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Academic literature on the topic 'Rhine. [from old catalog]'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rhine. [from old catalog]"
1
Nolte, Arne W., Jörg Freyhof, Kathryn C. Stemshorn, and Diethard Tautz. "An invasive lineage of sculpins, Cottus sp. (Pisces, Teleostei) in the Rhine with new habitat adaptations has originated from hybridization between old phylogeographic groups." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1579 (September 16, 2005): 2379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3231.
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Fish abundance surveys in the Rhine system have shown in the past two decades that there is a rapid upriver invasion of a freshwater sculpin of the genus Cottus . These fish are found in habitats that are atypical for the known species Cottus gobio , which is confined to small cold streams within the Rhine drainage. Phylogeographic analysis based on mitochondrial haplotypes and diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms indicates that the invasive sculpins are hybrids between two old lineages from the River Scheldt drainage and the River Rhine drainage, although it is morphologically more similar to the Scheldt sculpins. Most importantly, however, the invasive population possesses a unique ecological potential that does not occur in either of the source populations from the Rhine or the Scheldt, which allows the colonization of new habitats that have previously been free of sculpins. Microsatellite analysis shows that the new lineage is genetically intermediate between the old lineages and that it forms a distinct genetic group across its whole expansion range. We conclude that hybridization between long separated groups has lead to the fast emergence of a new, adaptationally distinct sculpin lineage.
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Roche, P. "Habitat Availability and Carrying Capacity in the French Part of the Rhine for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.)." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 3 (February 1, 1994): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0116.
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A survey of potential spawning grounds and rearing habitats for Atlantic salmon was conducted in the French part of the Rhine Basin in Alsace, using a macro-habitat description method. Aerial photography was used for the Rhine whereas tributaries were described from a canoe. 113 ha of rearing habitat and 6 ha of spawning grounds were recorded, of which about half were in the I11 catchment and half in the Old Rhine between France and Germany. Their carrying capacity was evaluated on the basis of stocking tests. Parr densities at the end of the summer ranged from 0 to 26 0+ parr per 100 m2 of suitable habitat with unfed fry and from 5 to 70 with feeding fry (4-5 cm). The overall carrying capacity of the French part of the Rhine for Atlantic salmon is estimated at 344 100 yearling parr for the whole area. The carrying capacity would enable a production of 56 000 to 112 000 smolts, of which 70%are one year-old and 30% two-year-olds. Mortality through hydroelectric turbines during downstream migration was estimated at 20% of the smolt run. On a basis of a 2% return rate at the eventual stage of the reintroduction period, 900 to 1700 adults would return each year to the area. Recommendations are made to protect and restore vanishing running waters needed for salmonids.
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Chardon, Valentin, Laurent Schmitt, Hervé Piégay, Fanny Arnaud, Jordane Serouilou, Jérôme Houssier, and Anne Clutier. "Geomorphic effects of gravel augmentation on the Old Rhine River downstream from the Kembs dam (France, Germany)." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002028.
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During the last 30 years, river restoration activities aiming to improve the functionality of degraded fluvial ecosystems increased markedly. For large rivers, it remains difficult to evaluate restoration efficiency and sustainability due to the lack of standardized monitoring metrics. From 2010 to 2016, three gravel augmentations were performed on the Old Rhine, a by-passed reach downstream from the Kembs dam (France- Germany). A geomorphic monitoring combining topo-bathymetric surveys, bedload tracking and hydraulic modelling allows to evaluate the successfulness of these actions. Results show that, to be mobilized, artificial sediment deposit should be located in concavity rather than convexity areas, due to higher shear stresses for moderate floods (Q2). Sediment starvation appeared rapidly on the restored reaches once the sediment wave moved downstream, as a consequence of limited upstream sediment supply. Bathymetric homogenization was observed along and downstream from the restored reaches without creation of new fluvial forms. This research highlights that future actions should include channel enlargement downstream of gravel augmentations, which would promote sediment deposition and habitat diversification. Sediments excavated during artificial widening could be stored and injected progressively into the upstream part of the Old Rhine to benefit the downstream sections.
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Nolte, Arne W., Jörg Freyhof, Kathryn C. Stemshorn, and Diethard Tautz. "Correction for Nolte et al. , An invasive lineage of sculpins, Cottus sp. (Pisces, Teleostei) in the Rhine with new habitat adaptations has originated from hybridization between old phylogeographic groups." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1653 (December 22, 2008): 2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.3000.
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Correction for ‘An invasive lineage of sculpins, Cottus sp. (Pisces, Teleostei) in the Rhine with new habitat adaptations has originated from hybridization between old phylogeographic groups’ by Arne W. Nolte, Jörg Freyhof, Kathryn C. Stemshorn and Diethard Tautz (Proc. R. Soc. B 272 , 2379–2387. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3231 )). On p. 2379, the DOI was presented incorrectly. It is now presented correctly as: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3231
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van Dinter, M. "The Roman Limes in the Netherlands: how a delta landscape determined the location of the military structures." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 92, no. 1 (April 2013): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600000251.
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AbstractFrom the 40s A.D. onwards a dense military system was established in the Lower Rhine delta in the Netherlands. Long since, it is questioned why this system was established in a wetland area and even turned into the northwest frontier of the Roman Empire, theLimes. A new detailed palaeogeographical map, based on a digital elevation model (LIDAR), soil maps and excavation results, was constructed. This reconstruction provides insight and understanding of the interactions between the natural environment in this part of the delta on the one hand and the establishment of this part of theLimesalong the Old Rhine between Utrecht and Katwijk on the other. This study shows that the distinctive landscape of the western Rhine-Meuse delta, with an exceptionally large number of tributaries, determined the spatial pattern of the military structures. All forts (castella) were erected on the southern natural levees of the river Rhine, directly alongside the river, regardless of height and composition of the subsoil and alongside or opposite routes that provided natural access to the river. We conclude that their aim was to guard all waterways that gave access to the river Rhine from the Germanic residential areas further north and from/to the Meuse tributary further south in the delta. In addition, a system of small military structures, mostly watchtowers, was erected between the forts to watch over the river Rhine and its river traffic. Furthermore, at least two canals were established to create shorter and safely navigable transport routes to the river Meuse. At first, this integrated system of castella and watchtowers probably aimed to protect against Germanic invasions and to create a safe corridor for transport and built up of army supplies for the British invasion in 43 A.D. Only later on, probably by the end of the first century, this corridor turned into a frontier zone.
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Ardoino, Diego. "Bavarian geographer's Prissani and (Old) Prussians." Lietuvių kalba, no. 11 (December 20, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2017.22556.
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It is a widespread opinion in literature that the ethnonym Prussians is first encountered as the form Bruzi in a short Latin manuscript headed Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii. Indeed among the 58 tribes listed in the Bavarian Geographer's Descriptio there is another ethnonym, Prissani, which formally could be compared with the (Old) Prussians. On the base of the context in which the ethnonym is attested, of a thorough philological and linguistic examination of it and of onomastic data, the paper states that a) Prissani were probably settled in Moravia or not far from it, namely next to the region in which the Bavarian Geographer located the Bruzi; b) it is likely that Bruzi ir Prissani are corradicals and show different Latin ethnonym-forming suffixes; c) Bruzi and Prissani indicate the same tribe or two different groups of the same tribe; d) Bruzi and Prissani in the early Middle Ages have moved to the north, along the Vistula, from Moravia and the region located between the Rhine and the Enns rivers to the Prussia; e) we cannot say whether Bruzi and Prissani were really Balts or not.
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Preusser, Frank, Jan-Hendrik May, David Eschbach, Mareike Trauerstein, and Laurent Schmitt. "Infrared stimulated luminescence dating of 19th century fluvial deposits from the upper Rhine River." Geochronometria 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0045.
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Abstract Knowledge of the age of fluvial deposits is an important aspect in the understanding of river dynamics, which is pre-requisite for sustainable river management and restoration back to more natural conditions and processes. Presented here is a case study on using feldspar Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL) to date low-energy fluvial sediments that formed after correction of the Upper Rhine River in the first half of the 19th century. A rigorous testing programme is carried out to characterise the IRSL properties of the samples, including thermal transfer, dose recovery and fading. All samples reveal complex distributions of equivalent dose, implying the presence of differential bleach-ing in the samples. It is shown that multi-grain aliquots overestimate the known-age by up-to 200 years, i.e. apparent IRSL ages are twice as old as the true age of the sediment. The use of single grains results in ages that are in excellent agreement with the expected age, therefore the age overestimation in multi-grain aliquot measurements is likely explained by signal averaging effects. While the application of single grains appears mandatory for dating young low-energy fluvial deposits, the small absolute offset associated with the multi-grain approach might be acceptable when dating sediments of such type that are older than a few 1000 years.
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Urban, S. E., and G. L. Wycoff. "Densifying the Optical Reference Frame: The Tycho-2 Catalog of 2.5 Million Stars." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 180 (March 2000): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100000130.
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AbstractSince the establishment of the Hipparcos Catalog as the defining source of the optical reference frame, densification beyond its ≈ 120,000 stars has been made possible by the utilization of the Tycho-1 Catalog. The ACT, combining the old Astrographic Catalog (AC) data with the Tycho-1 positions, is the best known example of this. The Tycho-2 consortium, led by E. Høg, has performed new reductions on the Tycho data. This not only has increased the astrometric and photometric accuracies of the original 1 million Tycho-1 stars, but also has added an additional 1.5 million stars. The U.S. Naval Observatory led the effort to compute the proper motions of these 2.5 million stars. They are based not only on the AC data but also include over 140 other ground-based catalogs, all directly reduced to the Hipparcos system. The result of these efforts is the Tycho-2 Catalog, available since February 2000. Positions, proper motions, and BT and VT magnitudes are given for 2.5 million stars. The catalog is 99% complete to V=11.0, and 90% complete to V=11.5. Positional accuracies at the mean epochs vary from < 10 mas for stars V < 9 to just under 100 mas for V > 12. Proper motion accuracies are estimated to be 1.3 mas/year to 3.0 mas/year for the same magnitude ranges. Photometric accuracies range from 0.02 magnitudes for the brightest stars to 0.25 magnitudes for the faintest.
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Linthout, K., H. Paulick, and J. R. Wijbrans. "Provenance of basalt blocks from Roman sites in Vleuten-De Meern (the Netherlands) traced to the Tertiary Siebengebirge (Germany): a geoarchaeological quest using petrological and geochemical methods." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 88, no. 1 (March 2009): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600000998.
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AbstractUnshaped basalt blocks from archaeological sites along the border of the Roman Empire (limes) in the lower Rhine area near Vleuten-De Meern (Utrecht) have been studied petrographically, analysed by XRF for major and trace elements, and dated by the 40Ar/39Ar method. The blocks are from a revetment in the bank of a fossil branch of the Rhine and a contiguous ship De Meern 4, both built around 100 AD. All nineteen blocks are alkali olivine basalt (AOB) with xenoliths of peridotite derived from the upper mantle and quartz xenocrysts from the continental crust; eighteen blocks contain resorbed plagioclase xenocrysts as well. Abundances of major and trace elements show that those eighteen samples form a chemically coherent group. The outlier, different in chemistry and without plagioclase xenocrysts, is from the ship. A basalt block from ship De Meern 1 (148 AD) conforms compositionally to the defined group. AOB lumps from a limes watchtower (2nd-3rd century) form a chemically distinct group.Low SiO2 contents (<46 wt.%) and high abundances of Mg, Ti, Ni, and Sr indicate a within-plate origin, directly from primitive melts; proportions of selected trace elements point at a continental rift setting. In the archaeological context, the most likely source region for the blocks is the Cenozoic European Volcanic Province, upstream along the Rhine and its tributaries.The petrographic and analytical data of the blocks have been compared with 432 published analyses of German AOB. On petrographic grounds, the Eifel can be ruled out as a source area since typical Eifel basalt minerals, amphibole, biotite, K-feldspar and feldspatoids, are absent in the blocks. Applying seven geochemical criteria, based on abundances of major elements in the Roman blocks, twelve sites with matching AOB were found in the Siebengebirge, seven in the Vogelsberg, and one in the Westerwald.The ages of the blocks (26.3 - 28.5 Ma) are compatible with ages determined for AOB from the Siebengebirge (27.4 - 29.9 Ma), and preclude their provenance from the Vogelsberg (< 18 Ma). The matching Westerwald sample is from 60 km beyond the limes, a prohibitive distance from the perspective of Roman logistics.AOB quarries of optimal logistic position are located adjacent to the Rhine, between Bonn and Remagen, a zone with significant Roman settlements from the first century AD. Geochemical correlation indicates AOB bodies at Rolandsbogen and Godesburg (S of Bonn) as potential sources of the blocks from the 100 AD revetment and ships. Similarly, the Erpeler Ley (E of Remagen) is indicated as the likely source for the blocks from a 2nd-3rd century AD watchtower.As the Godesburg basalt is at 1.6 km from the Rhine today, it is not obvious how the blocks were transported from there. However, it may be that the adjacent, now sanded, branch of the old Rhine river system, was navigable for flat-bottomed vessels in Roman times.Our study demonstrates that substantial detailed information regarding ancient mining and trading activities can be retrieved from seemingly indistinctive basalt blocks.
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Versloot, Arjen. "Die Endungen -os/-as und -a des Nominativ/Akkusativ Plurals der a-Stämme im Altsächsischen." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 76, no. 4 (March 16, 2016): 464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340052.
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The Old Saxon ending of the NAp of the masculine a-stems is generally -os in the larger sources Heliand and Genesis, appears as -as in minor texts, but faces competition from -a in minor texts in south-western sources. There are various hypotheses about the origin of the -a-ending, whether going back to the original Proto-Germanic accusative ending or being a borrowing from Franconian. An analysis of all 119 attested NAp forms of masculine -(j/w)a-stems from minor texts reveals that the ending -a arose in the late 9th century and found its roots indeed in the south-western region of the Lower Rhine Valley (Essen, Werden). The variant -os, next to geographically dominant -as, is only found in that region as well. The ending -a most likely spread from Lower Rhine Valley Franconian, where an intense contact existed between Franconian and Saxon, the former being the politically dominant variety. This borrowing was the first step in a total reshaping of Middle Low Saxon plural morphology, based on the Franconian pattern of masculine -e versus feminine -en.
Books on the topic "Rhine. [from old catalog]"
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Paulsen, Jasper, ed. Diamond Design: A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond. Seattle, USA: Folds.net, 2001.
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3
Bascom, Robert O. The Fort Edward book: Containing some historical sketches with illustrations and family records. Peru, NY: Bloated Toe Publishing, 2012.
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4
Raúl, Aguilar Piedra, ed. Bosquejo de la república de Costa Rica. Alajuela, Costa Rica: Museo Histórico Cultural Juan Santamaría, 2001.
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Powers, Grant. An address delivered on the centennial celebration, to the people of Hollis, N.H., September 15th, 1830. Dunstable, N.H: Thayer and Wiggin, 1985.
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Dzieje Polski do XIV stulecia. Poznań: Wydawn. Poznańskiego Tow. Przyjaciół Nauk, 2005.
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Bosquejo de la república de Costa Rica: Seguido de, apuntamientos para su historia con varios mapas, vistas y retratos. San José, Costa Rica: EUNED, Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia, 2007.
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Will, Georg Andreas. Nürnbergisches Gelehrten-Lexicon: Oder, Beschreibung aller nürnbergischen Gelehrten beyderley Geschlechtes nach ihrem Leben, Verdiensten und Schrifften zur Erweiterung der gelehrten Geschichts-Kunde und Verbesserung vieler darinnen vorgefallenen Fehler, aus den besten Quellen in alphabetischer Ordnung verfasset. Neustadt an der Aisch: Verlag Christoph Schmidt, 1997.
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Fifteen decisive battles of the world: From Marathon to Waterloo. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rhine. [from old catalog]"
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Friberg, Jöran, and Farouk N. H. Al-Rawi. "Goetze’s Compendium from Old Babylonian Shaduppûm and Two Catalog Texts from Old Babylonian Susa." In New Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, 391–419. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44597-7_10.
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Zelenskaya, Galina M., and Svetlana K. Sevastyanova. "Corpus of Patriarch Nikon’s Inscriptions on “Sacred Things”: Questions of Textology and Architectural and Artistic Design." In Hermeneutics of Old Russian Literature: Issue 20, 479–547. А.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/horl.1607-6192-2021-20-479-547.
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In the vast and varied written heritage of Metropolitan and Patriarch Nikon, the inscriptions on the “holy things” that were written with the participa- tion of, or on his behalf, occupy a special place. These texts, different in volume and content, exist as notes on sheets of manuscript and early printed books, in the form of belts and compositions of tiled temple decoration, as well as on an- timenes, crosses, icons, bells, liturgical vessels, and seals. Many of them by their origin and location are associated with the patriarchal monasteries — the Resur- rection in New Jerusalem near Moscow, the Iversky Svyatoozersky in Valdai and the Onega Godfather on the Kiy-island. The corpus of the inscriptions, united by the name of the Primate, has never been studied in its entirety and systematically. The authors of the article attempted to fill these gaps by applying an integrated approach in the study. They prepared on the principle of a catalog a register of “holy things” — sacred objects that make up a single whole with the texts present- ed on them. The inscriptions are classified according to the functional purpose of the objects on which they are located. The groups of annals-historical, spiritual- educational, liturgical, historical-topographic, supplementary and owner’s in- scriptions are distinguished. Historical and philological research of texts is com- plemented by an analysis of the symbolic and semantic aspects of their architectur- al and artistic design. The inscriptions appear in the context of the iconic work of Patriarch Nikon, including hierotopic, iconographic and architectural programs, embodied with the participation of masters from Great, Small and White Russia. A comprehensive study allowed us to see the inscriptions and the personality of His Holiness Nikon from a perspective that reveals the richest spectrum of litur- gical, church-historical, patristic and artistic traditions of Old Russia, combined with new trends melted down in the furnace of Orthodoxy.
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White, Robert E. "Site Selection and Soil Preparation." In Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.003.0005.
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As outlined in chapter 1, “determining the site” in old established wine regions such as Burgundy, Tuscany, and the Rheingau has been achieved through centuries of acquired knowledge of the interaction between climate, soil, and grape variety. Commonly, vines were planted on the shallow soils of steep slopes, leaving the more productive lower terraces and flood plains for the cultivation of cereal crops and other food staples, as shown, for example, by the vineyards along the Rhine River in Germany. The small vineyard blocks of the Rhine River, the Côte d’Or, Valais and Vaud regions of Switzerland allowed winegrowers to differentiate sites on the basis of the most favorable combination of local climate and soil, which underpinned the concept of terroir. In much of the New World, by contrast, where agricultural land was abundant and population pressure less, vineyards have been established on the better soils of the plains and river valleys, as exemplified by such regions as the Central Valley of California, the Riverina in New South Wales, Australia, and Marlborough in New Zealand. Apart from the availability of land, the overriding factor governing site selection was climate and the suitability of particular varieties to the prevailing regional climate. In such regions, although soil variability undoubtedly occurred, plantings of a single variety were made on large areas and vineyard blocks managed as one unit. Soil type and soil variability were largely ignored. Notwithstanding this approach to viticulture in New World countries, in recent time winegrowers aiming at the premium end of the market have become more focused on matching grape varieties to soil and climate and adopting winemaking techniques to attain specific outcomes for their products. For established vineyards, one obvious result of this change is the appearance of “single vineyard” wines that are promoted as expressing the sense of place or terroir. Another reflection of this attitudinal change is the application of precision viticulture (see “Managing Natural Soil Variability in a Vineyard,” chapter 6), whereby vineyard management and harvesting are tailored to the variable expression of soil and local climate in the yield and sensory characteristics of the fruit and wine.
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Kluge, Alexander. "No Farewell to Yesterday." In Difference and Orientation, edited by Richard Langston, 218–26. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739200.003.0014.
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This chapter studies Alexander Kluge's reflections on the organizational politics that gave rise to New German Cinema as seen through the uncertainty of cinema's future in the new millennium. It has been nearly fifty years since a group of young filmmakers, who up until that point had distinguished themselves only with shorts, spoke up at the Short Film Festival in Oberhausen. In their now-famous Oberhausen Manifesto they demanded a renewal of the intellectual attitude in filmmaking in a direction toward authenticity and away from commerce; an intellectual center for German film, meaning film education; and opportunities for young filmmakers to make their first films. The Kuratorium junger deutscher Film (Board for Young German Film) emerged out of the final demand with an endowment of five million marks. North Rhine-Westphalia's funding agency for short film, which formed the foundation of the Oberhausen group, added up to 800,000 marks distributed over six years. A shift in German film occurred right from the start. At that point, the history of film was seventy years old. What later grew out of the Oberhausen movement up until Rainer Werner Fassbinder's death filled a quarter of this history. This included lots of mistakes, a lot of claims to fame, variety, enthusiasm, and many works that have enriched the history of film.
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Abulafia, David. "Dis-integration, 400–600." In The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0022.
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Ever since Edward Gibbon wrote his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire the question why, when and indeed whether this great Roman Empire fell has been vigorously pursued by historians. It has been observed that at least 210 explanations have been offered, some frankly ridiculous (‘Semitization’, homosexuality, decline in manliness). The argument that it was the barbarian invasions that destroyed Rome – both the city and its empire – lost favour and has returned to favour. Some historians have insisted that the whole concept of the ‘fall of Rome’ is a misconception, and have emphasized the continuity of the Roman inheritance. Yet from a Mediterranean perspective, it is abundantly clear that the unity of the Great Sea had been shattered by 800. That leaves several centuries in which to place the process of disintegration, and several suspects: the Germanic barbarians in the fifth century and after, the Arab conquerors in the seventh century, Charlemagne and his Frankish armies in the eighth century, not to mention internal strife as Roman generals competed for power, either seeking regional dominions or the crown of the empire itself. Evidently there was no single ‘cause’ for the decline of Rome, and it was precisely the accumulation of dozens of problems that brought the old order to an end, rupturing the ‘Second Mediterranean’. During the long period from 400 to 800, the Mediterranean split apart economically and also politically: the Roman emperors saw that the task of governing the Mediterranean lands and vast tracts of Europe west of the Rhine and south of the Danube exceeded the capacity of one man. Diocletian, ruling from 284 onwards, based himself in the east at Nikomedeia, and entrusted the government of the empire to a team of co-emperors, first another ‘Augustus’ in the west, and then, from 293 to 305, two deputies or ‘Caesars’ as well, a system known as the Tetrarchy.
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Koster, Eduard. "German Uplands and Alpine Foreland." In The Physical Geography of Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0021.
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From north to south in Germany there is a rough symmetry in the distribution of the major geological and landform units. Quaternary glacial and fluvioglacial deposits and landforms characterize the Northern Lowlands and the Alpine Foreland in the south. Relief in both these areas is relatively flat, mostly of the order of a few tens of metres to 200 metres. The central part of the country, roughly between a line from Bonn–Dortmund–Hannover–Leipzig–Dresden in the north and the river Danube in the south, is dominated by uplands and basins, mainly consisting of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks, exhibiting a relief of several hundred metres. This central region is bordered in the western and eastern part by fault block mountains and massifs consisting of Palaeozoic, partly crystalline rocks. These massifs attain heights of c.500–1,500 m. Based on a combination of morphotectonic evolution and landform associations, most authors distinguish five major landform regions: • The North German Lowlands as a part of the North European Lowlands, extending from the north-western tip of France, through Belgium and The Netherlands to the Polish–Russian border and beyond. The southern border of this region more or less coincides with the 100–200 m contour lines as well as with the maximum extension of the Fennoscandian ice sheets. The usual thickness of the glacial/fluvioglacial sediment sequence is between 100 and 300 m; the maximum thickness is almost 500 m. In contrast to Ahnert (1989b), the Lower Rhine graben and the Munster Embayment are included in this region by Semmel (1996) and Liedtke and Marcinek (2002). • The Central German Uplands. This region is characterized by a relief between 200 and 1,000 m, locally to 1,500 m, old Palaeozoic (Variscan) massifs, denudational landforms with planation surfaces, cuestas, hogbacks, basins, and deeply incised river valleys. Concerning the southern border of this region there also appears to be some difference of opinion. Semmel (1996) obviously includes the Saar-Nahe Upland and the Thüringer Wald, the Erzgebirge, the Bayerischer Wald, and Böhmer Wald. This is also the case with the geomorphic map in the Nationalatlas by Liedtke et al. (2003). Liedtke and Marcinek (2002), however, do not include the Saar-Nahe Upland nor the Bayerischer Wald and Böhmer Wald.