIDS patients coinfected with KSHV.
29
Reimann, Keith A., Robert A. Parker, Michael S. Seaman, et al. "Pathogenicity of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV-89.6P and SIVmac Is Attenuated in Cynomolgus Macaques and Associated with Early T-Lymphocyte Responses." Journal of Virology 79, no. 14 (2005): 8878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.14.8878-8885.2005.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Because most studies of AIDS pathogenesis in nonhuman primates have been performed in Indian-origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), little is known about lentiviral pathogenicity and control of virus replication following infection of alternative macaque species. Here, we report the consequences of simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-89.6P and SIVmac251 infection in cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus macaques of Chinese origin. Compared to the pathogenicity of the same viruses in Indian rhesus macaques, both cynomolgus and Chinese rhesus macaques showed lower levels of plasma virus. By 9 to 10 months after infection, both viruses became undetectable in plasma more frequently in cynomolgus than in either Chinese or Indian rhesus macaques. Furthermore, after SHIV-89.6P infection, CD4+ T-cell numbers declined less and survival was longer in cynomolgus and Chinese rhesus macaques than in Indian rhesus macaques. This attenuated pathogenicity was associated with gamma interferon ELISPOT responses to Gag and Env that were generated earlier and of higher frequency in cynomolgus than in Indian rhesus macaques. Cynomolgus macaques also developed higher titer neutralizing antibodies against SHIV-89.6 at 10 and 20 weeks postinoculation than Indian rhesus macaques. These studies demonstrate that the pathogenicity of nonhuman primate lentiviruses varies markedly based on the species or geographic origin of the macaques infected and suggest that the cellular immune responses may contribute to the control of pathogenicity in cynomolgus macaques. While cynomolgus and Chinese rhesus macaques provide alternative animal models of lentiviral infection, the lower levels of viremia in cynomolgus macaques limit the usefulness of infection of this species for vaccine trials that utilize viral load as an experimental endpoint.
30
VANDEVOORT, CATHERINE A., THEODORE L. TOLLNER, and JAMES W. OVERSTREET. "Sperm‐Zona Pellucida Interaction in Cynomolgus and Rhesus Macaques." Journal of Andrology 13, no. 5 (1992): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1992.tb03338.x.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: These experiments were carried out to establish and validate an in vitro system for studying macaque sperm—zona pellucida interaction. Sperm of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques were capacitated in vitro and incubated with cryopreserved zonae pellucidae. Homologous gamete incubations were tested, as well as cross‐species combinations. Approximately 25% of macaque sperm bound to the zonae acrosome reacted within 1 minute of gamete coincubation, although the percentage of acrosome reactions in the sperm suspension was less than 1%. There was a small but consistent increase in the percent of acrosome reactions of zona sperm after an additional hour of incubation in sperm‐free media. Similar results were obtained in the cross‐species experiments, suggesting that zonae from the two macaque species can be used interchangeably in sperm‐zona binding assays. Differences in the physiologic characteristics of the sperm of the macaque species were demonstrated. Cynomolgus sperm required activation with caffeine and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) in order to bind to the zonae. Rhesus sperm were able to bind to the zonae and acrosome react in the absence of activators, although both sperm binding and percentage of acrosome reactions increased with the addition of activators. Large numbers of sperm from both macaque species bound to the zonae of hamster oocytes after treatment with activators, but the bound sperm did not acrosome react. These experiments demonstrate the importance of evaluating the acrosomal status of sperm when sperm‐zona binding assays are performed with macaque gametes.
31
Hendrickx, A. G., N. Makori, and P. Peterson. "Nonhuman primates: their role in assessing developmental effects of immunomodulatory agents." Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, no. 4 (2000): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700678815756.
Full textAbstract:
There are close physiologic similarities between humans and macaques that make them well suited for preclinical testing of biopharmaceutics. These include menstrual cycles of similar length and hormonal control, comparable cellular and endocrine processes of implantation, and similar time-tables of prenatal development. Three teratogenic agents have induced abnormal development of the macaque thymus that is a key organ in the development of the fetal immune system. Embryonic exposure to triamcinolone acetonide, a potent corticosteroid, during critical periods of thymus development caused marked hypoplasia, depletion of thymic lymphocytes, and reduction of epithelial elements. Aplasia and hypoplasia of the thymus were a distinct feature of the “retinoid syndrome” in cynomolgus macaques following exposure to 13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane) in early pregnancy, the time of neural crest migration. Experimentally induced zinc deficiency in rhesus macaques from conception to 1-year of age caused severe alterations in immunocompetence. More recent studies have shown that the levels of IgG and IgA in cervicovaginal lavages of the rhesus macaque exhibit specific temporal patterns during the normal menstrual cycle. Taken together, theses data suggest that several macaque species are appropriate animal models for preclinical safety assessment of immunomodulatory drugs. Current teratology protocols in these models may require slight modifications to adequately assess the safety of these biologics.
32
Arhel, Nathalie J., Sébastien Nisole, Laetitia Carthagena та ін. "Lack of endogenous TRIM5α-mediated restriction in rhesus macaque dendritic cells". Blood 112, № 9 (2008): 3772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-04-151761.
Full textAbstract:
Rhesus macaques are resistant to infection by HIV-1 as a result of an innate cellular restriction mechanism attributable to the expression of rhTRIM5α, a member of the large tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family. TRIM5α-mediated restriction, which occurs before reverse transcription through targeting of the HIV-1 capsid, has been identified in a number of macaque primary cells and cell lines and is thought to occur in all macaque cell types. We report, however, that rhesus macaque dendritic cells (DCs) lack TRIM5α-mediated restriction and are equally permissive to HIV-1 infection as human DCs. Evidence suggests that, although TRIM5α RNA levels are normal in these cells, the protein may be dysfunctional. We propose that abrogation of TRIM5α-mediated restriction in DCs, although still operative in cells that replicate HIV-1 (macrophages, T lymphocytes), illustrates the need for innate mechanisms to not inhibit adaptive immune responses to ensure an optimal fight against pathogens.
33
Su, Qian, Yongfang Yao, Qin Zhao, et al. "Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of 11 cohorts of captive rhesus macaques from Chinese zoos." PeerJ 7 (May 29, 2019): e6957. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6957.
Full textAbstract:
Rhesus macaques are raised in almost every Chinese zoo due to their likeability and ease in feeding; however, little is yet known about the genetic diversity of rhesus macaques in captivity. In this study, a 475-base pair nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial DNA control region was obtained from the fecal DNA of 210 rhesus macaque individuals in captivity. A total of 69 haplotypes were defined, 51 of which (73.9%) were newly identified. Of all haplotypes, seven were shared between two zoos, and 62 haplotypes (89.8%) appeared only in a specific zoo, indicating a low rate of animal exchange between Chinese zoos. Moreover, there was a relatively high level of genetic diversity among the rhesus macaques (Hd = 0.0623 ± 0.0009, Pi = 0.979 ± 0.003, K = 28.974). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all haplotypes were clearly clustered into two major haplogroups—Clade A (southeastern China) and Clade B (southwestern China)—and each major clade contained several small sub-haplogroups. The haplotypes of rhesus macaques from the same zoo were not clustered together for the most part, but scattered among several subclades on the phylogenetic tree. This indicates that the rhesus macaques in most Chinese zoos may originat from a diverse collection of geographical areas. Our results demonstrate that zoos play an important role in the conservation of the genetic diversity of rhesus macaques, as well as provide useful information on the genetic management of captive rhesus macaques.
34
Chung, Eugene, Sheela B. Amrute, Kristina Abel, et al. "Characterization of Virus-Responsive Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in the Rhesus Macaque." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 3 (2005): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.3.426-435.2005.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are potent producers of alpha interferon (IFN-α) in response to enveloped viruses and provide a critical link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the loss of peripheral blood PDC function and numbers has been linked to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression in humans, a suitable animal model is needed to study the effects of immunodeficiency virus infection on PDC function. The rhesus macaque SIV model closely mimics human HIV infection, and recent studies have identified macaque PDC, potentially making the macaque a good model to study PDC regulation. In this study, we demonstrate that peripheral blood PDC from healthy macaques are both phenotypically and functionally similar to human PDC and that reagents used for human studies can be used to study macaque PDC. Both human and macaque PBMC expressed IFN-α in response to herpes simplex virus (HSV), the prototypical activator of PDC, as measured by using an IFN bioassay and IFN-α-specific enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Similar to human PDC, macaque PDC were identified by using flow cytometry as CD123+ HLA-DR+ lineage− cells. In addition, like human PDC, macaque PDC expressed intracellular IFN-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β/CCL4, and IFN-inducible protein 10/CXCL10 upon stimulation with HSV, all as determined by intracellular flow cytometry. We found that IFN regulatory factor 7, which is required for the expression of IFN-α genes, was, similar to human PDC, expressed at high levels in macaque PDC compared to monocytes and CD8+ T cells. These findings establish the phenotypic and functional similarity of human and macaque PDC and confirm the utility of tools developed for studying human PDC in this animal model.
35
Kim, Jong J., Joo-Sung Yang, Thomas C. VanCott, et al. "Modulation of Antigen-Specific Humoral Responses in Rhesus Macaques by Using Cytokine cDNAs as DNA Vaccine Adjuvants." Journal of Virology 74, no. 7 (2000): 3427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.7.3427-3429.2000.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT An important limitation of DNA immunization in nonhuman primates is the difficulty in generating high levels of antigen-specific antibody responses; strategies to enhance the level of immune responses to DNA immunization may be important in the further development of this vaccine strategy for humans. We approached this issue by testing the ability of molecular adjuvants to enhance the levels of immune responses generated by multicomponent DNA vaccines in rhesus macaques. Rhesus macaques were coimmunized intramuscularly with expression plasmids bearing genes encoding Th1 (interleukin 2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon)- or Th2 (IL-4)-type cytokines and DNA vaccine constructs encoding human immunodeficiency virus Env and Rev and simian immunodeficiency virus Gag and Pol proteins. We observed that the cytokine gene adjuvants (especially IL-2 and IL-4) significantly enhanced antigen-specific humoral immune responses in the rhesus macaque model. These results support the assumption that antigen-specific responses can be engineered to a higher and presumably more desirable level in rhesus macaques by genetic adjuvants.
36
Cui, Qingming, Yuejia Ren, and Honggang Xu. "The Escalating Effects of Wildlife Tourism on Human–Wildlife Conflict." Animals 11, no. 5 (2021): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051378.
Full textAbstract:
Human–wildlife conflict is a barrier to achieving sustainable biodiversity conservation and community development in protected areas. Tourism is often regarded as a tool to mitigate such conflict. However, existing studies have mainly adopted a socio-economic perspective to examine the benefits of tourism for communities, neglecting the ecological effects of tourism. This case study of macaque tourism on a peninsula in China illustrates that tourism can escalate rather than mitigate human–wildlife conflict. Fifty-three stakeholders were interviewed and secondary data were collected to understand the development of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) tourism and community–macaque conflict. The results show that food provision and tourist–macaque interactions rapidly increased the macaques’ population, habituation, and aggressive behaviors, which led them to invade the surrounding community more often and exacerbated human–macaque conflict. Meanwhile, low community participation in tourism generated few benefits for residents and did not help alter residents’ hostile attitudes towards the macaques. Local residents gradually retreated from agriculture as the macaques became more intrusive. A holistic approach to evaluating the role of wildlife tourism in resolving community–wildlife conflict is proposed and practical suggestions for alleviating such conflict are given.
37
Slierendregt, B. L., N. Otting, N. van Besouw, M. Jonker, and R. E. Bontrop. "Expansion and contraction of rhesus macaque DRB regions by duplication and deletion." Journal of Immunology 152, no. 5 (1994): 2298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.152.5.2298.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Previous sequence analysis of the rhesus macaque MHC (MhcMamu) class II DRB region has allowed the detection of at least 34 alleles belonging to different lineages. In this communication, 36 new Mamu-DRB alleles are reported. The gene content of the DRB region has been determined for several homozygous animals of consanguineous origin. As in other primates, the number of DRB genes present per haplotype is not constant, varying from two to six genes in rhesus macaques. Six major groups of DRB haplotypes have been defined in our rhesus macaque colony. Two haplotype groups were found to carry, as well as other Mamu-DRB genes, two genes that cluster into distinct HLA-DRB1 lineages. In one of these two groups, a haplotype harbors another two sets of DRB alleles that belong to the Mhc-DRB6 and -DRB*W6 lineages, respectively. Such a haplotype was probably generated by duplication, and our data suggest that after this particular expansion of the DR region, one of the duplicated Mamu-DRB6 alleles was the target of an Alu insertion. Although certain transspecies allelic lineages are evolutionarily stable, and have been conserved for at least 36 million years, the rhesus macaque class II haplotypes differ significantly from those found in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Mhc-DRB regions are therefore comparatively unstable over longer evolutionary time spans, with regard to both the number of genes and the gene content, and must have been subjected to expansion and contraction.
38
Dr., Ravi Kant Sharma. "Dominance Hierarchies and Matrilineal Dynamics in Rhesus Macaque Troops." International Educational Applied Research Journal 09, no. 04 (2025): 74–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15366703.
Full textAbstract:
Rhesus macaques (<em>Macaca mulatta</em>), highly social primates, exhibit complex dominance hierarchies and matrilineal social structures that govern their troop dynamics. This article synthesizes secondary data from peer-reviewed studies to explore how these hierarchies regulate access to resources, mating opportunities, and social interactions, while matrilineal kinship fosters group cohesion and rank stability. Dominance hierarchies are linear, with rank determining fitness outcomes, particularly for females, who inherit status through matrilines. Males experience more fluid hierarchies due to dispersal and competition. Matrilineal dynamics, reinforced by grooming and coalitions, ensure the persistence of female rank across generations. Ecological factors, such as resource availability, and anthropogenic influences, like provisioning and habitat fragmentation, significantly shape these social systems. Genetic studies reveal heritable traits linked to dominance, while physiological data indicate higher stress in low-ranking individuals. Data tables summarize reproductive success, agonistic interactions, and environmental impacts, drawing from key studies on populations like Cayo Santiago and urban Delhi. This review highlights the interplay between dominance, kinship, and external pressures, offering insights into rhesus macaque social behaviour with implications for conservation, captive management, and biomedical research. By integrating behavioural, ecological, and genetic perspectives, the article underscores the adaptability and complexity of rhesus macaque social organization, emphasizing the need for continued research into urban populations and genetic correlates of dominance. <strong>Keywords</strong>: Rhesus macaque, dominance hierarchy, matrilineal kinship, social behaviour, rank inheritance, ecological influences, anthropogenic impacts.
39
Rowe, Thomas, Guangping Gao, Robert J. Hogan, et al. "Macaque Model for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." Journal of Virology 78, no. 20 (2004): 11401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.20.11401-11404.2004.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques were challenged with 107 PFU of a clinical isolate of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. Some of the animals developed a mild self-limited respiratory infection very different from that observed in humans with SARS. The macaque model as it currently exists will have limited utility in the study of SARS and the evaluation of therapies.
40
Li, Di Yan, Yong Fang Yao, An Chun Cheng, et al. "Genetic Differentiation and Systematic Evolution of Sichuan Rhesus Macaques." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.683.
Full textAbstract:
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is perhaps the most widely distributed nonhuman primate, is used more extensively than any other primate species as animal models for the study of biomedicine. In this study, we sequenced and analysed a fragment of 491 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) partial control region in 230 individuals belonging to 8 populations of Sichuan province of China. Among the 230 individuals, we observed 56 different haplotypes defined by 110 polymorphic sites. The average number of nucleotide differences (k) was 18.844, indicating that very high genetic differentiation and the extant Sichuan wild rhesus macaques population consists of diverse genetic groups in their maternal lineage. The mtDNA haplotypes of these Sichuan wild rhesus macaques clustered into two main clades (CladeⅠand Clade Ⅱ), may correspond toM. m. vestitusandM.m.lasiotis.
41
Linsuwanon, Piyada, Sirima Wongwairot, Nutthanun Auysawasdi, et al. "Establishment of a Rhesus Macaque Model for Scrub Typhus Transmission: Pilot Study to Evaluate the Minimal Orientia tsutsugamushi Transmission Time by Leptotrombidium chiangraiensis Chiggers." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (2021): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081028.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, an intradermal inoculation of the rhesus macaque model of scrub typhus has been characterized at our institution. The current project was to establish a rhesus macaque model of scrub typhus using the naturally infected chigger challenge method that faithfully mimics the natural route of pathogen transmission to fully understand the host-pathogen-vector interactions influencing pathogen transmission. Unlike the needle-based inoculation route, Orientia tsutsugamushi-infected chiggers introduce both pathogen and chigger saliva into the host epidermis at the bite site. However, information on the interaction or influence of chigger saliva on pathogenesis and immunity of host has been limited, consequently hindering vaccine development and transmission-blocking studies. To characterize chigger inoculated O. tsutsugamushi in rhesus macaques, we determined the minimum chigger attachment time required to efficiently transmit O. tsutsugamushi to the immunocompetent hosts and preliminary assessed clinical parameters, course of bacterial infection, and host’s immunological response to identifying potential factors influencing pathogen infection. Chigger infestation on hosts resulted in: (i) Rapid transmission of O. tsutsugamushi within 1 h and (ii) antigen-specific type I and II T-cell responses were markedly increased during the acute phase of infection, suggesting that both systems play critical roles in response to the pathogen control during the primary infection. In summary, we demonstrate that O. tsutsugamushi infection in rhesus macaques via chigger challenge recapitulates the time of disease onset and bacteremia observed in scrub typhus patients. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were positively correlated with bacteremia.
42
Haertel, Andrew J., Matthew A. Schultz, Lois M. Colgin, and Amanda L. Johnson. "Predictors of Subcutaneous Injection Site Reactions to Sustained-Release Buprenorphine in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 60, no. 3 (2021): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000118.
Full textAbstract:
Subcutaneous injection site reactions to sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride (Buprenorphine SR) in macaques have been reported in only a single case report. In the current study, we evaluated the incidence rate and predictors of buprenorphine SR reactions in the subcutaneous tissue of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on retrospective review of macaque buprenorphine SR injection records. Potentially predictive variables were identified with logistic regression modeling and were evaluated using model selection based on Akaike information criterion. Record review revealed sub- cutaneous tissue reactions occurred in 52 (3%) of 1559 injections and were noted between 4 and 311 d after injection. Model selection showed that body weight and MHC allele Mamu-B*29 were the best predictors of subcutaneous reactions. Based on these results, we recommend consideration of potential risk factors prior to the administration of buprenorphine SR to a rhesus macaque. In addition, the authors advise that using the highest concentration of buprenorphine SR available may reduce injection site reaction rates due to the injection of less copolymer.
43
Guan, Yongjun, Mohammad Sajadi, James Robinson, et al. "Genetic similarities and differences in the anti-HIV-1 Env antibody responses between humans and rhesus macaques (105.40)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (2011): 105.40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.105.40.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We previously described a method for rapid cloning human monoclonal antibody (mAb) from memory B cell (Bmem). Here, we have put this method in practice for isolating a large panel of mAbs against HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein and have extended it as a general strategy to isolate monkey mAbs against HIV-1 Env from Bmem of a SHIV infected rhesus macaque. Ninety-six new mAbs were cloned from 5 HIV-1 infected humans, of which 64 are clonally unique Env mAbs. Thirty-five mAbs against HIV-1 Env were cloned directly from Bmem or from immortalized Env B cell lines both derived from SHIV infected rhesus macaques. Genetic analyses showed that humans and rhesus macaques can use similar VH genes for generating Abs against similar Env epitopes. For example, they both can use VH1-69, VH1-24 and VH2-70 genes for mAbs against CD4 induced (CD4i) Env epitopes, and use VH5-51 gene for V3 mAbs. However, the strong bias usage of VH1-69 gene for human CD4i Abs was not seen in rhesus macaques. In addition, the biased usage of kappa gene for anti-Env Abs in HIV-1 infected people was not seen in rhesus macaques. Instead, SHIV infected rhesus macaques tends to use lamda light chain gene to encode mAbs against the HIV-1 Env protein. This information on the similarities and differences of anti-Env Ab responses between human and rhesus macaques should help to more judiciously employ the non-human primates model to advance HIV vaccine candidates into clinical trials.
44
Deng, Wei, Linlin Bao, Jiangning Liu, et al. "Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques." Science 369, no. 6505 (2020): 818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5343.
Full textAbstract:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic. It is unclear whether convalescing patients have a risk of reinfection. We generated a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that was characterized by interstitial pneumonia and systemic viral dissemination mainly in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Rhesus macaques reinfected with the identical SARS-CoV-2 strain during the early recovery phase of the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection did not show detectable viral dissemination, clinical manifestations of viral disease, or histopathological changes. Comparing the humoral and cellular immunity between primary infection and rechallenge revealed notably enhanced neutralizing antibody and immune responses. Our results suggest that primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure protects against subsequent reinfection in rhesus macaques.
45
Zhang, Qingxun, Shuyi Han, Kongshang Liu, Jing Luo, Jiqi Lu, and Hongxuan He. "Occurrence of Selected Zoonotic Fecal Pathogens and First Molecular Identification of Hafnia paralvei in Wild Taihangshan Macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis) in China." BioMed Research International 2019 (April 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2494913.
Full textAbstract:
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are hosts to a range of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic pathogens. The present study firstly provides a broader investigation of the presence and prevalence of zoonotic fecal pathogens in wild Taihangshan macaques, a subspecies of rhesus macaque in China. A total of 458 fecal samples were collected between September 2015 and November 2016. Fourteen genera of intestinal parasites (four genera of protozoans and ten genera of helminths) and twelve genera of bacteria were tested for using PCR amplification. The overall samples prevalence of parasitic infection was 98.25%. Entamoeba spp. (89.96%), Balantidium coli (70.09%), and Isospora spp. (28.38%) were the most prevalent protozoa, whereas the predominant prevalent helminths were Trichuris sp. (93.23%), Strongyloides spp. (73.36%), and Oesophagostomum sp. (31.66%). Ten genera of intestinal bacteria were detected in samples of rhesus macaques, including Shigella (31.66%), Escherichia coli (29.91%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.38%), Leptospira (26.64%), Campylobacter jejuni (18.34%), Salmonella (13.32%), etc. Eight samples (1.75%) were tested Hafnia-positive based on sequences analysis of 16S rRNA and ampC gene. This is the first molecular characterization of Hafnia infection in NHPs. Our cross-sectional prevalence study provides important information for monitoring the potential transmission of zoonotic infections from wild rhesus macaques.
46
Kondova, Ivanela, Gerco Braskamp, Peter J. Heidt, et al. "Spontaneous endometriosis in rhesus macaques: evidence for a genetic association with specific Mamu-A1 alleles." Primate Biology 4, no. 1 (2017): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-117-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Endometriosis is a poorly understood common debilitating women's reproductive disorder resulting from proliferative and ectopic endometrial tissue associated with variable clinical symptoms including dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual periods), dyspareunia (pain on intercourse), female infertility, and an increased risk of malignant transformation. The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) develops a spontaneous endometriosis that is very similar to that seen in women. We hypothesized that specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. As part of a collaboration between the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) in the Netherlands and the New England Primate Research Center (NEPRC) in the United States, we analyzed DNA sequences of MHC class I (Macaca mulatta, Mamu-A1) and class II (Mamu-DRB) alleles from rhesus macaques with endometriosis and compared the allele frequencies with those of age-matched healthy macaques. We demonstrate that two MHC class I alleles are overrepresented in diseased macaques compared to controls: Mamu-A1*001, 33.3 % in BPRC animals with endometriosis vs. 11.6 % in healthy macaques (p = 0.007), and Mamu-A1*007, 21.9 % NEPRC rhesus macaques vs. 6.7 %, (p = 0.003). We provide evidence that select MHC class I alleles are associated with endometriosis in rhesus macaques and suggest that the disease pathogenesis contribution of MHC class I warrants further research.
47
Peng, Bo, Rebecca Voltan, Lulu Lim, et al. "Rhesus Macaque Resistance to Mucosal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Associated with a Postentry Block in Viral Replication." Journal of Virology 76, no. 12 (2002): 6016–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.12.6016-6026.2002.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Elucidation of the host factors which influence susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and disease progression has important theoretical and practical implications. Rhesus macaque 359, a vaccine control animal, resisted two successive intravaginal challenges with SIVmac251 and failed to seroconvert. Here, after an additional intrarectal SIVmac32H challenge, macaque 359 remained highly resistant to infection. Viral RNA (106 copies/ml) was observed in plasma only at week 2 postchallenge. Virus isolation and proviral DNA were positive only once at week eight postchallenge. The animal remained seronegative and cleared SIV in vivo. Its blood and lymph node cells obtained at 49 weeks after intrarectal challenge did not transmit SIV to a naive macaque. We found that the resistance of macaque 359 to SIV infection was not due to a high level of CD8+ suppressor activity but to an inherent resistance of its CD4+ T cells. To elucidate the basis for the unusually strong resistance of macaque 359 to SIV infection in vivo and in vitro, we investigated early events of viral infection and replication in CD4+ cells of macaque 359, including expression and mutation screening of SIV coreceptors and analysis of viral entry and reverse transcription. Mutation screening revealed no genetic alteration in SIV coreceptors. PCR analysis revealed a significant delay in production of early in vitro reverse transcription intermediates in macaque 359 cells compared to susceptible controls, but cell fusion assays showed that SIV entered the CD4+ CCR5+ cells of macaque 359 as readily as cells of macaques susceptible to SIV infection. Our results suggest that the resistance of macaque 359 to SIV infection is due to a postentry block in viral replication and implicate a cellular inhibitory mechanism in its CD4+ T cells. Identification of this host mechanism will help further elucidate the biochemistry of reverse transcription and may suggest therapeutic strategies. Determining the prevalence of this host resistance mechanism among macaques may lead to better design of SIV pathogenesis and vaccine studies.
48
Patel, Sumit Kumar, Somesh Singh, Meenakshi Dawar, Shobha Jawre, and Amol Rokde. "Haemato-biochemical Profile Assessment of Immobilized Wild Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Jabalpur, India." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 28, no. 3 (2025): 136–43. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i32076.
Full textAbstract:
Indian rhesus macaque has been extensively used in biomedical research, particularly in disease studies and drug discovery. Accurate assessment of clinical pathology parameters is crucial for evaluating their health status, particularly in studies involving disease modeling and drug development. However, comprehensive data on hematological and biochemical parameters, especially in wild rhesus macaques, remain limited. Due to increased use of non-human primates in research studies, it is necessary to understand the effect of immobilizing drugs on haemato-biochemical values in wild rhesus macaques. The study focuses on the immobilization of wild adult male rhesus macaques using anesthetic drug combination viz. Inj. Xylazine at the rate of 2mg/kg body weight combined with Inj. Ketamine hydrochloride at the rate of 5mg/kg body weight and their impact on blood parameter estimation. This study has aimed to present an accurate hematological and biochemical values of anesthetized wild Indian rhesus macaques. These findings provide essential baseline reference values for the species and highlight the influence of immobilization on blood parameters on wild adult male rhesus macaques. The mean values of TEC, TLC, PCV and Hb observed in the present study were towards lower side of the normal reference range, however, the mean values of DLC, MCV, MCH and MCHC remained within the normal reference range. This study contributes to the refinement of biomedical research protocols by ensuring accurate health assessments and improving animal welfare in both laboratory and field settings.
49
Miller, M. D., H. Yamamoto, A. L. Hughes, D. I. Watkins, and N. L. Letvin. "Definition of an epitope and MHC class I molecule recognized by gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys." Journal of Immunology 147, no. 1 (1991): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.147.1.320.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Infection of macaque monkeys with the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) results in disease similar to human AIDS. Therefore, the macaque monkey is proving to be an important model for testing the effectiveness of various AIDS vaccine approaches. A detailed analysis of the cellular immune responses is necessary for the evaluation of candidate vaccines. However, this has not been possible in macaques, due, in part, to the unknown nature of the MHC molecules that restrict their T lymphocytes. In our report we demonstrate that a particular MHC class I molecule involved in the rhesus monkey's effector T lymphocyte response to SIVmac is expressed at a high frequency in a colony of rhesus monkeys. SIVmac-infected monkeys that express this MHC class I molecule all develop CTL that are restricted by that molecule and recognize an identical nine amino acid epitope of the SIVmac gag protein. This MHC class I molecule has been defined as an HLA-A homolog by cDNA cloning and sequencing. It has also been expressed in an MHC class I-deficient cell line to demonstrate directly the cloned molecule's capacity to bind and present peptide Ag to CTL. These studies illustrate that AIDS virus-specific CTL can be characterized in detail in the rhesus monkey and lay the foundation for exploring novel approaches to AIDS virus vaccination in this species.
50
Baseler, Laura J., Darryl Falzarano, Dana P. Scott, et al. "An Acute Immune Response to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication Contributes to Viral Pathogenicity." American Journal of Pathology 186, no. 3 (2016): 630——638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.025.
Full textAbstract:
{\textless}p{\textgreater}Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified in a human with severe pneumonia in 2012. Since then, infections have been detected in {\textgreater}1500 individuals, with disease severity ranging from asymptomatic to severe, fatal pneumonia. To elucidate the pathogenesis of this virus and investigate mechanisms underlying disease severity variation in the absence of autopsy data, a rhesus macaque and common marmoset model of MERS-CoV disease were analyzed. Rhesus macaques developed mild disease, and common marmosets exhibited moderate to severe, potentially lethal, disease. Both nonhuman primate species exhibited respiratory clinical signs after inoculation, which were more severe and of longer duration in the marmosets, and developed bronchointerstitial pneumonia. In marmosets, the pneumonia was more extensive, with development of severe airway lesions. Quantitative analysis showed significantly higher levels of pulmonary neutrophil infiltration and higher amounts of pulmonary viral antigen in marmosets. Pulmonary expression of the MERS-CoV receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, was similar in marmosets and macaques. These results suggest that increased virus replication and the local immune response to MERS-CoV infection likely play a role in pulmonary pathology severity. Together, the rhesus macaque and common marmoset models of MERS-CoV span the wide range of disease severity reported in MERS-CoV–infected humans, which will aid in investigating MERS-CoV disease pathogenesis.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}