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Journal articles on the topic 'Rhinitis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Shahab, Riad, David E. Phillips, and Andrew S. Jones. "Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and perennial rhinitis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 118, no. 7 (July 2004): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215041615155.

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Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are implicated in conditions of both the upper and lower airways. In the former they are deranged in nasal polyposis, intrinsic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis while in the latter they are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. The aim of the present study was to measure mucosal eicosanoid levels in the three types of rhinitis and compare with controls. In addition, the effect of topical steroids on eicosanoid levels in rhinitis was examined.The levels of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and D2 (PGD2) and of leukotrienes E4 (LTE4) and B4 (LTB4) were measured in nasal biopsies from the inferior turbinates of patients suffering from perennial rhinitis and a control group. Rhinitis patients were classified into three categories: perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES) and noneosinophilic non-allergic rhinitis (NENAR) on the basis of symptoms, secretion eosinophilia, nasal resistance and allergy testing. Patients with rhinitis were randomized into two groups. One received fluticasone propionate nasal spray (FPANS) and the other a placebo (PNS) over a period of six weeks prior to the biopsies.One hundred and one patients with PAR, NARES or NENAR were recruited sequentially and the control group consisted of 21 patients with no evidence of rhinitis but with nasal obstruction due to septal deviation.Untreated rhinitics had significantly lower levels of PGE2, PGD2 and LTE4 than non-rhinitic controls. Six-weeks’ treatment with FPANS significantly increased the levels of those eicosanoids in patients with PAR and NARES but they were still significantly below normal. Levels of LTB4 in all three rhinitis groups were not significantly different from controls and treatment with topical steroids had no effect. Their findings are contrary to current thinking that increased levels of eicosanoids, in particular cysteinyl-leukotrienes, play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic, non-infective upper airway inflammation.

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2

Crimi, Emanuele, Manlio Milanese, Susanna Oddera, Carlo Mereu, Giovanni A. Rossi, Annamaria Riccio, G. Walter Canonica, and Vito Brusasco. "Inflammatory and mechanical factors of allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthma and rhinitis." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1029.

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We studied whether different bronchial responses to allergen in asthma and rhinitis are associated with different bronchial inflammation and remodeling or airway mechanics. Nine subjects with mild asthma and eight with rhinitis alone underwent methacholine and allergen inhalation challenges. The latter was preceded and followed by bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsy. The response to methacholine was positive in all asthmatic but in only two rhinitic subjects. The response to allergen was positive in all asthmatic and most, i.e., five, rhinitic subjects. No significant differences between groups were found in airway inflammatory cells or basement membrane thickness either at baseline or after allergen. The ability of deep inhalation to dilate methacholine-constricted airways was greater in rhinitis than in asthma, but it was progressively reduced in rhinitis during allergen challenge. We conclude that 1) rhinitic subjects may develop similar airway inflammation and remodeling as the asthmatic subjects do and 2) the difference in bronchial response to allergen between asthma and rhinitis is associated with different airway mechanics.

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3

Widiatmaja, I. Gusti Bagus Panji, Setyo Sri Raharjo, Vitri Widyaningsih, and Kadek Buja Harditya. "EFEKTIVITAS TERAPI AKUPUKTUR TERHADAP KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN RHINITIS ALERGIKA: META ANALISIS." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Nasional 7, no. 2 (October 4, 2023): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37294/jrkn.v7i2.503.

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Abstrak Rhinitis alergika (RA) adalah salah satu gangguan kesehatan sebagai kelainan pada hidung disertai gejala bersin-bersin, hidung berair, rasa gatal dan tersumbat pada hidung setelah mukosa hidung terpapar alergen yang diperantarai oleh imunoglobulin E (IgE). Banyak penelitian yang membuktikan dampak akupunktur pada sistem imun. Penelitian ini merupakan sistematic review dan meta-analisis, dengan PICO, yaitu Population: pasien rhinitis alergika. Intervention: terapi akupunktur. Comparison: sham/placebo akupunktur. Outcome: kualitas hidup. Artikel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari beberapa database antara lain Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Direct, Hindawi, Europe PMC dan Springer Link. Artikel-artikel ini dikumpulkan selama 1 bulan. Kata kunci untuk mencari artikel adalah sebagai berikut: â€œacupuncture for allergic rhinitisâ€ OR â€œacupuncture for seasonal allergic rhinitisâ€ OR â€œacupuncture for parenial allergic rhinitisâ€ AND â€œquality of lifeâ€ AND â€œrandomized controlled trialâ€. Artikel yang termasuk dalam penelitian ini adalah artikel full text dengan desain studi randomized controlled trial (RCT). Kualitas hidup diukur dengan menggunakan Rhinitis Quality of Life Quissioner (RQLQ). Meta analisis ditulis menggunakan PRISMA flow diagram dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan aplikasi Review Manager 5.4. menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh terapi akupunktur terhadap kualitas hidup pasien rhinitis alergika. Akupunktur mampu menurunkan skor RQLQ (meningkatkan kualitas hidup), meskipun secara statistik tidak signifikan. Pasien rhinitis alergika yang mendapatkan akupunktur rata-rata memiliki kualitas hidup dengan skor RQLQ 0.17 unit lebih baik daripada mendapatkan sham akupunktur/akupunktur palsu (SMD = -0.17; CI 95% = -0,40 hingga 0.05; p = 0.120). Terdapat pengaruh akupunktur terhadap kualitas hidup pasien rhinitis alergika. Kata Kunci: Acupuncture, Allergic rhinitis, Kualitas Hidup, RQLQ, Randomized Controlled Trial, Meta-analisis

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4

Salib, Rami J. "Transforming Growth Factor-β Gene Expression Studies in Nasal Mucosal Biopsies in Naturally Occurring Allergic Rhinitis." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 6 (September 2007): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588407x202164.

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Introduction Evidence has been provided of enhanced epithelial transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) immunoreactivity in allergic rhinitis, including correlation with intra-epithelial mast cell numbers, and the co-localisation of TGF-β receptors to mast cells, suggesting that the epithelial expression of TGF-β may represent an important biological process involved in either the recruitment or retention of mast cells within the epithelium in naturally occurring allergic rhinitis. Patients and Methods In order to extend the above findings, evaluation was undertaken in whole nasal biopsies from subjects with naturally occurring allergic rhinitis, of levels of TGF-β isotypes and receptors gene expression using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan RT-PCR), and the results compared to those for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as a positive control. The study was also extended to evaluate gene expression for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and Smad proteins, as downstream markers of TGF-β bioactivity, in the same populations. Results There were no significant differences between the rhinitic and non-rhinitic groups in the expression of TGF-β isoforms or Smad-3, Smad-6 and Smad-7 proteins; however, there was increased gene expression for TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII along with CTGF in seasonal allergic rhinitis. TNF-α gene expression was also increased in seasonal allergic rhinitis, consistent with a more acute inflammatory response in this form of rhinitis. Conclusions This study advances our understanding of the role of TGF-β in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response in allergic rhinitis.

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5

Raisha Dalvi and Abhay D Havle. "Comparative Analysis of Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis Utilizing Azelastine and Fluticasone." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (August 7, 2020): 4636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2748.

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The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of topical therapy in patients with allergic rhinitis by fluticasone propionate as well as corticosteroid propionate in conjunction with fluticasone propionate alone. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of topical treatment on people with Allergic Rhinits (AR). The medicines propionate fluticasone and antihistamine corticosteroids and propionate fluticasone alone were administered to patients with allergic rhinitis. AR was tested. A comparison of the effectiveness of topical treatment with Azelastine of fluticasone propionate and Fluticasone to suppress Allergic Rhinitis symptoms was assessed. Significant disruptions in the quality of living, health as well as function are linked with potentially severe allergic rhinitis. The most prevalent form of recurrent rhinitis is allergic rhinitis, impacting between 10 and 20% of the world population. Statistics show that there is an exponential increase in this condition. The common signs of human rhinorrhea, sneezing, coughing, respiratory inflammation, vomiting and weeping of skin, palatal scratching and ear coughing are considerably higher(* P=.001). The average symptom value (84,14 per cent) was significantly minimised during the test by Fluticasone propionate nasal spray. The intensity of complication decreased substantially by the administration of fluticasone propionate + azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray often functions (91.16 per cent). A mixture of Fluticasone propionate and Azelastine hydrochloride is better than Fluticasone propionate nasal spray to relieve the reactions of Allergic Rhinitis.

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6

Settipane, Russell A. "Other Causes of Rhinitis: Mixed Rhinitis, Rhinitis Medicamentosa, Hormonal Rhinitis, Rhinitis of the Elderly, and Gustatory Rhinitis." Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 31, no. 3 (August 2011): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2011.05.011.

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7

Pérez-Losada, Marcos, Eduardo Castro-Nallar, José Laerte Boechat, Luis Delgado, Tiago Azenha Rama, Valentín Berrios-Farías, and Manuela Oliveira. "Nasal Bacteriomes of Patients with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Show Unique Composition, Structure, Function and Interactions." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2023): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030683.

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Allergic rhinitis and asthma are major public health concerns and economic burdens worldwide. However, little is known about nasal bacteriome dysbiosis during allergic rhinitis, alone or associated with asthma comorbidity. To address this knowledge gap we applied 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to 347 nasal samples from participants with asthma (AS = 12), allergic rhinitis (AR = 53), allergic rhinitis with asthma (ARAS = 183) and healthy controls (CT = 99). One to three of the most abundant phyla, and five to seven of the dominant genera differed significantly (p < 0.021) between AS, AR or ARAS and CT groups. All alpha-diversity indices of microbial richness and evenness changed significantly (p < 0.01) between AR or ARAS and CT, while all beta-diversity indices of microbial structure differed significantly (p < 0.011) between each of the respiratory disease groups and controls. Bacteriomes of rhinitic and healthy participants showed 72 differentially expressed (p < 0.05) metabolic pathways each related mainly to degradation and biosynthesis processes. A network analysis of the AR and ARAS bacteriomes depicted more complex webs of interactions among their members than among those of healthy controls. This study demonstrates that the nose harbors distinct bacteriotas during health and respiratory disease and identifies potential taxonomic and functional biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics in asthma and rhinitis.

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8

Ciprandi, G., C. Incorvaia, S. Scurati, P. Puccinelli, O. Rossi, and F. Frati. "Satisfaction with Allergy Treatments Depends on Symptom Severity but Not on Allergen Specificity in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463201202500137.

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Allergic rhinitis is characterized by troublesome symptoms that may be particularly severe. Most of rhinitics are dissatisfied with drug treatments. The dissatisfaction level depends on symptoms severity, but not on the type of causal allergen.

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9

Rambur, Betty. "Pregnancy Rhinitis and Rhinitis Medicamentosa." Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 14, no. 12 (December 2002): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2002.tb00086.x.

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10

Hamizan, Aneeza W., Janet Rimmer, Raquel Alvarado, William A. Sewell, Jessica Tatersall, Henry P. Barham, Larry Kalish, and Richard J. Harvey. "Turbinate-Specific IgE in Normal and Rhinitic Patients." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 33, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892418825224.

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Background Specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) within the nasal airway is likely to be the most ideal marker of allergic status, but little is known of the normative values in asymptomatic patients and those with rhinitis. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic characteristics of inferior turbinate tissue biopsy sIgE in asymptomatic and rhinitic patients. Methods A diagnostic cross-sectional study was undertaken, involving patients who underwent inferior turbinate surgery with or without other surgical interventions. Inferior turbinate tissue biopsy was performed during surgery and was assessed for allergen sIgE (dust mite, grass [temperate or subtropical], and animal epithelium) using an automated immunoassay. Tissue sIgE was assessed among asymptomatic patients and those with nasal symptoms. Data were presented as median (interquartile range). A receiver operating curve was used to predict the diagnostic utility of turbinate tissue sIgE in determining allergic rhinitis. Results A total of 160 patients (41.89 ± 14.65 years, 36.9% females) were included. The median tissue sIgE concentration among the asymptomatic nonatopic group of patients was 0.09 (0.08–0.10) kUA/L and tissue sIgE > 0.10 kUA/L was determined as a positive threshold. Inferior turbinate tissue sIgE was shown to be a predictive test for allergic rhinitis (area under curve: 0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.84–0.90) with 90% sensitivity and 89% negative predictive value. Conclusion Inferior turbinate tissue biopsy sIgE is a sensitive tool to predict allergic rhinitis. The threshold value of 0.1 kUA/L corresponded well with the asymptomatic nonatopic group of patients. This method detects sIgE in the nasal mucosa and may be a useful test for allergic rhinitis in future research.

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11

Vogt, H. Bruce. "Rhinitis." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 17, no. 2 (June 1990): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00866-6.

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12

Simon, Chantal. "Rhinitis." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 1, no. 6 (June 2008): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inn065.

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13

Braido, Fulvio, Ilaria Baiardini, Francesca Puggioni, Silvia Garuti, Ruby Pawankar, and G. Walter Canonica. "Rhinitis." Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 17, no. 1 (February 2017): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aci.0000000000000331.

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14

Wilbanks, Sandy. "Rhinitis." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 9, no. 3 (March 2013): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2013.01.004.

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Wilbanks, Sandy. "Rhinitis." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 9, no. 3 (March 2013): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2013.01.005.

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16

Amodio, Frank J. "RHINITIS." Chest 88, no. 3 (September 1985): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-3692(16)49112-9.

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Beard, Sheryl. "Rhinitis." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 41, no. 1 (March 2014): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.005.

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18

Melton, Alton L., Ann Mullen, and Nathan Rabinovitch. "Rhinitis." Journal of Asthma & Allergy Educators 1, no. 1 (February 2010): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150129709354859.

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19

Bernstein, Jonathan A. "Rhinitis." Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 36, no. 2 (May 2016): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8561(16)30016-9.

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Hekmatdoost, Azita, Nader H. Rad, and Meran Ghoreishi. "Rhinitis." World Allergy Organization Journal &NA; (November 2007): S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wox.0000301351.66978.f6.

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21

Bernstein, Jonathan A. "Rhinitis." Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 36, no. 2 (May 2016): xv—xvi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2016.01.001.

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22

Joe, Byung Woo. "Classification of Rhinitis and Nonallergic Rhinitis." Journal of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 1, no. 1 (May 1990): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35420/jcohns.1990.1.1.35.

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23

Lekas, Mary D. "Rhinitis during pregnancy and rhinitis medicamentosa." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 107, no. 6_part_2 (December 1992): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210700606.2.

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Vasomotor rhinitis is a nonspecific disorder that is caused neither by infection nor allergy but rather by an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system with a preponderant action of parasympathetic fibers on nasal blood vessels. Rhinitis during pregnancy appears to result from the increased production of estrogen; increased estrogen levels caused by treatment, puberty, or liver disease may also cause rhinitis. Nasal saline mist, antihistamines, and topical corticosteroids are recommended; intranasal corticosteroid injections are also useful but must be administered under expert care. Rhinitis medicamentosa results from overuse of topical vasoconstrictors, which produce a rebound phenomenon. Rebound can also result from numerous medications, including antihypertensive preparations that reduce catecholamine levels, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and tranquilizers. Management of rhinitis medicamentosa consists in limiting the use of vasoconstrictors to no more than 3 days and giving the patient saline nasal sprays, daytime oral vasoconstrictors, and nocturnal antihistamines. Corticosteroids, preferably topical nasal steroids rather than even a short-term course of systemic administration, should also be used.

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Guseva, A. L., and M. L. Derbeneva. "Rhinitis: differential diagnosis and treatment principles." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 16 (November 14, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-16-102-108.

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Rhinitis is inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. The clinical symptoms of this disease include nasal congestion, sneezing, itching of the nose and roof of mouth, rhinorrhea, and mucus draining down the back of the throat. Both allergic and non-allergic factors can play a role in the development of rhinitis. The most commonly used classification of rhinitis includes allergic rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis, and its specific forms. Allergic rhinitis is classified into the intermittent or persistent types, and may also be classified as mild, moderate and severe according to the severity of symptoms. Treatment of allergic rhinitis includes elimination of contact with allergen, allergen-specific immunotherapy and pharmacotherapy, which is selected depending on the severity of the symptoms. Infectious rhinitis develops in acute viral infection, and rhinitis symptoms are present in acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. Non-allergic rhinitis comprises conditions ranging from vasomotor rhinitis and gustatory rhinitis to non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome. Mixed rhinitis has components of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. In addition, there are CPAP rhinitis, occupational rhinitis, medication rhinitis, rhinitis in systemic administration of drugs, rhinitis of pregnant women, atrophic rhinitis, rhinitis in systemic diseases. The type of rhinitis is diagnosed based on the patient’s complaints, anamnesis and clinical picture, some cases require laboratory tests and CT scan of the paranasal sinuses to differentiate the diagnosis. Approaches to the treatment of rhinitis depend on its type and include elimination of allergens or provoking factors, administration of saline solutions, intranasal glucocorticosteroids, systemic antihistamines, intranasal cromones, decongestants, antibacterial drugs may be prescribed to treat infectious rhinitis. Rhinitis should be differentiated from structural abnormalities, including congenital features, acquired conditions, neoplasms, gastroesophageal reflux, nasal liquorrhea.

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Portenko, G. M., and G. P. Shmatov. "Testing hypothesis about incidence of information-significant symptoms in patients with chronic allergic, chronic vasomotor and chronic mixed rhinitis." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 20, no. 3 (2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2021-3-77-85.

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A mathematical model of the neural network has been used to classify sick women with diagnosed allergic and vasomotor rhinitis in three forms: allergic rhinitis (ARhinitis), vasomotor rhinitis (VRhinitis) and mixed rhinitis (MRhinitis). When checking the incidence, the information-significant symptoms that we identified in the categories «Complaints» and “Objective status”, it was found that these symptoms are present in all forms of rhinitis and many of them are indistinguishable by the frequency of occurrence. These three forms of rhinitis with a triad of symptoms can be interpreted as an allergic disease of the nasal mucosa. Mixed rhinitis for the majority of information-significant symptoms in these two categories should be attributed to local allergic rhinitis (LAR). The full manifestation of information-significant symptoms in some patients depends on the duration of the disease and the individual characteristics of the body, which affects the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and local allergic rhinitis. The term “Vasomotor rhinitis” should be excluded and interpreted as allergic rhinitis. We have convincingly proved that vasomotor rhinitis is a synonym for allergic rhinitis and is treated according to the standard of allergic pathology of the body. At present it is necessary to distinguish two forms of allergic rhinitis: allergic rhinitis, and local allergic rhinitis, depending on the identified information-significant symptoms in the patient at the time of the visit to the doctor.

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Bernstein, Jonathan A., Joshua S. Bernstein, Richika Makol, and Stephanie Ward. "Allergic Rhinitis." JAMA 331, no. 10 (March 12, 2024): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.0530.

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ImportanceAllergic rhinitis affects an estimated 15% of the US population (approximately 50 million individuals) and is associated with the presence of asthma, eczema, chronic or recurrent sinusitis, cough, and both tension and migraine headaches.ObservationsAllergic rhinitis occurs when disruption of the epithelial barrier allows allergens to penetrate the mucosal epithelium of nasal passages, inducing a T-helper type 2 inflammatory response and production of allergen-specific IgE. Allergic rhinitis typically presents with symptoms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, postnasal drainage, sneezing, and itching of the eyes, nose, and throat. In an international study, the most common symptoms of allergic rhinitis were rhinorrhea (90.38%) and nasal congestion (94.23%). Patients with nonallergic rhinitis present primarily with nasal congestion and postnasal drainage frequently associated with sinus pressure, ear plugging, muffled sounds and pain, and eustachian tube dysfunction that is less responsive to nasal corticosteroids. Patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis typically have physical examination findings of edematous and pale turbinates. Patients with perennial allergic rhinitis typically have erythematous and inflamed turbinates with serous secretions that appear similar to other forms of chronic rhinitis at physical examination. Patients with nonallergic rhinitis have negative test results for specific IgE aeroallergens. Intermittent allergic rhinitis is defined as symptoms occurring less than 4 consecutive days/week or less than 4 consecutive weeks/year. Persistent allergic rhinitis is defined as symptoms occurring more often than 4 consecutive days/week and for more than 4 consecutive weeks/year. Patients with allergic rhinitis should avoid inciting allergens. In addition, first-line treatment for mild intermittent or mild persistent allergic rhinitis may include a second-generation H1 antihistamine (eg, cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, loratadine) or an intranasal antihistamine (eg, azelastine, olopatadine), whereas patients with persistent moderate to severe allergic rhinitis should be treated initially with an intranasal corticosteroid (eg, fluticasone, triamcinolone, budesonide, mometasone) either alone or in combination with an intranasal antihistamine. In contrast, first-line therapy for patients with nonallergic rhinitis consists of an intranasal antihistamine as monotherapy or in combination with an intranasal corticosteroid.Conclusions and RelevanceAllergic rhinitis is associated with symptoms of nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching of the eyes, nose, and throat. Patients with allergic rhinitis should be instructed to avoid inciting allergens. Therapies include second-generation H1 antihistamines (eg, cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, loratadine), intranasal antihistamines (eg, azelastine, olopatadine), and intranasal corticosteroids (eg, fluticasone, triamcinolone, budesonide, mometasone) and should be selected based on the severity and frequency of symptoms and patient preference.

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Castano, R., and G. Thériault. "Defining and classifying occupational rhinitis." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 10 (July 19, 2006): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510600226x.

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Three categories of rhinitis may occur in the workplace: occupational rhinitis, work-aggravated rhinitis and rhinitis-like conditions. In the present paper, we propose a new definition and a new classification of occupational rhinitis that takes into account mechanisms of induction as well as clinical presentation. In parallel with occupational asthma, occupational rhinitis is defined as a type of rhinitis characterized by intermittent or sometimes permanent nasal airflow limitation due to causes and conditions attributable to the work environment. Occupational rhinitis is classified according to its mechanism of induction as immunological or irritant-induced (non-immunological) rhinitis. Occupational rhinitis of the immunological type can itself be episodic or persistent, whereas the non-immunological type is subdivided into acute, chronic and corrosive.

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Klimek, L. "Alters-Rhinitis und Rhinitis bei älteren Menschen." Allergologie 43, no. 06 (June 1, 2020): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/alx02146.

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29

Moscato, Gianna, and Andrea Siracusa. "Rhinitis guidelines and implications for occupational rhinitis." Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 9, no. 2 (April 2009): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aci.0b013e328328cfe7.

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30

Tsarev, S. V. "Allergic rhinitis: current assessment of medical and social aspects and methods of treatment. intranasal corticosteroids in the treatment of rhinitis." Medical Council, no. 17 (October 22, 2018): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-17-187-191.

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The article presents the issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. It describes the various types of nonallergic rhinitis, the relationship of allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis polyposa, eosinophilic nonallergic rhinitis, and rhinitis medicamentosa. The leading role of topical glucocorticosteroids in the therapy of rhinitis including non-allergic is considered in detail.

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31

Admar, Muhammad Anfasha. "Hubungan Rhinitis Alergi Terhadap Prestasi Belajar." Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35816/jiskh.v10i2.652.

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Pendahuluan: rhinitis alergi merupakan bentuk rhinitis kronis yang paling sering ditemukan. Sekitar lebih dari 10% penduduk di dunia mengalami rhinitis alergi. Belum diketahui dengan jelas dampak rhinitis alergi terhadap performa akademik. Tujuan: Mengetahui dampak rhinitis alergi pada performa akademik. Metode: Menggunakan literature searching dengan mencari kata kunci rhinitis alergi, academic performance, dan quality of life pada database seperti NCBI, Pubmed, dan Google Scholar yang kemudian discreening judul dan abstraknya kemudian dijadikan sumber literature untuk literature review ini. Hasil: Ditemukan dampak negatif pada performa akademik penderita rhinitis alergi yang tidak terkontrol ataupun yang berat, sedangkan pada rhinitis alergi ringan ataupun terkontrol didapatkan performa akademik yang meningkat, yang dapat dikarenakan latar belakang penderita rhinitis alergi yang lebih sering berada di negara maju dan urban yang notabene memiliki kultur kompetitif tinggi. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara rhinitis alergi dengan prestasi belajar

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Zavaliy, M. A., T. A. Krylova, A. N. Orel, and A. G. Balabantsev. "Diagnosis and treatment of non-allergic rhinitis." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 19, no. 4 (2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2020-4-27-33.

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There is considerable disagreement in the views on the problem of rhinitis, which concerns classification issues, as well as the role and place of various treatment methods. There are no official statistics on non-allergic rhinitis in Russia yet, due to the absence of certain types of rhinitis in the ICD-10. The prevalence of non-allergic rhinitis is one third of the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, involving, for example, in the United States about 7% of the population. Against the background of a convincing evidence base and well-structured international reference documents for allergic rhinitis, other forms of rhinitis, especially non-allergic rhinitis, remain almost “white” spots in medicine, and this leads to numerous errors in the therapeutic approach to this disease. The purpose of this scientific study was to justify the conduct of pathogenic therapy of patients with chronic non-allergic rhinitis by using the differential diagnostic algorithm to establish the etiology of chronic rhinitis. The article formulates a treatment and diagnostic algorithm based on summation of the examination results of 1040 patients with chronic rhinitis. The prevalence and comorbidity of non-allergic rhinitis was determined, the diagnostic value for patients with pseudo-allergic rhinitis of various diagnostic methods (nasocytogramma, prik-test with allergens, biochemical markers of various types of pseudo-allergic rhinitis) was analyzed, and treatment approaches are systematized.

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Wang, Juan, Baizhan Li, Wei Yu, Han Wang, Jan Sundell, and Dan Norbäck. "Associations between parental health, early life factors and asthma, rhinitis and eczema among pre-school children in Chongqing, China." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 6 (November 22, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n6p121.

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Purpose: To study associations between parental health and children’s asthma, rhinitis and eczema.Methods: Parents of 3-6 years old children from randomized kindergartens in Chongqing, China answered a questionnaire on parents’ history of asthma/allergies, current symptoms and children’ doctor-diagnosed asthma and rhinitis, wheeze, cough, rhinitis and eczema. Associations were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.Results: Among 4250 children (response rate: 74.5%), 8.4% had doctor-diagnosed asthma (DD asthma); 6.2% doctor-diagnosed allergic rhinitis (DD rhinitis); 20.4% current wheeze; 19.4% cough; 37.9% rhinitis and 13.6% eczema. Among reporting parents (females 70.4%, males 20.6% ), 16.2% were smokers; 47.4% had any current rhinitis; 54.2% cough; 47.8% skin symptoms; 70.5% fatigue and 48.7% headache.Parental asthma or allergy was associated with children’s DD asthma (OR=3.64) and DD rhinitis (OR=4.23). The associations were stronger for paternal asthma or allergy. Children of mothers who were salespersons during pregnancy had more rhinitis (OR=1.49), and children of white-collar worker mothers had more DD (OR=1.49) and DD rhinitis (OR=1.92). Rural children had less DD rhinitis and current rhinitis. Parental current symptoms were associated with wheeze, cough, rhinitis and eczema among the children with OR ranging from 1.37 to 2.28 (all p<0.001).Conclusions: Parental asthma or allergy can be a risk factor for children’s asthma or allergy, especially paternal asthma or allergy. Growing up in rural areas can be beneficial for rhinitis. Mothers’ occupations during pregnancy may influence asthma and rhinitis in offspring. In studies on children’s asthma or allergies, based on parental reporting, parents’ current symptoms may influence the results.

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Indirani, B., R. Raman, and S. Z. Omar. "Hormonal changes causing rhinitis in pregnancy among Malaysian women." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127, no. 9 (August 19, 2013): 876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113001692.

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AbstractObjectives:To investigate the aetiology of rhinitis occurring in pregnancy, by (1) describing the relationship between pregnancy rhinitis and serum oestrogen, progesterone, placental growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor, and (2) assessing the prevalence of pregnancy rhinitis among Malaysian women.Methods:Prospective study involving 30 pregnant women followed at an ante-natal clinic for 14 months. Hormone levels were analysed during pregnancy and the post-partum period.Results:Levels of all four hormones were elevated in the third trimester, compared with first trimester and post-partum values. Rhinitis patients had higher levels of oestrogen and insulin-like growth factor 1 in the third trimester than non-rhinitis patients, although these differences were not statistically significant. The prevalence of rhinitis was 53.3 per cent, with most cases occurring in the third trimester. Patients with pregnancy rhinitis had a higher prevalence of female babies, compared with non-rhinitis patients (p = 0.003).Conclusions:Pregnancy rhinitis was significantly more common in women giving birth to female babies. Women with pregnancy rhinitis had a non-significant elevation in oestrogen and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, compared with those without rhinitis.

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Ivanov, M. O., N. M. Ivanova, M. V. Maksimenya, T. M. Karavaeva, E. V. Egorova, E. V. Fefelova, and N. N. Tsybikov. "Changed content of heat shock proteins and antibodies to them in blood and nasal mucosa cells in rhinites and rhinosinusites of different etiology." Perm Medical Journal 35, no. 6 (December 30, 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj35623-28.

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Aim. To determine the content of heat shock proteins with molecular weight 70 kDa (HSP 70) and antibo dies to them in blood and nasal secretion in patients with allergic rhinites and infectious rhinosinusites of different etiology. Materials and methods. The paper presents the results of examination of 10 patients with allergic rhinitis and 30 patients, infected with rhinosinusites(the age range 25–35 years). The patients with infectious rhinosinusites were divided into 3 groups according to nosologic form of disease. The control group included 10 practically healthy persons in the ratio, comparable by their gender and age with sick persons. Results.The analysis showed that in the nasal secretion of all patients, HSP 70 level significantly raised compared to the control. Maximum values were registered in patients with bacterial rhinosinusitis and were higher than in patients with viral and fungous ones by 1.9 times (p = 0.015) and 2.9 times (p = 0.001), respectively. In blood serum, HSP 70 concentration compared with the control increased in patients with allergic rhinitis and bacterial rhinosinusitis by 103.67 % (p = 0.015) and 32.11 % (p = 0.049), respectively; these values in the last two groups exceeded the latter in patients with fungous RS by 2.37 times (p = 0.01) and by 1.54 times (p = 0.035). Conclusions. It was detected that in the group of patients with allergic rhinitis and chronic bacterial rhinosinusitis in the nasal secretion and blood serum, HSP 70 values were the highest. In the nasal secretion, HSP 70 level was higher than in blood. The amount of autoantibodies to HSP 70 in blood grew in allergic rhinitis, fungous and viral forms of rhinosinusites that reflects the immunological effect of chaperone proteins.

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Rimmer, J., J. Hellgren, and R. J. Harvey. "Simulated postnasal mucus fails to reproduce the symptoms of postnasal drip in rhinitics but only in healthy subjects." Rhinology journal 53, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino14.210.

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Background: Post nasal drip (PND) is a very common symptom associated with upper respiratory tract disorders. While easy to visualize, the concept of PND due to an increased volume of secretions which move from the posterior nasal choanae into the posterior nasopharynx/oropharynx may be overly simplistic. PND could also be associated with altered viscosity of nasal secretions. An alternative hypothesis is that the sensation of PND is due to mucosal inflammation resulting in heightened cough or irritant throat sensory dysfunction. The impact of viscous secretions on the symptoms of PND is assessed. Methods: Healthy subjects and rhinitis patients were recruited. Patients were asked about PND symptoms with a 9 item PNDSS questionnaire at baseline and after the insertion of two different viscosities of artificial mucus utilizing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose at 1% and 4%. Results: Sixty six patients were recruited. As expected, rhinitics had an increased sense of PND compared to healthy subjects at baseline. However, only healthy subjects could detect the increased viscosity of secretions and where rhinitics failed to respond. Cough was not induced in either group. Conclusion: The mechanisms of PND in chronic patients and those with rhinitis are likely to have other aetiologies other than simply increased or more viscous secretions.

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Cingi, Cemal, Nuray Bayar Muluk, Arzu Yorgancıoğlu, Necdet Demir, Bilun Gemicioğlu, and Fuat Kalyoncu. "Rhinitis and sinusitis in the older population and its association with elderly asthma." Romanian Journal of Rhinology 12, no. 45 (March 1, 2022): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjr-2022-0002.

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Abstract OBJECTIVES. As a person ages, the mucosal epithelium degenerates over time and the elderly often have complications due to dehydration. Nasal airflow decreases and nasal airway resistance increases. In this review, we discuss the relationship of rhinitis, sinusitis and asthma in elderly patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The literature survey was performed using the search engines PubMed, Google, Proquest Central, and EBSCO at the Kırıkkale University Library. RESULTS. With the aging process, allergic rhinitis decreases, whereas non-allergic rhinitis, such as drug-induced rhinitis can be observed more. Atrophic rhinitis is often seen in the elderly. Patients with geriatric rhinitis typically complain of constant sinus drainage problems, which may cause sinusitis. In addition, asthma prevalence has also been shown to be higher in elderly patients. Concurrent upper (rhinitis) and lower (asthma) respiratory tract symptoms are defined as Combined Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Syndrome. CONCLUSION. Rhinitis and asthma as well as sinusitis and asthma may be present in elderly patients. The incidence of allergic rhinitis has been shown to decrease with age. To achieve good results from treatment, the concurrent rhinitis and asthma as well as sinusitis and asthma should be kept in mind in elderly patients.

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Ursulovic, Dejan, Ljiljana Janosevic, and Slobodanka Janosevic. "Chronic rhinitis: Effects of local corticosteroids on eosinophils." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 130, no. 7-8 (2002): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0208243u.

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Clinical manifestation of chronic rhinitis is due to local release of mediators from inflammatory cells. Eosinophil leukocytes are important in pathogenesis of nasal hypersensitivity as well as nasal hyperreactivity [1,2]. The aim of the study was to follow-up the effect of local corticosteroid treatment on a number of eosinophils in nasal secretion of patients with chronic rhinitis. The study was prospective and controlled. A total number of 88 subjects was included in the study. Patients with chronic rhinitis who were treated with local corticosteroids (63) constituted the experimental group (37 with isolated allergic rhinitis, 10 with isolated nonallergic noninfective hyperreactive rhinitis, 10 with allergic rhinitis associated with nasal polyposis and 6 with nonallergic noninfective hyperreactive rhinitis associated with nasal polyposis). There were 25 patients with chronic rhinitis in the control group (18 with iso- lated allergic rhinitis, 2 with isolated nonallergic noninfective hyperreactive rhinitis, 3 with allergic rhinitis associated with nasal polyposis, and 2 with nonallergic noninfective, hyperreactive rhinitis associated with nasal polyposis). During the treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray (daily dose was 400 micrograms during 6 weeks for isolated rhinitis and 6 months for associated forms of rhinitis), control examinations were regularly performed. The first control was after one week the second after six weeks, the third after three months and the fourth after six months. The same control was carried out in the control group of patients who were without therapy. Cytological examination of nasal secretions included brush method of collecting secretions, staining smears with Leishman's stain and light microscopic scrutinising of nasal smear magnified up to 1000 times. The results of the study demonstrated the highly significant decrease in the number of eosinophils after the therapy in patients with isolated allergic rhinitis (x2(FR) = 71.121, DF = 2, ? < 0.01), in patients with isolated hyperreactive rhinitis (x2(FR) = 19.050, DF = 2, ? < 0.01), in patients with allergic rhinitis associated with nasal polyposis (x2(FR) = 26.730, DF = 3, ? < 0.01), as well as in patients with hyperreactive rhinitis associated with nasal polyposis (x2(FR) = 17.000, DF = 3, ? < 0.01). There were no significant differences in control group of patients, neither in subgroup with allergic rhinitis (x2(FR) = 2.528, DF = 2, ? > 0.05) nor in subgroup with hyperreactive rhinitis associated with nasal polyposis (x2(FR) = 0.250, DF = 2, ? > 0.05) (Table 2). Local corticosteroids have the potential to influence the regulation of eosinophil apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by beclomethasone dipropionate treatment is an efficient way to remove eosinophil leukocytes from inflammatory sites [8]. The locally used corticosteroids in chronic rhinitis reduced significantly the number of eosinophils in nasal secretion. This result proves immunomodulatory effects of these medicaments in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinitis.

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Gulyabin, Konstantin Robertovich. "Management of vasomotor rhinitis patients." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2009-03.

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There has been a recent obvious trend towards the increased prevalence of chronic rhinitis – 10-20% of the population experiences this disorder. Vasomotor rhinitis, sometimes also called idiopathic rhinitis, is the indisputable leader among various chronic rhinitis forms (allergic, infectious, atrophic, catarrhal and hypertrophic). The term of vasomotor rhinitis has been the subject of experts' repeated criticism because neurovisceral innervation disorders that underlie this condition are found in almost every form of chronic rhinitis. The main clinical manifestations of vasomotor rhinitis include a feeling of nasal congestion and nasal respiratory obstruction, regular abundant discharge of clear mucus and a feeling of its trickling down the posterior pharyngeal wall. A past respiratory viral infection treated by excessive quantities of vasoconstrictor drops triggers the vasomotor rhinitis onset in most cases.

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Mokronosova, M. A., Yu I. Kochetova, E. V. Smol'nikova, P. G. Protasov, M. A. Mokronosova, Ju L. Kochetova, E. V. Smolnikova, and P. G. Protasov. "The level of free hemoglobin, eosinophilic cationic protein and eosinophils in nasal secret in patients with allergic and infectious rhinitis." Russian Journal of Allergy 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2007): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja67.

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Background. Allergic rhinitis manifestates as the local inflammation with minimum pathophysiological disorders. Revealing of local inflammatory markers in nasal secret is actual problem. The aim: to detect the levels of free hemoglobin, eosinophilic cationic protein and eosinophils in nasal secret in patients with allergic rhinitis and infectious rhinitis. Materials and methods. 60 patients with allergic rhinitis and 30 patients with infectious rhinitis were observed. The diagnosis and severity of disease were rated in conformity with international standards. Results. Mean level of free hemoglobin in patients with allergic rhinitis was significantly higher in comparison with the group of infectious rhinitis and had compiled 55,9 mkg/ml and 6,1 mkg/ml. The quantity of eosinophils more than 10% was observed in 43,9% of cases in patients with allergic rhinitis and in 11,1% in patients with infectious rhinitis. Frequency of elevated level of eosinophilic cationic protein in patients with allergic rhinitis has made 87,9%, in comparison with infectious rhinitis where it corresponded to 28%. The highest sensitivity (87,9%) was found in method of definition of eosinophilic cationic protein. Method of free hemoglobin's definition was characterized by high parameter of correct diagnosis's probability - 97,3%. Conclusion. Methods of definition of eosinophilic cationic protein and free hemoglobin in nasal secret had possessed with the highest diagnostic efficiency.

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Kim, Min-Hee, Jaewoong Son, Hae Jeong Nam, Seong-Gyu Ko, and Inhwa Choi. "Hyeonggaeyeongyo-Tang for Treatment of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis: A Prospective, Nonrandomized, Pre-Post Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9202675.

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Hyeonggaeyeongyo-tang (HYT) is an ancient formula of oriental medicine traditionally used to treat rhinitis; however, clinical evidence has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term and long-term efficacy and safety of HYT for chronic rhinitis. Adult subjects with chronic rhinitis symptoms were recruited. The subjects received HYT for 4 weeks and had follow-up period of 8 weeks. Any medicines used to treat nasal symptoms were not permitted during the study. The skin prick test was performed to distinguish the subjects with allergic rhinitis from those with nonallergic rhinitis. After treatment, the total nasal symptoms score and the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire score significantly improved in the whole subject group, in the allergic rhinitis group, and in the nonallergic rhinitis group, with no adverse events. This improvement lasted during a follow-up period of 8 weeks. Total IgE and eosinophil levels showed no significant difference after treatment in the allergic rhinitis group. HYT improved nasal symptoms and quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis. This is the first clinical study to evaluate the use of HYT to treat patients with rhinitis. This trial has been registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov IdentifierNCT02477293.

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Xu, Shu-Ying, He-Qun Lv, Chun-Li Zeng, and Yong-Jun Peng. "Prevalence and bidirectional association between rhinitis and urticaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2023.44.230063.

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Background: Rhinitis, allergic rhinitis in particular, and urticaria are both common diseases globally. However, there is controversy with regard to the correlation between rhinitis and urticaria. Objective: To examine the accurate association between rhinitis and urticaria. Methods: Three medical literature data bases were searched from data base inception until January 11, 2022. The prevalence and association between rhinitis and urticaria were estimated by meta-analysis. Quality assessment was performed by using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and pooled prevalence were calculated by using random-effects models. Results: Urticaria prevalence in patients with rhinitis was 17.6% (95% CI, 13.2%‐21.9%). The pooled prevalence of rhinitis was 31.3% (95% CI, 24.2%‐38.4%) in patients with urticaria, and rhinitis prevalence in patients with acute urticaria and chronic urticaria was 31.6% (95% CI, 7.4%‐55.8%) and 28.7% (95% CI, 20.4%‐36.9%), respectively. Rhinitis occurrence was significantly associated with urticaria (OR 2.67 [95% CI, 2.625‐2.715]). Urticaria and rhinitis were diagnosed based on different criteria, possibly resulting in a potential error of misclassification. Conclusion: Rhinitis and urticaria were significantly correlated. Physicians should be cognizant with regard to this relationship and address nasal or skin symptoms in patients.

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Sheahan, P., R. McConn-Walsh, M. Walsh, and R. W. Costello. "The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma system: a new classification of allergic rhinitis and nasal responsiveness." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 122, no. 3 (May 14, 2007): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215107008298.

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AbstractObjectives and hypothesis:Allergic rhinitis has traditionally been classified into seasonal and perennial rhinitis. However, many subjects with dual sensitisation do not fit neatly into either category. Recently, the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma workshop has proposed a new allergic rhinitis classification, into intermittent and persistent forms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the symptomatic and secretory responsiveness of allergic rhinitis sufferers correlated well with the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification, compared with the traditional classification.Study design:Experimental study.Methods:Forty subjects with allergic rhinitis and 13 normal controls underwent a unilateral nasal bradykinin challenge protocol. Symptom scores were recorded and secretion weights measured bilaterally using filter paper disks. The symptomatic and secretory responses of allergic subjects were analysed according to both the traditional and the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classifications, and the two systems were compared.Results:For both classification systems, the two groups of allergic subjects were clearly demarcated by secretory responses. However, after classification according to the traditional system, there was a lack of clear demarcation between the groups as regards symptomatic response, whereas clear demarcation of symptomatic responses was seen after using the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification.Conclusions:In allergic rhinitis subjects, the degree of nasal responsiveness was closely related to their Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification. Furthermore, this classification was not compromised by the inclusion of subjects with dual sensitisation. Thus, the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification may have advantages for future research studies on allergic rhinitis.

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Kotz, Sebastian, Lisa Pechtold, Rudolf A. Jörres, Dennis Nowak, and Adam M. Chaker. "Occupational rhinitis." Allergologie select 5, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/alx02165e.

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VAYISOĞLU, Yusuf, and Cengiz ÖZCAN. "Vasomotor Rhinitis." Türk Rinoloji Dergisi 1, no. 2 (2008): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24091/trhin.2007-2857.

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Rauch, Daniel. "Chronic Rhinitis." Pediatrics in Review 25, no. 11 (November 2004): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.25-11-406.

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Sekar, Raghul, Sunil Kumar Saxena, Kalaiarasi Raja, and Antony Raj James. "Rhinitis caseosa." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 3 (March 2021): e242126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242126.

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Virant, F. S. "Allergic Rhinitis." Pediatrics in Review 13, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13-9-323.

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Shliozberg, J., and H. M. Adam. "Allergic Rhinitis." Pediatrics in Review 18, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.18-4-141.

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Laine, Christine. "Allergic Rhinitis." Annals of Internal Medicine 146, no. 7 (April 3, 2007): ITC4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-01004.

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